1
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Depierreux DM, Smith GL, Ferguson BJ. Transcriptional reprogramming of natural killer cells by vaccinia virus shows both distinct and conserved features with mCMV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093381. [PMID: 36911702 PMCID: PMC9995584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have an established role in controlling poxvirus infection and there is a growing interest to exploit their capabilities in the context of poxvirus-based oncolytic therapy and vaccination. How NK cells respond to poxvirus-infected cells to become activated is not well established. To address this knowledge gap, we studied the NK cell response to vaccinia virus (VACV) in vivo, using a systemic infection murine model. We found broad alterations in NK cells transcriptional activity in VACV-infected mice, consistent with both direct target cell recognition and cytokine exposure. There were also alterations in the expression levels of specific NK surface receptors (NKRs), including the Ly49 family and SLAM receptors, as well as upregulation of memory-associated NK markers. Despite the latter observation, adoptive transfer of VACV-expercienced NK populations did not confer protection from infection. Comparison with the NK cell response to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection highlighted common features, but also distinct NK transcriptional programmes initiated by VACV. Finally, there was a clear overlap between the NK transcriptional response in humans vaccinated with an attenuated VACV, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), demonstrating conservation between the NK response in these different host species. Overall, this study provides new data about NK cell activation, function, and homeostasis during VACV infection, and may have implication for the design of VACV-based therapeutics.
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2
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Øvestad IT, Engesæter B, Halle MK, Akbari S, Bicskei B, Lapin M, Austdal M, Janssen EAM, Krakstad C, Lillesand M, Nordhus M, Munk AC, Gudlaugsson EG. High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Associates with Increased Proliferation and Attenuated Immune Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010373. [PMID: 35008799 PMCID: PMC8745058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementation of high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) screening and the increasing proportion of HPV vaccinated women in the screening program will reduce the percentage of HPV positive women with oncogenic potential. In search of more specific markers to identify women with high risk of cancer development, we used RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptomic immune-profile of 13 lesions with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) or adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and 14 normal biopsies from women with detected HPV infections. In CIN3/AIS lesions as compared to normal tissue, 27 differential expressed genes were identified. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significantly higher expression of a number of genes related to proliferation, (CDKN2A, MELK, CDK1, MKI67, CCNB2, BUB1, FOXM1, CDKN3), but significantly lower expression of genes related to a favorable immune response (NCAM1, ARG1, CD160, IL18, CX3CL1). Compared to the RNA sequencing results, good correlation was achieved with relative quantitative PCR analysis for NCAM1 and CDKN2A. Quantification of NCAM1 positive cells with immunohistochemistry showed epithelial reduction of NCAM1 in CIN3/AIS lesions. In conclusion, NCAM1 and CDKN2A are two promising candidates to distinguish whether women are at high risk of developing cervical cancer and in need of frequent follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tveiterås Øvestad
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (S.A.); (B.B.); (E.A.M.J.); (M.L.); (M.N.); (E.G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-9093-2314
| | - Birgit Engesæter
- Section for Cervical Cancer Screening, Cancer Registry of Norway, 0304 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Mari Kyllesø Halle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5053 Bergen, Norway; (M.K.H.); (C.K.)
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5053 Bergen, Norway
| | - Saleha Akbari
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (S.A.); (B.B.); (E.A.M.J.); (M.L.); (M.N.); (E.G.G.)
| | - Beatrix Bicskei
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (S.A.); (B.B.); (E.A.M.J.); (M.L.); (M.N.); (E.G.G.)
| | - Morten Lapin
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway;
| | - Marie Austdal
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Research, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway;
| | - Emiel A. M. Janssen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (S.A.); (B.B.); (E.A.M.J.); (M.L.); (M.N.); (E.G.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5053 Bergen, Norway; (M.K.H.); (C.K.)
