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Radbruch A, Melchers F. [Why the regeneration of immunological tolerance by vaccination is difficult]. Z Rheumatol 2024; 83:105-111. [PMID: 38110746 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-023-01453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity, including that involved in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, seems to be the price we have to pay for our efficient immune system. It has the ability to precisely recognize pathogens and tumor cells, to efficiently fight them, to adapt to their alterations and provide specific immunity for a lifetime. "Inoculation", and more specifically "vaccination" takes advantage of this, either by transfer of protective antibodies (passive vaccination) or by using attenuated pathogens or parts of them by which a specific protective immunity is induced (active vaccination). The idea to use vaccination to reduce undesired (auto)immunity and chronic inflammation is nothing new in rheumatology. Many biologicals are antibodies, which specifically block the mediators of inflammation and in the broader sense are similar to a passive vaccination. The active vaccination with autoantigens using the recent mRNA/liposome technology, has shown in experimental animal models that they can prevent the formation of chronic inflammatory immune reactions, in that they strengthen the physiological tolerance and deviate the immune system to noninflammatory immune reactions against the antigen; however, there is still a long way to go to achieve the actual goals of a permanent suppression of established undesired immune reactions and the regeneration of immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin, ein Leibniz Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin, ein Leibniz Institut, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
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2
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El-Shiekh RA, Elshimy R. Therapeutic effects of Stemmoside C against Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium infected BALB/c mice. Steroids 2023; 199:109296. [PMID: 37591445 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes gastrointestinal diseases in 20 to 40 million people globally. Stemmoside C is a steroidal glycoside isolated from Argel, although its antibacterial and antibiofilm properties have not been studied. The antibacterial activity of Stemmoside C against Salmonella enterica was revealed, where MIC of the compound was 16 μg/mL (0.15 µM). Biofilm-associated Stemmoside C treatment destroyed S. typhi cells and reduced viable S. typhi numbers below detectable levels. When compared to Stemmoside C or Ciprofluxacin-treated mice, infected BALB/c mice had a greater death rate and a larger bacterial blood burden. The protective effects of orally administered Stemmoside C at dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt. against bacterial infection was associated with reduction in the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, Il-1β, IL-2, IL-6, MPO, and TNF-α) and elevation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10 and IL-12) in serum. Where, Stemmoside C at dose of 50 mg/kg b.wt. regulated the levels almost as normal control group and demonstrated apparently normal intestinal sections. It also resulted in a decrease in the number of viable S. typhi retrieved from feces. Stemmoside C is a promising drug for the treatment or prevention of S. typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini st., Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Rana Elshimy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Elshimy R, Khawagi WY, Naguib IA, Bukhari SI, El-Shiekh RA. 9-Methoxyellipticine: Antibacterial Bioactive Compound Isolated from Ochrosia elliptica Labill. Roots. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050643. [PMID: 37233684 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance bears a major threat to human health worldwide, causing about 1.2 million deaths per year. It is noteworthy that carbazole derivatives have shown a potential antibacterial activity, for example, 9-methoxyellipticine, which was isolated from Ochrosia elliptica Labill. roots (Apocynaceae) in the present study. An in vitro screening of the antibacterial activity of 9-methoxyellipticine was investigated against four multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC O157) as Gram-negative bacteria, in addition to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with Bacillus cereus as Gram-positive bacteria. The compound had significant antibacterial activity against the two Gram-negative isolates and lower activity against the Gram-positive ones. The synergistic use of 9-methoxyellipticine and antibiotics was successfully effective in reducing the MDR microorganisms. Lung pneumonia and kidney infection mice models were used to investigate the compound's efficacy in vivo for the first time. Noteworthy reductions in K. pneumoniae and STEC shedding and the colonization were observed, with a reduction in pro-inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin levels. Other related lesions such as inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar interstitial congestion, and edema were noticed to occur, lessened to different limits. The anti-STEC and anti-K. pneumoniae activities of 9-methoxyellipticine were revealed, providing a new alternative against MDR nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Elshimy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12451, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Wael Y Khawagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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4
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Ahlers J, Mantei A, Lozza L, Stäber M, Heinrich F, Bacher P, Hohnstein T, Menzel L, Yüz SG, Alvarez-Simon D, Bickenbach AR, Weidinger C, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Kühl AA, Siegmund B, Maul J, Neumann C, Scheffold A. A Notch/STAT3-driven Blimp-1/c-Maf-dependent molecular switch induces IL-10 expression in human CD4 + T cells and is defective in Crohn´s disease patients. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:480-490. [PMID: 35169232 PMCID: PMC9038525 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive Interleukin (IL)-10 production by pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cells is a central self-regulatory function to limit aberrant inflammation. Still, the molecular mediators controlling IL-10 expression in human CD4+ T cells are largely undefined. Here, we identify a Notch/STAT3 signaling-module as a universal molecular switch to induce IL-10 expression across human naïve and major effector CD4+ T cell subsets. IL-10 induction was transient, jointly controlled by the transcription factors Blimp-1/c-Maf and accompanied by upregulation of several co-inhibitory receptors, including LAG-3, CD49b, PD-1, TIM-3 and TIGIT. Consistent with a protective role of IL-10 in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), effector CD4+ T cells from Crohn's disease patients were defective in Notch/STAT3-induced IL-10 production and skewed towards an inflammatory Th1/17 cell phenotype. Collectively, our data identify a Notch/STAT3-Blimp-1/c-Maf axis as a common anti-inflammatory pathway in human CD4+ T cells, which is defective in IBD and thus may represent an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ahlers
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.420214.1Present Address: Sanofi Pasteur, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrej Mantei
- Labor Berlin, Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Cell Biology, Precision for Medicine GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Stäber
- Central Lab Service, Max-Plack-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- grid.413453.40000 0001 2224 3060German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ) Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany ,grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Thordis Hohnstein
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Menzel
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Translational Tumor Immunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simge G. Yüz
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Simon
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Anne Rieke Bickenbach
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Carl Weidinger
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Mockel-Tenbrinck
- grid.59409.310000 0004 0552 5033Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co.KG, Bergisch-Gladbach, Nordrhein-Westfalen Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662iPATH, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Maul
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,Gastroenterologie am Bayerischen Platz, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Neumann
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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5
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Abrignani S, Addo R, Akdis M, Andrä I, Andreata F, Annunziato F, Arranz E, Bacher P, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Baumjohann D, Beccaria CG, Bernardo D, Boardman DA, Borger J, Böttcher C, Brockmann L, Burns M, Busch DH, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cassotta A, Chang Y, Chirdo FG, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Cook L, Corbett AJ, Cornelis R, Cosmi L, Davey MS, De Biasi S, De Simone G, del Zotto G, Delacher M, Di Rosa F, Di Santo J, Diefenbach A, Dong J, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dutertre CA, Eckle SBG, Eede P, Evrard M, Falk CS, Feuerer M, Fillatreau S, Fiz-Lopez A, Follo M, Foulds GA, Fröbel J, Gagliani N, Galletti G, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Garrote JA, Geginat J, Gherardin NA, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Godfrey DI, Gruarin P, Haftmann C, Hansmann L, Harpur CM, Hayday AC, Heine G, Hernández DC, Herrmann M, Hoelsken O, Huang Q, Huber S, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hwang WYK, Iannacone M, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Keller B, Kessler N, Ketelaars S, Knop L, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Krueger A, Kuehne JF, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Latorre D, Lenz D, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Long HM, Lugli E, MacDonald KN, Maggi L, Maini MK, Mair F, Manta C, Manz RA, Mashreghi MF, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Monin L, Moretta L, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Muscate F, Natalini A, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Niemz J, Almeida LN, Notarbartolo S, Ostendorf L, Pallett LJ, Patel AA, Percin GI, Peruzzi G, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pujol-Autonell I, Pulvirenti N, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Rhys H, Rodrigo MB, Romagnani C, Saggau C, Sakaguchi S, Sallusto F, Sanderink L, Sandrock I, Schauer C, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schober K, Schoen J, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulz AR, Schulz S, Schulze J, Simonetti S, Singh J, Sitnik KM, Stark R, Starossom S, Stehle C, Szelinski F, Tan L, Tarnok A, Tornack J, Tree TIM, van Beek JJP, van de Veen W, van Gisbergen K, Vasco C, Verheyden NA, von Borstel A, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Waskow C, Wiedemann A, Wilharm A, Wing J, Wirz O, Wittner J, Yang JHM, Yang J. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition). Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2708-3145. [PMID: 34910301 PMCID: PMC11115438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Addo
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Beccaria
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Marie Burns
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cornelis
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michael Delacher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aida Fiz-Lopez
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Guido Heine
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Carolina Hernández
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hoelsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny F. Kuehne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Lenz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine N. MacDonald
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calin Manta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, Härtelstr.16, −18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Franziska Muscate
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jana Niemz
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Lennard Ostendorf
