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Masimov R, Wasan EK. Chitosan non-particulate vaccine delivery systems. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2024; 27:12921. [PMID: 39114808 PMCID: PMC11303186 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2024.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan is an extensively used polymer for drug delivery applications in particulate and non-particulate carriers. Chitosan-based particulate, nano-, and microparticle, carriers have been the most extensively studied for the delivery of therapeutics and vaccines. However, chitosan has also been used in vaccine applications for its adjuvant properties in various hydrogels or as a carrier coating material. The focus of this review will be on the usage of chitosan as a vaccine adjuvant based on its intrinsic immunogenicity; the various forms of chitosan-based non-particulate delivery systems such as thermosensitive hydrogels, microneedles, and conjugates; and the advantages of its role as a coating material for vaccine carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen K. Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Ahmed M, Kurungottu P, Swetha K, Atla S, Ashok N, Nagamalleswari E, Bonam SR, Sahu BD, Kurapati R. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome in nanoparticle adjuvant-mediated immune response. Biomater Sci 2024. [PMID: 38867716 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is pivotal in orchestrating the immune response induced by nanoparticle adjuvants. Understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by these adjuvants is crucial for deciphering their immunomodulatory properties. This review explores the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mediating immune responses triggered by nanoparticle adjuvants. It delves into the signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms involved in NLRP3 activation, highlighting its significance in modulating the efficacy and safety of nanoparticle-based adjuvants. A comprehensive grasp of the interplay between NLRP3 inflammasome and nanoparticle adjuvants holds promise for optimizing vaccine design and advancing immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momitul Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India.
| | - Pavithra Kurungottu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - K Swetha
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Sandeep Atla
- Texas A&M Drug Discovery Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Nivethitha Ashok
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Easa Nagamalleswari
- MTCC and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Bidya Dhar Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, India.
| | - Rajendra Kurapati
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
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Lavelle EC, McEntee CP. Vaccine adjuvants: Tailoring innate recognition to send the right message. Immunity 2024; 57:772-789. [PMID: 38599170 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants play pivotal roles in vaccine development, enhancing immunization efficacy through prolonged retention and sustained release of antigen, lymph node targeting, and regulation of dendritic cell activation. Adjuvant-induced activation of innate immunity is achieved via diverse mechanisms: for example, adjuvants can serve as direct ligands for pathogen recognition receptors or as inducers of cell stress and death, leading to the release of immunostimulatory-damage-associated molecular patterns. Adjuvant systems increasingly stimulate multiple innate pathways to induce greater potency. Increased understanding of the principles dictating adjuvant-induced innate immunity will subsequently lead to programming specific types of adaptive immune responses. This tailored optimization is fundamental to next-generation vaccines capable of inducing robust and sustained adaptive immune memory across different cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Craig P McEntee
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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D'Oro U, O'Hagan DT. The scientific journey of a novel adjuvant (AS37) from bench to bedside. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:26. [PMID: 38332005 PMCID: PMC10853242 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A decade ago, we described a new approach to discover next generation adjuvants, identifying small-molecule immune potentiators (SMIPs) as Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonists. We also optimally formulated these drugs through adsorption to aluminum salts (alum), allowing them to be evaluated with a range of established and early-stage vaccines. Early proof-of-concept studies showed that a TLR7 agonist (TLR7a)-based SMIP, when adsorbed to alum, could perform as an effective adjuvant for a variety of different antigens, in both small and large animals. Studies in rodents demonstrated that the adjuvant enhanced immunogenicity of a recombinant protein-based vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus, and also showed potential to improve existing vaccines against pertussis or meningococcal infection. Extensive evaluations showed that the adjuvant was effective in non-human primates (NHPs), exploiting a mechanism of action that was consistent across the different animal models. The adjuvant formulation (named AS37) has now been advanced into clinical evaluation. A systems biology-based evaluation of the phase I clinical data with a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine showed that the AS37-adjuvanted formulation had an acceptable safety profile, was potent, and activated the expected immune pathways in humans, which was consistent with observations from the NHP studies. In the intervening decade, several alternative TLR7 agonists have also emerged and advanced into clinical development, such as the alum adsorbed TLR7/8 SMIP present in a widely distributed COVID-19 vaccine. This review summarizes the research and early development of the new adjuvant AS37, with an emphasis on the steps taken to allow its progression into clinical evaluations.