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5053 Bergen, Norway
| | - Melinda Lillesand
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (S.A.); (B.B.); (E.A.M.J.); (M.L.); (M.N.); (E.G.G.)
| | - Marit Nordhus
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (S.A.); (B.B.); (E.A.M.J.); (M.L.); (M.N.); (E.G.G.)
| | - Ane Cecilie Munk
- Department of Gynaecology, Sørlandet Hospital, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway;
| | - Einar G. Gudlaugsson
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway; (S.A.); (B.B.); (E.A.M.J.); (M.L.); (M.N.); (E.G.G.)
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3
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Herrera L, Martin-Inaraja M, Santos S, Inglés-Ferrándiz M, Azkarate A, Perez-Vaquero MA, Vesga MA, Vicario JL, Soria B, Solano C, De Paz R, Marcos A, Ferreras C, Perez-Martinez A, Eguizabal C. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 'memory' NK cells from COVID-19 convalescent donors for adoptive cell therapy. Immunology 2021; 165:234-249. [PMID: 34775592 PMCID: PMC8652867 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 disease is the manifestation of syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which is causing a worldwide pandemic. This disease can lead to multiple and different symptoms, being lymphopenia associated with severity one of the most persistent. Natural killer cells (NK cells) are part of the innate immune system, being fighting against virus-infected cells one of their key roles. In this study, we determined the phenotype of NK cells after COVID-19 and the main characteristic of SARS-CoV-2-specific-like NK population in the blood of convalescent donors. CD57+ NKG2C+ phenotype in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors indicates the presence of 'memory'/activated NK cells as it has been shown for cytomegalovirus infections. Although the existence of this population is donor dependent, its expression may be crucial for the specific response against SARS-CoV-2, so that, it gives us a tool for selecting the best donors to produce off-the-shelf living drug for cell therapy to treat COVID-19 patients under the RELEASE clinical trial (NCT04578210).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Herrera
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.,Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Myriam Martin-Inaraja
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.,Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Silvia Santos
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.,Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Marta Inglés-Ferrándiz
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.,Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Aida Azkarate
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.,Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Miguel A Perez-Vaquero
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.,Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Miguel A Vesga
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.,Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jose L Vicario
- Histocompatibility, Centro de Transfusión de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital General y Universitario de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Solano
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel De Paz
- Hematology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Marcos
- Hematology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferreras
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Perez-Martinez
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Eguizabal
- Research Unit, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Osakidetza, Galdakao, Spain.,Cell Therapy, Stem Cells and Tissues Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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4
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Vadakedath S, Kandi V, Mohapatra RK, Pinnelli VBK, Yegurla RR, Shahapur PR, Godishala V, Natesan S, Vora KS, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Bilal M, Dhama K. Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): A scoping review. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5295-5309. [PMID: 33990972 PMCID: PMC8242919 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human immune system is not adequately equipped to eliminate new microbes and could result in serious damage on first exposure. This is primarily attributed to the exaggerated immune response (inflammatory disease), which may prove detrimental to the host, as evidenced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. From the experiences of Novel Coronavirus Disease‐19 to date, male patients are likely to suffer from high‐intensity inflammation and disease severity than the female population. Hormones are considered the significant pillars of sex differences responsible for the discrepancy in immune response exhibited by males and females. Females appear to be better equipped to counter invading respiratory viral pathogens, including the novel SARS‐CoV‐2, than males. It can be hypothesized that females are more shielded from disease severity, probably owing to the diverse action/influence of estrogen and other sex hormones on both cellular (thymus‐derived T lymphocytes) and humoral immunity (antibodies). Hormones are considered as significant pillars of sex differences and influence both the innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Sex hormones and their potential role in the immune responses has not been completely understood. Females are more shielded from disease severity probably owing to their unique hormonal constitution. In females, the immunological cells have been noted to restrict the spread of infections as compared to males. Males suffer from increased severity of respiratory infections and are less prone to autoimmune disorders as compared to the female counterparts. Estrogen and other sex hormones play a key role both in restricting the inflammatory responses and in effective clearance of pathogens including the novel Coronairus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabitha Vadakedath
