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Eom GD, Chu KB, Yoon KW, Mao J, Kim SS, Quan FS. Immunizing Mice with Influenza Virus-like Particles Expressing the Leishmania amazonensis Promastigote Surface Antigen Alleviates Inflammation in Footpad. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:793. [PMID: 39066431 PMCID: PMC11281337 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a tropical disease endemic in many parts of the world. Characteristic clinical manifestations of CL include the formation of ulcerative skin lesions that can inflict life-long disability if left untreated. Although drugs are available, they are unaffordable and out of reach for individuals who need them the most. Developing a highly cost-efficient CL vaccine could address this problem but such a vaccine remains unavailable. Here, we developed a chimeric influenza virus-like particle expressing the Leishmania amazonensis promastigote surface antigen (LaPSA-VLP). LaPSA-VLPs were self-assembled in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cell lines using the baculovirus expression system. After characterizing the vaccines and confirming successful VLP assembly, BALB/c mice were immunized with these vaccines for efficacy assessment. Sera acquired from mice upon subcutaneous immunization with the LaPSA-VLP specifically interacted with the L. amazonensis soluble total antigens. LaPSA-VLP-immunized mice elicited significantly greater quantities of parasite-specific IgG from the spleens, popliteal lymph nodes, and footpads than unimmunized mice. LaPSA-VLP immunization also enhanced the proliferation of B cell populations in the spleens of mice and significantly lessened the CL symptoms, notably the footpad swelling and IFN-γ-mediated inflammatory response. Overall, immunizing mice with the LaPSA-VLPs prevented mice from developing severe CL symptoms, signifying their developmental potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Deok Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.E.); (K.-W.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Ki Back Chu
- Department of Parasitology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Infectious Disease and Malaria, Paik Institute of Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.E.); (K.-W.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.E.); (K.-W.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Nerb B, Dudziak D, Gessner A, Feuerer M, Ritter U. Have We Ignored Vector-Associated Microbiota While Characterizing the Function of Langerhans Cells in Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis? FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.874081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lajevardi MS, Gholami E, Taheri T, Sarvnaz H, Habibzadeh S, Seyed N, Mortazavi Y, Rafati S. Leishmania tarentolae as Potential Live Vaccine Co-Expressing Distinct Salivary Gland Proteins Against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in BALB/c Mice Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895234. [PMID: 35757692 PMCID: PMC9226313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted through the infected sand flies bite. Current treatments are limited, partly due to their high cost and significant adverse effects, and no human vaccine is yet available. Sand flies saliva has been examined for their potential application as an anti-Leishmania vaccine. The salivary protein, PpSP15, was the first protective vaccine candidate against L. major. Additionally, PsSP9 was already introduced as a highly immunogenic salivary protein against L. tropica. Herein, we aimed to develop an effective multivalent live vaccine to control Cutaneous Leishmaniasis induced by two main species, L. major and L. tropica. Hence, the two above-mentioned salivary proteins using T2A linker were incorporated inside the L. tarentolae genome as a safe live vector. Then, the immunogenicity and protective effects of recombinant L. tarentolae co-expressing PpSP15 and PsSP9 were evaluated in pre-treated BALB/c mice with CpG against L. major and L. tropica. Following the cytokine assays, parasite burden and antibody assessment at different time-points at pre and post-infection, promising protective Th1 immunity was obtained in vaccinated mice with recombinant L. tarentolae co-expressing PpSP15 and PsSP9. This is the first study demonstrating the potency of a safe live vaccine based on the combination of different salivary proteins against the infectious challenge with two different species of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Sadat Lajevardi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Gholami
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Sarvnaz
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Habibzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Seyed
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Preclinical validation of a live attenuated dermotropic Leishmania vaccine against vector transmitted fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:929. [PMID: 34330999 PMCID: PMC8324786 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), a potentially fatal disease is caused by Leishmania donovani parasites with no vaccine available. Here we produced a dermotropic live attenuated centrin gene deleted Leishmania major (LmCen−/−) vaccine under Good Laboratory Practices and demonstrated that a single intradermal injection confers robust and durable protection against lethal VL transmitted naturally via bites of L. donovani-infected sand flies and prevents mortality. Surprisingly, immunogenicity characteristics of LmCen−/− parasites revealed activation of common immune pathways like L. major wild type parasites. Spleen cells from LmCen−/− immunized and L. donovani challenged hamsters produced significantly higher Th1-associated cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and reduced expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10, IL-21, compared to non-immunized challenged animals. PBMCs, isolated from healthy people from non-endemic region, upon LmCen−/− infection also induced more IFN-γ compared to IL-10, consistent with our immunogenicity data in LmCen−/− immunized hamsters. This study demonstrates that the LmCen−/− parasites are safe and efficacious against VL and is a strong candidate vaccine to be tested in a human clinical trial. Karmakar et al produced a dermotropic, live attenuated centrin gene-deleted Leishmania major (LmCen−/−) vaccine against Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). They demonstrated in hamsters that a single intradermal injection confers robust and durable protection against lethal VL that is transmitted naturally via bites of L. donovani-infected sand flies.