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Khorshidvand Z, Shirian S, Amiri H, Zamani A, Maghsood AH. Immunomodulatory chitosan nanoparticles for Toxoplasma gondii infection: Novel application of chitosan in complex propranolol-hydrochloride as an adjuvant in vaccine delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127228. [PMID: 37839605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of propranolol hydrochloride (PRO) in combination with chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) as an adjuvant to develop an effective vaccine against T. gondii. A total of 105 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven equal groups including PBS alone, CS NPs, SAG1 (Surface antigen 1), CS-SAG1 NPs, CS-PRO NPs, SAG1-PRO, and CS-SAG1-PRO NPs. The immunostimulatory effect of each adjuvant used for vaccine delivery was evaluated in a mice immunization model. The results showed that the mice immunized with CS-SAG1-PRO NPs exhibited the highest lymphocyte proliferation rate, along with increased secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23, as well as elevated levels of protective cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-27, and IL-10. Although, the CS-SAG1-PRO NPs immunized mice showed the highest level of T. gondii specific IgG compared to the other groups, a significant production of IgG2a and IgG1 was observed in the sera of mice immunized with the CS-SAG1-PRO NPs compared to the other group (p <0.001). The higher IgG2a/IgG1 ratio observed in the CS-SAG1-PRO NPs group indicates a bias towards Th1 cell polarization, suggesting the promotion of Th1 cell-mediated immune responses. Considering the combination of the highest lymphocyte proliferation and survival rates, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, and cytokine levels in the mice immunized with CS-SAG1-PRO NPs, this approach holds promise for immunostimulation and vaccine delivery against T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Khorshidvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr Daneshbod Lab, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Amiri
- Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr Daneshbod Lab, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Maghsood
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Danaeifar M, Negahdari B, Eslam HM, Zare H, Ghanaat M, Koushali SS, Malekshahi ZV. Polymeric nanoparticles for DNA vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy: a review. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:1053-1072. [PMID: 37335426 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and mortality in the world. There is an essential need to develop new drugs or therapeutic approaches to manage treatment-resistant cancers. Cancer immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the power of the body's immune system to prevent, control, and eliminate cancer. One of the materials used as a vaccine in immunotherapy is DNA. The application of polymeric nanoparticles as carriers for DNA vaccines could be an effective therapeutic approach to activate immune responses and increase antigen presentation efficiency. Various materials have been used as polymeric nanoparticles, including: chitosan, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), Polyethylenimine, dendrimers, polypeptides, and polyesters. Application of these polymer nanoparticles has several advantages, including increased vaccine delivery, enhanced antigen presentation, adjuvant effects, and more sustainable induction of the immune system. Besides many clinical trials and commercial products that were developed based on polymer nanoparticles, there is still a need for more comprehensive studies to increase the DNA vaccine efficiency in cancer immunotherapy using this type of carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Danaeifar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houra Mobaleghol Eslam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Zare
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Momeneh Ghanaat
- Department of Microbiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Sekinehe Shokouhi Koushali
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zou Y, Liu X, Chen Q, Oku H, Ma G, Wu J. Acid-Responsive Immune-Enhancing Chitosan Formulation Capable of Transforming from Particle Stabilization to Polymer Chain Stabilization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11403-11415. [PMID: 36825996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan with pH sensitivity and biocompatibility was selected to prepare chitosan nanoparticle-stabilized Pickering emulsion (CSPE). The flexibility of CSPE enables stress deformation when in contact with cell membranes, thereby mimicking the deformability of natural pathogens and facilitating their efficient uptake by cells. In the acidic environment of lysosomes, the amino groups of chitosan molecules are protonated, and the water solubility increases. CSPE transforms from