- Department of Biochemistry, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Venkata B K Pinnelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Richa R Yegurla
- Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
| | | | - Vikram Godishala
- Department of Biotechnology, Ganapthi Degree College, Parakal, Telangana, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Ganghinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kranti S Vora
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Ganghinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Ahmed F, Jo DH, Lee SH. Can Natural Killer Cells Be a Principal Player in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunity? Front Immunol 2020; 11:586765. [PMID: 33365027 PMCID: PMC7750385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faria Ahmed
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dong-Hyeon Jo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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Chan W, He B, Wang X, He ML. Pandemic COVID-19: Current status and challenges of antiviral therapies. Genes Dis 2020; 7:502-519. [PMID: 32837984 PMCID: PMC7340039 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic COVID-19, caused by a new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection, has infected over 12 million individuals and caused more than 55,200 death worldwide. Currently, there is no specific drug to treating this disease. Here we summarized the mechanisms of antiviral therapies and the clinic findings from different countries. Antiviral chemotherapies have been conducted by in multiple cohorts in different counties. Although FDA has fast approved remdesivir for treating COVID-19, it only speeds up recovery from COVID-19 with mildly reduced mortality. The chloroquine was suggested a potential drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its in vitro antiviral effects, it is imperative high-quality data from worldwide clinical trials are necessitated for an approved therapy. In terms of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy, although WHO has stopped all the clinic trials due to its strong side-effects in COVID patients, large scale clinical trials with a long-term outcome follow-up may warrant HCQ and azithromycin combination in combating the virus. Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy suggested its safety use in SARS-CoV-2 infection; but both CP immunotherapy and NK cellular therapy must be manufactured and utilized according to scrupulous ethical and controlled conditions to guarantee a possible role of these products of human origin. Further research should be conducted to define the exact mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, suitable animal models or ex vivo human lung tissues aid in studying replication, transmission and spread of the novel viruses, thereby facilitating highly effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winglam Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Betsy He
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Al-Ani M, Elemam NM, Hundt JE, Maghazachi AA. Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis Activate Natural Killer Cells: Do They Protect Against COVID-19 Infection? Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3243-3254. [PMID: 33061471 PMCID: PMC7519863 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s269797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection caused by the newly discovered coronavirus severe acute respiratory distress syndrome virus-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic issue across the globe. There are currently many investigations taking place to look for specific, safe and potent anti-viral agents. Upon transmission and entry into the human body, SARS-CoV-2 triggers multiple immune players to be involved in the fight against the viral infection. Amongst these immune cells are NK cells that possess robust antiviral activity, and which do not require prior sensitization. However, NK cell count and activity were found to be impaired in COVID-19 patients and hence, could become a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19. Several drugs, including glatiramer acetate (GA), vitamin D3, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), monomethyl fumarate (MMF), natalizumab, ocrelizumab, and IFN-β, among others have been previously described to increase the biological activities of NK cells especially their cytolytic potential as reported by upregulation of CD107a, and the release of perforin and granzymes. In this review, we propose that such drugs could potentially restore NK cell activity allowing individuals to be more protective against COVID-19 infection and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Al-Ani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and the Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and the Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and the Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Georgieva ER. Non-Structural Proteins from Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in Cellular Membranes-Mechanisms for Viral Survivability and Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113508. [PMID: 30413005 PMCID: PMC6274929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of illnesses, such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (a neurodegenerative disorder), and other diseases. Therefore, HTLV-1 infection is a serious public health concern. Currently, diseases caused by HTLV-1 cannot be prevented or cured. Hence, there is a pressing need to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of HTLV-1 infection and intervention in host cell physiology. HTLV-1-encoded non-structural proteins that reside and function in the cellular membranes are of particular interest, because they alter cellular components, signaling pathways, and transcriptional mechanisms. Summarized herein is the current knowledge about the functions of the membrane-associated p8I, p12I, and p13II regulatory non-structural proteins. p12I resides in endomembranes and interacts with host proteins on the pathways of signal transduction, thus preventing immune responses to the virus. p8I is a proteolytic product of p12I residing in the plasma membrane, where it contributes to T-cell deactivation and participates in cellular conduits, enhancing virus transmission. p13II associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is proposed to function as a potassium channel. Potassium influx through p13II in the matrix causes membrane depolarization and triggers processes that lead to either T-cell activation or cell death through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka R Georgieva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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9