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Dayakar A, Chandrasekaran S, Kuchipudi SV, Kalangi SK. Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 31024534 PMCID: PMC6459942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms namely cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The VL affects several internal organs and is the deadliest form of the disease. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of VL are variable based on the vector, parasite (e.g., species, strains, and antigen diversity), host (e.g., genetic background, nutrition, diversity in antigen presentation and immunity) and the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and hygiene). Chemotherapy of VL is limited to a few drugs which is expensive and associated with profound toxicity, and could become ineffective due to the parasites developing resistance. Till date, there are no licensed vaccines for humans against leishmaniasis. Recently, immunotherapy has become an attractive strategy as it is cost-effective, causes limited side-effects and do not suffer from the downside of pathogens developing resistance. Among various immunotherapeutic approaches, cytokines (produced by helper T-lymphocytes) based immunotherapy has received great attention especially for drug refractive cases of human VL. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge on the molecular interactions of immune cells or components and on cytokines interplay in the host defense or pathogenesis is important to determine appropriate immunotherapies for leishmaniasis. Here, we summarized the current understanding of a wide-spectrum of cytokines and their interaction with immune cells that determine the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis. We have also highlighted opportunities for the development of novel diagnostics and intervention therapies for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Sciences, Indrashil University, Mehsana, India
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Hanna E, Dany M, Abbas O, Kreidieh F, Kurban M. Updates on the use of vaccines in dermatological conditions. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2018; 84:388-402. [PMID: 29794355 DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_1036_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Numerous vaccines are being actively developed for use in dermatologic diseases. Advances in the fields of immunotherapy, genetics and molecular medicine have allowed for the design of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines with immense potential in managing infections and malignancies of the skin. This review addresses the different vaccines available for use in dermatological diseases and those under development for future potential use. The major limitation of our review is its complete reliance on published data. Our review is strictly limited to the availability of published research online through available databases. We do not cite any of the authors' previous publications nor have we conducted previous original research studies regarding vaccines in dermatology. Strength would have been added to our paper had we conducted original studies by our research team regarding the candidate vaccines delineated in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Hanna
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammed Dany
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ossama Abbas
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kreidieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, USA
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7
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Pirdel L, Zavaran Hosseini A. Immune response to recombinant Leishmania infantum lipophosphoglycan 3 plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27353355 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of a protective antileishmanial vaccine is an urgent priority for successful control of different forms of leishmaniasis. The potential of a recombinant lipophosphoglycan 3 (rLPG3) expressed by Leishmania tarentolae was evaluated in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) as a Th1-promoting adjuvant against Leishmania infantum infection in BALB/c mice. First, mice were immunized subcutaneously with rLPG3 either alone or in combination with CpG-ODN. Next, the immunogenic and protective efficacies of this vaccine were analysed in immunized mice. It was observed that coadministration of rLPG3 with CpG-ODN led to enhance in a Th1 response to rLPG3 induced by itself as the IFN-γ production was promoted in association with the predominant presence of IgG2a antibodies in the sera. However, immunization with rLPG3 plus CpG-ODN induced partial protection against infectious challenge in BALB/c mice. Taken together, further studies are required to improve the protective efficacy using either more potent immune enhancers or vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pirdel
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - A Zavaran Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Local Delivery of the Toll-Like Receptor 9 Ligand CpG Downregulates Host Immune and Inflammatory Responses, Ameliorating Established Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis Chronic Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00981-16. [PMID: 28052994 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00981-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, the predominant etiologic agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia, is characterized by a chronic mixed inflammatory response. Current treatment options are plagued by toxicity, lengthy treatment regimens, and growing evidence of drug resistance. Immunotherapy, modulating the immune system to mount a protective response, may provide an alternate therapeutic approach. We investigated the ability of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand CpG to modulate established disease in the L (V) panamensis mouse model. Treatment of established infection with a high dose (50 μg) of CpG ameliorated disease and lowered parasite burden. Interestingly, immediately after treatment there was a significant increase in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and concomitantly an increase in T regulatory cell (Treg) function. Although a general reduction in cell-mediated immune cytokine and chemokine (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], interleukin 10 [IL-10], IL-13, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], IL-4, and MIP-1α) responses of the treated mice was observed, certain chemokines (RANTES, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1[MCP-1], and IP-10) were increased. Further, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, CpG treatment similarly exhibited a dose-response effect on the production of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, and IL-13, with reductions observed at higher doses. To further understand the underlying mechanisms and cell populations driving the CpG mediated response, we examined the ex vivo dose effects mediated by the TLR9+ cell populations (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells) found to accumulate labeled CpG in vivo Notably, B cells altered the production of IL-17, IL-13, and IFN-γ, supporting a role for B cells functioning as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and/or regulatory cells during infection. Interestingly, B cells have been previously demonstrated as a primary type of APC in patients infected with L (V) panamensis and thus may be useful targets of immunotherapy. Collectively, our results show that CpG-induced immune regulation leads to a dampening of the host immune response and healing in the mouse model, and it may provide an alternate approach to treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L (V) panamensis.
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9
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Siefert AL, Ehrlich A, Corral MJ, Goldsmith-Pestana K, McMahon-Pratt D, Fahmy TM. Immunomodulatory nanoparticles ameliorate disease in the Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis mouse model. Biomaterials 2016; 108:168-76. [PMID: 27636154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis (L. (V.) panamensis) is a species of protozoan parasites that causes New World leishmaniasis, which is characterized by a hyper-inflammatory response. Current treatment strategies, mainly chemotherapeutic, are suboptimal due to adverse effects, long treatment regimens, and increasing drug resistance. Recently, immunotherapeutic approaches have shown promise in preclinical studies of leishmaniasis. As NPs may enable broad cellular immunomodulation through internalization in phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of biodegradable NPs encapsulating a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), CpG-rich oligonucleotide (CpG; NP-CpG), in mice infected with L. (V.) panamensis. NP-CpG treatment reduced lesion size and parasite burden, while neither free CpG nor empty NP showed therapeutic effects. NP-encapsulation led to CpG persistence at the site of infection along with an unexpected preferential cellular uptake by myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs; CD11b(+)Ly6G(+)Ly6C(-)) as well as CD19(+) dendritic cells. This corresponded with the suppression of the ongoing immune response measured by the reduction of pathogenic cytokines IL-10 and IL-13, as well as IL-17 and IFNγ, in comparison to other treatment groups. As chronic inflammation is generally associated with the accumulation of MDSCs, this study may enable the rational design of cost-effective, safe, and scalable delivery systems for the treatment of inflammation-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, USA; Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Anz D, Rapp M, Eiber S, Koelzer VH, Thaler R, Haubner S, Knott M, Nagel S, Golic M, Wiedemann GM, Bauernfeind F, Wurzenberger C, Hornung V, Scholz C, Mayr D, Rothenfusser S, Endres S, Bourquin C. Suppression of intratumoral CCL22 by type i interferon inhibits migration of regulatory T cells and blocks cancer progression. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4483-93. [PMID: 26432403 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL22 is abundantly expressed in many types of cancer and is instrumental for intratumoral recruitment of regulatory T cells (Treg), an important subset of immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting lymphocytes. In this study, we offer evidence for a generalized strategy to blunt Treg activity that can limit immune escape and promote tumor rejection. Activation of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor (TLR) or RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) ligands prevented accumulation of Treg in tumors by blocking their immigration. Mechanistic investigations indicated that Treg blockade was a consequence of reduced intratumoral CCL22 levels caused by type I IFN. Notably, stable expression of CCL22 abrogated the antitumor effects of treatment with RLR or TLR ligands. Taken together, our findings argue that type I IFN blocks the Treg-attracting chemokine CCL22 and thus helps limit the recruitment of Treg to tumors, a finding with implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Anz
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Rapp
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Eiber
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor H Koelzer
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Raffael Thaler
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sascha Haubner
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Knott
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Nagel
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Golic
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriela M Wiedemann
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bauernfeind
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wurzenberger
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Institute of Molecular Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Scholz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfusser
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Carole Bourquin
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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11
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Matin N, Tabatabaie O, Mohammadinejad P, Rezaei N. Therapeutic targeting of Toll-like receptors in cutaneous disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1651-63. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1069275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Huang L, Hinchman M, Mendez S. Coinjection with TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduces the pathology of leishmanization in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003546. [PMID: 25738770 PMCID: PMC4354918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is an
emergent, uncontrolled public health problem and there is no vaccine. A
promising prophylactic approach has been immunotherapy with Toll-like receptor
(TLR) agonists to enhance parasite-specific immune responses. We have previously
reported that vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with live L.
