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Zhang Y, Liang S, Deng Z, Zhao Z, Han X. High-glucose conditions attenuate the response of macrophages to Legionella pneumophila infection by inhibiting NOD1 and MAPK signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112254. [PMID: 38749333 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes are particularly susceptible to Legionella pneumophila (LP) infection, but the exact pathogenesis of LP infection in diabetic patients is still not fully understood. Herein, we investigated the effect of diabetes on immune function during LP infection in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The time course of LP infection in macrophages under normal and high-glucose (HG) conditions was examined in vitro. Western blot was used to determine nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (MAPK p38), and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay assessed U937 cell viability after treating cells with different concentrations of high sugar medium and ML130 (NOD1 inhibitor). For the in vivo study, normal and streptozocin-induced diabetic guinea pigs were infected with LP for 6, 24, and 72 h, after which NOD1, MAPK-related signals, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression in lung tissues were assessed using immunohistochemistry, western blot, and RT-PCR. RESULTS HG attenuated the upregulation of NOD1 expression and reduced TNF-α and IL-6 secretion caused by LP compared with LP-infected cells exposed to normal glucose levels (all p < 0.05). In diabetic guinea pigs, HG inhibited the upregulation of NOD1 expression in lung tissues and the activation of p38, ERK1/2, and cJNK caused by LP infection compared to control pigs (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION HG attenuates the response of macrophages to LP infection by inhibiting NOD1 upregulation and the activation of MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Sicong Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Ze Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Zirui Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
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Le J, Kulatheepan Y, Jeyaseelan S. Role of toll-like receptors and nod-like receptors in acute lung infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249098. [PMID: 37662905 PMCID: PMC10469605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system exposed to microorganisms continuously, and the pathogenicity of these microbes not only contingent on their virulence factors, but also the host's immunity. A multifaceted innate immune mechanism exists in the respiratory tract to cope with microbial infections and to decrease tissue damage. The key cell types of the innate immune response are macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Both the myeloid and structural cells of the respiratory system sense invading microorganisms through binding or activation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). The recognition of microbes and subsequent activation of PRRs triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of transcription factors, induction of cytokines/5chemokines, upregulation of cell adhesion molecules, recruitment of immune cells, and subsequent microbe clearance. Since numerous microbes resist antimicrobial agents and escape innate immune defenses, in the future, a comprehensive strategy consisting of newer vaccines and novel antimicrobials will be required to control microbial infections. This review summarizes key findings in the area of innate immune defense in response to acute microbial infections in the lung. Understanding the innate immune mechanisms is critical to design host-targeted immunotherapies to mitigate excessive inflammation while controlling microbial burden in tissues following lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Le
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Yathushigan Kulatheepan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Samithamby Jeyaseelan
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Lung Biology and Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) and Agricultural & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Lyu Y, Ren Y, Qu K, Quji S, Zhuzha B, Lei C, Chen N. Local ancestry and selection in admixed Sanjiang cattle. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:30. [PMID: 37676416 PMCID: PMC10441984 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of native cattle are taurine × indicine cattle of diverse phenotypes in the central region of China. Sanjiang cattle, a typical breed in the central region, play a central role in human livelihood and have good adaptability, including resistance to dampness, heat, roughage, and disease, and are thus regarded as an important genetic resource. However, the genetic history of the successful breed remains unknown. Here, we sequenced 10 Sanjiang cattle genomes and compared them to the 70 genomes of 5 representative populations worldwide. We characterized the genomic diversity and breed formation process of Sanjiang cattle and found that Sanjiang cattle have a mixed ancestry of indicine (55.6%) and taurine (33.2%) dating to approximately 30 generations ago, which has shaped the genome of Sanjiang cattle. Through ancestral fragment inference, selective sweep and transcriptomic analysis, we identified several genes linked to lipid metabolism, immune regulation, and stress reactions across the mosaic genome of Sanjiang cattle showing an excess of taurine or indicine ancestry. Taurine ancestry might contribute to meat quality, and indicine ancestry is more conducive to adaptation to hot climate conditions, making Sanjiang cattle a valuable genetic resource for the central region of China. Our results will help us understand the evolutionary history and ancestry components of Sanjiang cattle, which will provide a reference for resource conservation and selective breeding of Chinese native cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaxuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kaixing Qu
- Academy of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Suolang Quji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Basang Zhuzha
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Ningbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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4
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Stubbendieck RM, Dissanayake E, Burnham PM, Zelasko SE, Temkin MI, Wisdorf SS, Vrtis RF, Gern JE, Currie CR. Rothia from the Human Nose Inhibit Moraxella catarrhalis Colonization with a Secreted Peptidoglycan Endopeptidase. mBio 2023; 14:e0046423. [PMID: 37010413 PMCID: PMC10128031 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00464-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is found almost exclusively within the human respiratory tract. This pathobiont is associated with ear infections and the development of respiratory illnesses, including allergies and asthma. Given the limited ecological distribution of M. catarrhalis, we hypothesized that we could leverage the nasal microbiomes of healthy children without M. catarrhalis to identify bacteria that may represent potential sources of therapeutics. Rothia was more abundant in the noses of healthy children compared to children with cold symptoms and M. catarrhalis. We cultured Rothia from nasal samples and determined that most isolates of Rothia dentocariosa and "Rothia similmucilaginosa" were able to fully inhibit the growth of M. catarrhalis in vitro, whereas isolates of Rothia aeria varied in their ability to inhibit M. catarrhalis. Using comparative genomics and proteomics, we identified a putative peptidoglycan hydrolase called secreted antigen A (SagA). This protein was present at higher relative abundance in the secreted proteomes of R. dentocariosa and R. similmucilaginosa than in those from non-inhibitory R. aeria, suggesting that it may be involved in M. catarrhalis inhibition. We produced SagA from R. similmucilaginosa in Escherichia coli and confirmed its ability to degrade M. catarrhalis peptidoglycan and inhibit its growth. We then demonstrated that R. aeria and R. similmucilaginosa reduced M. catarrhalis levels in an air-liquid interface culture model of the respiratory epithelium. Together, our results suggest that Rothia restricts M. catarrhalis colonization of the human respiratory tract in vivo. IMPORTANCE Moraxella catarrhalis is a pathobiont of the respiratory tract, responsible for ear infections in children and wheezing illnesses in children and adults with chronic respiratory diseases. Detection of M. catarrhalis during wheezing episodes in early life is associated with the development of persistent asthma. There are currently no effective vaccines for M. catarrhalis, and most clinical isolates are resistant to the commonly prescribed antibiotics amoxicillin and penicillin. Given the limited niche of M. catarrhalis, we hypothesized that other nasal bacteria have evolved mechanisms to compete against M. catarrhalis. We found that Rothia are associated with the nasal microbiomes of healthy children without Moraxella. Next, we demonstrated that Rothia inhibit M. catarrhalis in vitro and on airway cells. We identified an enzyme produced by Rothia called SagA that degrades M. catarrhalis peptidoglycan and inhibits its growth. We suggest that Rothia or SagA could be developed as highly specific therapeutics against M. catarrhalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed M. Stubbendieck
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Eishika Dissanayake
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter M. Burnham
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susan E. Zelasko
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mia I. Temkin
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sydney S. Wisdorf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rose F. Vrtis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cameron R. Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Godkowicz M, Druszczyńska M. NOD1, NOD2, and NLRC5 Receptors in Antiviral and Antimycobacterial Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091487. [PMID: 36146565 PMCID: PMC9503463 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular motifs through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that induce inflammasome assembly in macrophages and trigger signal transduction pathways, thereby leading to the transcription of inflammatory cytokine genes. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) represent a family of cytosolic PRRs involved in the detection of intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria or viruses. In this review, we discuss the role of NOD1, NOD2, and NLRC5 receptors in regulating antiviral and antimycobacterial immune responses by providing insight into molecular mechanisms as well as their potential health and disease implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Godkowicz
- Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Magdalena Druszczyńska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Mraz AL, Weir MH. Knowledge to Predict Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila Lifecycle Systematic Review Part II Growth within and Egress from a Host Cell. Microorganisms 2022; 10:141. [PMID: 35056590 PMCID: PMC8780890 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is a pathogenic bacterium of increasing concern, due to its ability to cause a severe pneumonia, Legionnaires' Disease (LD), and the challenges in controlling the bacteria within premise plumbing systems. L. pneumophila can thrive within the biofilm of premise plumbing systems, utilizing protozoan hosts for protection from environmental stressors and to increase its growth rate, which increases the bacteria's infectivity to human host cells. Typical disinfectant techniques have proven to be inadequate in controlling L. pneumophila in the premise plumbing system, exposing users to LD risks. As the bacteria have limited infectivity to human macrophages without replicating within a host protozoan cell, the replication within, and egress from, a protozoan host cell is an integral part of the bacteria's lifecycle. While there is a great deal of information regarding how L. pneumophila interacts with protozoa, the ability to use this data in a model to attempt to predict a concentration of L. pneumophila in a water system is not known. This systematic review summarizes the information in the literature regarding L. pneumophila's growth within and egress from the host cell, summarizes the genes which affect these processes, and calculates how oxidative stress can downregulate those genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L. Mraz
- School of Nursing, Health, Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, 2000 Pennington Rd., Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Mark H. Weir
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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7
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Human macrophages utilize a wide range of pathogen recognition receptors to recognize Legionella pneumophila, including Toll-Like Receptor 4 engaging Legionella lipopolysaccharide and the Toll-like Receptor 3 nucleic-acid sensor. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009781. [PMID: 34280250 PMCID: PMC8321404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines made by macrophages play a critical role in determining the course of Legionella pneumophila infection. Prior murine-based modeling indicated that this cytokine response is initiated upon recognition of L. pneumophila by a subset of Toll-like receptors, namely TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9. Through the use of shRNA/siRNA knockdowns and subsequently CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts (KO), we determined that TRIF, an adaptor downstream of endosomal TLR3 and TLR4, is required for full cytokine secretion by human primary and cell-line macrophages. By characterizing a further set of TLR KO's in human U937 cells, we discerned that, contrary to the viewpoint garnered from murine-based studies, TLR3 and TLR4 (along with TLR2 and TLR5) are in fact vital to the macrophage response in the early stages of L. pneumophila infection. This conclusion was bolstered by showing that i) chemical inhibitors of TLR3 and TLR4 dampen the cytokine output of primary human macrophages and ii) transfection of TLR3 and TLR4 into HEK cells conferred an ability to sense L. pneumophila. TLR3- and TLR4-dependent cytokines promoted migration of human HL-60 neutrophils across an epithelial layer, pointing to the biological importance for the newfound signaling pathway. The response of U937 cells to L. pneumophila LPS was dependent upon TLR4, a further contradiction to murine-based studies, which had concluded that TLR2 is the receptor for Legionella LPS. Given the role of TLR3 in sensing nucleic acid (i.e., dsRNA), we utilized newly-made KO U937 cells to document that DNA-sensing by cGAS-STING and DNA-PK are also needed for the response of human macrophages to L. pneumophila. Given the lack of attention given them in the bacterial field, C-type lectin receptors were similarly examined; but, they were not required. Overall, this study arguably represents the most extensive, single-characterization of Legionella-recognition receptors within human macrophages.
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8
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Guo H, Gibson SA, Ting JPY. Gut microbiota, NLR proteins, and intestinal homeostasis. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152098. [PMID: 32941596 PMCID: PMC7537383 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors a highly complex microbial community, which is referred to as gut microbiota. With increasing evidence suggesting that the imbalance of gut microbiota plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, interactions between the host immune system and the gut microbiota are now attracting emerging interest. Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat–containing receptors (NLRs) encompass a large number of innate immune sensors and receptors, which mediate the activation of Caspase-1 and the subsequent release of mature interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Several family members have been found to restrain rather than activate inflammatory cytokines and immune signaling. NLR family members are central regulators of pathogen recognition, host immunity, and inflammation with utmost importance in human diseases. In this review, we focus on the potential roles played by NLRs in controlling and shaping the microbiota community and discuss how the functional axes interconnecting gut microbiota with NLRs impact the modulation of colitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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He J, Meng Z, Lu D, Liu X, Lin H. Recognition of DAP and activation of NF-κB by cytosolic sensor NOD1 in Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:75-85. [PMID: 33444736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a lower vertebrate, the immune defense mechanism of fish mainly depends on the innate immune system. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are an important class of pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system. In this study, NOD1 gene was cloned and characterized in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The ORF of Nile tilapia NOD1 gene was 2826 bp long and encoded 941 amino acid residues with a structure of CARD-NACHT-LRRs that was similar to the other counterparts in mammals and fishes. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis showed that NOD1 was conserved among different fishes and existed at least in the early stage of fish evolution. Expression pattern revealed that NOD1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in the tested tissues, while had high expression level in main immune organs and mucosal immune tissues (liver, head kidney, spleen, blood, gill, and intestine). Following Streptococcus agalactiae challenge, Nile tilapia NOD1 mRNA expression levels were altered in immune organs (liver, head kidney, spleen, blood), and the expression pattern was similar in liver, spleen and blood. Furthermore, the ligand recognition and signaling pathway of Nile tilapia NOD1 were also analyzed, it showed that NOD1 could recognize Tri-DAP intracellularly and activated NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, our results indicated that the Nile tilapia NOD1 may play an important role in innate immune system and provided a basis for the functional study of NOD1 in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zining Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Danqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Improved Variety Reproduction of Aquatic Economic Animals, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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10
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Role of NLRs in the Regulation of Type I Interferon Signaling, Host Defense and Tolerance to Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031301. [PMID: 33525590 PMCID: PMC7865845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon signaling contributes to the development of innate and adaptive immune responses to either viruses, fungi, or bacteria. However, amplitude and timing of the interferon response is of utmost importance for preventing an underwhelming outcome, or tissue damage. While several pathogens evolved strategies for disturbing the quality of interferon signaling, there is growing evidence that this pathway can be regulated by several members of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, although the precise mechanism for most of these remains elusive. NLRs consist of a family of about 20 proteins in mammals, which are capable of sensing microbial products as well as endogenous signals related to tissue injury. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of the function of those NLRs in type I interferon responses with a focus on viral infections. We discuss how NLR-mediated type I interferon regulation can influence the development of auto-immunity and the immune response to infection.
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11
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The diverse roles of RIP kinases in host-pathogen interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:125-143. [PMID: 32859501 PMCID: PMC7448748 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases (RIPKs) are cellular signaling molecules that are critical for homeostatic signaling in both communicable and non-communicable disease processes. In particular, RIPK1, RIPK2, RIPK3 and RIPK7 have emerged as key mediators of intracellular signal transduction including inflammation, autophagy and programmed cell death, and are thus essential for the early control of many diverse pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the role of each RIPK in host responses to bacterial and viral pathogens, with a focus on studies that have used pathogen infection models rather than artificial stimulation with purified pathogen associated molecular patterns. We also discuss the intricate mechanisms of host evasion by pathogens that specifically target RIPKs for inactivation, and finally, we will touch on the controversial issue of drug development for kinase inhibitors to treat chronic inflammatory and neurological disorders, and the implications this may have on the outcome of pathogen infections.