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Weak vaccinia virus-induced NK cell regulation of CD4 T cells is associated with reduced NK cell differentiation and cytolytic activity. Virology 2018; 519:131-144. [PMID: 29715623 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control antiviral adaptive immune responses in mice during some virus infections, but the universality of this phenomenon remains unknown. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice triggered potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells (NKLCMV) against activated CD4 T cells, tumor cells, and allogeneic lymphocytes. In contrast, NK cells activated by vaccinia virus (VACV) infection (NKVACV) exhibited weaker cytolytic activity against each of these target cells. Relative to NKLCMV cells, NKVACV cells exhibited a more immature (CD11b-CD27+) phenotype, and lower expression levels of the activation marker CD69, cytotoxic effector molecules (perforin, granzyme B), and the transcription factor IRF4. NKVACV cells expressed higher levels of the inhibitory molecule NKG2A than NKLCMV cells. Consistent with this apparent lethargy, NKVACV cells only weakly constrained VACV-specific CD4 T-cell responses. This suggests that NK cell regulation of adaptive immunity, while universal, may be limited with viruses that poorly activate NK cells.
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10
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Shegarfi H, Rolstad B, Kane KP, Nestvold J. Listeria monocytogenes infection differentially affects expression of ligands for NK cells and NK cell responses, depending on the cell type infected. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:591-599. [PMID: 27106671 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a1115-506rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of NK cells in viral infection is extensively studied, whereas the role of NK cells in bacterial infection has been poorly investigated. Here, we have examined how Listeria monocytogenes (LM) affects expression of ligands for NK cell receptors and subsequent NK cell responses, depending on the type of cell infected. LM infected rat cell lines derived from different tissues were coincubated with splenic NK cells, and NK cell proliferation and IFN-γ production were measured. In addition, expression of ligands for the NK cell receptors Ly49 and NK cell receptor protein 1 (NKR-P1), MHC class I and C-type lectin-related molecules, respectively, was assessed. Infected pleural R2 cells, but not epithelium-derived colon carcinoma cell line CC531 cells, induced proliferation of NK cells. Reporter cells expressing the inhibitory NKR-P1G receptor or the activating NKR-P1F receptor were less stimulated under incubation with infected CC531 cells versus uninfected CC531 controls, suggesting that the ligand(s) in question were down-regulated by infection. Conversely, LM infection of R2 cells did not affect reporter cell stimulation compared with uninfected R2 controls. We characterized a rat monocyte cell line, termed RmW cells. In contrast to LM infected R2 cells that up-regulate MHC class I molecules, RmW cells displayed unchanged MHC class I expression following infection. In line with MHC class I expression, more NK cells produced a higher amount of IFN-γ against infected R2 cells compared with RmW cells. Together, L. monocytogenes infection may variously regulate cellular ligands for NK cells, depending on the cell type infected, affecting the outcome of NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Shegarfi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Atlantis Medical University College, Kolbotn, Norway
| | - Bent Rolstad
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin P Kane
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janne Nestvold
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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11
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The Interplay between Natural Killer Cells and Human Herpesvirus-6. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120367. [PMID: 29194419 PMCID: PMC5744142 DOI: 10.3390/v9120367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a set of two closely related herpes viruses known as HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Both are lymphotropic viruses that establish latency in the host. The ability to evade the immune responses of effector cells is likely a major factor contributing to the development of a persistent HHV-6A/B (collectively termed HHV-6) infection. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that, along with neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, participate in the critical innate immune response during viral infections, but can also mediate the antigen-specific memory responses generally associated with adaptive immunity. NK cells compose the first barrier that viruses must break through to continue replication and dissemination, and a weak NK cell response may predispose an individual to chronic viral infections. Both HHV-6A and HHV-6B can interfere with NK cell-mediated anti-viral responses but the mechanisms by which each of these viruses affect NK cell activity differs. In this review, we will explore the nuanced relationships between the two viruses and NK cells, discussing, in addition, relevant disease associations.