major plus the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA prevents lesion
development and confers immunity to reinfection. Our current study aims to
investigate whether other TLR agonists can be used in leishmanization without
induction of lesion formation. We found that live L.
major plus the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduced the pathology
in both genetically resistant (C57BL/6) and susceptible (BALB/c) mouse strains.
The addition of Pam3CSK4 activated dermal dendritic cells and macrophages to
produce greater amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in both mouse strains. Both
Th1 and Th17 responses were enhanced by leishmanization with L.
major plus Pam3CSK4 in C57BL/6 mice; however, Th17 cells
were unchanged in BALB/c mice. The production of IL-17 from neutrophils was
enhanced in both strains infected with L.
major plus Pam3CSK4. However, the sustained influx of
neutrophils in sites of infection was only observed in BALB/c mice. Our data
demonstrate that the mechanism behind leishmanization with TLR agonists may be
very different depending upon the immunological background of the host. This
needs to be taken into account for the rational development of successful
vaccines against the disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin infection caused by a protozoan parasite
Leishmania major (L.
major). The only available treatment option is
chemotherapy, which is toxic and expensive. Currently, there is no vaccine.
Although inoculation of virulent L. major
(leishmanization) that provides effective protection in humans was widely
applied, it was discontinued due to safety concerns. To improve the safety of
leishmanization, we applied agonists of Toll-like receptor in the
leishmanization to induce parasite-specific immune responses. In particular, we
show here that inoculation with live L. major
plus a TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 in both resistant (C57BL/6) and susceptible
(BALB/c) mouse strains completely prevents the development of lesion and
decreases parasite burden. The improved pathology is associated with enhanced
production of IL-6 and IL-12 from dermal dendritic cells and macrophages. Both
Th1 and Th17 responses are enhanced in C57BL/6 mice. Although only the Th1
response was enhanced in BALB/c mice in the presence of Pam3CSK4, there is an
enhanced and sustained neutrophil influx at sites of infection. Overall, our
study reveals the clinical significance of TLR2 agonist in treating cutaneous
leishmaniasis. However, the protective mechanism may be quite different
depending upon the genetic background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meleana Hinchman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
| | - Susana Mendez
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of
America
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS KLF proteins function as epigenetic reprogramming factors during cell differentiation in many cell populations and in engineered iPS cells. In this study, we determined KLF14 function in the regulation of FOXP3, a transcription factor critical for Treg cell differentiation. METHODS We studied the effects of KLF14 on FOXP3 expression at the level of the protein and mRNA. We evaluated the functional relevance of KLF14 to FOXP3+ Treg cells in vitro and in vivo through suppression assays and two colitis models. Finally, we analyzed the effect of KLF14 on the epigenetic landscape of the FOXP3 promoter locus through chromatin immuno-precipitation. RESULTS KLF14, induced upon activation of naïve CD4+ T cells, segregates to the FOXP3- population and is inversely associated with FOXP3 expression and Treg function. KLF14 KO CD4+ cells differentiated into adaptive Tregs more readily in vitro and in vivo. KLF14 KO cells demonstrated enhanced Treg suppressor function in vitro and in vivo. KLF14 repressed FOXP3 at the level of the mRNA and protein, and by ChIP assay KLF14 was found to bind to the TSDR enhancer region of FOXP3. Furthermore, loss of KLF14 reduced the levels of H3K9me3, HP1 and Suv39H1at the TSDR. CONCLUSIONS These results outline a novel mechanism by which KLF14 regulates Treg cell differentiation via chromatin remodeling at the FOXP3 TSDR. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence supporting a role for KLF14 in maintaining the differentiated state of Treg cells and outlines a potential mechanism to modify the expression of immune genes, such as FOXP3, which are critical to T cell fate.