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12
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Genetic variation in NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 immune sensors and risk of osteoporosis. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225468. [PMID: 32578848 PMCID: PMC7332673 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in the Turkish population. The first time we thought that the functional polymorphisms in NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 genes might have triggered the development of osteoporosis. The objective of our study was to determine the relationship between NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 SNPs and osteoporosis. The NOD1/CARD4 (rs5743336) and NOD2/CARD15 (rs2066847) SNPs were analyzed by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 94 healthy controls and 164 subjects with osteoporosis. PCR products were digested with restriction enzymes AvaI for NOD1/CARD4 and ApaI for NOD2/CARD15. We found that NOD1/CARD4 genotype distribution of AA, GA and GG were 15, 44 and 41% for patients and 17, 46 and 37% for controls, respectively. NOD2/CARD15 mutation was found only in three patients (1.8%) as heterozygote. The results did not show any statistical difference between NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 genotype distribution of patients and healthy groups (χ2 = 1.740, P=0.187; χ2 = 1.311, P=0.519). However, the most frequent AG genotype (46%) of NOD1/CARD4 was observed in healthy controls, GG genotype (44%) of NOD1/CARD4 was observed as the most frequent in osteoporotic patients. NOD2/CARD15 WT/WT genotype, the most frequent genotype, was observed in both groups. Statistical analysis revealed that NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms are not associated with osteoporosis. However, a definite judgement is difficult to be made due to restricted number of patients and small size of control group. Further research is sorely warranted in this direction.
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Kuss-Duerkop SK, Keestra-Gounder AM. NOD1 and NOD2 Activation by Diverse Stimuli: a Possible Role for Sensing Pathogen-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00898-19. [PMID: 32229616 PMCID: PMC7309630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00898-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt recognition of microbes by cells is critical to eliminate invading pathogens. Some cell-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and respond to microbial ligands. However, others can respond to cellular perturbations, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Nucleotide oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are PRRs that recognize and respond to multiple stimuli of microbial and cellular origin, such as bacterial peptidoglycan, viral infections, parasitic infections, activated Rho GTPases, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. How NOD1/2 are stimulated by such diverse stimuli is not fully understood but may partly rely on cellular changes during infection that result in ER stress. NOD1/2 are ER stress sensors that facilitate proinflammatory responses for pathogen clearance; thus, NOD1/2 may help mount broad antimicrobial responses through detection of ER stress, which is often induced during a variety of infections. Some pathogens may subvert this response to promote infection through manipulation of NOD1/2 responses to ER stress that lead to apoptosis. Here, we review NOD1/2 stimuli and cellular responses. Furthermore, we discuss pathogen-induced ER stress and how it might potentiate NOD1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Kuss-Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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14
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Valleau D, Quaile AT, Cui H, Xu X, Evdokimova E, Chang C, Cuff ME, Urbanus ML, Houliston S, Arrowsmith CH, Ensminger AW, Savchenko A. Discovery of Ubiquitin Deamidases in the Pathogenic Arsenal of Legionella pneumophila. Cell Rep 2019; 23:568-583. [PMID: 29642013 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila translocates the largest known arsenal of over 330 pathogenic factors, called "effectors," into host cells during infection, enabling L. pneumophila to establish a replicative niche inside diverse amebas and human macrophages. Here, we reveal that the L. pneumophila effectors MavC (Lpg2147) and MvcA (Lpg2148) are structural homologs of cycle inhibiting factor (Cif) effectors and that the adjacent gene, lpg2149, produces a protein that directly inhibits their activity. In contrast to canonical Cifs, both MavC and MvcA contain an insertion domain and deamidate the residue Gln40 of ubiquitin but not Gln40 of NEDD8. MavC and MvcA are functionally diverse, with only MavC interacting with the human E2-conjugating enzyme UBE2N (Ubc13). MavC deamidates the UBE2N∼Ub conjugate, disrupting Lys63 ubiquitination and dampening NF-κB signaling. Combined, our data reveal a molecular mechanism of host manipulation by pathogenic bacteria and highlight the complex regulatory mechanisms integral to L. pneumophila's pathogenic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Valleau
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew T Quaile
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Cui
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elena Evdokimova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Changsoo Chang
- Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Marianne E Cuff
- Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Malene L Urbanus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Houliston
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander W Ensminger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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15
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Viewing Legionella pneumophila Pathogenesis through an Immunological Lens. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4321-4344. [PMID: 31351897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease. L. pneumophila is ubiquitously found in freshwater environments, where it replicates within free-living protozoa. Aerosolization of contaminated water supplies allows the bacteria to be inhaled into the human lung, where L. pneumophila can be phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and replicate intracellularly. The Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) is one of the key virulence factors required for intracellular bacterial replication and subsequent disease. The Dot/Icm apparatus translocates more than 300 effector proteins into the host cell cytosol. These effectors interfere with a variety of cellular processes, thus enabling the bacterium to evade phagosome-lysosome fusion and establish an endoplasmic reticulum-derived Legionella-containing vacuole, which facilitates bacterial replication. In turn, the immune system has evolved numerous strategies to recognize intracellular bacteria such as L. pneumophila, leading to potent inflammatory responses that aid in eliminating infection. This review aims to provide an overview of L. pneumophila pathogenesis in the context of the host immune response.
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16
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Mukherjee T, Hovingh ES, Foerster EG, Abdel-Nour M, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammation, immunity and disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 670:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Takano M, Takeuchi T, Kuriyama S, Yumoto R. Role of peptide transporter 2 and MAPK signaling pathways in the innate immune response induced by bacterial peptides in alveolar epithelial cells. Life Sci 2019; 229:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 is dispensable for host immune responses against pulmonary infection of Acinetobacter baumannii in mice. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:295-301. [PMID: 30671118 PMCID: PMC6333619 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain 1 (Nod1) is a cytosolic receptor that is responsible for the recognition of a bacterial peptidoglycan motif containing meso-diaminophimelic acid. In this study, we sought to identify the role of Nod1 in host defense in vivo against pulmonary infection by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Wildtype (WT) and Nod1-deficient mice were intranasally infected with 3×107 CFU of A. baumannii and sacrificed at 1 and 3 days post-infection (dpi). Bacterial CFUs, cytokines production, histopathology, and mouse β-defensins (mBD) in the lungs of infected mice were evaluated. The production of cytokines in response to A. baumannii was also measured in WT and Nod1-deficient macrophages. The bacterial clearance in the lungs was not affected by Nod1 deficiency. Levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the lung homogenates were comparable at days 1 and 3 between WT and Nod1-deficient mice, except the TNF-α level at day 3, which was higher in Nod1-deficient mice. There was no significant difference in lung pathology and expression of mBDs (mBD1, 2, 3, and 4) between WT and Nod1-deficient mice infected with A. baumannii. The production of IL-6, TNF-α, and NO by macrophages in response to A. baumannii was also comparable in WT and Nod1-deficient mice. Our results indicated that Nod1 does not play an important role in host immune responses against A. baumannii infection.