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12
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Park JY, Shin DJ, Lee SH, Lee JJ, Suh GH, Cho D, Kim SK. The anti-canine distemper virus activities of ex vivo-expanded canine natural killer cells. Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:239-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Yentur SP, Gurses C, Demirbilek V, Adin-Cinar S, Kuru U, Uysal S, Yapici Z, Yilmaz G, Cokar O, Onal E, Gökyigit A, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. A Decrease of Regulatory T Cells and Altered Expression of NK Receptors Are Observed in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:506-11. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel P. Yentur
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Candan Gurses
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Veysi Demirbilek
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suzan Adin-Cinar
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Experimental and Medical Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Kuru
- Department of Pediatrics, Bayrampaşa Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Uysal
- Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yapici
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülden Yilmaz
- Department of Microbiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Cokar
- Department of Neurology, Haseki Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Onal
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen Gökyigit
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Crotta S, Gkioka A, Male V, Duarte JH, Davidson S, Nisoli I, Brady HJM, Wack A. The transcription factor E4BP4 is not required for extramedullary pathways of NK cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2677-88. [PMID: 24534532 PMCID: PMC3948112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NK cells contribute to antitumor and antiviral immunosurveillance. Their development in the bone marrow (BM) requires the transcription factor E4BP4/NFIL3, but requirements in other organs are less well defined. In this study, we show that CD3−NK1.1+NKp46+CD122+ NK cells of immature phenotype and expressing low eomesodermin levels are found in thymus, spleen, and liver of E4BP4-deficient mice, whereas numbers of mature, eomesoderminhigh conventional NK cells are drastically reduced. E4BP4-deficient CD44+CD25− double-negative 1 thymocytes efficiently develop in vitro into NK cells with kinetics, phenotype, and functionality similar to wild-type controls, whereas no NK cells develop from E4BP4-deficient BM precursors. In E4BP4/Rag-1 double-deficient (DKO) mice, NK cells resembling those in Rag-1–deficient controls are found in similar numbers in the thymus and liver. However, NK precursors are reduced in DKO BM, and no NK cells develop from DKO BM progenitors in vitro. DKO thymocyte precursors readily develop into NK cells, but DKO BM transfers into nude recipients and NK cells in E4BP4/Rag-1/IL-7 triple-KO mice indicated thymus-independent NK cell development. In the presence of T cells or E4BP4-sufficient NK cells, DKO NK cells have a selective disadvantage, and thymic and hepatic DKO NK cells show reduced survival when adoptively transferred into lymphopenic hosts. This correlates with higher apoptosis rates and lower responsiveness to IL-15 in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrate E4BP4-independent development of NK cells of immature phenotype, reduced fitness, short t1/2, and potential extramedullary origin. Our data identify E4BP4-independent NK cell developmental pathways and a role for E4BP4 in NK cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Crotta
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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15
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Jin J, Fu B, Mei X, Yue T, Sun R, Tian Z, Wei H. CD11b(-)CD27(-) NK cells are associated with the progression of lung carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61024. [PMID: 23565296 PMCID: PMC3614924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are a major component of the antitumour immune response that limits tumour progression. However, it has been reported that tumour-infiltrating NK (TINK) cells from patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) exhibit profound defects in degranulation and IFN-γ production. In support of this notion, we report a novel mechanism associated with tumour escape from NK cell-mediated antitumour immunity in lung carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic profile of TINK cells based on the expression of the NK-cell maturation markers CD11b and CD27. Interestingly, we found a substantial CD11b−CD27− (DN) NK-cell population harboured within the tumour tissues. The presence of this CD11b−CD27− NK subset indicated that the TINK cells were of an immature and inactive phenotype. Remarkably, we determined that the presence of DN NK cells had an impact on the clinical outcomes of patients with NSCLC, as the frequency of tumour-infiltrating DN NK cells was positively correlated with the tumour stage and tumour size. We further used a murine Lewis lung cancer (LLC) model to confirm the correlation between the frequency of tumour-infiltrating DN NK cells and the progression of lung carcinoma. Together, our findings demonstrate that the tumour microenvironment may render TINK cells less tumouricidal and thereby contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyu Mei