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Ashok D, Acha-Orbea H. Timing is everything: dendritic cell subsets in murine Leishmania infection. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:499-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Zahedifard F, Gholami E, Taheri T, Taslimi Y, Doustdari F, Seyed N, Torkashvand F, Meneses C, Papadopoulou B, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Rafati S. Enhanced protective efficacy of nonpathogenic recombinant leishmania tarentolae expressing cysteine proteinases combined with a sand fly salivary antigen. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2751. [PMID: 24675711 PMCID: PMC3967951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel vaccination approaches are needed to prevent leishmaniasis. Live attenuated vaccines are the gold standard for protection against intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania and there have been new developments in this field. The nonpathogenic to humans lizard protozoan parasite, Leishmania (L) tarentolae, has been used effectively as a vaccine platform against visceral leishmaniasis in experimental animal models. Correspondingly, pre-exposure to sand fly saliva or immunization with a salivary protein has been shown to protect mice against cutaneous leishmaniasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we tested the efficacy of a novel combination of established protective parasite antigens expressed by L. tarentolae together with a sand fly salivary antigen as a vaccine strategy against L. major infection. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of different DNA/Live and Live/Live prime-boost vaccination modalities with live recombinant L. tarentolae stably expressing cysteine proteinases (type I and II, CPA/CPB) and PpSP15, an immunogenic salivary protein from Phlebotomus papatasi, a natural vector of L. major, were tested both in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed before challenge and at 3 and 10 weeks after Leishmania infection. In both strains of mice, the strongest protective effect was observed when priming with PpSP15 DNA and boosting with PpSP15 DNA and live recombinant L. tarentolae stably expressing cysteine proteinase genes. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The present study is the first to use a combination of recombinant L. tarentolae with a sand fly salivary antigen (PpSP15) and represents a novel promising vaccination approach against leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Cysteine Proteases/biosynthesis
- Cysteine Proteases/genetics
- Cysteine Proteases/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Leishmania/immunology
- Leishmaniasis/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/genetics
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Psychodidae
- Salivary Proteins and Peptides/biosynthesis
- Salivary Proteins and Peptides/genetics
- Salivary Proteins and Peptides/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Zahedifard
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Gholami
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Taslimi
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Doustdari
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Seyed
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara Papadopoulou
- Research Centre in Infectious Disease, CHUL Research Centre (CHU de Québec Research Centre) and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sima Rafati
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
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Rodriguez-Pinto D, Saravia NG, McMahon-Pratt D. CD4 T cell activation by B cells in human Leishmania (Viannia) infection. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:108. [PMID: 24568275 PMCID: PMC3937821 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An effective adaptive immune response requires activation of specific CD4 T cells. The capacity of B cells to activate CD4 T cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) has not been evaluated. Methods CD4 T cell activation by B cells of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was evaluated by culture of PBMCs or purified B cells and CD4 T cells with Leishmania panamensis antigens. CD4 T cell and B cell activation markers were evaluated by flow cytometry and 13 cytokines were measured in supernatants with a bead-based capture assay. The effect of Leishmania antigens on BCR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin was evaluated in the Ramos human B cell line by targeting the antigen with anti-IgM-biotin and anti-biotin-ovalbumin-FITC. Results Culture of PBMCs from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with Leishmania antigens resulted in upregulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 as well as increased frequency of CD25hiCD127- cells among CD4 T cells. Concomitantly, B cells upregulated the costimulatory molecule CD86. These changes were not observed in PBMCs from healthy subjects, indicating participation of Leishmania-specific lymphocytes expanded in vivo. Purified B cells from these patients, when interacting with purified CD4 T cells and Leishmania antigens, were capable of inducing significant increases in CD25 and CD69 expression and CD25hiCD127- frequency in CD4 T cells. These changes were associated with upregulation of CD86 in B cells. Comparison of changes in CD4 T cell activation parameters between PBMC and B cell/CD4 T cell cultures showed no statistically significant differences; further, significant secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 was induced in both types of cultures. Additionally, culture with Leishmania antigens enhanced BCR-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin in Ramos human B cells. Conclusions The capacity of B cells specific for Leishmania antigens in peripheral blood of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients to activate CD4 T cells and induce cytokine secretion is similar to that of all cell populations present in PBMCs. This capacity implicates B cells as a plausible target for modulation of the immune response to Leishmania infection as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriguez-Pinto
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.
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18
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Srivastava S, Pandey SP, Jha MK, Chandel HS, Saha B. Leishmania expressed lipophosphoglycan interacts with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 to decrease TLR-9 expression and reduce anti-leishmanial responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:403-9. [PMID: 23600828 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to play a role in host responses to Leishmania infection. TLR-2 is involved in parasite survival in macrophages upon activation by lipophosphoglycan (LPG), a virulence factor expressed by Leishmania. In contrast, activation of TLR-9 has been shown to promote a host-protective response. However, whether there is a relationship between the interaction of LPG and TLR-2, on one hand, with the effect of TLR-9, on the other hand, remains unknown. In this study, we report that in-vitro infection of macrophages with a L. major parasite with high expression levels of LPG results in decreased TLR-9 expression compared to infection with a L. major parasite with lower expression levels of LPG. Addition of anti-LPG as well as anti-TLR-2 antibodies prevents this reduction of TLR-9 expression. Also, the addition of purified LPG to macrophages results in a decrease of TLR-9 expression, which is shown to be mediated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10. Finally, in-vitro treatment of macrophages with anti-LPG and/or anti-TLR-2 antibodies before infection reduces the number of amastigotes in macrophages and co-treatment of mice with anti-TLR-2 antibodies and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) reduces footpad swelling and parasite load in the draining lymph nodes, accompanied by an interferon (IFN)-γ-predominant T cell response. Thus, for the first time, we show how interactions between LPG and TLR-2 reduce anti-leishmanial responses via cytokine-mediated decrease of TLR-9 expression.