particle-stabilized to polymer chain-stabilized, its subsequent swelling and proton accumulation lead to lysosome rupture. The experimental results evaluating CSPE as an adjuvant shows that CSPE could efficiently load antigens, promote endocytosis and antigen cross-presentation, recruit antigen-presenting cells at the injection site, boost T-cell activation, and enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses. In the prophylactic and therapeutic tumor models of E.G7-OVA lymphoma and B16-MUC1 melanoma, CSPE significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of mice. In summary, antigenic lysosomal escape resulted from the chitosan molecular state transition is the key to the enhancement of cellular immunity by CSPE, and CSPE is a promising vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Ota, Gunma 373-0057, Japan
| | - Qiuting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Oku
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Ota, Gunma 373-0057, Japan
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Verma SK, Mahajan P, Singh NK, Gupta A, Aggarwal R, Rappuoli R, Johri AK. New-age vaccine adjuvants, their development, and future perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1043109. [PMID: 36911719 PMCID: PMC9998920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present scenario, immunization is of utmost importance as it keeps us safe and protects us from infectious agents. Despite the great success in the field of vaccinology, there is a need to not only develop safe and ideal vaccines to fight deadly infections but also improve the quality of existing vaccines in terms of partial or inconsistent protection. Generally, subunit vaccines are known to be safe in nature, but they are mostly found to be incapable of generating the optimum immune response. Hence, there is a great possibility of improving the potential of a vaccine in formulation with novel adjuvants, which can effectively impart superior immunity. The vaccine(s) in formulation with novel adjuvants may also be helpful in fighting pathogens of high antigenic diversity. However, due to the limitations of safety and toxicity, very few human-compatible adjuvants have been approved. In this review, we mainly focus on the need for new and improved vaccines; the definition of and the need for adjuvants; the characteristics and mechanisms of human-compatible adjuvants; the current status of vaccine adjuvants, mucosal vaccine adjuvants, and adjuvants in clinical development; and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pooja Mahajan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhlesh K. Singh
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ankit Gupta
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Rupesh Aggarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Atul Kumar Johri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Santos Júnior SRD, Barbalho FV, Nosanchuk JD, Amaral AC, Taborda CP. Biodistribution and Adjuvant Effect of an Intranasal Vaccine Based on Chitosan Nanoparticles against Paracoccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020245. [PMID: 36836359 PMCID: PMC9964167 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a fungal infection caused by the thermodimorphic Paracoccidioides sp. PCM mainly affects the lungs, but, if it is not contained by the immune response, the disease can spread systemically. An immune response derived predominantly from Th1 and Th17 T cell subsets facilitates the elimination of Paracoccidioides cells. In the present work, we evaluated the biodistribution of a prototype vaccine based on the immunodominant and protective P. brasiliensis P10 peptide within chitosan nanoparticles in BALB/c mice infected with P. brasiliensis strain 18 (Pb18). The generated fluorescent (FITC or Cy5.5) or non-fluorescent chitosan nanoparticles ranged in diameter from 230 to 350 nm, and both displayed a Z potential of +20 mV. Most chitosan nanoparticles were found in the upper airway, with smaller amounts localized in the trachea and lungs. The nanoparticles complexed or associated with the P10 peptide were able to reduce the fungal load, and the use of the chitosan nanoparticles reduced the necessary number of doses to achieve fungal reduction. Both vaccines were able to induce a Th1 and Th17 immune response. These data demonstrates that the chitosan P10 nanoparticles are an excellent candidate vaccine for the treatment of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rodrigues Dos Santos Júnior
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.R.D.S.J.); (C.P.T.)
| | - Filipe Vieira Barbalho
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology—The Bronx, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andre Correa Amaral
- Laboratory of Nano&Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605050, Brazil
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine/IMT/SP-LIM53, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.R.D.S.J.); (C.P.T.)