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amit A. Patel
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Gulce Itir Percin
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Pulvirenti
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundorra, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria B. Rodrigo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel R. Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schulze
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Jeeshan Singh
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Stark
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin – BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Sanquin Research – Adaptive Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Starossom
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Tornack
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy I. M. Tree
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper J. P. van Beek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Vasco
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Wing
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Solé P, Santamaria P. Re-Programming Autoreactive T Cells Into T-Regulatory Type 1 Cells for the Treatment of Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684240. [PMID: 34335585 PMCID: PMC8320845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic delivery of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class II-based nanomedicines can re-program cognate autoantigen-experienced CD4+ T cells into disease-suppressing T-regulatory type 1 (TR1)-like cells. In turn, these TR1-like cells trigger the formation of complex regulatory cell networks that can effectively suppress organ-specific autoimmunity without impairing normal immunity. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the transcriptional, phenotypic and functional make up of TR1-like cells as described in the literature. The true identity and direct precursors of these cells remain unclear, in particular whether TR1-like cells comprise a single terminally-differentiated lymphocyte population with distinct transcriptional and epigenetic features, or a collection of phenotypically different subsets sharing key regulatory properties. We propose that detailed transcriptional and epigenetic characterization of homogeneous pools of TR1-like cells will unravel this conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Solé
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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7
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Immunological memory in rheumatic inflammation - a roadblock to tolerance induction. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:291-305. [PMID: 33824526 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Why do we still have no cure for chronic inflammatory diseases? One reason could be that current therapies are based on the assumption that chronic inflammation is driven by persistent 'acute' immune reactions. Here we discuss a paradigm shift by suggesting that beyond these reactions, chronic inflammation is driven by imprinted, pathogenic 'memory' cells of the immune system. This rationale is based on the observation that in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases refractory to conventional immunosuppressive therapies, therapy-free remission can be achieved by resetting the immune system; that is, by ablating immune cells and regenerating the immune system from stem cells. The success of this approach identifies antigen-experienced and imprinted immune cells as essential and sufficient drivers of inflammation. The 'dark side' of immunological memory primarily involves memory plasma cells secreting pathogenic antibodies and memory T lymphocytes secreting pathogenic cytokines and chemokines, but can also involve cells of innate immunity. New therapeutic strategies should address the persistence of these memory cells. Selective targeting of pathogenic immune memory cells could be based on their specificity, which is challenging, or on their lifestyle, which differs from that of protective immune memory cells, in particular for pathogenic T lymphocytes. The adaptations of such pathogenic memory cells to chronic inflammation offers entirely new therapeutic options for their selective ablation and the regeneration of immunological tolerance.
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8
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Muñoz M, Hegazy AN, Brunner TM, Holecska V, Marek RM, Fröhlich A, Löhning M. Th2 cells lacking T-bet suppress naive and memory T cell responses via IL-10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2002787118. [PMID: 33526653 PMCID: PMC8017670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002787118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbated immune responses and loss of self-tolerance lead to the development of autoimmunity and immunopathology. Novel therapies to target autoreactive T cells are still needed. Here, we report that Th2-polarized T cells lacking the transcription factor T-bet harbor strong immunomodulatory potential and suppress antigen-specific CD8+ T cells via IL-10. Tbx21-/- Th2 cells protected mice against virus-induced type 1 diabetes development and suppressed not only naive but also memory CD8+ T cell responses. IL-10-producing, but not IL-10-deficient Tbx21-/- Th2 cells down-regulated costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells and reduced their IL-12 production after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Impaired dendritic cell activation hindered effector and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell development after infection. These findings indicate that Tbx21-/- Th2 cells strongly suppress proinflammatory responses of naive and memory T cells via IL-10. Thus, in vivo IL-10-secreting Th2 cells could harbor a therapeutic potential for the treatment of T cell-mediated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melba Muñoz
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institutes, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed N Hegazy
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institutes, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias M Brunner
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institutes, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Holecska
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institutes, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman M Marek
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institutes, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fröhlich
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institutes, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Institutes, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Pietschke K, Holstein J, Meier K, Schäfer I, Müller-Hermelink E, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Ghoreschi FC, Solimani F, Ghoreschi K. The inflammation in cutaneous lichen planus is dominated by IFN-ϒ and IL-21-A basis for therapeutic JAK1 inhibition. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:262-270. [PMID: 33113249 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) and psoriasis (PSO) are both common chronic inflammatory skin diseases for which development of new treatments requires the identification of key targets. While PSO is a typical Th17/IL-17-disorder, there is some evidence that Th1/IFN-ɣ dominate the inflammatory process in CLP. Nonetheless, the immunopathogenesis of CLP is not fully explained and key immunological factors still have to be recognized. In this study, we compared the immune signature of CLP lesions with the well-characterized inflammation present in PSO skin. First, we analysed the histological and immunohistological characteristics of CLP and PSO. Second, we assessed the cytokine expression (IL1A, IL1B, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL17A, IL19, IL21, IL22, IL23A, IL13, IFNG, TNF, IL12A, IL12B and IL36G) of lesional skin of CLP with PSO by qPCR. Histology revealed a similar epidermal thickness in CLP and PSO. Immunohistochemically, both diseases presented with an inflammatory infiltrate mainly composed by CD3+ CD4+ T cells rather than CD3+ CD8+ . Importantly, mRNA analysis showed a distinct cytokine signature: while levels of IL12B, IL1A, IL6 and IL23 were similar between the two groups, the characteristic PSO-associated cytokines IL8, IL17A, IL22, IL19 and IL36G were expressed at very low levels in CLP. In contrast, CLP lesional skin was dominated by the expression of IFNG, IL21, IL4, IL12A and TNF. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the dominance of IL-21, IFN-ɣ and also pSTAT1 in the dermal infiltrate of CLP, while IL-17A was more present in PSO. Collectively, this study improves our understanding of the immunological factors dominating CLP. The dominating cytokines and signalling proteins identified suggest that anti-cytokine therapeutics like JAK inhibitors may be beneficial in CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pietschke
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Julia Holstein
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Schäfer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Eva Müller-Hermelink
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tubingen University Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tubingen University Hospital, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Franziska C Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Farzan Solimani
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Saraiva M, Vieira P, O'Garra A. Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190418. [PMID: 31611251 PMCID: PMC7037253 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors review the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 production and response and describe classic and novel functions of IL-10 in immune and non-immune cells. They further discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-10 in different diseases and the outstanding questions underlying an effective application of IL-10 in clinical settings. The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in other settings as sterile wound healing, autoimmunity, cancer, and homeostasis. Here we discuss our current understanding of the regulation of IL-10 production and of the molecular pathways associated with IL-10 responses. In addition to IL-10’s classic inhibitory effects on myeloid cells, we also describe the nonclassic roles attributed to this pleiotropic cytokine, including how IL-10 regulates basic processes of neural and adipose cells and how it promotes CD8 T cell activation, as well as epithelial repair. We further discuss its therapeutic potential in the context of different diseases and the outstanding questions that may help develop an effective application of IL-10 in diverse clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saraiva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Unité Lymphopoièse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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11
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Interplay between Cytokine Circuitry and Transcriptional Regulation Shaping Helper T Cell Pathogenicity and Plasticity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093379. [PMID: 32403220 PMCID: PMC7247009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder manifested as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) characterized by intestinal inflammation and involves a dysregulated immune response against commensal microbiota through the activation of CD4 T helper cells. T helper cell differentiation to effector or regulatory phenotypes is controlled by cytokine networks and transcriptional regulators. Distinct polarized T helper cells are able to alter their phenotypes to adapt to diverse and fluctuating physiological environments. T helper cells exhibit intrinsic instability and flexibility to express cytokines of other lineages or transdifferentiate from one T helper cell type to another in response to various perturbations from physiological cytokine milieu as a means of promoting local immunity in response to injury or ensure tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, functional plasticity and diversity of T helper cells are associated with pathogenicity and are critical for immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. In this review, we provide deeper insights into the combinatorial extrinsic and intrinsic signals that control plasticity and transdifferentiation of T helper cells and also highlight the potential of exploiting the genetic reprogramming plasticity of T helper cells in the treatment of IBD.