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19
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Guptarak J, Wanchoo S, Durham-Lee J, Wu Y, Zivadinovic D, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Nesic O. Inhibition of IL-6 signaling: A novel therapeutic approach to treating spinal cord injury pain. Pain 2013; 154:1115-28. [PMID: 23639820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to spinal cord injury pain (SCIP), we employed a clinically relevant rat contusion model of SCIP. Using Western blots, we measured IL-6 levels in lumbar segments (L1-L5), at the lesion site (T10), and in the corresponding lumbar and thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in 2 groups of similarly injured rats: (a) SCI rats that developed hind-limb mechanical allodynia (SCIP), and (b) SCI rats that did not develop SCIP. Only in SCIP rats did we find significantly increased IL-6 levels. Immunocytochemistry showed elevated IL-6 predominantly in reactive astrocytes. Our data also showed that increased production of IL-6 in hyperreactive astrocytes in SCIP rats may explain still-poorly understood astrocytic contribution to SCIP. To test the hypothesis that IL-6 contributes to mechanical allodynia, we treated SCIP rats with neutralizing IL-6 receptor antibody (IL-6-R Ab), and found that one systemic injection abolished allodynia and associated weight loss; in contrast to gabapentin, the analgesic effect lasted for at least 2weeks after the injection, despite the shorter presence of the Ab in the circulation. We also showed that IL-6-R Ab partially reversed SCI-induced decreases in the protein levels of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 12hours and 8days after Ab injection, which may explain the lasting analgesic effect of the Ab in SCIP rats. A link between reactive astrocytes IL-6-GLT-1 has not been previously shown. Given that the humanized IL-6-R Ab tocilizumab is Food and Drug Administration-approved for rheumatoid arthritis, we are proposing tocilizumab as a novel and potentially effective treatment for SCIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutatip Guptarak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1072, USA
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20
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Raman VS, Duthie MS, Fox CB, Matlashewski G, Reed SG. Adjuvants for Leishmania vaccines: from models to clinical application. Front Immunol 2012; 3:144. [PMID: 22701453 PMCID: PMC3371596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two million new cases of leishmaniasis occur every year, with the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) presentation accounting for approximately two-thirds of all cases. Despite the high incidence rates and geographic expansion of the disease, CL remains a neglected tropical disease without effective intervention strategies. Efforts to address this deficit have given rise to the experimental murine model of CL. By virtue of its simplicity and pliability, the CL model has been used to provide substantial information regarding cellular immunity, as well as in the discovery and evaluation of various vaccine adjuvants. The CL model has facilitated in vivo studies of the mechanism of action of many adjuvants, including the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A, the TLR7/8 agonist imiquimod, the TLR9 agonist CpG, adenoviral vectors, and the immunostimulatory complexes. Together, these studies have helped to unveil the requirement for certain types of immune responses at specific stages of CL disease and provide a basis to aid the design of effective second-generation vaccines for human CL. This review focuses on adjuvants that have been tested in experimental CL, outlining how they have helped advance our understanding of the disease and ultimately, how they have performed when applied within clinical trials against human CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha S Raman
- Pre-clinical Biology, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Okwor I, Mou Z, Liu D, Uzonna J. Protective immunity and vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:128. [PMID: 22661975 PMCID: PMC3361738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a great deal of knowledge has been gained from studies on the immunobiology of leishmaniasis, there is still no universally acceptable, safe, and effective vaccine against the disease. This strongly suggests that we still do not completely understand the factors that control and/or regulate the development and sustenance of anti-Leishmania immunity, particularly those associated with secondary (memory) immunity. Such an understanding is critically important for designing safe, effective, and universally acceptable vaccine against the disease. Here we review the literature on the correlate of protective anti-Leishmania immunity and vaccination strategies against leishmaniasis with a bias emphasis on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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22
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Yurchenko E, Shio MT, Huang TC, Da Silva Martins M, Szyf M, Levings MK, Olivier M, Piccirillo CA. Inflammation-driven reprogramming of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells into pathogenic Th1/Th17 T effectors is abrogated by mTOR inhibition in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35572. [PMID: 22545118 PMCID: PMC3335853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While natural CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (nT(REG)) cells have long been viewed as a stable and distinct lineage that is committed to suppressive functions in vivo, recent evidence supporting this notion remains highly controversial. We sought to determine whether Foxp3 expression and the nT(REG) cell phenotype are stable in vivo and modulated by the inflammatory microenvironment. Here, we show that Foxp3(+) nT(REG) cells from thymic or peripheral lymphoid organs reveal extensive functional plasticity in vivo. We show that nT(REG) cells readily lose Foxp3 expression, destabilizing their phenotype, in turn, enabling them to reprogram into Th1 and Th17 effector cells. nT(REG) cell reprogramming is a characteristic of the entire Foxp3(+) nT(REG) population and the stable Foxp3(NEG) T(REG) cell phenotype is associated with a methylated foxp3 promoter. The extent of nT(REG) cell reprogramming is modulated by the presence of effector T cell-mediated signals, and occurs independently of variation in IL-2 production in vivo. Moreover, the gut microenvironment or parasitic infection favours the reprogramming of Foxp3(+) T(REG) cells into effector T cells and promotes host immunity. IL-17 is predominantly produced by reprogrammed Foxp3(+) nT(REG) cells, and precedes Foxp3 down-regulation, a process accentuated in mesenteric sites. Lastly, mTOR inhibition with the immunosuppressive drug, rapamycin, stabilizes Foxp3 expression in T(REG) cells and strongly inhibits IL-17 but not RORγt expression in reprogrammed Foxp3(-) T(REG) cells. Overall, inflammatory signals modulate mTOR signalling and influence the stability of the Foxp3(+) nT(REG) cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Yurchenko
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marina T. Shio
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tony C. Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Da Silva Martins