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Eswar K, Mukherjee S, Ganesan P, Kumar Rengan A. Immunomodulatory Natural Polysaccharides: An Overview of the Mechanisms Involved. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Parmaksız S, Gül A, Erkunt Alak S, Karakavuk M, Can H, Gül C, Karakavuk T, López-Macías C, Puralı N, Döşkaya M, Şenel S. Development of multistage recombinant protein vaccine formulations against toxoplasmosis using a new chitosan and porin based adjuvant system. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122199. [PMID: 36115468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a global health problem affecting both human and animal populations. The lack of effective treatment makes the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis one of the main goals in the management of this disease. In our study, vaccine formulations containing the multistage recombinant antigens, rBAG1 + rGRA1 were developed with a combined adjuvant system consisting of chitosan and Salmonella Typhi porins in micro (MicroAS) and nanoparticulate (NanoAS) forms. BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with vaccine formulations two times at three-week intervals. Three weeks after the second vaccination, mice were challenged with 7-8 live tissue cysts of the virulent T. gondii PRU strain by oral gavage. Higher cellular uptake by macrophages and enhanced cellular (IFN-γ and I-4 in stimulated spleen cells) and humoral (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a) responses were obtained with the adjuvanted formulation, higher with microsystem when compared to that of nanosystem. Microsystem was found to stimulate Th1-polarized immune responses, whereasnon-adjuvanted antigens stimulated Th2-polarized immune response. The highest survival rate and reduction in cysts numbers and T. gondii DNA were obtained with the adjuvanted antigens.Our study showed that adjuvanted multistage recombinant vaccine systems increase theimmune response with strong protection againstT. gondii, more profoundly in microparticulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Parmaksız
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Aytül Gül
- Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey; Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Vocational School, Odemis, Izmir 35750, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Ceren Gül
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre ''Siglo XXI'', Mexican Institute for Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nuhan Puralı
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics,06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
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Garland KM, Sheehy TL, Wilson JT. Chemical and Biomolecular Strategies for STING Pathway Activation in Cancer Immunotherapy. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5977-6039. [PMID: 35107989 PMCID: PMC8994686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) cellular signaling pathway is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Activation of the intracellular STING protein triggers the production of a multifaceted array of immunostimulatory molecules, which, in the proper context, can drive dendritic cell maturation, antitumor macrophage polarization, T cell priming and activation, natural killer cell activation, vascular reprogramming, and/or cancer cell death, resulting in immune-mediated tumor elimination and generation of antitumor immune memory. Accordingly, there is a significant amount of ongoing preclinical and clinical research toward further understanding the role of the STING pathway in cancer immune surveillance as well as the development of modulators of the pathway as a strategy to stimulate antitumor immunity. Yet, the efficacy of STING pathway agonists is limited by many drug delivery and pharmacological challenges. Depending on the class of STING agonist and the desired administration route, these may include poor drug stability, immunocellular toxicity, immune-related adverse events, limited tumor or lymph node targeting and/or retention, low cellular uptake and intracellular delivery, and a complex dependence on the magnitude and kinetics of STING signaling. This review provides a concise summary of the STING pathway, highlighting recent biological developments, immunological consequences, and implications for drug delivery. This review also offers a critical analysis of an expanding arsenal of chemical strategies that are being employed to enhance the efficacy, safety, and/or clinical utility of STING pathway agonists and lastly draws attention to several opportunities for therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Garland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
| | - Taylor L Sheehy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
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Safarzadeh M, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh F, Haji Molla Hoseini M. Chitosan based nanoformulation expressing miR-155 as a promising adjuvant to enhance Th1-biased immune responses. Life Sci 2022; 297:120459. [PMID: 35248524 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM MiR-155 could act as a key modulator of different aspects of immune system including Th1 responses. In this study, we designed chitosan nanoparticles containing miR-155-expressing plasmid and explored their effects as an adjuvant to enhance Th1 responses for potential future application against intracellular pathogens. METHODS Nanoparticles were formulated by complex coacervation method and characterized for physicochemical and functional characteristics. Transfection efficiency in Raw 264.7 cells, effects on miR-155 target genes and NO production were evaluated. The prepared nanoparticles were co-administered as an adjuvant with ovalbumin to immunize mice and finally production of IFN-γ and IL-4 were measured by ELISA in splenocyte recall responses. RESULTS The prepared nanoparticles had the mean size of 244 nm and zeta potential of +17 mV, respectively. Electrophoresis analysis indicated the high capability of nanoparticles to protect the plasmid from DNaseI degradation. Furthermore, nanoparticles showed an appropriate transfection efficiency in Raw 264.7 cells and could downregulate the expression of miR-155 target genes and also upregulate NO production. In vivo immunization examinations revealed successful shift of T cell responses toward Th1. CONCLUSION Our data suggests the high potential of chitosan nanoparticles containing miR-155-expressing plasmid as an adjuvant for significantly enhanced Th1-biased immune responses upon immunization with a given antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoush Safarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Brennan K, Craven S, Cheung M, Kane D, Noone E, O'Callaghan J, Molloy EJ, Walsh PT, McAuliffe FM, Doyle SL. Cytosolic dsRNA improves neonatal innate immune responses to adjuvants in use in pediatric vaccines. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:523-537. [PMID: 35098572 PMCID: PMC9542317 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5a0521-242r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system represent the critical front‐line defense against pathogens, and new vaccine formulations target these PRR pathways to boost vaccine responses, through activation of cellular/Th1 immunity. The majority of pediatric vaccines contain aluminum (ALUM) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as adjuvants to encourage immune activation. Evidence suggests that elements of the innate immune system, currently being targeted for vaccine adjuvanticity do not fully develop until puberty and it is likely that effective adjuvants for the neonatal and pediatric populations are being overlooked due to modeling of responses in adult systems. We recently reported that the activity of the cytosolic nucleic acid (CNA) sensing family of PRRs is strong in cord blood and peripheral blood of young children. This study investigates the function of CNA sensors in subsets of neonatal innate immune cells and shows that myeloid cells from cord blood can be activated to express T cell costimulatory markers, and also to produce Th1 promoting cytokines. CD80 and CD86 were consistently up‐regulated in response to cytosolic Poly(I:C) stimulation in all cell types examined and CNA activation also induced robust Type I IFN and low levels of TNFα in monocytes, monocyte‐derived macrophages, and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells. We have compared CNA activation to adjuvants currently in use (MPLA or ALUM), either alone or in combination and found that cytosolic Poly(I:C) in combination with MPLA or ALUM can improve expression of activation marker levels above those observed with either adjuvant alone. This may prove particularly promising in the context of improving the efficacy of existing ALUM‐ or MPLA‐containing vaccines, through activation of T cell‐mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiva Brennan
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Simon Craven
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Maria Cheung
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Daniel Kane
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Eleanor Noone
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Joseph O'Callaghan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Patrick T Walsh
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics & Gynaecology School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Sarah L Doyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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15
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Firdaus FZ, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2412:145-178. [PMID: 34918245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, require the use of an immunostimulator/adjuvant for maximum efficacy. Adjuvants not only enhance the strength and longevity of immune responses but may also influence the type of response. In this chapter, we review the adjuvants that are available for use in human vaccines, such as alum, MF59, AS03, and AS01. We extensively discuss their composition, characteristics, mechanism of action, and effects on the immune system. Additionally, we summarize recent trends in adjuvant discovery, providing a brief overview of saponins, TLRs agonists, polysaccharides, nanoparticles, cytokines, and mucosal adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrhana Ziana Firdaus
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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16
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Enriquez AB, Izzo A, Miller SM, Stewart EL, Mahon RN, Frank DJ, Evans JT, Rengarajan J, Triccas JA. Advancing Adjuvants for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740117. [PMID: 34759923 PMCID: PMC8572789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to a single infectious disease agent. BCG, the only licensed vaccine against TB, offers limited protection against pulmonary disease in children and adults. TB vaccine research has recently been reinvigorated by new data suggesting alternative administration of BCG induces protection and a subunit/adjuvant vaccine that provides close to 50% protection. These results demonstrate the need for generating adjuvants in order to develop the next generation of TB vaccines. However, development of TB-targeted adjuvants is lacking. To help meet this need, NIAID convened a workshop in 2020 titled “Advancing Vaccine Adjuvants for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Therapeutics”. In this review, we present the four areas identified in the workshop as necessary for advancing TB adjuvants: 1) correlates of protective immunity, 2) targeting specific immune cells, 3) immune evasion mechanisms, and 4) animal models. We will discuss each of these four areas in detail and summarize what is known and what we can advance on in order to help develop more efficacious TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Enriquez
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angelo Izzo
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Erica L Stewart
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert N Mahon