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12
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Imbratta C, Hussein H, Andris F, Verdeil G. c-MAF, a Swiss Army Knife for Tolerance in Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:206. [PMID: 32117317 PMCID: PMC7033575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond its well-admitted role in development and organogenesis, it is now clear that the transcription factor c-Maf has owned its place in the realm of immune-related transcription factors. Formerly introduced solely as a Th2 transcription factor, the role attributed to c-Maf has gradually broadened over the years and has extended to most, if not all, known immune cell types. The influence of c-Maf is particularly prominent among T cell subsets, where c-Maf regulates the differentiation as well as the function of multiple subsets of CD4 and CD8 T cells, lending it a crucial position in adaptive immunity and anti-tumoral responsiveness. Recent research has also revealed the role of c-Maf in controlling Th17 responses in the intestine, positioning it as an essential factor in intestinal homeostasis. This review aims to present and discuss the recent advances highlighting the particular role played by c-Maf in T lymphocyte differentiation, function, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Imbratta
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hind Hussein
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Andris
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Fang D, Zhu J. Molecular switches for regulating the differentiation of inflammatory and IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory T-helper cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:289-303. [PMID: 31432236 PMCID: PMC11105075 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T-helper (Th) cells secret a variety of inflammatory cytokines and play critical roles in host defense against invading foreign pathogens. On the other hand, uncontrolled inflammatory responses mediated by Th cells may result in tissue damage and inflammatory disorders including autoimmune and allergic diseases. Thus, the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression becomes an important "brake" to repress and/or terminate aberrant and/or unnecessary immune responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines to limit inflammatory Th cells and immunopathology and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Many studies have indicated that Th cells can be a major source of IL-10 under specific conditions both in mouse and human and that extracellular signals and cell intrinsic molecular switches are required to turn on and off Il10 expression in different Th cells. In this review, we will highlight the recent findings that have enhanced our understanding on the mechanisms of IL-10 induction in distinct Th-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, as well as the importance of these IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory Th cells in immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difeng Fang
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential anti-inflammatory cytokine and functions as a negative regulator of immune responses to microbial antigens. IL-10 is particularly important in maintaining the intestinal microbe-immune homeostasis. Loss of IL-10 promotes the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as a consequence of an excessive immune response to the gut microbiota. IL-10 also functions more generally to prevent excessive inflammation during the course of infection. Although IL-10 can be produced by virtually all cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, T cells constitute a non-redundant source for IL-10 in many cases. The various roles of T cell-derived IL-10 will be discussed in this review. Given that IL-10 is at the center of maintaining the delicate balance between effective immunity and tissue protection, it is not surprising that IL-10 expression is highly dynamic and tightly regulated. We summarize the environmental signals and molecular pathways that regulate IL-10 expression. While numerous studies have provided us with a deep understanding of IL-10 biology, the majority of findings have been made in murine models, prompting us to highlight gaps in our knowledge about T cell-derived IL-10 in the human system.
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15
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Zhang H, Kuchroo V. Epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms for the regulation of IL-10. Semin Immunol 2019; 44:101324. [PMID: 31676122 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 is a critical immunoregulatory cytokine expressed in virtually all immune cell types. Maintaining a delicate balance between effective immune response and tolerance requires meticulous and dynamic control of IL-10 expression both epigenetically and transcriptionally. In this Review, we describe the epigenetic mechanisms controlling IL-10 expression, including chromatin remodeling, 3D chromatin loops, histone modification and DNA methylation. We discuss the role of transcription factors in directing chromatin modifications, with a special highlight on the emerging concept of pioneer transcription factors in setting up the chromatin landscape in T helper cells for IL-10 induction. Besides summarizing the recent progress on transcriptional regulation in specialized IL-10 producers such as type 1 regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells and regulatory innate lymphoid cells, we also discuss common transcriptional mechanisms for IL-10 regulation that are shared with other IL-10 producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zhang
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vijay Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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16
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Chang CH, Fu JH, Su CH, Yin MC, Hsu YM. Four spices prevent mice from contracting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2956-2964. [PMID: 31572538 PMCID: PMC6755440 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LL), Lysimachia christinae Hance (LC), Mentha piperita Linn (MP), and Cinnamomum cassia Presl (CC) are common spices used in Asia. The present study investigated the anti-Salmonella effects of the four spices using aqueous extracts. The amount of phenolic acids and flavonoids in each spice aqueous extract was determined as indicators of purity. Mice were pretreated with LL, LC, MP or CC aqueous extract for 7 days. Following infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ST21 (ST21), the aqueous extract of each spice was subsequently administered for 4 days. ST21 infected mice had lower body weight compared with the control group. The administration of spice aqueous extracts significantly increased body weight following infection. ST21 infection increased the fecal ST21 counts compared with the control group; however, following spice aqueous extract treatments, ST21 counts significantly decreased. The spice treatments also significantly reduced ST21 count in blood and the organs. Notably, ST21 infection increased interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in serum whilst spice treatments reduced these cytokines. In the spleen, spice treatment significantly lowered IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, but increased IL-12 levels. ST21 infection stimulated the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM in serum whilst spice aqueous extract treatment significantly decreased these levels. In summary, LL and MP aqueous extract treatments had the most significant effect in protecting against ST21 infection. Results of the RAW 264.7 cell infection model suggested that the mechanisms involved in the anti-ST21 effect of each spice were individually different. All four aqueous extracts demonstrated different mechanisms in attenuating ST21 invasion with the protective effect of LC aqueous extract potentially involving TNF-α expression. The present findings suggested that the four spices may be considered as potent functional foods due to their anti-Salmonella effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hung Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 70173, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Hua Fu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chin Yin
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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17
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Jones MB, Alvarez CA, Johnson JL, Zhou JY, Morris N, Cobb BA. CD45Rb-low effector T cells require IL-4 to induce IL-10 in FoxP3 Tregs and to protect mice from inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216893. [PMID: 31120919 PMCID: PMC6533033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ effector/memory T cells (Tem) represent a leading edge of the adaptive immune system responsible for protecting the body from infection, cancer, and other damaging processes. However, a subset of Tem cells with low expression of CD45Rb (RbLoTem) has been shown to suppress inflammation despite their effector surface phenotype and the lack of FoxP3 expression, the canonical transcription factor found in most regulatory T cells. In this report, we show that RbLoTem cells can suppress inflammation by influencing Treg behavior. Co-culturing activated RbLoTem and Tregs induced high expression of IL-10 in vitro, and conditioned media from RbLoTem cells induced IL-10 expression in FoxP3+ Tregs in vitro and in vivo, indicating that RbLoTem cells communicate with Tregs in a cell-contact independent fashion. Transcriptomic and multi-analyte Luminex data identified both IL-2 and IL-4 as potential mediators of RbLoTem-Treg communication, and antibody-mediated neutralization of either IL-4 or CD124 (IL-4Rα) prevented IL-10 induction in Tregs. Moreover, isolated Tregs cultured with recombinant IL-2 and IL-4 strongly induced IL-10 production. Using house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation as a model, we confirmed that the in vivo suppressive activity of RbLoTem cells was lost in IL-4-ablated RbLoTem cells. These data support a model in which RbLoTem cells communicate with Tregs using a combination of IL-2 and IL-4 to induce robust expression of IL-10 and suppression of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Jones
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jenny L. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julie Y. Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nathan Morris
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Ouyang W, O'Garra A. IL-10 Family Cytokines IL-10 and IL-22: from Basic Science to Clinical Translation. Immunity 2019; 50:871-891. [PMID: 30995504 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are among the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune system. They profoundly participate in immune responses during infection and inflammation, protecting against or contributing to diseases such as allergy, autoimmunity, and cancer. Manipulating cytokine pathways, therefore, is one of the most effective strategies to treat various diseases. IL-10 family cytokines exert essential functions to maintain tissue homeostasis during infection and inflammation through restriction of excessive inflammatory responses, upregulation of innate immunity, and promotion of tissue repairing mechanisms. Their important functions in diseases are supported by data from many preclinical models, human genetic studies, and clinical interventions. Despite significant efforts, however, there is still no clinically approved therapy through manipulating IL-10 family cytokines. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the biology of this family of cytokines, suggesting more specific strategies to maneuver these cytokines for the effective treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology Research, Amgen, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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19
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays important roles as a negative regulator of immune responses to microbial antigens. Loss of IL-10 results in the spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease as a consequence of an excessive immune response to the gut microbiota. IL-10 also functions to prevent excessive inflammation during the course of infection. IL-10 can be produced in response to pro-inflammatory signals by virtually all immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Given its function in maintaining the delicate balance between effective immunity and tissue protection, it is evident that IL-10 expression is highly dynamic and needs to be tightly regulated. The transcriptional regulation of IL-10 production in myeloid cells and T cells is the topic of this review. Drivers of IL-10 expression as well as their downstream signaling pathways and transcription factors will be discussed. We will examine in more detail how various signals in CD4+ T cells converge on common transcriptional circuits, which fine-tune IL-10 expression in a context-dependent manner.