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Juan C, Torrens G, Barceló IM, Oliver A. Interplay between Peptidoglycan Biology and Virulence in Gram-Negative Pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00033-18. [PMID: 30209071 PMCID: PMC6298613 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and epidemiological threat of the growing antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens, particularly for β-lactams, the most frequently used and relevant antibiotics, urges research to find new therapeutic weapons to combat the infections caused by these microorganisms. An essential previous step in the development of these therapeutic solutions is to identify their potential targets in the biology of the pathogen. This is precisely what we sought to do in this review specifically regarding the barely exploited field analyzing the interplay among the biology of the peptidoglycan and related processes, such as β-lactamase regulation and virulence. Hence, here we gather, analyze, and integrate the knowledge derived from published works that provide information on the topic, starting with those dealing with the historically neglected essential role of the Gram-negative peptidoglycan in virulence, including structural, biogenesis, remodeling, and recycling aspects, in addition to proinflammatory and other interactions with the host. We also review the complex link between intrinsic β-lactamase production and peptidoglycan metabolism, as well as the biological costs potentially associated with the expression of horizontally acquired β-lactamases. Finally, we analyze the existing evidence from multiple perspectives to provide useful clues for identifying targets enabling the future development of therapeutic options attacking the peptidoglycan-virulence interconnection as a key weak point of the Gram-negative pathogens to be used, if not to kill the bacteria, to mitigate their capacity to produce severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Juan
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Torrens
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Isabel Maria Barceló
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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20
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Gresnigt MS, Jaeger M, Subbarao Malireddi RK, Rasid O, Jouvion G, Fitting C, Melchers WJG, Kanneganti TD, Carvalho A, Ibrahim-Granet O, van de Veerdonk FL. The Absence of NOD1 Enhances Killing of Aspergillus fumigatus Through Modulation of Dectin-1 Expression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1777. [PMID: 29326692 PMCID: PMC5733348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major life-threatening infections for which severely immunocompromised patients are at risk is invasive aspergillosis (IA). Despite the current treatment options, the increasing antifungal resistance and poor outcome highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies to improve outcome of patients with IA. In the current study, we investigated whether and how the intracellular pattern recognition receptor NOD1 is involved in host defense against Aspergillus fumigatus. When exploring the role of NOD1 in an experimental mouse model, we found that Nod1−/− mice were protected against IA and demonstrated reduced fungal outgrowth in the lungs. We found that macrophages derived from bone marrow of Nod1−/− mice were more efficiently inducing reactive oxygen species and cytokines in response to Aspergillus. Most strikingly, these cells were highly potent in killing A. fumigatus compared with wild-type cells. In line, human macrophages in which NOD1 was silenced demonstrated augmented Aspergillus killing and NOD1 stimulation decreased fungal killing. The differentially altered killing capacity of NOD1 silencing versus NOD1 activation was associated with alterations in dectin-1 expression, with activation of NOD1 reducing dectin-1 expression. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that Nod1−/− mice have elevated dectin-1 expression in the lung and bone marrow, and silencing of NOD1 gene expression in human macrophages increases dectin-1 expression. The enhanced dectin-1 expression may be the mechanism of enhanced fungal killing of Nod1−/− cells and human cells in which NOD1 was silenced, since blockade of dectin-1 reversed the augmented killing in these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that NOD1 receptor plays an inhibitory role in the host defense against Aspergillus. This provides a rationale to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of aspergillosis that target the NOD1 receptor, to enhance the efficiency of host immune cells to clear the infection by increasing fungal killing and cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gresnigt
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Orhan Rasid
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Fitting
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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21
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NOD1 and NOD2: Molecular targets in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:385-400. [PMID: 29207344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2 are pattern-recognition receptors responsible for sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan known as muropeptides. Stimulation of innate immunity by systemic or local administration of NOD1 and NOD2 agonists is an attractive means to prevent and treat infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss novel data concerning structural features of selective and non-selective (dual) NOD1 and NOD2 agonists, main signaling pathways and biological effects induced by NOD1 and NOD2 stimulation, including induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons and antimicrobial peptides, induction of autophagy, alterations of metabolism. We also discuss interactions between NOD1/NOD2 and Toll-like receptor agonists in terms of synergy and cross-tolerance. Finally, we review available animal data on the role of NOD1 and NOD2 in protection against infections, and discuss how these data could be applied in human infectious diseases.
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22
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Lee JY, Lee MS, Kim DJ, Yang SJ, Lee SJ, Noh EJ, Shin SJ, Park JH. Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2 Contributes to Limiting Growth of Mycobacterium abscessus in the Lung of Mice by Regulating Cytokines and Nitric Oxide Production. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1477. [PMID: 29163541 PMCID: PMC5681718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a prominent cause of pulmonary infection in immunosuppressed patients and those with cystic fibrosis. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 2 is a cytosolic receptor which senses a bacterial peptidoglycan component, muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Although nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) contributes to protect host against various microbial infections, it is still unclear whether NOD2 is essential to regulate host immune responses against M. abscessus infection. In this study, we sought to clarify the role of NOD2 and the underlying mechanism in host defense against M. abscessus infection. Mice were infected intranasally with M. abscessus and sacrificed at indicated time points. Bacterial survival, cytokines production, and pathology in the lungs were determined. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were used to clarify cellular mechanism of NOD2-mediated immune response. Bacterial clearance was impaired, and pathology was more severe in the lungs of NOD2-deficient mice compared with the wild-type mice. In macrophages, NOD2-mediated activation of p38 and JNK were required for production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) and expression of iNOS in response to M. abscessus. NO was critical for limiting intracellular growth of the pathogen. Intranasal administration of MDP reduced in vivo bacterial replication and thus improved lung pathology in M. abscessus-infected mice. This study offers important new insights into the potential roles of the NOD2 in initiating and potentiating innate immune response against M. abscessus pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yang
- School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eui-Jeong Noh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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23
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Wiese KM, Coates BM, Ridge KM. The Role of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptors in Pulmonary Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:151-161. [PMID: 28157451 PMCID: PMC5576584 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0375tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is caused by both viral and bacterial pathogens and is responsible for a significant health burden in the Unites States. The innate immune system is the human body's first line of defense against these pathogens. The recognition of invading pathogens via pattern recognition receptors leads to proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, followed by recruitment and activation of effector immune cells. The nonspecific inflammatory nature of the innate immune response can result in immunopathology that is detrimental to the host. In this review, we focus on one class of pattern recognition receptors, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, specifically NOD1 and NOD2, and their role in host defense against viral and bacterial pathogens of the lung, including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. It is hoped that improved understanding of NOD1 and NOD2 activity in pneumonia will facilitate the development of novel therapies and promote improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bria M. Coates
- Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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24
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The Type II Secretion System of Legionella pneumophila Dampens the MyD88 and Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling Pathway in Infected Human Macrophages. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00897-16. [PMID: 28138020 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00897-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that mutants of Legionella pneumophila lacking a type II secretion (T2S) system elicit higher levels of cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 [IL-6]) following infection of U937 cells, a human macrophage-like cell line. We now show that this effect of T2S is also manifest upon infection of human THP-1 macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes but does not occur during infection of murine macrophages. Supporting the hypothesis that T2S acts to dampen the triggering of an innate immune response, we observed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways are more highly stimulated upon infection with the T2S mutant than upon infection with the wild type. By using short hairpin RNA to deplete proteins involved in specific pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition pathways, we determined that the dampening effect of the T2S system was not dependent on nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase receptor (PKR), or TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon beta (TRIF) signaling or an apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC)- or caspase-4-dependent inflammasome. However, the dampening effect of T2S on IL-6 production was significantly reduced upon gene knockdown of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), or Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). These data indicate that the L. pneumophila T2S system dampens the signaling of the TLR2 pathway in infected human macrophages. We also document the importance of PKR, TRIF, and TBK1 in cytokine secretion during L. pneumophila infection of macrophages.
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25
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Park B, Park G, Kim J, Lim SA, Lee KM. Innate immunity against Legionella pneumophila during pulmonary infections in mice. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:131-145. [PMID: 28063015 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an etiological agent of the severe pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease (LD). This gram-negative bacterium is thought to replicate naturally in various freshwater amoebae, but also replicates in human alveolar macrophages. Inside host cells, legionella induce the production of non-endosomal replicative phagosomes by injecting effector proteins into the cytosol. Innate immune responses are first line defenses against legionella during early phases of infection, and distinguish between legionella and host cells using germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors , NOD-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors, which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are absent in host cells. During pulmonary legionella infections, various inflammatory cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, large mononuclear cells, B cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are recruited into infected lungs, and predominantly occupy interstitial areas to control legionella. During pulmonary legionella infections, the interplay between distinct cytokines and chemokines also modulates innate host responses to clear legionella from the lungs. Recognition by NK cell receptors triggers effector functions including secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and leads to lysis of target cells. Crosstalk between NK cells and dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages provides a major first-line defense against legionella infection, whereas activation of T and B cells resolves the infection and mounts legionella-specific memory in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggoo Park
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Gayoung Park
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea.,Department of Biomicrosystem Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Seon Ah Lim
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea.