- Division of AIDS, Columbus Technologies & Services Inc., Contractor to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel J Frank
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James A Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Ong GH, Lian BSX, Kawasaki T, Kawai T. Exploration of Pattern Recognition Receptor Agonists as Candidate Adjuvants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745016. [PMID: 34692565 PMCID: PMC8526852 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are used to maximize the potency of vaccines by enhancing immune reactions. Components of adjuvants include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are agonists for innate immune receptors. Innate immune responses are usually activated when pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize PAMPs derived from invading pathogens or DAMPs released by host cells upon tissue damage. Activation of innate immunity by PRR agonists in adjuvants activates acquired immune responses, which is crucial to enhance immune reactions against the targeted pathogen. For example, agonists for Toll-like receptors have yielded promising results as adjuvants, which target PRR as adjuvant candidates. However, a comprehensive understanding of the type of immunological reaction against agonists for PRRs is essential to ensure the safety and reliability of vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview of the current progress in development of PRR agonists as vaccine adjuvants, the molecular mechanisms that underlie activation of immune responses, and the enhancement of vaccine efficacy by these potential adjuvant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Han Ong
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Benedict Shi Xiang Lian
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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18
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Loading Effect of Chitosan Derivative Nanoparticles on Different Antigens and Their Immunomodulatory Activity on Dendritic Cells. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100536. [PMID: 34677435 PMCID: PMC8541265 DOI: 10.3390/md19100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug carrier nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the polyelectrolyte method, with chitosan sulfate, with different substituents and quaternary ammonium chitosan, including C236-HACC NPs, C36-HACC NPs, and C6-HACC NPs. To evaluate whether the NPs are suitable for loading different antigens, we chose bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumin (OVA), and myoglobin (Mb) as model antigens to investigate the encapsulation effect of the NPs. The characteristics (size, potential, and encapsulation efficiency) of the NPs were measured. Moreover, the NPs with higher encapsulation efficiency were selected for the immunological activity research. The results showed that chitosan derivative NPs with different substitution sites had different loading effects on the three antigens, and the encapsulation rate of BSA and OVA was significantly better than that of Mb. Moreover, the NPs encapsulated with different antigens have different immune stimulating abilities to DCS cells, the immune effect of OVA-coated NPs was significantly better than that of BSA-coated NPs and blank NPs, especially C236-HACC-OVA NPs. Furthermore, we found that C236-HACC-OVA NPs could increase the phosphorylation level of intracellular proteins to activate cell pathways. Therefore, C236-HACC NPs are more suitable for the loading of antigens similar to the OVA structure.
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19
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Oliveira Gomes DC, Lilian da Silva Costa Souza B, Schwedersky RP, Covre LP, Leonel de Matos Guedes H, Lopes UG, Inês Ré M, Rossi-Bergmann B. Intranasal immunization with chitosan microparticles enhances lack-dna vaccine protection and induces specific long-lasting immunity against visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect 2021; 24:104884. [PMID: 34487860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of a protective vaccine against Leishmania depends on antigen formulation and adjuvants that induce specific immunity and long-lasting immune responses. We previously demonstrated that BALB/c mice intranasally vaccinated with a plasmid DNA encoding the p36/LACK leishmanial antigen (LACK-DNA) develop a protective immunity for up to 3 months after vaccination, which was linked with the systemic expression of vaccine mRNA in peripheral organs. In this study, LACK-DNA vaccine was associated with biocompatible chitosan microparticles cross-linked with glyceraldehyde (CMC) to boost the long-lasting immunity against the late L. infantum challenge. Infection at 7 days, 3 or 6 months after vaccination resulted in significantly lower parasite loads when compared with non-vaccinated controls. Besides, LACK-DNA-chitosan vaccinated mice showed long-time protection observed after the late time point challenge. The achieved protection was correlated with an enhanced spleen cell responsiveness to parasite antigens, marked by increased proliferation and IFN-γ as well as decreased IL-10 production. Moreover, we found diminished systemic levels of TNF-α that was compatible with the better health condition observed in LACK-DNA/CMC vaccinated-infected mice. Together, our data indicate the feasibility of chitosan microparticles as a delivery system tool to extend the protective immunity conferred by LACK-DNA vaccine, which may be explored in vaccine formulations against Leishmania parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luciana Polaco Covre
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de, Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Ré
- IMT Mines Albi-Carmaux, Campus Jarlard, Université de Toulouse, France
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20