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20
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Innate immune alterations are elicited in microglial cells before plaque deposition in the Alzheimer's disease mouse model 5xFAD. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1550. [PMID: 29367720 PMCID: PMC5784016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques (Aβ). Over the last decade, the important role of the innate immune system for the disease development has been established. Chronic activation of microglial cells creates a proinflammatory environment, which is believed to be central for the development of the disease as well as its progression. We used the AD mouse model 5xFAD to investigate if inflammatory alterations are present in microglial cells before plaque deposition. We applied mass spectrometry and bioinformation analysis to elucidate early microglial alterations. Interestingly, we found the cytokines IL1β and IL10 to be elevated in the 5xFAD brain after the formation of Aβ plaque at 10 weeks only. Using mass spectrometry analysis of microglial cells with bioinformation analysis, we found JAK/STAT, p38 MAPK and Interleukin pathways affected in microglial cells before plaque deposition at 6 weeks. At 10 weeks, GO analysis showed affected pathways related to interferon-gamma regulation and MAPK pathways. Our study points toward early inflammatory changes in microglial cells even before the accumulation of Aβ.
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21
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O'Garra A, Gabryšová L. Transcription Factors Directing Th2 Differentiation: Gata-3 Plays a Dominant Role. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 196:4423-5. [PMID: 27207804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Leona Gabryšová
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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22
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Mollazadeh H, Cicero AFG, Blesso CN, Pirro M, Majeed M, Sahebkar A. Immune modulation by curcumin: The role of interleukin-10. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:89-101. [PMID: 28799796 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1358139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by different types of cells with specific effects on cellular signaling and communication via binding to their receptors on the cell surface. IL-10 is known to be a pleiotropic and potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine that is produced by both innate and adaptive immunity cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, B cells, CD8+ T cells, and TH1, TH2, and TH17 and regulatory T cells. Both direct and indirect activation of the stress axis promotes IL-10 secretion. IL-10 deregulation plays a role in the development of a large number of inflammatory diseases such as neuropathic pain, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergy. Curcumin is a natural anti-inflammatory compound able to induce the expression and production of IL-10 and enhancing its action on a large number of tissues. In vitro and in pre-clinical models curcumin is able to modulate the disease pathophysiology of conditions such as pain and neurodegenerative diseases, bowel inflammation, and allergy, but also of infections and cancer through its effect on IL-10 secretion. In humans, at least one part of the positive effects of curcumin on health could be related to its ability to enhance IL-10 -mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mollazadeh
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine , North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences , Bojnurd , Iran
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- b Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Via Albertoni 15, Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pirro
- d Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- f Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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23
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Jiang M, Bennani NN, Feldman AL. Lymphoma classification update: T-cell lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphomas, and histiocytic/dendritic cell neoplasms. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:239-249. [PMID: 28133975 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1281122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphomas are classified based on the normal counterpart, or cell of origin, from which they arise. Because lymphocytes have physiologic immune functions that vary both by lineage and by stage of differentiation, the classification of lymphomas arising from these normal lymphoid populations is complex. Recent genomic data have contributed additional depth to this complexity. Areas covered: Lymphoma classification follows the World Health Organization (WHO) system, which reflects international consensus and is based on pathological, genetic, and clinical factors. The present review focuses on the classification of T-cell lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphomas, and histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms, summarizing changes reflected in the 2016 revision to the WHO classification. These changes are critical to hematologists and other clinicians who care for patients with these disorders. Expert commentary: Lymphoma classification is a continually evolving field that needs to be responsive to new clinical, pathological, and molecular understanding of lymphoid neoplasia. Among the entities covered in this review, the 2016 revisions in the WHO classification particularly impact T-cell lymphomas, including a new umbrella category of T-follicular helper cell-derived lymphomas and evolving recognition of indolent T-cell lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Jiang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - N Nora Bennani
- b Division of Hematology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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24
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Chakraborty K, Raundhal M, Chen BB, Morse C, Tyurina YY, Khare A, Oriss TB, Huff R, Lee JS, St Croix CM, Watkins S, Mallampalli RK, Kagan VE, Ray A, Ray P. The mito-DAMP cardiolipin blocks IL-10 production causing persistent inflammation during bacterial pneumonia. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13944. [PMID: 28074841 PMCID: PMC5241690 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a significant healthcare burden worldwide. Failure to resolve inflammation after infection precipitates lung injury and an increase in morbidity and mortality. Gram-negative bacteria are common in pneumonia and increased levels of the mito-damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) cardiolipin can be detected in the lungs. Here we show that mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae develop lung injury with accumulation of cardiolipin. Cardiolipin inhibits resolution of inflammation by suppressing production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 by lung CD11b+Ly6GintLy6CloF4/80+ cells. Cardiolipin induces PPARγ SUMOylation, which causes recruitment of a repressive NCOR/HDAC3 complex to the IL-10 promoter, but not the TNF promoter, thereby tipping the balance towards inflammation rather than resolution. Inhibition of HDAC activity by sodium butyrate enhances recruitment of acetylated histone 3 to the IL-10 promoter and increases the concentration of IL-10 in the lungs. These findings identify a mechanism of persistent inflammation during pneumonia and indicate the potential of HDAC inhibition as a therapy. Non-resolving bacterial pneumonia results in lung tissue damage owing to overactive inflammation. Here the authors show that the mitochondrial DAMP cardiolipin contributes to persistent inflammation by SUMOylating PPARγ, which promotes binding of the corepressor NCOR/HDAC3 complex to the IL-10 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Chakraborty
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Mahesh Raundhal
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Immunology, 200 Lothrop St, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1040 BSTWR, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Bill B Chen
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Christina Morse
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 350, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Anupriya Khare
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy B Oriss
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Rachael Huff
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Janet S Lee
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Claudette M St Croix
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 350, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Immunology, 200 Lothrop St, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1040 BSTWR, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Prabir Ray
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Immunology, 200 Lothrop St, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1040 BSTWR, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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25