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- FOCIS Center of Excellence, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Tafaghodi M, Eskandari M, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Alginate microspheres encapsulated with autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) and CpG-ODN induced partial protection and enhanced immune response against murine model of leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:107-14. [PMID: 21767536 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A suitable adjuvant and delivery system are needed to enhance efficacy of vaccines against leishmaniasis. In this study, alginate microspheres as an antigen delivery system and CpG-ODN as an immunoadjuvant were used to enhance immune response and induce protection against an experimental autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) vaccine. Alginate microspheres were prepared by an emulsification technique and the characteristics of the preparation such as size, encapsulation efficiency and release profile of encapsulates were studied. Mean diameter of microspheres was determined using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and particle size analyzer. The encapsulation efficiency was determined using Lowry protein assay method. The integrity of ALM antigens was assessed using SDS-PAGE. Mean diameter of microspheres was 1.8±1.0μm. BALB/c mice were immunized three times in 3-weeks intervals with ALM+CpG-ODN loaded microspheres [(ALM+CpG)(ALG)], ALM encapsulated alginate microspheres [(ALM)(ALG)], (ALM)(ALG)+CpG, ALM+CpG, ALM alone or PBS. The intensity of infection induced by L. major challenge was assessed by measuring size of footpad swelling. The strongest protection was observed in group of mice immunized with (ALM+CpG)(ALG). The groups of mice received (ALM+CpG)(ALG), (ALM)(ALG)+CpG, (ALM)(ALG) and ALM+CpG were also showed a significantly (P<0.05) smaller footpad swelling compared with the group that received either ALM alone or PBS. The mice immunized with (ALM+CpG)(ALG) or ALM+CpG showed the significantly (P<0.05) highest IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. The IFN-γ level was significantly (P<0.0001) highest in group of mice immunized with either (ALM)(ALG)+CpG or ALM+CpG. It is concluded that alginate microspheres and CpG-ODN adjuvant when are used simultaneously induced protection and enhanced immune response against ALM antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular vaccination with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with a peptide of Leishmania infantum KMP-11 and CpG oligonucleotides induces protection in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2011; 29:5053-64. [PMID: 21569815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with defined Leishmania antigens could be a potential immune intervention tool for the induction of protection against infection. In the present study, bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) pulsed ex vivo with the peptide 12-31aa portion of kinetoplastid membrane protein (KMP)-11 (KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide) acquired a semimature phenotype expressing IL-12 and IL-10, whereas pulsing with the combination of the peptide and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) resulted in their functional maturation expressing mainly IL-12. Vaccination of genetically susceptible to parasite BALB/c mice with both peptide-pulsed BM-DCs elicited a peptide-specific mixed Th1/Th2 immune response, characterized by the production of IFNγ, IL-10 and IgG1 and IgG2a isotype antibodies. However, only BM-DCs pulsed with the combination of KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide and CpG ODNs induced the differentiation of peptide-specific Th17 cells, indicating the adjuvanticity of CpG ODNs. When BALB/c mice were vaccinated with KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide-pulsed BM-DCs, they exhibited only partial protection against Leishmania infantum challenge, whereas (KMP-11(12-31aa) peptide+CpG ODNs)-pulsed BM-DCs reduced efficiently the parasite load in visceral organs. Protective immunity was correlated with restoration of lymphoproliferative responses and a modulation of parasite-specific cellular responses towards Th1 and Th17 profile, confirmed by the isotype switching towards IgG2a, the enhanced production of IFNγ against IL-10, the absence of TGF-β and the overproduction of IL-17. Thus, ex vivo antigen-pulsed BM-DCs represent a powerful tool for the study of protective immune responses against leishmanial infection. Moreover, these findings suggest the use of BM-DCs as effective tools in antigen and adjuvant screening in the design of a protective vaccine against leishmaniasis and other pathogen-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 115 21 Athens, Greece
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Remer KA, Roeger B, Hambrecht C, Moll H. Natural killer cells support the induction of protective immunity during dendritic cell-mediated vaccination against Leishmania major. Immunology 2010; 131:570-82. [PMID: 20673238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-mediated vaccination against Leishmania major induces a parasite-specific T helper 1 (Th1) response and long-lasting protective immunity in susceptible mice. As the cytokine interleukin-12 required for induction of this Th1 response is not derived from the transferred DC, but has to be produced by the vaccinated host, we examined cross-presentation of transferred DC via resident DC of the host and cross-activation with natural killer (NK) cells as mechanisms supporting the induction of protective immunity after DC-mediated vaccination. Co-culture with DC that had been conditioned ex vivo by loading with L. major lysate and stimulation with CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides did not result in the activation of naive DC in vitro. Furthermore, L. major antigen from conditioned DC was not cross-presented to a significant extent in vivo. In contrast, co-culture of DC with NK cells led to cross-activation of both cell populations with induction of interferon-γ, which was dependent on the activation status of the conditioned DC. Transient depletion of NK cells during vaccination of L. major-susceptible mice with conditioned DC resulted in reduced protection. Our findings indicate that cross-presentation of conditioned DC after DC-based vaccination against L. major plays a minor role in the induction of protective immunity. However, we demonstrated for the first time that the capacity of DC to mediate protection against L. major is supported by cross-activation with NK cells of the host and NK-cell-derived interferon-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Remer
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Würzburg, Germany
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Immunization against leishmaniasis by PLGA nanospheres encapsulated with autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) and CpG-ODN. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1265-73. [PMID: 21125294 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Various adjuvants and delivery systems have been evaluated for increasing the protective immune responses against leishmaniasis and mostly have been shown not to be effective enough. In this study, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanospheres as an antigen delivery system and CpG-ODN as an immunoadjuvant have been used for the first time to enhance the immune response against autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM). PLGA nanospheres were prepared by a double-emulsion (W/O/W) technique. Particulate characteristics were studied by scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis. Mean diameter of ALM + CpG-ODN-loaded nanospheres was 300 ± 128 nm. BALB/c mice were immunized three times in 3-week intervals using ALM plus CpG-ODN-loaded nanospheres [(ALM + CpG-ODN)(PLGA)], ALM encapsulated PLGA nanospheres [(ALM)(PLGA)], (ALM)(PLGA) + CpG, ALM + CpG, ALM alone, or phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The intensity of infection induced by L. major challenge was assessed by measuring size of footpad swelling. The strongest protection, showed by significantly (P<0.05) smaller footpad, was observed in mice immunized with (ALM + CpG-ODN)(PLGA). The (ALM)(PLGA), (ALM)(PLGA) + CpG, and ALM + CpG were also showed a significantly (P<0.05) smaller footpad swelling compared to the groups received either PBS or ALM alone. The mice immunized with (ALM + CpG-ODN)(PLGA), (ALM)(PLGA) + CpG, and ALM + CpG showed the highest IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, interferon-γ production, and lowest interleukin-4 production compared to the other groups. It is concluded that when both PLGA nanospheres and CpG-ODN adjuvants were used simultaneously, it induce stronger immune response and enhance protection rate against Leishmania infection.