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26
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Ozbayer C, Kurt H, Kebapci MN, Gunes HV, Colak E, Degirmenci I. Effects of genetic variations in the genes encoding NOD1 and NOD2 on type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 42:98-102. [PMID: 27885704 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD 2 are members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family and contain a caspase recruitment domain. NLRs are located in the cytosol, bind bacterial and viral ligands and play a key role in the realization of innate and adaptive immune response, inflammation, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation. Insulin resistance (IR) is a leading cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated with obesity, inflammation and pro-inflammatory responses. NOD1 and NOD2 gene variants may affect the risk of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and T2DM by shifting the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of our study was to determine whether the NOD1/2 gene variants might contribute to the risk of T2DM and IR. METHODS The rs5743336 variant of NOD1 and rs2066847 variant of NOD2 were analysed by PCR-RFLP analysis in 200 subjects (T2DM: n = 100; healthy controls: n = 100) of Turkish origin. PCR products were digested with the AvaI and ApaI restriction enzymes. For the NOD1 site, the presence of the G allele was indicated by cleavage of the 379 bp amplified PCR product that yielded 209-bp and 170-bp fragments. For the NOD2 site, 151-bp PCR products were cleaved and yielded 130-bp and 21-bp fragments when the WT-insC mutation was present. Comparisons of the genotypes between controls and patients were performed by chi-square tests. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The genotypes of the rs5743336 variant of NOD1 and the rs2066847 variant of NOD2 are presented, and no significant differences were observed in the genotype frequencies of the NOD1 and NOD2 variants between the healthy controls and T2DM patients (P > 0·05). According to our preliminary data, NOD1/2 gene variants are not linked with T2DM and IR. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This study is the first to look for possible association of the genotype frequencies of NOD1 and NOD2 genes with T2DM and IR. The significant finding of this report is that the rs5743336 and rs2066847 variations in the NOD1/2 gene are not associated with T2DM and IR risk in patients of Turkish origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ozbayer
- School of Health Sciences, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - H Kurt
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - M N Kebapci
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - H V Gunes
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - E Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - I Degirmenci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Dagil YA, Arbatsky NP, Alkhazova BI, L’vov VL, Mazurov DV, Pashenkov MV. The Dual NOD1/NOD2 Agonism of Muropeptides Containing a Meso-Diaminopimelic Acid Residue. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160784. [PMID: 27513337 PMCID: PMC4981496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Muropeptides are fragments of peptidoglycan that trigger innate immune responses by activating nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2. Muropeptides from Gram-negative bacteria contain a meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP) residue in either a terminal or a non-terminal position. While the former ones are known to be recognized by NOD1, much less is known about recognition of muropeptides with non-terminal meso-DAP, which are most abundant moieties of Gram-negative peptidoglycans. Here, we developed a novel system to assess biological activity of muropeptides, based on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of NOD1 and NOD2 genes in modified HEK293T cells. Using NOD1/NOD2 knockout and overexpression systems, as well as human monocytes and macrophages, we refine the current view of muropeptide recognition. We show that NOD2 can recognize different natural muropeptides containing a meso-DAP residue (preferably in a non-terminal position), provided they are present at micromolar concentrations. NOD2 accepts muropeptides with long and branched peptide chains and requires an intact N-acetylmuramyl residue. Muropeptides with non-terminal meso-DAP can activate NOD1 as well, but, in this case, probably require peptidase pre-processing to expose the meso-DAP residue. Depending on NOD1/NOD2 ratio in specific cell types, meso-DAP-containing muropeptides can be recognized either primarily via NOD2 (in monocytes) or via NOD1 (in monocyte-derived macrophages and HEK293T-derived cells). The dual NOD1/NOD2 agonism of meso-DAP-containing muropeptides should be taken into account when assessing cellular responses to muropeptides and designing muropeptide immunostimulants and vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Dagil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center “Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai P. Arbatsky
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center “Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Biana I. Alkhazova
- Laboratory of Preparative Biochemistry, National Research Center “Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav L. L’vov
- Laboratory of Preparative Biochemistry, National Research Center “Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Mazurov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center “Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Pashenkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center “Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency”, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Shin S. Innate Immunity to Intracellular Pathogens: Lessons Learned from Legionella pneumophila. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 79:43-71. [PMID: 22569517 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394318-7.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens have the remarkable ability to manipulate host cell processes in order to establish a replicative niche within the host cell. In response, the host can initiate immune defenses that lead to the eventual restriction and clearance of intracellular infection. The bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila has evolved elaborate virulence mechanisms that allow for its survival inside protozoa within a specialized membrane-bound organelle. These strategies also enable L. pneumophila to survive and replicate within alveolar macrophages, and can result in the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease. Essential to L. pneumophila's intracellular lifestyle is a specialized type IV secretion system, termed Dot/Icm, that translocates bacterial effector proteins into host cells. The ease with which L. pneumophila can be genetically manipulated has facilitated the comparison of host responses to virulent and isogenic avirulent mutants lacking a functional Dot/Icm system. This has made L. pneumophila an excellent model for understanding how the host discriminates between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and for systematically dissecting host defense mechanisms against intracellular pathogens. In this chapter, I discuss a few examples demonstrating how the study of immune responses triggered specifically by the L. pneumophila type IV secretion system has provided unique insight into our understanding of host immunity against intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Tai N, Wong FS, Wen L. The role of the innate immune system in destruction of pancreatic beta cells in NOD mice and humans with type I diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:26-34. [PMID: 27021275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. A combination of genetic and environmental factors eventually leads to the loss of functional β cell mass and hyperglycemia. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the development of T1D. In this review, we have highlighted the most recent findings on the role of innate immunity, especially the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), in disease development. In murine models and human studies, different PRRs, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing (or Nod-like) receptors (NLRs), have different roles in the pathogenesis of T1D. These PRRs play a critical role in defending against infection by sensing specific ligands derived from exogenous microorganisms to induce innate immune responses and shape adaptive immunity. Animal studies have shown that TLR7, TLR9, MyD88 and NLPR3 play a disease-predisposing role in T1D, while controversial results have been found with other PRRs, such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and others. Human studies also shown that TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 are expressed in either islet β cells or infiltrated immune cells, indicating the innate immunity plays a role in β cell autoimmunity. Furthermore, some human genetic studies showed a possible association of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 or NLRP3 genes, at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level, with human T1D. Increasing evidence suggest that the innate immunity modulates β cell autoimmunity. Thus, targeting pathways of innate immunity may provide novel therapeutic strategies to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwen Tai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
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Lee JY, Hwang EH, Kim DJ, Oh SM, Lee KB, Shin SJ, Park JH. The role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 during cytokine production by macrophages in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunobiology 2016; 221:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hommes TJ, van Lieshout MH, van ‘t Veer C, Florquin S, Bootsma HJ, Hermans PW, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. Role of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Containing (NOD) 2 in Host Defense during Pneumococcal Pneumonia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145138. [PMID: 26673231 PMCID: PMC4682639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae is the most common causative pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing (NOD) 2 is a pattern recognition receptor located in the cytosol of myeloid cells that is able to detect peptidoglycan fragments of S. pneumoniae. We here aimed to investigate the role of NOD2 in the host response during pneumococcal pneumonia. Phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae was studied in NOD2 deficient (Nod2-/-) and wild-type (Wt) alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in vitro. In subsequent in vivo experiments Nod2-/- and Wt mice were inoculated with serotype 2 S. pneumoniae (D39), an isogenic capsule locus deletion mutant (D39Δcps) or serotype 3 S. pneumoniae (6303) via the airways, and bacterial growth and dissemination and the lung inflammatory response were evaluated. Nod2-/- alveolar macrophages and blood neutrophils displayed a reduced capacity to internalize pneumococci in vitro. During pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae D39 Nod2-/- mice were indistinguishable from Wt mice with regard to bacterial loads in lungs and distant organs, lung pathology and neutrophil recruitment. While Nod2-/- and Wt mice also had similar bacterial loads after infection with the more virulent S. pneumoniae 6303 strain, Nod2-/- mice displayed a reduced bacterial clearance of the normally avirulent unencapsulated D39Δcps strain. These results suggest that NOD2 does not contribute to host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia and that the pneumococcal capsule impairs recognition of S. pneumoniae by NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen J. Hommes
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Miriam H. van Lieshout
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van ‘t Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hester J. Bootsma
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W. Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alex F. de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cell biology and immunology lessons taught by Legionella pneumophila. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 59:3-10. [PMID: 26596966 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen capable of replicating within a broad range of hosts. One unique feature of this pathogen is the cohort of ca. 300 virulence factors (effectors) delivered into host cells via its Dot/Icm type IV secretion system. Study of these proteins has produced novel insights into the mechanisms of host function modulation by pathogens, the regulation of essential processes of eukaryotic cells and of immunosurveillance. In this review, we will briefly discuss the roles of some of these effectors in the creation of a niche permissive for bacterial replication in phagocytes and recent advancements in the dissection of the innate immune detection mechanisms by challenging immune cells with L. pneumophila.