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Coomes SM, Kannan Y, Pelly VS, Entwistle LJ, Guidi R, Perez-Lloret J, Nikolov N, Müller W, Wilson MS. CD4 + Th2 cells are directly regulated by IL-10 during allergic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:150-161. [PMID: 27166557 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important regulatory cytokine required to control allergy and asthma. IL-10-mediated regulation of T cell-mediated responses was previously thought to occur indirectly via antigen-presenting cells. However, IL-10 can act directly on regulatory T cells and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. In the context of allergy, it is therefore unclear whether IL-10 can directly regulate T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and whether this is an important regulatory axis during allergic responses. We sought to determine whether IL-10 signaling in CD4+ Th2 cells was an important mechanism of immune regulation during airway allergy. We demonstrate that IL-10 directly limits Th2 cell differentiation and survival in vitro and in vivo. Ablation of IL-10 signaling in Th2 cells led to enhanced Th2 cell survival and exacerbated pulmonary inflammation in a murine model of house dust mite allergy. Mechanistically, IL-10R signaling regulated the expression of several genes in Th2 cells, including granzyme B. Indeed, IL-10 increased granzyme B expression in Th2 cells and led to increased Th2 cell death, identifying an IL-10-regulated granzyme B axis in Th2 cells controlling Th2 cell survival. This study provides clear evidence that IL-10 exerts direct effects on Th2 cells, regulating the survival of Th2 cells and severity of Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Coomes
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Y Kannan
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - V S Pelly
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - L J Entwistle
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - R Guidi
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - J Perez-Lloret
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - N Nikolov
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - W Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M S Wilson
- The Laboratory of Allergy and Anti-Helminth Immunity, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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26
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Brockmann L, Gagliani N, Steglich B, Giannou AD, Kempski J, Pelczar P, Geffken M, Mfarrej B, Huber F, Herkel J, Wan YY, Esplugues E, Battaglia M, Krebs CF, Flavell RA, Huber S. IL-10 Receptor Signaling Is Essential for TR1 Cell Function In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1130-1141. [PMID: 28003377 PMCID: PMC5263184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is essential to maintain intestinal homeostasis. CD4+ T regulatory type 1 (TR1) cells produce large amounts of this cytokine and are therefore currently being examined in clinical trials as T cell therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, factors and molecular signals sustaining TR1 cell regulatory activity still need to be identified to optimize the efficiency and ensure the safety of these trials. We investigated the role of IL-10 signaling in mature TR1 cells in vivo. Double IL-10eGFP Foxp3mRFP reporter mice and transgenic mice with impairment in IL-10 receptor signaling were used to test the activity of TR1 cells in a murine inflammatory bowel disease model, a model that resembles the trials performed in humans. The molecular signaling was elucidated in vitro. Finally, we used human TR1 cells, currently employed for cell therapy, to confirm our results. We found that murine TR1 cells expressed functional IL-10Rα. TR1 cells with impaired IL-10 receptor signaling lost their regulatory activity in vivo. TR1 cells required IL-10 receptor signaling to activate p38 MAPK, thereby sustaining IL-10 production, which ultimately mediated their suppressive activity. Finally, we confirmed these data using human TR1 cells. In conclusion, TR1 cell regulatory activity is dependent on IL-10 receptor signaling. These data suggest that to optimize TR1 cell-based therapy, IL-10 receptor expression has to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Brockmann
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Babett Steglich
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Jan Kempski
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Penelope Pelczar
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Maria Geffken
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Zentrum für Diagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Bechara Mfarrej
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Francis Huber
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Enric Esplugues
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Christian F Krebs
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany; and
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Samuel Huber
- I.Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany;
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27
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Villegas-Mendez A, Inkson CA, Shaw TN, Strangward P, Couper KN. Long-Lived CD4+IFN-γ+ T Cells rather than Short-Lived CD4+IFN-γ+IL-10+ T Cells Initiate Rapid IL-10 Production To Suppress Anamnestic T Cell Responses during Secondary Malaria Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3152-3164. [PMID: 27630165 PMCID: PMC5055201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ are the source of host-protective IL-10 during primary infection with a number of different pathogens, including Plasmodium spp. The fate of these CD4+IFN-γ+IL-10+ T cells following clearance of primary infection and their subsequent influence on the course of repeated infections is, however, presently unknown. In this study, utilizing IFN-γ-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and IL-10-GFP dual reporter mice, we show that primary malaria infection-induced CD4+YFP+GFP+ T cells have limited memory potential, do not stably express IL-10, and are disproportionately lost from the Ag-experienced CD4+ T cell memory population during the maintenance phase postinfection. CD4+YFP+GFP+ T cells generally exhibited a short-lived effector rather than effector memory T cell phenotype postinfection and expressed high levels of PD-1, Lag-3, and TIGIT, indicative of cellular exhaustion. Consistently, the surviving CD4+YFP+GFP+ T cell-derived cells were unresponsive and failed to proliferate during the early phase of secondary infection. In contrast, CD4+YFP+GFP- T cell-derived cells expanded rapidly and upregulated IL-10 expression during secondary infection. Correspondingly, CD4+ T cells were the major producers within an accelerated and amplified IL-10 response during the early stage of secondary malaria infection. Notably, IL-10 exerted quantitatively stronger regulatory effects on innate and CD4+ T cell responses during primary and secondary infections, respectively. The results in this study significantly improve our understanding of the durability of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells postinfection and provide information on how IL-10 may contribute to optimized parasite control and prevention of immune-mediated pathology during repeated malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villegas-Mendez
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Colette A Inkson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Tovah N Shaw
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Strangward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin N Couper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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28
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Complexity and Controversies over the Cytokine Profiles of T Helper Cell Subpopulations in Tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:639107. [PMID: 26495323 PMCID: PMC4606092 DOI: 10.1155/2015/639107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the TB-causing bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is considered a public health problem with enormous social impact. Disease progression is determined mainly by the balance between the microorganism and the host defense systems. Although the immune system controls the infection, this control does not necessarily lead to sterilization. Over recent decades, the patterns of CD4+ T cell responses have been studied with a goal of complete understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in the maintenance of latent or active tuberculosis infection and of the clinical cure after treatment. Conflicting results have been suggested over the years, particularly in studies comparing experimental models and human disease. In recent years, in addition to Th1, Th2, and Th17 profiles, new standards of cellular immune responses, such as Th9, Th22, and IFN-γ-IL-10 double-producing Th cells, discussed here, have also been described. Additionally, many new roles and cellular sources have been described for IL-10, demonstrating a critical role for this cytokine as regulatory, rather than merely pathogenic cytokine, involved in the establishment of chronic latent infection, in the clinical cure after treatment and in keeping antibacillary effector mechanisms active to prevent immune-mediated damage.
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29
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Abstract
IL-10 is a multifunctional cytokine secreted by a variety of cells. It not only inhibits activation of monocyte/macrophage system and synthesis of monocyte cytokine and inflammatory cytokine but also promotes the proliferation and maturation of non-monocyte-dependent T cell, stimulating proliferation of antigen-specific B cell. Increasing evidence indicates that IL-10 plays an important role in both the onset and development of auto-immune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Crohn's disease (CD), and psoriasis. However, the exact mechanisms of IL-10 in auto-immune diseases remain unclear. In the present review, we will summarize the biological effects of IL-10, as well as its role and therapeutic potential in auto-immune diseases.