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Yue
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (ZT)
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (ZT)
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16
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Vidal SM, Khakoo SI, Biron CA. Natural killer cell responses during viral infections: flexibility and conditioning of innate immunity by experience. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 1:497-512. [PMID: 22180766 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells mediate innate defense against viral infections, but the mechanisms in place to access their functions as needed during diverse challenges while limiting collateral damage are poorly understood. Recent molecular characterization of effects mediated through infection-induced inhibitory/activating NK receptor-ligand pairs and cytokines are providing new insights into pathways regulating their responses and revealing unexpected consequences for NK cell subset effects, maintenance, proliferation and function through times overlapping with adaptive and long-lived immunity. The observations define flexible pathways for experience-induced 'conditioning' and challenge narrowly defined roles for NK cells and innate immunity as first responders with prescribed functions. They suggest that individual experiences as well as genes influence the innate immune resources available to fight off an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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17
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van Helden MJG, de Graaf N, Boog CJP, Topham DJ, Zaiss DMW, Sijts AJAM. The bone marrow functions as the central site of proliferation for long-lived NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2333-7. [PMID: 22821961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in the early defense against invading pathogens. Although it is well established that infection leads to a substantial, local increase in NK cell numbers, little is known about the mechanisms that trigger their proliferation and migration. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of NK cell responses after intranasal respiratory virus infection. We show that NK cell numbers increased in the airways after influenza virus infection but find no evidence of proliferation either at the site of infection or in the draining lymph nodes. Instead, we find that the bone marrow (BM) is the primary site of proliferation of both immature and mature NK cells during infection. Using an adoptive transfer model, we demonstrate that peripheral, long-lived and phenotypically mature NK cells migrate back to the BM and proliferate there, both homeostatically and in response to infection. Thus, the BM is not only a site of NK cell development but also an important site for proliferation of long-lived mature NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J G van Helden
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Human herpesviridae methods of natural killer cell evasion. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:359869. [PMID: 22829821 PMCID: PMC3399383 DOI: 10.1155/2012/359869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses cause diseases of considerable morbidity and mortality, ranging from encephalitis to hematologic malignancies. As evidence emerges about the role of innate immunity and natural killer (NK) cells in the control of herpesvirus infection, evidence of viral methods of innate immune evasion grows as well. These methods include interference with the ligands on infected cell surfaces that bind NK cell activating or inhibitory receptors. This paper summarizes the most extensively studied NK cell receptor/ligand pairs and then describes the methods of NK cell evasion used by all eight herpesviruses through these receptors and ligands. Although great strides have been made in elucidating their mechanisms, there is still a disparity between viruses in the amount of knowledge regarding innate immune evasion. Further research of herpesvirus innate immune evasion can provide insight for circumventing viral mechanisms in future therapies.