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Wu W, Huang L, Mendez S. A live Leishmania major vaccine containing CpG motifs induces the de novo generation of Th17 cells in C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2517-27. [PMID: 20683901 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis produces open sores that lead to scarring and disfiguration. We have reported that vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with live Leishmania major plus CpG DNA (Lm/CpG) prevents lesion development and provides long-term immunity. Our current study aims to characterize the components of the adaptive immune response that are unique to Lm/CpG. We find that this vaccine enhances the proliferation of CD4(+) Th17 cells, which contrasts with the highly polarized Th1 response caused by L. major alone; the Th17 response is dependent upon release of vaccine-induced IL-6. Neutralization of IFN-gamma and, in particular, IL-17 caused increased parasite burdens in Lm/CpG-vaccinated mice. IL-17R-deficient Lm/CpG-vaccinated mice develop lesions, and display decreased IL-17 and IFN-gamma, despite normal IL-12, production. Neutrophil accumulation is also decreased in the IL-17R-deficient Lm/CpG-vaccinated mice but Treg numbers are augmented. Our data demonstrate that activation of immune cells through CpG DNA, in the presence of live L. major, causes the specific induction of Th17 cells, which enhances the development of a protective cellular immunity against the parasite. Our study also demonstrates that vaccines combining live pathogens with immunomodulatory molecules may strikingly modify the natural immune response to infection in an alternative manner to that induced by killed or subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wu
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Grainger J, Hall J, Bouladoux N, Oldenhove G, Belkaid Y. Microbe-dendritic cell dialog controls regulatory T-cell fate. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:305-16. [PMID: 20193027 PMCID: PMC3404740 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Each microenvironment is controlled by a specific set of regulatory elements that have to be finely and constantly tuned to maintain local homeostasis. These environments could be site specific, such as the gut environment, or induced by chronic exposure to microbes. Various populations of dendritic cells are central to the orchestration of this control. In this review, we discuss some new findings associating dendritic cells from defined compartments with the induction and control of regulatory T cells in the context of exposure to both commensal and pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Grainger
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Hall
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guillaume Oldenhove
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Wu W, Weigand L, Mendez S. The IL-6-deficient mouse exhibits impaired lymphocytic responses to a vaccine combining live Leishmania major and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:705-13. [PMID: 19767842 DOI: 10.1139/w09-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that vaccination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides delivered concomitantly with live Leishmania major (Lm/CpG) eliminates lesions associated with live vaccination in C57BL/6 mice. The absence of lesions is at least in part a result of the CpG DNA-mediated activation of dermal dendritic cells to produce cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice and IL-6-/- mice were immunized with the Lm/CpG vaccine and monitored for the development of lesions. IL-6-/- mice developed extensive, nonhealing lesions following live vaccination. The analysis of the inoculation site and draining lymph nodes of the IL-6-/- mice revealed a constitutive reduction in lymphocyte numbers, particularly CD4+ T cells. Live vaccination resulted in the specific expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the knockout mice, and in a decrease of CD4+ IFN-gamma -producing cells. These results indicate that IL-6-/- mice may have collateral immune defects that could influence the development of the natural immune response to pathogens, vaccines, or other inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wu
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Vaccination with live Leishmania major and CpG DNA promotes interleukin-2 production by dermal dendritic cells and NK cell activation. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1601-6. [PMID: 19776191 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00249-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major is an emerging, chronic parasitic disease that causes disfigurement and social stigmatization. Drug therapy is inadequate, and there is no vaccine. Inoculation of virulent parasites (leishmanization) is the only intervention that has ever provided protection, because it mimics natural infection and immunity, but it was discontinued due to safety concerns (uncontrolled vaccinal lesions). In an effort to retain the benefits (immunity) while avoiding the side effects (lesions) of leishmanization, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with L. major and CpG DNA (Lm/CpG). This combination prevented lesions while inducing immunity. Also, the vaccination with live parasites and the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist enhanced innate immune responses by activating dermal dendritic cells (DCs) to produce cytokines. Here we report that the Lm/CpG vaccine induced dermal DCs, but not bone marrow-derived DCs, to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2). The release of this unusual DC-derived cytokine was concomitant with a peak in numbers of NK cells that produced gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and also enhanced activation of proliferation of IFN-gamma+ CD4+ T cells. Parasite growth was controlled in Lm/CpG-vaccinated animals. This is the first demonstration of the ability of dermal DCs to produce IL-2 and of the activation of NK cells by vaccination in the context of leishmaniasis. Understanding how the Lm/CpG vaccine enhances innate immunity may provide new tools to develop vaccines against L. major, other chronic infectious diseases, or other conditions, such as cancer.
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Comparative evaluation of two vaccine candidates against experimental leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major infection in four inbred mouse strains. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1529-37. [PMID: 19726616 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00153-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Experimental leishmaniasis in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are the most investigated murine models that were used for the preclinical evaluation of Leishmania vaccine candidates. We have previously described two new inbred mouse strains named PWK and MAI issued from feral founders that also support the development of experimental leishmaniasis due to L. major. In this study, we sought to determine whether different mouse inbred strains generate concordant or discordant results when used to evaluate the potential of Leishmania proteins to protect against experimental leishmaniasis. To this end, two Leishmania proteins, namely, LACK (for Leishmania homolog of receptor for activated C kinase) and LmPDI (for L. major protein disulfide isomerase) were compared for their capacity to protect against experimental leishmaniasis in PWK, MAI, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains. Our data show that the capacity of Leishmania proteins to confer protection depends on the mouse strain used, stressing the important role played by the genetic background in shaping the immune response against the pathogen. These results may have important implications for the preclinical evaluation of candidate Leishmania vaccines: rather than using a single mouse strain, a panel of different inbred strains of various genetic backgrounds should be tested in parallel. The antigen that confers protection in the larger range of inbred strains may have better chances to be also protective in outbred human populations and should be selected for clinical trials.