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30
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Sanin DE, Prendergast CT, Bourke CD, Mountford AP. Helminth Infection and Commensal Microbiota Drive Early IL-10 Production in the Skin by CD4+ T Cells That Are Functionally Suppressive. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004841. [PMID: 25974019 PMCID: PMC4431738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin provides an important first line of defence and immunological barrier to invasive pathogens, but immune responses must also be regulated to maintain barrier function and ensure tolerance of skin surface commensal organisms. In schistosomiasis-endemic regions, populations can experience repeated percutaneous exposure to schistosome larvae, however little is known about how repeated exposure to pathogens affects immune regulation in the skin. Here, using a murine model of repeated infection with Schistosoma mansoni larvae, we show that the skin infection site becomes rich in regulatory IL-10, whilst in its absence, inflammation, neutrophil recruitment, and local lymphocyte proliferation is increased. Whilst CD4+ T cells are the primary cellular source of regulatory IL-10, they expressed none of the markers conventionally associated with T regulatory (Treg) cells (i.e. FoxP3, Helios, Nrp1, CD223, or CD49b). Nevertheless, these IL-10+ CD4+ T cells in the skin from repeatedly infected mice are functionally suppressive as they reduced proliferation of responsive CD4+ T cells from the skin draining lymph node. Moreover, the skin of infected Rag-/- mice had impaired IL-10 production and increased neutrophil recruitment. Finally, we show that the mechanism behind IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells in the skin is due to a combination of an initial (day 1) response specific to skin commensal bacteria, and then over the following days schistosome-specific CD4+ T cell responses, which together contribute towards limiting inflammation and tissue damage following schistosome infection. We propose CD4+ T cells in the skin that do not express markers of conventional T regulatory cell populations have a significant role in immune regulation after repeated pathogen exposure and speculate that these cells may also help to maintain skin barrier function in the context of repeated percutaneous insult by other skin pathogens. The skin is a major barrier protecting the host from pathogen infection, but is also a site for immune regulation. Using a murine model of repeated percutaneous exposure to infectious Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, we show that, in the skin, CD4+ T cells that do not express markers of conventional regulatory T cells are the main early source of immunoregulatory IL-10 and are functionally suppressive of adaptive immune responses. We demonstrate that the production of regulatory IL-10 in the skin is greatly enhanced after repeated schistosome infection compared to levels present after a single infection and that it limits both neutrophil recruitment and local CD4+ T cell proliferation, thereby preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Initially (day 1), IL-10 producing CD4+ T cells are reactive towards skin commensal bacteria, although over succeeding days they progressively become specific for schistosome antigens. Consequently, our findings highlight a role for early IL-10 produced by dermal CD4+ T cells to mediate immune regulation in advance of later stage chronic infection conventionally associated with the presence of IL-10. Our work provides a mechanistic insight into the triggers of early IL-10 production at barrier sites like the skin, and suggests how tolerance and pathogen clearance might be co-regulated early after exposure to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Sanin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona T. Prendergast
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Claire D. Bourke
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P. Mountford
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the present understanding of the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid inflammation is still incomplete, there is substantial evidence that effector CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a central role. RESULTS In recent years, in addition to the established Th cell subsets Th1 and Th2 cells, other subsets, such as Th9, Th17, Th22 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have been described. Defining the contribution of T cells in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation has been augmented by the identification of functionally distinct subsets of effector Th cells that can be classified based on their cytokine and transcription factor profiles. CONCLUSION Increasing knowledge of the role of these various T cell populations in chronic inflammation provides a better understanding and insights into the pathogenic mechanisms and chronification of rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leipe
- Sektion für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336, München, Deutschland,
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32
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Haftmann C, Stittrich AB, Zimmermann J, Fang Z, Hradilkova K, Bardua M, Westendorf K, Heinz GA, Riedel R, Siede J, Lehmann K, Weinberger EE, Zimmel D, Lauer U, Häupl T, Sieper J, Backhaus M, Neumann C, Hoffmann U, Porstner M, Chen W, Grün JR, Baumgrass R, Matz M, Löhning M, Scheffold A, Wittmann J, Chang HD, Rajewsky N, Jäck HM, Radbruch A, Mashreghi MF. miR-148a is upregulated by Twist1 and T-bet and promotes Th1-cell survival by regulating the proapoptotic gene Bim. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1192-205. [PMID: 25486906 PMCID: PMC4406154 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Repeatedly activated T helper 1 (Th1) cells present during chronic inflammation can efficiently adapt to the inflammatory milieu, for example, by expressing the transcription factor Twist1, which limits the immunopathology caused by Th1 cells. Here, we show that in repeatedly activated murine Th1 cells, Twist1 and T-bet induce expression of microRNA-148a (miR-148a). miR-148a regulates expression of the proapoptotic gene Bim, resulting in a decreased Bim/Bcl2 ratio. Inhibition of miR-148a by antagomirs in repeatedly activated Th1 cells increases the expression of Bim, leading to enhanced apoptosis. Knockdown of Bim expression by siRNA in miR-148a antagomir-treated cells restores viability of the Th1 cells, demonstrating that miR-148a controls survival by regulating Bim expression. Thus, Twist1 and T-bet not only control the differentiation and function of Th1 cells, but also their persistence in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Haftmann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), an institute of the Leibniz AssociationBerlin, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Neumann C, Heinrich F, Neumann K, Junghans V, Mashreghi MF, Ahlers J, Janke M, Rudolph C, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Kühl AA, Heimesaat MM, Esser C, Im SH, Radbruch A, Rutz S, Scheffold A. Role of Blimp-1 in programing Th effector cells into IL-10 producers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1807-19. [PMID: 25073792 PMCID: PMC4144744 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator Blimp-1 is absolutely required for IL-10 production in Th1 cells and limits inflammatory effector T cell responses downstream of IL-12 and IL-27. Secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL) 10 by effector T cells is an essential mechanism of self-limitation during infection. However, the transcriptional regulation of IL-10 expression in proinflammatory T helper (Th) 1 cells is insufficiently understood. We report a crucial role for the transcriptional regulator Blimp-1, induced by IL-12 in a STAT4-dependent manner, in controlling IL-10 expression in Th1 cells. Blimp-1 deficiency led to excessive inflammation during Toxoplasma gondii infection with increased mortality. IL-10 production from Th1 cells was strictly dependent on Blimp-1 but was further enhanced by the synergistic function of c-Maf, a transcriptional regulator of IL-10 induced by multiple factors, such as the Notch pathway. We found Blimp-1 expression, which was also broadly induced by IL-27 in effector T cells, to be antagonized by transforming growth factor (TGF) β. While effectively blocking IL-10 production from Th1 cells, TGF-β shifted IL-10 regulation from a Blimp-1–dependent to a Blimp-1–independent pathway in IL-27–induced Tr1 (T regulatory 1) cells. Our findings further illustrate how IL-10 regulation in Th cells relies on several transcriptional programs that integrate various signals from the environment to fine-tune expression of this critical immunosuppressive cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Neumann
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Neumann
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Junghans
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Ahlers
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marko Janke
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Rudolph
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rutz
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, an Institute of the Leibniz-Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, and Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Köck J, Kreher S, Lehmann K, Riedel R, Bardua M, Lischke T, Jargosch M, Haftmann C, Bendfeldt H, Hatam F, Mashreghi MF, Baumgrass R, Radbruch A, Chang HD. Nuclear factor of activated T cells regulates the expression of interleukin-4 in Th2 cells in an all-or-none fashion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26752-26761. [PMID: 25037220 PMCID: PMC4175318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.587865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Th2 memory lymphocytes have imprinted their Il4 genes epigenetically for expression in dependence of T cell receptor restimulation. However, in a given restimulation, not all Th cells with a memory for IL-4 expression express IL-4. Here, we show that in reactivated Th2 cells, the transcription factors NFATc2, NF-kB p65, c-Maf, p300, Brg1, STAT6, and GATA-3 assemble at the Il4 promoter in Th2 cells expressing IL-4 but not in Th2 cells not expressing it. NFATc2 is critical for assembly of this transcription factor complex. Because NFATc2 translocation into the nucleus occurs in an all-or-none fashion, dependent on complete dephosphorylation by calcineurin, NFATc2 controls the frequencies of cells reexpressing Il4, translates analog differences in T cell receptor stimulation into a digital decision for Il4 reexpression, and instructs all reexpressing cells to express the same amount of IL-4. This analog-to-digital conversion may be critical for the immune system to respond to low concentrations of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Köck
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Kreher
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Lehmann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Riedel
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bardua
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Lischke
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Jargosch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna Bendfeldt
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Farahnaz Hatam
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Baumgrass
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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GATA-3 expression identifies a high-risk subset of PTCL, NOS with distinct molecular and clinical features. Blood 2014; 123:3007-15. [PMID: 24497534 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-544809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin and the tumor microenvironment's role remain elusive for the most common peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs). As macrophages promote the growth and survival of malignant T cells and are abundant constituents of the tumor microenvironment, their functional polarization was examined in T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Cytokines that are abundant within the tumor microenvironment, particularly interleukin (IL)-10, were observed to promote alternative macrophage polarization. Macrophage polarization was signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 dependent and was impaired by the Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib. In conventional T cells, the production of T helper (Th)2-associated cytokines and IL-10, both of which promote alternative macrophage polarization, is regulated by the T-cell transcription factor GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3). Therefore, its role in the T-cell lymphomas was examined. GATA-3 expression was observed in 45% of PTCLs, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS) and was associated with distinct molecular features, including the production of Th2-associated cytokines. In addition, GATA-3 expression identified a subset of PTCL, NOS with distinct clinical features, including inferior progression-free and overall survival. Collectively, these data suggest that further understanding the cell of origin and lymphocyte ontogeny among the T-cell lymphomas may improve our understanding of the tumor microenvironment's pathogenic role in these aggressive lymphomas.