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The role of NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 genetic variations in lung cancer risk. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:775-9. [PMID: 26238283 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 are members of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, and they contain a caspase recruitment domain (CARD). NLRs are located in the cytosol where they bind bacterial and viral ligands and play a key role in the innate and adaptive immune response, apoptosis, autophagy, and reactive oxygen species generation. NLR gene polymorphisms may shift the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and modulate the risk of infection, chronic inflammation, and cancer. NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms may also be associated with altered risks for many cancer types. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential associations between lung cancer and NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms. METHOD The NOD1/CARD4 (rs5743336) and NOD2/CARD15 (rs2066847) SNPs were analyzed by PCR restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) in 260 subjects (lung cancer patients: n = 160; healthy controls: n = 100) of Turkish origin. PCR products were digested with AvaI for rs5743336 and ApaI for rs2066847 and then visualized. RESULTS Comparisons of the genotypes between control and lung cancer patients were performed by Chi-square tests. We found a significant difference in the genotypic distribution of the rs5743336 variant of NOD1/CARD4 between lung cancer patients and controls (p = 0.010, χ (2) = 9.220). However, we did not identify any statistically significant difference for the p.Leu1007fsX1008 (rs2066847) genotype of NOD2/CARD15 between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION According to our data, the rs5743336 variant of the NOD1/CARD4 gene may influence the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, whereas the rs2066847 variant of the NOD2/CARD15 gene is not associated with lung cancer risk in the Turkish population.
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Zhu W, Luo ZQ. A new way to detect the danger: Lysosomal cell death induced by a bacterial ribosomal protein. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2015; 1:e107. [PMID: 26052550 PMCID: PMC4457467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The death of immune cells in response to pathogens often dictates the outcome of an infection. In some contexts, pathogens specifically kill immune cells by producing highly potent toxins or by triggering host cell death pathways, thus ensuring successful infections. But for intracellular pathogens and viruses, the death of host cells normally is disastrous for their intracellular life cycle. Our recent experiments with the pathogen Legionella pneumophila revealed that the bacterial ribosomal protein RpsL is able to trigger lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and the subsequent macrophage cell death. Interestingly, a lysine to arginine mutation at the 88th residue, which also confers resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin, substantially impaired the cell death inducing activity of RpsL and allowed L. pneumophila to succeed in intracellular replication, suggesting the convergence of resistance mechanisms to innate immunity and antibiotics. The discovery of lysosomal cell death as an immune response to a bacterial ligand has expanded the spectrum of reactions that host cells can mount against bacterial infection; these observations provide a model to study the pathways that lead to the induction of LMP, a currently poorly understood cellular process involved in the development of many diseases.
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Collaborative action of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors as modulators of the inflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:432785. [PMID: 25525300 PMCID: PMC4267164 DOI: 10.1155/2014/432785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early sensing of pathogenic bacteria by the host immune system is important to develop effective mechanisms to kill the invader. Microbial recognition, activation of signaling pathways, and effector mechanisms are sequential events that must be highly controlled to successfully eliminate the pathogen. Host recognizes pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Some of these PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I- (RIG-I-) like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). TLRs and NLRs are PRRs that play a key role in recognition of extracellular and intracellular bacteria and control the inflammatory response. The activation of TLRs and NLRs by their respective ligands activates downstream signaling pathways that converge on activation of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) or interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), leading to expression of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial molecules. The goal of this review is to discuss how the TLRs and NRLs signaling pathways collaborate in a cooperative or synergistic manner to counteract the infectious agents. A deep knowledge of the biochemical events initiated by each of these receptors will undoubtedly have a high impact in the design of more effective strategies to control inflammation.
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Copenhaver AM, Casson CN, Nguyen HT, Fung TC, Duda MM, Roy CR, Shin S. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils are the primary reservoirs for Legionella pneumophila and mediate cytosolic surveillance of type IV secretion. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4325-36. [PMID: 25092908 PMCID: PMC4187856 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01891-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular pathogen responsible for the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease, uses its dot/icm-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS) to translocate effector proteins that promote its survival and replication into the host cell cytosol. However, by introducing bacterial products into the host cytosol, L. pneumophila also activates cytosolic immunosurveillance pathways, thereby triggering robust proinflammatory responses that mediate the control of infection. Thus, the pulmonary cell types that L. pneumophila infects not only may act as an intracellular niche that facilitates its pathogenesis but also may contribute to the immune response against L. pneumophila. The identity of these host cells remains poorly understood. Here, we developed a strain of L. pneumophila producing a fusion protein consisting of β-lactamase fused to the T4SS-translocated effector RalF, which allowed us to track cells injected by the T4SS. Our data reveal that alveolar macrophages and neutrophils both are the primary recipients of T4SS-translocated effectors and harbor viable L. pneumophila during pulmonary infection of mice. Moreover, both alveolar macrophages and neutrophils from infected mice produced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1α in response to T4SS-sufficient, but not T4SS-deficient, L. pneumophila. Collectively, our data suggest that alveolar macrophages and neutrophils are both an intracellular reservoir for L. pneumophila and a source of proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to the host immune response against L. pneumophila during pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Copenhaver
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cierra N Casson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hieu T Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas C Fung
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew M Duda
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Craig R Roy
- Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sunny Shin
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Juárez E, Carranza C, Hernández-Sánchez F, Loyola E, Escobedo D, León-Contreras JC, Hernández-Pando R, Torres M, Sada E. Nucleotide-oligomerizing domain-1 (NOD1) receptor activation induces pro-inflammatory responses and autophagy in human alveolar macrophages. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:152. [PMID: 25253572 PMCID: PMC4190423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotide-binding oligomerizing domain-1 (NOD1) is a cytoplasmic receptor involved in recognizing bacterial peptidoglycan fragments that localize to the cytosol. NOD1 activation triggers inflammation, antimicrobial mechanisms and autophagy in both epithelial cells and murine macrophages. NOD1 mediates intracellular pathogen clearance in the lungs of mice; however, little is known about NOD1's role in human alveolar macrophages (AMs) or its involvement in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. METHODS AMs, monocytes (MNs), and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from healthy subjects were assayed for NOD1 expression. Cells were stimulated with the NOD1 ligand Tri-DAP and cytokine production and autophagy were assessed. Cells were infected with Mtb and treated with Tri-DAP post-infection. CFUs counting determined growth control, and autophagy protein recruitment to pathogen localization sites was analyzed by immunoelectron microscopy. RESULTS NOD1 was expressed in AMs, MDMs and to a lesser extent MNs. Tri-DAP stimulation induced NOD1 up-regulation and a significant production of IL1β, IL6, IL8, and TNFα in AMs and MDMs; however, the level of NOD1-dependent response in MNs was limited. Autophagy activity determined by expression of proteins Atg9, LC3, IRGM and p62 degradation was induced in a NOD1-dependent manner in AMs and MDMs but not in MNs. Infected AMs could be activated by stimulation with Tri-DAP to control the intracellular growth of Mtb. In addition, recruitment of NOD1 and the autophagy proteins IRGM and LC3 to the Mtb localization site was observed in infected AMs after treatment with Tri-DAP. CONCLUSIONS NOD1 is involved in AM and MDM innate responses, which include proinflammatory cytokines and autophagy, with potential implications in the killing of Mtb in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Sada
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City, México.