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Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent developments in leishmaniasis vaccine delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:789-803. [PMID: 18590463 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.7.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The observation that recovery from infection with Leishmania confers immunity to reinfection suggests that control of leishmaniasis by vaccination may be possible. New generation vaccines, particularly those based on recombinant proteins and DNA, are found to be less immunogenic. OBJECTIVE There is an urgent need for the development of new and improved vaccine adjuvants. METHODS Based on their principal mechanisms of action, adjuvants can be broadly separated into two classes: immunostimulatory adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems. Vaccine delivery systems can carry both antigen and adjuvant for effective delivery to the antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this article, we review the adjuvants, the delivery systems and their combinations used in the search of an effective vaccine against leishmaniasis. CONCLUSION Based on current knowledge, cationic liposomes appear to have better prospects as effective delivery systems for developing a vaccine for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhowmick
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
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Hall JA, Bouladoux N, Sun CM, Wohlfert EA, Blank RB, Zhu Q, Grigg ME, Berzofsky JA, Belkaid Y. Commensal DNA limits regulatory T cell conversion and is a natural adjuvant of intestinal immune responses. Immunity 2008; 29:637-49. [PMID: 18835196 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is in intimate contact with the commensal microflora. Nevertheless, how commensals communicate with cells to ensure immune homeostasis is still unclear. In this study, we found that gut flora DNA (gfDNA) plays a major role in intestinal homeostasis through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) engagement. Tlr9(-/-) mice displayed increased frequencies of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells within intestinal effector sites and reduced constitutive IL-17- and IFN-gamma-producing effector T (Teff) cells. Complementing this, gfDNA limited lamina propria dendritic cell-induced Treg cell conversion in vitro. Further, Treg/Teff cell disequilibrium in Tlr9(-/-) mice led to impaired immune responses to oral infection and to oral vaccination. Impaired intestinal immune responses were recapitulated in mice treated with antibiotics and were reversible after reconstitution with gfDNA. Together, these data point to gfDNA as a natural adjuvant for priming intestinal responses via modulation of Treg/Teff cell equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Hall
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Accelerated control of visceral Leishmania donovani infection in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4088-91. [PMID: 18573898 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00490-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with visceral leishmaniasis, increased levels of circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) regularly accompany fully expressed, progressive infections (kala-azar). To experimentally test the role of IL-6, responses to an intracellular Leishmania donovani infection in the livers of IL-6(-/-) and wild-type mice were compared. IL-6(-/-) mice showed an enhanced control of the infection and earlier, rapid parasite killing along with additional evidence of a stimulated antileishmanial Th1-cell-type response: increased levels of circulating gamma interferon, accelerated granuloma assembly, and heightened responsiveness to chemotherapy. In this model of visceral leishmaniasis, IL-6 appears to act in a suppressive, macrophage-deactivating fashion, which identifies it as a potential target for therapeutic blockade.
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Immunostimulatory activity of Toll-like receptor 8 agonists towards human leucocytes: basic mechanisms and translational opportunities. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 35:1485-91. [PMID: 18031250 DOI: 10.1042/bst0351485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TLR8 (Toll-like receptor 8) is activated by ssRNAs (single-stranded RNAs) and synthetic imidazoquinoline compounds that resemble purines and have immunostimulatory activity. TLR8 agonists are particularly effective at inducing Th1-polarizing responses from human monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells, with the magnitude of response substantially exceeding that induced by agonists of other TLRs. Mechanisms underlying the remarkable efficacy of TLR8 agonists may include: (i) particularly robust activation of intracellular signalling cascades culminating in nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB), (ii) activation of BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase), and (iii) the ability of some imidazoquinolines to induce TLR-independent effects via antagonism of adenosine receptors. The strong agonist activities of TLR8 agonists also extend to human neonatal leucocytes, which usually display impaired Th1-polarizing responses to many diverse stimuli including agonists of other TLRs. Their strong Th1-polarizing properties render TLR8 agonists attractive targets of biopharmaceutical development as agents that may induce protective immune responses in diverse populations, including newborns.
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37
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Carrión J, Folgueira C, Alonso C. Transitory or long-lasting immunity to Leishmania major infection: the result of immunogenicity and multicomponent properties of histone DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2008; 26:1155-65. [PMID: 18255202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present studies were designed to analyze the immunization against cutaneous leishmaniosis with plasmids encoding Leishmania histones either individually or genetically linked in tandem, or with cocktails encoding the four nucleosomal histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Genetic immunization of BALB/c mice with the individual histones only resulted in a delay in lesion development, whereas the immunization with any one of the plasmids encoding a pair of histones provided stronger, though still partial protection against Leishmania major infection compared to the combination of the four histones. These results provide direct evidence that all four nucleosomal histones of Leishmania are necessary to maintain complete protection against L. major reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carrión
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Studies in murine experimental Leishmania major infection have helped to understand the requirements for efficient development of T helper (Th)1/cytotoxic T (Tc)1-mediated protection against the parasite. As such they have revealed that Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R)I and Fc gamma RIII-mediated uptake of L. major amastigotes by dendritic cells (DC) is an important prerequisite for Th1 development. In addition, DC-derived cytokines contribute to adequate T-cell education. DC-based vaccines may thus provide an important tool for both the development of a prophylactic vaccine against leishmaniasis and - together with leishmanicidal drugs - for eliciting immune-deviating functions towards protective immunity in non-healing leishmaniasis. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the role of DC for the induction of Th1/Tc1-predominant immunity against L. major and how this knowledge may translate into clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Spinner DS, Kascsak RB, Lafauci G, Meeker HC, Ye X, Flory MJ, Kim JI, Schuller-Levis GB, Levis WR, Wisniewski T, Carp RI, Kascsak RJ. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-enhanced humoral immune response and production of antibodies to prion protein PrPSc in mice immunized with 139A scrapie-associated fibrils. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:1374-85. [PMID: 17379700 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) to a protease-resistant conformer, the srapie form of PrP (PrP(Sc)). Humoral immune responses to nondenatured forms of PrP(Sc) have never been fully characterized. We investigated whether production of antibodies to PrP(Sc) could occur in PrP null (Prnp(-/-)) mice and further, whether innate immune stimulation with the TLR9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 1826 could enhance this process. Whether such stimulation could raise anti-PrP(Sc) antibody levels in wild-type (Prnp(+/+)) mice was also investigated. Prnp(-/-) and Prnp(+/+) mice were immunized with nondenatured 139A scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF), with or without ODN 1826, and were tested for titers of PrP-specific antibodies. In Prnp(-/-) mice, inclusion of ODN 1826 in the immunization regime increased anti-PrP titers more than 13-fold after two immunizations and induced, among others, antibodies to an N-terminal epitope, which were only present in the immune repertoire of mice receiving ODN 1826. mAb 6D11, derived from such a mouse, reacts with the N-terminal epitope QWNK in native and denatured forms of PrP(Sc) and recombinant PrP and exhibits a K(d) in the 10(-)(11) M range. In Prnp(+/+) mice, ODN 1826 increased anti-PrP levels as much as 84% after a single immunization. Thus, ODN 1826 potentiates adaptive immune responses to PrP(Sc) in 139A SAF-immunized mice. These results represent the first characterization of humoral immune responses to nondenatured, infectious PrP(Sc) and suggest methods for optimizing the generation of mAbs to PrP(Sc), many of which could be used for diagnosis and treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl S Spinner
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Development Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Rd., Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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