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Tr1 cells and the counter-regulation of immunity: natural mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 380:39-68. [PMID: 25004813 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory Type 1 (Tr1) cells are adaptive T regulatory cells characterized by the ability to secrete high levels of IL-10 and minimal amounts of IL-4 and IL-17. Recently, CD49b and LAG-3 have been identified as Tr1-cell-specific biomarkers in mice and humans. Tr1 cells suppress T-cell- and antigen-presenting cell- (APC) responses primarily via the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β. In addition, Tr1 cells release granzyme B and perforin and kill myeloid cells. Tr1 cells inhibit T cell responses also via cell-contact dependent mechanisms mediated by CTLA-4 or PD-1, and by disrupting the metabolic state of T effector cells via the production of the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73. Tr1 cells were first described in peripheral blood of patients who developed tolerance after HLA-mismatched fetal liver hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Since their discovery, Tr1 cells have been proven to be important in maintaining immunological homeostasis and preventing T-cell-mediated diseases. Furthermore, the possibility to generate and expand Tr1 cells in vitro has led to their utilization as cellular therapy in humans. In this chapter we summarize the unique and distinctive biological properties of Tr1 cells, the well-known and newly discovered Tr1-cell biomarkers, and the different methods to induce Tr1 cells in vitro and in vivo. We also address the role of Tr1 cells in infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection in different pre-clinical disease models and in patients. Finally, we highlight the pathological settings in which Tr1 cells can be beneficial to prevent or to cure the disease.
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Gabryšová L, Howes A, Saraiva M, O'Garra A. The regulation of IL-10 expression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 380:157-90. [PMID: 25004818 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine and an understanding of how IL-10 expression is controlled is critical in the design of immune intervention strategies. IL-10 is produced by almost all cell types within the innate (including macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and natural killer cells) and adaptive (including CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells and B cells) immune systems. The mechanisms of IL-10 regulation operate at several stages including chromatin remodelling at the Il10 locus, transcriptional regulation of Il10 expression and post-transcriptional regulation of Il10 mRNA. In addition, whereas some aspects of Il10 gene regulation are conserved between different immune cell types, several are cell type- or stimulus-specific. Here, we outline the complexity of IL-10 production by discussing what is known about its regulation in macrophages, monocytes, DCs and CD4(+) T helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Gabryšová
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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Epigenetic control of cytokine gene expression: regulation of the TNF/LT locus and T helper cell differentiation. Adv Immunol 2013; 118:37-128. [PMID: 23683942 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407708-9.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics encompasses transient and heritable modifications to DNA and nucleosomes in the native chromatin context. For example, enzymatic addition of chemical moieties to the N-terminal "tails" of histones, particularly acetylation and methylation of lysine residues in the histone tails of H3 and H4, plays a key role in regulation of gene transcription. The modified histones, which are physically associated with gene regulatory regions that typically occur within conserved noncoding sequences, play a functional role in active, poised, or repressed gene transcription. The "histone code" defined by these modifications, along with the chromatin-binding acetylases, deacetylases, methylases, demethylases, and other enzymes that direct modifications resulting in specific patterns of histone modification, shows considerable evolutionary conservation from yeast to humans. Direct modifications at the DNA level, such as cytosine methylation at CpG motifs that represses promoter activity, are another highly conserved epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications at the nucleosome or DNA level can also be coupled with higher-order intra- or interchromosomal interactions that influence the location of regulatory elements and that can place them in an environment of specific nucleoprotein complexes associated with transcription. In the mammalian immune system, epigenetic gene regulation is a crucial mechanism for a range of physiological processes, including the innate host immune response to pathogens and T cell differentiation driven by specific patterns of cytokine gene expression. Here, we will review current findings regarding epigenetic regulation of cytokine genes important in innate and/or adaptive immune responses, with a special focus upon the tumor necrosis factor/lymphotoxin locus and cytokine-driven CD4+ T cell differentiation into the Th1, Th2, and Th17 lineages.
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39
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Hu C, Ding H, Zhang X, Wong FS, Wen L. Combination treatment with anti-CD20 and oral anti-CD3 prevents and reverses autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2013; 62:2849-58. [PMID: 23447122 PMCID: PMC3717853 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, although B cells also play an important role in T1D development. Both T cell- and B cell-directed immunotherapies have shown efficacy in the prevention and reversal of T1D. However, whether the combined strategy of targeting both T and B cells could further improve therapeutic efficacy remains to be explored. We show that combined treatment with intravenous antihuman CD20 (hCD20) and oral anti-CD3 significantly delays diabetes development in prediabetic hCD20 transgenic NOD mice. More importantly, the combined treatment reverses diabetes in >60% of mice newly diagnosed with diabetes. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the addition of oral anti-CD3 to the B-cell depletion therapy synergistically enhances the suppressive function of regulatory T cells. Of note, the oral anti-CD3 treatment induced a fraction of interleukin (IL)-10-producing CD4 T cells in the small intestine through IL-10- and IL-27-producing dendritic cells. Thus, the findings demonstrate that combining anti-CD20 and oral anti-CD3 is superior to anti-CD20 monotherapy for restoring normoglycemia in diabetic NOD mice, providing important preclinical evidence for the optimization of B cell-directed therapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Heyuan Ding
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Endocrinology Section, The 5th People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Corresponding author: Li Wen,
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Ng THS, Britton GJ, Hill EV, Verhagen J, Burton BR, Wraith DC. Regulation of adaptive immunity; the role of interleukin-10. Front Immunol 2013; 4:129. [PMID: 23755052 PMCID: PMC3668291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the 1980s, a large body of work has led to its recognition as a pleiotropic immunomodulatory cytokine that affects both the innate and adaptive immune systems. IL-10 is produced by a wide range of cell types, but for the purposes of this review we shall focus on IL-10 secreted by CD4(+) T cells. Here we describe the importance of IL-10 as a mediator of suppression used by both FoxP3(+) and FoxP3(-) T regulatory cells. Moreover, we discuss the molecular events leading to the induction of IL-10 secretion in T helper cell subsets, where it acts as a pivotal negative feedback mechanism. Finally we discuss how a greater understanding of this principle has allowed for the design of more efficient, antigen-specific immunotherapy strategies to exploit this natural phenomenon clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Sky Ng
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The cutaneous surface is exposed to a myriad of encounters with chemicals, allergens and microbes. Nevertheless, it withstands these environmental assaults without overt inflammation. We will discuss the role of T regulatory cells in a situation where this tissue homeostasis fails - cutaneous allergy, in particular contact hypersensitivity. RECENT FINDINGS Immune regulation is a complex process that is mediated by many cellular players. T regulatory cells have risen to particular prominence as potent immunosuppressors because their absence results in inflammation including skin allergy. Recent findings revealed that T regulatory cells comprise a heterogeneous group of subpopulations with specialized homing capabilities and suppressor functions. The stability of the T regulatory cell subset in proinflammatory microenvironments is controversially discussed. In addition, it has recently been shown that mechanisms by which T regulatory cells exert their immunosuppressive functions can be adopted by pathogenic effector T cells in certain situations. SUMMARY In cutaneous allergy, immunoregulatory mechanisms are dysfunctional. The cellular players comprise classical T regulatory cells as well as effector T cells with regulatory activities. Understanding their role in skin homeostasis and the mechanisms by which their regulatory functions are abrogated will yield novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cutaneous allergies.