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Leissinger M, Kulkarni R, Zemans RL, Downey GP, Jeyaseelan S. Investigating the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors in bacterial lung infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:1461-8. [PMID: 24707903 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-2103pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a persistent and pervasive public health problem worldwide. Pneumonia and other LRTIs will be among the leading causes of death in adults, and pneumonia is the single largest cause of death in children. LRTIs are also an important cause of acute lung injury and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Because innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens, understanding the role of innate immunity in the pulmonary system is of paramount importance. Pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns are an integral component of the innate immune system and are located in both cell membranes and cytosol. Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are the major sensors at the forefront of pathogen recognition. Although Toll-like receptors have been extensively studied in host immunity, NLRs have diverse and important roles in immune and inflammatory responses, ranging from antimicrobial properties to adaptive immune responses. The lung contains NLR-expressing immune cells such as leukocytes and nonimmune cells such as epithelial cells that are in constant and close contact with invading microbes. This pulmonary perspective addresses our current understanding of the structure and function of NLR family members, highlighting advances and gaps in knowledge, with a specific focus on immune responses in the respiratory tract during bacterial infection. Further advances in exploring cellular and molecular responses to bacterial pathogens are critical to develop improved strategies to treat and prevent devastating infectious diseases of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Leissinger
- 1 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Mascarenhas DPA, Pereira MSF, Manin GZ, Hori JI, Zamboni DS. Interleukin 1 receptor-driven neutrophil recruitment accounts to MyD88-dependent pulmonary clearance of legionella pneumophila infection in vivo. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:322-30. [PMID: 25104770 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of Legionnaires' disease, triggers activation of multiple innate immune pathways that lead to the restriction of bacterial replication in vivo. Despite the critical role for MyD88 in infection clearance, the receptors and mechanisms responsible for MyD88-mediated pulmonary bacterial clearance are still unclear. Here, we used flagellin mutants of L. pneumophila, which bypass the NAIP5/NLRC4-mediated restriction of bacterial replication, to assess the receptors involved in MyD88-mediated pulmonary bacterial clearance. By systematically comparing pulmonary clearance of L. pneumophila in C57BL/6 MyD88(-/-), TLR2(-/-), TLR3(-/-), TLR4(-/-), TLR9(-/-), IL-1R(-/-), and IL-18(-/-) mice, we found that, while the knockout of a single Toll-like receptor or interleukin 18 resulted only in minor impairment of bacterial clearance, deficiency in the interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor led to a significant impairment. IL-1/MyD88-mediated pulmonary bacterial clearance occurs via processes involving the recruitment of neutrophils. Collectively, our data contribute to the understanding of the effector mechanisms involved in MyD88-mediated pulmonary bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P A Mascarenhas
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S F Pereira
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziele Z Manin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana I Hori
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The elaboration of an effective immune response against pathogenic microbes such as viruses, intracellular bacteria or protozoan parasites relies on the recognition of microbial products called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Ligation of the PRRs leads to synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Infected cells and other stressed cells also release host-cell derived molecules, called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, danger signals, or alarmins), which are generic markers for damage. DAMPs are recognized by specific receptors on both immune and nonimmune cells, which, depending on the target cell and the cellular context, can lead to cell differentiation or cell death, and either inflammation or inhibition of inflammation. Recent research has revealed that DAMPs and PAMPs synergize to permit secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β): PAMPs stimulate synthesis of pro-IL-1β, but not its secretion; while DAMPs can stimulate assembly of an inflammasome containing, usually, a Nod-like receptor (NLR) member, and activation of the protease caspase-1, which cleaves pro-IL-1β into IL-1β, allowing its secretion. Other NLR members do not participate in formation of inflammasomes but play other essential roles in regulation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwane Saïd-Sadier
- Molecular Cell Biology, and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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Myers ND, Chantratita N, Berrington WR, Chierakul W, Limmathurotsakul D, Wuthiekanun V, Robertson JD, Liggitt HD, Peacock SJ, Skerrett SJ, West TE. The role of NOD2 in murine and human melioidosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:300-7. [PMID: 24298015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that regulates susceptibility to a variety of infections and chronic diseases. Burkholderia pseudomallei, a facultative intracellular bacterium, causes the tropical infection melioidosis. We hypothesized that NOD2 may participate in host defense in melioidosis. We performed a series of in vitro assays and in vivo experiments and analyzed the association of human genetic variation with infection to delineate the contribution of NOD2 to the host response to B. pseudomallei. We found that transfection with NOD2 mediated NF-κB activation induced by B. pseudomallei stimulation of HEK293 cells. After low-dose inoculation with aerosolized B. pseudomallei, Nod2-deficient mice showed impaired clinical responses and permitted greater bacterial replication in the lung and dissemination to the spleen compared with wild-type mice. IL-6 and KC levels were higher in the lungs of Nod2-deficient mice. In a cohort of 1562 Thai subjects, a common genetic polymorphism in the NOD2 region, rs7194886, was associated with melioidosis, and this effect was most pronounced in women. rs7194886 was not associated with differences in cytokine production induced by whole-blood stimulation with the NOD2 ligand, muramyl dipeptide, or B. pseudomallei. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to characterize the role of NOD2 in host defense in mammalian melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle D Myers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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Chaput C, Sander LE, Suttorp N, Opitz B. NOD-Like Receptors in Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2013; 4:393. [PMID: 24312100 PMCID: PMC3836004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a particularly vulnerable organ at the interface of the body and the exterior environment. It is constantly exposed to microbes and particles by inhalation. The innate immune system needs to react promptly and adequately to potential dangers posed by these microbes and particles, while at the same time avoiding extensive tissue damage. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) represent a group of key sensors for microbes and damage in the lung. As such they are important players in various infectious as well as acute and chronic sterile inflammatory diseases, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumoconiosis, and asthma. Activation of most known NLRs leads to the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and/or to the induction of cell death. We will review NLR functions in the lung during infection and sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chaput
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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43
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Zhong Y, Kinio A, Saleh M. Functions of NOD-Like Receptors in Human Diseases. Front Immunol 2013; 4:333. [PMID: 24137163 PMCID: PMC3797414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are highly conserved cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that perform critical functions in surveying the intracellular environment for the presence of infection, noxious substances, and metabolic perturbations. Sensing of these danger signals by NLRs leads to their oligomerization into large macromolecular scaffolds and the rapid deployment of effector signaling cascades to restore homeostasis. While some NLRs operate by recruiting and activating inflammatory caspases into inflammasomes, others trigger inflammation via alternative routes including the nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and regulatory factor pathways. The critical role of NLRs in development and physiology is demonstrated by their clear implications in human diseases. Mutations in the genes encoding NLRP3 or NLRP12 lead to hereditary periodic fever syndromes, while mutations in CARD15 that encodes NOD2 are linked to Crohn’s disease or Blau’s syndrome. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified a number of risk alleles encompassing NLR genes in a host of diseases including allergic rhinitis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, multi-bacillary leprosy, vitiligo, early-onset menopause, and bone density loss in elderly women. Animal models have allowed the characterization of underlying effector mechanisms in a number of cases. In this review, we highlight the functions of NLRs in health and disease and discuss how the characterization of their molecular mechanisms provides new insights into therapeutic strategies for the management of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
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Lemire P, Calzas C, Segura M. The NOD2 receptor does not play a major role in the pathogenesis of Group B Streptococcus in mice. Microb Pathog 2013; 65:41-7. [PMID: 24107312 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) capsular type III is an important agent of life-threatening invasive infections. It has been previously shown that encapsulated GBS is easily internalized by dendritic cells (DCs) and this internalization has an impact on cytokine production. The intracellular receptors or pathways underlying this response are not well understood. In this work, we investigated the role of NOD2 in the pathogenesis of GBS using a mouse model of infection. NOD2(-/-) mice showed similar levels of survival and bacteremia than control mice. Interestingly, ex vivo analysis of total spleen cells from infected animals showed that the absence of NOD2 results in reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. However this abridged inflammatory response does not seem to improve mouse survival. In conclusion, we demonstrated that NOD2 is not a crucial receptor to fight GBS infection and only partially contributes to the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lemire