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19
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Abstract
NK cells are a component of the innate immune system identified in animals as serving an essential role in antiviral immunity. Establishing their role in human health has been challenging, with the most direct insight coming from the study of NK cell-deficient individuals. However, NK cell deficiencies are rare, and more research is needed. In this issue of the JCI, two independent groups of researchers have simultaneously identified the genetic cause of a human NK cell deficiency as mutation in the MCM4 gene, encoding minichromosome maintenance complex component 4. These reports suggest a critical role for the minichromosome maintenance helicase complex in NK cells and NK cell-mediated host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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20
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Petitdemange C, Becquart P, Wauquier N, Béziat V, Debré P, Leroy EM, Vieillard V. Unconventional repertoire profile is imprinted during acute chikungunya infection for natural killer cells polarization toward cytotoxicity. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002268. [PMID: 21966274 PMCID: PMC3178577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a worldwide emerging pathogen. In humans it causes a syndrome characterized by high fever, polyarthritis, and in some cases lethal encephalitis. Growing evidence indicates that the innate immune response plays a role in controlling CHIKV infection. We show here that CHIKV induces major but transient modifications in NK-cell phenotype and function soon after the onset of acute infection. We report a transient clonal expansion of NK cells that coexpress CD94/NKG2C and inhibitory receptors for HLA-C1 alleles and are correlated with the viral load. Functional tests reveal cytolytic capacity driven by NK cells in the absence of exogenous signals and severely impaired IFN-γ production. Collectively these data provide insight into the role of this unique subset of NK cells in controlling CHIKV infection by subset-specific expansion in response to acute infection, followed by a contraction phase after viral clearance. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, which is responsible for devastating human illness, is rapidly becoming a global concern. The spread of this disease throughout tropical areas, where it now affects nearly 40 countries, underlines the need to improve our understanding of this infection. In 2008, CHIKV was listed as a US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) category C priority pathogen. Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic effector cells that play a vital role in the innate immune system by limiting acute infection, as previously described for several other diseases. This report describes the first phenotypic and functional analysis of NK cells soon after infection by this virus. The key element of this study was the detailed analysis of the expansion of NK cells. Coexpression of NKG2C activating receptors and HLA-C1 ligands is associated with viral load, impaired IFN-γ production, and significant cytolytic functions. We found that NK cells were able to sense CHIKV from the beginning of infection and contributed to the clearance of the infected cells through the expansion of a unique NK-cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Petitdemange
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Becquart
- Unité des Maladies Virales Emergentes, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadia Wauquier
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Unité des Maladies Virales Emergentes, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Vivien Béziat
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Debré
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Unité des Maladies Virales Emergentes, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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21
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Type 1 interferon induction of natural killer cell gamma interferon production for defense during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. mBio 2011; 2:mBio.00169-11. [PMID: 21828218 PMCID: PMC3150756 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00169-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are equipped to innately produce the cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in part because they basally express high levels of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4). Type 1 interferons (IFNs) have the potential to activate STAT4 and promote IFN-γ expression, but concurrent induction of elevated STAT1 negatively regulates access to the pathway. As a consequence, it has been difficult to detect type 1 IFN stimulation of NK cell IFN-γ during viral infections in the presence of STAT1 and to understand the evolutionary advantage for maintaining the pathway. The studies reported here evaluated NK cell responses following infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in the compartment handling the earliest events after infection, the peritoneal cavity. The production of type 1 IFNs, both IFN-α and IFN-β, was shown to be early and of short duration, peaking at 30 h after challenge. NK cell IFN-γ expression was detected with overlapping kinetics and required activating signals delivered through type 1 IFN receptors and STAT4. It took place under conditions of high STAT4 levels but preceded elevated STAT1 expression in NK cells. The IFN-γ response reduced viral burdens. Interestingly, increases in STAT1 were delayed in NK cells compared to other peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) populations. Taken together, the studies demonstrate a novel mechanism for stimulating IFN-γ production and elucidate a biological role for type 1 IFN access to STAT4 in NK cells. Pathways regulating the complex and sometimes paradoxical effects of cytokines are poorly understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that the biological consequences of type 1 interferon (IFN) exposure are shaped by modifying the concentrations of particular STATs to change access to the different signaling molecules. The results of the experiments presented conclusively demonstrate that NK cell IFN-γ can be induced through type 1 IFN and STAT4 at the first site of infection during a period with high STAT4 but prior to induction of elevated STAT1 in the cells. The response mediates a role in viral defense. Thus, a very early pathway to and source of IFN-γ in evolving immune responses to infections are identified by this work. The information obtained helps resolve long-standing controversies and advances the understanding of mechanisms regulating key type 1 IFN functions, in different cells and compartments and at different times of infection, for accessing biologically important functions.