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42
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Ogata M, Ito T, Shimamoto K, Nakanishi T, Satsutani N, Miyamoto R, Nomura S. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have a cytokine-producing capacity to enhance ICOS ligand-mediated IL-10 production during T-cell priming. Int Immunol 2012; 25:171-82. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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43
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Kubo M, Motomura Y. Transcriptional regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in acquired immune cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:275. [PMID: 22969768 PMCID: PMC3430973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the major role of the immune response is host defense from a wide range of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, excess immune responses can result in severe host damage. The host thus requires anti-inflammatory mechanisms to prevent reactivity to self. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with broad anti-inflammatory properties involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. IL-10 was originally described as a T helper (TH2) derived cytokine, but further studies indicated that IL-10 is expressed not only by many cells of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells, but also by the innate immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, mast cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. In addition, IL-10 can be induced in TH1 and TH17 cells by chronic inflammation as a system of feedback regulation. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying IL10 gene expression in adaptive immune cells and summarize the recent progresses in epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of the IL10 gene. Understanding the transcriptional regulatory events may help in the development of new strategies to control inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science Noda, Japan
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44
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Hofmann S, Rösen-Wolff A, Tsokos G, Hedrich C. Biological properties and regulation of IL-10 related cytokines and their contribution to autoimmune disease and tissue injury. Clin Immunol 2012; 143:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Altin JA, Goodnow CC, Cook MC. IL-10+ CTLA-4+ Th2 inhibitory cells form in a Foxp3-independent, IL-2-dependent manner from Th2 effectors during chronic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5478-88. [PMID: 22547705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated Th cells influence other T cells via positive feedback circuits that expand and polarize particular types of response, but little is known about how they may also initiate negative feedback against immunopathological reactions. In this study, we demonstrate the emergence, during chronic inflammation, of GATA-3(+) Th2 inhibitory (Th2i) cells that express high levels of inhibitory proteins including IL-10, CTLA-4, and granzyme B, but do so independently of Foxp3. Whereas other Th2 effectors promote proliferation and IL-4 production by naive T cells, Th2i cells suppress proliferation and IL-4 production. We show that Th2i cells develop directly from Th2 effectors, in a manner that can be promoted by effector cytokines including IL-2, IL-10, and IL-21 ex vivo and that requires T cell activation through CD28, Card11, and IL-2 in vivo. Formation of Th2i cells may act as an inbuilt activation-induced feedback inhibition mechanism against excessive or chronic Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Altin
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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46
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Iyer SS, Cheng G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2012; 32:23-63. [PMID: 22428854 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties that plays a central role in limiting host immune response to pathogens, thereby preventing damage to the host and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of IL-10 is associated with enhanced immunopathology in response to infection as well as increased risk for development of many autoimmune diseases. Thus a fundamental understanding of IL-10 gene expression is critical for our comprehension of disease progression and resolution of host inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss modes of regulation of IL-10 gene expression in immune effector cell types, including signal transduction, epigenetics, promoter architecture, and post-transcriptional regulation, and how aberrant regulation contributes to immunopathology and disease progression.
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Gregori S, Goudy KS, Roncarolo MG. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of immuno-suppression by human type 1 regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:30. [PMID: 22566914 PMCID: PMC3342353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immuno-regulatory mechanisms of IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells have been widely studied over the years. However, several recent discoveries have shed new light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that human Tr1 cells use to control immune responses and induce tolerance. In this review we outline the well known and newly discovered regulatory properties of human Tr1 cells and provide an in-depth comparison of the known suppressor mechanisms of Tr1 cells with FOXP3+ Treg. We also highlight the role that Tr1 cells play in promoting and maintaining tolerance in autoimmunity, allergy, and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gregori
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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Lee CG, Kwon HK, Sahoo A, Hwang W, So JS, Hwang JS, Chae CS, Kim GC, Kim JE, So HS, Hwang ES, Grenningloh R, Ho IC, Im SH. Interaction of Ets-1 with HDAC1 represses IL-10 expression in Th1 cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2244-53. [PMID: 22266280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a crucial role in immunity and tolerance. IL-10 is produced by diverse immune cell types, including B cells and subsets of T cells. Although Th1 produce IL-10, their expression levels are much lower than Th2 cells under conventional stimulation conditions. The potential role of E26 transformation-specific 1 (Ets-1) transcription factor as a negative regulator for Il10 gene expression in CD4(+) T cells has been implicated previously. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of Ets-1-mediated Il10 gene repression in Th1 cells. Compared with wild type Th1 cells, Ets-1 knockout Th1 cells expressed a significantly higher level of IL-10, which is comparable with that of wild type Th2 cells. Upregulation of IL-10 expression in Ets-1 knockout Th1 cells was accompanied by enhanced chromatin accessibility and increased recruitment of histone H3 acetylation at the Il10 regulatory regions. Reciprocally, Ets-1 deficiency significantly decreased histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) enrichment at the Il10 regulatory regions. Treatment with trichostatin A, an inhibitor of HDAC family, significantly increased Il10 gene expression by increasing histone H3 acetylation recruitment. We further demonstrated a physical interaction between Ets-1 and HDAC1. Coexpression of Ets-1 with HDAC1 synergistically repressed IL-10 transcription activity. In summary, our data suggest that an interaction of Ets-1 with HDAC1 represses the Il10 gene expression in Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Gu Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Immune Synapse Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, The Republic of Korea
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49
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Parlane NA, Compton BJ, Hayman CM, Painter GF, Basaraba RJ, Heiser A, Buddle BM. Phosphatidylinositol di-mannoside and derivates modulate the immune response to and efficacy of a tuberculosis protein vaccine against Mycobacterium bovis infection. Vaccine 2011; 30:580-8. [PMID: 22120192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infects a wide range of hosts, including domestic livestock, wildlife, and humans. Development of an effective vaccine protecting against bovine tuberculosis would provide a cost-effective tuberculosis control strategy. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of phosphatidylinositol di-mannoside (PIM(2)) and its derivatives to modulate cell-mediated immunity in vivo in a bovine tuberculosis mouse model in response to a relevant antigen, namely a fusion protein of mycobacterial proteins Ag85A and ESAT-6. The addition of synthetic PIM(2) to the vaccine resulted in a significant reduction in lung bacterial counts and a cytokine profile indicating a Th 1 type immune response. The addition of the other PIM(2) derivatives to the vaccine or the fusion protein alone did not result in reduced lung bacterial counts; moreover, the addition of PIM(2)ME appeared to negate the induction of an antigen-specific interferon-γ response and protection against tuberculosis. In conclusion, this study provides further evidence that PIMs can function as potent adjuvants for protein or sub-unit vaccines, but subtle structural differences among PIMs can markedly alter the type of immune response induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Parlane
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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50
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Rutz S, Ouyang W. Regulation of interleukin-10 and interleukin-22 expression in T helper cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:605-12. [PMID: 21862302 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-22 are crucial regulators of inflammation during immune responses. While IL-10 functions to prevent excessive inflammation by acting on immune cells, IL-22 elicits innate responses from tissue epithelia and promotes wound healing. Although T helper (Th) cells are a major source for both cytokines, IL-10 and IL-22 are rarely co-expressed at high levels in the same cells. Here we discuss a number of common aspects as well as crucial differences in the molecular regulation of both cytokines that might explain their broad, but distinct expression among Th cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rutz
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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