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Moreno L, Gatheral T. Therapeutic targeting of NOD1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:475-85. [PMID: 23848281 PMCID: PMC3791987 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) protein is an intracellular receptor for breakdown products of peptidoglycan (PGN), an essential bacterial cell wall component. NOD1 responds to γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid, which is an epitope unique to PGN structures from all Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive bacteria. Upon ligand recognition, NOD1 undergoes conformational changes and self-oligomerization mediated by the nucleotide-binding NACHT domains, followed by the recruitment and activation of the serine threonine kinase receptor-interacting protein 2 leading to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways and induction of inflammatory genes. Much of our knowledge is derived from seminal studies using mice deficient in NOD1 and confirming an essential role for NOD1 in the host immune response against gastrointestinal and respiratory pathogens. In addition, recent studies have revealed a role for intracellular NOD1 receptors in the regulation of vascular inflammation and metabolism. This review will discuss our current understanding of intracellular NOD1 receptors in host immunity and chronic inflammatory disorders with a focus on cardiovascular diseases. Although therapeutic advances may have to wait until the complex interplay with pathogens, danger signals, other pattern recognition receptors and overlapping metabolic pathways is further unravelled, the steadily growing body of knowledge suggest that NOD1 antagonism might represent attractive candidate to reduce excessive inflammation associated to intestinal, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Bunyola, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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Berrington WR, Smith KD, Skerrett SJ, Hawn TR. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing-like receptor family, caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing 4 (NLRC4) regulates intrapulmonary replication of aerosolized Legionella pneumophila. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:371. [PMID: 23937571 PMCID: PMC3751498 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionella pneumophila (Lp) flagellin activates signaling pathways in murine macrophages that control Lp replication. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) containing-like receptor (NLR) family, caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing 4 (NLRC4) and Toll-like Receptor (TLR5) both recognize Lp flagellin in vitro, but whether these two receptors play redundant or separate functional roles in vivo is unknown. METHODS The immune response of Nlrc4-/-, Nlrc4-/-/Tlr5-/-, and wild type C57Bl/6 mice was analyzed after in vivo infection with aerosolized Lp. RESULTS Lp clearance from the lungs was delayed in Nlrc4-/- mice over seven days in comparison to wild type controls. Nlrc4-/-/Tlr5-/- mice had no additional defect. In contrast to TLR5, NLRC4 did not regulate recruitment of neutrophils to the lung. Although there were no differences among the mouse strains in the lung transcriptome at 4 hours, Nlrc4-/- and Nlrc4-/-Tlr5-/- mice had increased lung inflammation at 72 hours in comparison to WT. Nlrc4-/-/Tlr5-/- mice also had altered cytokine production at both 4 and 24 hours post infection when compared to wild-type (WT) and Nlrc4-/- mice. Lp replication in murine alveolar macrophages was NLRC4-dependent and TLR5-independent. CONCLUSION These studies reveal that NLRC4 and TLR5 mediate different roles in the inflammatory response to Lp flagellin in an aerosolized infection model and NLRC4 regulates replication in both lungs and alveolar macrophages.
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Walters KA, Olsufka R, Kuestner RE, Cho JH, Li H, Zornetzer GA, Wang K, Skerrett SJ, Ozinsky A. Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis induces a unique pulmonary inflammatory response: role of bacterial gene expression in temporal regulation of host defense responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62412. [PMID: 23690939 PMCID: PMC3653966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary exposure to Francisella tularensis is associated with severe lung pathology and a high mortality rate. The lack of induction of classical inflammatory mediators, including IL1-β and TNF-α, during early infection has led to the suggestion that F. tularensis evades detection by host innate immune surveillance and/or actively suppresses inflammation. To gain more insight into the host response to Francisella infection during the acute stage, transcriptomic analysis was performed on lung tissue from mice exposed to virulent (Francisella tularensis ssp tularensis SchuS4). Despite an extensive transcriptional response in the lungs of animals as early as 4 hrs post-exposure, Francisella tularensis was associated with an almost complete lack of induction of immune-related genes during the initial 24 hrs post-exposure. This broad subversion of innate immune responses was particularly evident when compared to the pulmonary inflammatory response induced by other lethal (Yersinia pestis) and non-lethal (Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) pulmonary infections. However, the unique induction of a subset of inflammation-related genes suggests a role for dysregulation of lymphocyte function and anti-inflammatory pathways in the extreme virulence of Francisella. Subsequent activation of a classical inflammatory response 48 hrs post-exposure was associated with altered abundance of Francisella-specific transcripts, including those associated with bacterial surface components. In summary, virulent Francisella induces a unique pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by temporal regulation of innate immune pathways correlating with altered bacterial gene expression patterns. This study represents the first simultaneous measurement of both host and Francisella transcriptome changes that occur during in vivo infection and identifies potential bacterial virulence factors responsible for regulation of host inflammatory pathways.
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Abstract
NOD1 {nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1; NLRC [NOD-LRR (leucine-rich repeat) family with CARD (caspase recruitment domain) 1]} and NOD2 (NLRC2) are among the most prominent members of the NLR (NOD-LRR) family –proteins that contain nucleotide-binding NACHT domains and receptor-like LRR domains. With over 20 members identified in humans, NLRs represent important components of the mammalian innate immune system, serving as intracellular receptors for pathogens and for endogenous molecules elaborated by tissue injury. NOD1 and NOD2 proteins operate as microbial sensors through the recognition of specific PG (peptidoglycan) constituents of bacteria. Upon activation, these NLR family members initiate signal transduction mechanisms that include stimulation of NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), stress kinases, IRFs (interferon regulatory factors) and autophagy. Hereditary polymorphisms in the genes encoding NOD1 and NOD2 have been associated with an increasing number of chronic inflammatory diseases. In fact, potential roles for NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory disorders have been revealed by investigations using a series of animal models. In the present review, we describe recent experimental findings associating NOD1 and NOD2 with various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, and we discuss prospects for development of novel therapeutics targeting these NLR family proteins.
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Yeretssian G. Effector functions of NLRs in the intestine: innate sensing, cell death, and disease. Immunol Res 2013; 54:25-36. [PMID: 22454103 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are central regulators of pathogen recognition, the induction of innate immune effectors and inflammation with utmost importance in human diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Most NLRs are key mediators of inflammasome complexes that activate caspase-1 and drive proteolytic processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, a few tightly regulate inflammasome-independent activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. NLR signaling has evolved in intestinal epithelial cells to avoid overactive inflammatory responses toward the resident microbiota and to preserve epithelial barrier integrity and functions by maintaining homeostasis. In the present review, I examine new insights into the role of the NLRs in antimicrobial defenses. I pay particular attention to the emerging role of these receptors in engaging a complex cross talk between cell death and innate immunity pathways. Furthermore, I discuss the physiological functions of the NLRs in shaping the innate immune response within the intestine, maintaining homeostasis, inducing tissue repair following injury and promoting tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garabet Yeretssian
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn Medical Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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50
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Brown AS, van Driel IR, Hartland EL. Mouse models of Legionnaires' disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 376:271-91. [PMID: 23918179 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an accidental respiratory pathogen of humans that provokes a robust inflammatory response upon infection. While most people exposed to L. pneumophila will clear the infection, certain groups with underlying susceptibility will develop Legionnaires' disease. Mice, like most humans, are inherently resistant to L. pneumophila and infection of most inbred strains reflects the response of immune competent people to L. pneumophila exposure. Hence, the use of mouse models of L. pneumophila infection has taught us a great deal about the innate and adaptive factors that lead to successful clearance of the pathogen and avoidance of Legionnaires' disease. At the same time, L. pneumophila has provided new insight into innate immunity in general and is now a model pathogen with which to study acute lung inflammation and inflammasome activation. This chapter will explore the history and use of the mouse model of L. pneumophila infection and examine what we know about the innate and adaptive factors that contribute to the control of L. pneumophila in the mouse lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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