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22
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Fang M, Orr MT, Spee P, Egebjerg T, Lanier LL, Sigal LJ. CD94 is essential for NK cell-mediated resistance to a lethal viral disease. Immunity 2011; 34:579-89. [PMID: 21439856 PMCID: PMC3081423 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that natural killer (NK) cells confer resistance to many viral diseases, but in only a few instances the molecular mechanisms whereby NK cells recognize virus-infected cells are known. Here we show that CD94, a molecule preferentially expressed by NK cells, is essential for the resistance of C57BL/6 mice to mousepox, a disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus ectromelia virus. Ectromelia virus-infected cells expressing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecule Qa-1b are specifically recognized by the activating receptor formed by CD94 and NKG2E. Because CD94-NKG2 receptors and their ligands are highly conserved in rodents and humans, a similar mechanism may exist during human infections with the smallpox and monkeypox viruses, which are highly homologous to ectromelia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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23
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Brandstadter JD, Yang Y. Natural killer cell responses to viral infection. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:274-9. [PMID: 21411975 DOI: 10.1159/000324176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, as part of the innate immune system, play a key role in host defense against viral infections. Recent advances have indicated that NK cell activation and function are regulated by the interplay between inhibitory and activating signals. Thus, a better understanding of mechanisms responsible for NK cell activation and function in the control of viral infections will help develop NK cell-based therapies. In this review, we will first discuss how NK cells are activated in response to viral infections. We will then focus on the recruitment of activated NK cells to the site of infection as well as on NK cell effector mechanisms against virally infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Brandstadter
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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24
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Busche A, Schmitz S, Fleige H, Robbins SH, Walzer T, Stewart CA, Förster R, Messerle M, Prinz I. Genetic labeling reveals altered turnover and stability of innate lymphocytes in latent mouse cytomegalovirus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2918-25. [PMID: 21270406 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse CMV (MCMV) infection rapidly induces the proliferation of NK cells, which correlates with immunological protection. Whether NK cells primed during acute response against MCMV are maintained for the long term is not known. In this study, we used TcrdH2BeGFP mice in which maturing NK cells are genetically labeled with a pulse of very stable histone-2B-eGFP. In this system, we found that the reporter protein was diluted out upon NK cell division during acute MCMV infection. At the same time, mature NK cells in uninfected mice showed only very limited turnover in vivo. Three months after primary infection when MCMV latency was established, the majority of peripheral NK cells still displayed a higher record of proliferation than NK cells in mock-infected controls. This observation included both Ly49H(+) and Ly49H(-) NK cells. Conversely, naive NK cells did not show more proliferation after transfer into latently MCMV-infected mice than that after transfer into mock-infected control mice. This indicated that the observed alterations of the NK cell compartment in MCMV latency were "legacy" (i.e., resulting from prior events during the initial immune response). Together, these results suggest that antiviral immune responses induce sustained alterations of innate lymphocyte populations that extend far beyond the first days of acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Busche
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in host defense against tumors and viruses and other infectious diseases. NK cell development is regulated by mechanisms that are both shared with and separate from other hematopoietic cell lineages. Functionally, NK cells use activating and inhibitory receptors to recognize both healthy and altered cells such as transformed or infected cells. Upon activation, NK cells produce cytokines and cytotoxic granules using mechanisms similar to other hematopoietic cell lineages especially cytotoxic T cells. Here we review the transcription factors that control NK cell development and function. Although many of these transcription factors are shared with other hematopoietic cell lineages, they control unexpected and unique aspects of NK cell biology. We review the mechanisms and target genes by which these transcriptional regulators control NK cell development and functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G T Hesslein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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26
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Spotlight on Human LL-37, an Immunomodulatory Peptide with Promising Cell-Penetrating Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034075 DOI: 10.3390/ph3113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides are major components of innate immunity and help control the initial steps of the infectious process. They are expressed not only by immunocytes, but also by epithelial cells. They share an amphipathic secondary structure with a polar cationic site, which explains their tropism for prokaryote membranes and their hydrophobic site contributing to the destructuration of these membranes. LL-37 is the only cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from human cathelicidin. LL-37 can also cross the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, probably through special domains of this membrane called lipid rafts. This transfer could be beneficial in the context of vaccination: the activation of intracellular toll-like receptors by a complex formed between CpG oligonucleotides and LL-37 could conceivably play a major role in the building of a cellular immunity involving NK cells.
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