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Inhibition of elastase enhances the adjuvanticity of alum and promotes anti-SARS-CoV-2 systemic and mucosal immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102435118. [PMID: 34353890 PMCID: PMC8403952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102435118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that suppression of the serine protease elastase reshapes innate responses induced by injected vaccines containing alum adjuvant. This reprogramming improves the induction of protective antibodies in the bloodstream and stimulates innate signals, which support the development of antibody responses in mucosal tissues. Our findings identify elastase as the innate regulator that blunts the adjuvant activity of alum. They also demonstrate that vaccination via mucosal routes is not an absolute requirement for antibody responses in mucosal tissues and secretions. Supplementation of an alum-based vaccine containing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit 1 as antigen increased anti–SARS-CoV-2 immunity in the blood and mucosal secretions in mice. Thus, this strategy could help in the development of future protein-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Alum, used as an adjuvant in injected vaccines, promotes T helper 2 (Th2) and serum antibody (Ab) responses. However, it fails to induce secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A (SIgA) in mucosal tissues and is poor in inducing Th1 and cell-mediated immunity. Alum stimulates interleukin 1 (IL-1) and the recruitment of myeloid cells, including neutrophils. We investigated whether neutrophil elastase regulates the adjuvanticity of alum, and whether a strategy targeting neutrophil elastase could improve responses to injected vaccines. Mice coadministered a pharmacological inhibitor of elastase, or lacking elastase, developed high-affinity serum IgG and IgA antibodies after immunization with alum-adsorbed protein vaccines, including the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). These mice also developed broader antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses, including high Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) responses. Interestingly, in the absence of elastase activity, mucosal SIgA responses were induced after systemic immunization with alum as adjuvant. Importantly, lack or suppression of elastase activity enhanced the magnitude of anti–SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit 1 (S1) antibodies, and these antibodies reacted with the same epitopes of spike 1 protein as sera from COVID-19 patients. Therefore, suppression of neutrophil elastase could represent an attractive strategy for improving the efficacy of alum-based injected vaccines for the induction of broad immunity, including mucosal immunity.
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21
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Zhao H, Wang H, Hu Y, Xu D, Yin C, Han Q, Zhang J. Chitosan Nanovaccines as Efficient Carrier Adjuvant System for IL-12 with Enhanced Protection Against HBV. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4913-4928. [PMID: 34321879 PMCID: PMC8312321 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s317113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alum adjuvant in HBV prophylactic vaccines is poor in inducing cellular immunity with the inhibition of IL-12 secretion, and approximately 5–10% of immunised individuals fail to clear HBV upon infection. IL-12 plasmids (pIL-12) as adjuvants enhance significant humoral and cellular immune response in vaccines. However, finding a novel delivery system to protect pIL-12 from enzymatic degradation and achieve efficient delivery remains a major challenge. Methods We prepared the chitosan nanovaccine-loaded IL-12 expression plasmid (termed as “Ng(-)pIL-12”) and analysed the physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency and safety. Then, we evaluated the efficiency of Ng(-)pIL-12 for prophylactic HBV vaccine. Serum samples were collected and analysed for IL-12, HBsAg, anti-HBs IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b. Liver tissues were collected and analysed for HBV DNA and RNA. BMDCs and lymphocytes were collected and analysed for HBV-specific immune responses. To further confirm the long-term protective immune response against HBV, these immunised mice were challenged with hydrodynamic injection of pAAV/HBV 1.2 plasmid on day 56 after the initiation of immunisation. Results Chitosan nanovaccine prepared with CS and γ-PGA could load pIL-12 effectively and safely, and IL-12 was efficiently produced in vivo. Interestingly, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant combined with HBsAg induced higher levels of anti-HBs IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b, promoted maturation and presentation capacity of DCs, especially CD8α+/CD103+ DCs. Meanwhile, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant generated robust HBV-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses. More importantly, Ng(-)pIL-12 adjuvant triggered terminally differentiated effector memory responses with strong anti-HBV effects. Conclusion Chitosan nanovaccines as an efficient carrier adjuvant system for pIL-12 combined with HBsAg induced protective anti-HBs IgG and enhanced HBV-specific CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses, and achieved long-term memory response against HBV, making it a promising candidate for prophylactic HBV vaccines. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/RZZ_0Z5j7Yc
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haigang Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Hu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlai Yin
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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22
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Guerrero Manriquez GG, Tuero I. Adjuvants: friends in vaccine formulations against infectious diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3539-3550. [PMID: 34288795 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1934354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent a major cause of deaths worldwide. No vaccine or effective treatment exists nowadays, especially against intracellular pathogens. The increase in multiple drug and superbug antibiotic resistance strains, excessive medication, or misuse of drugs has prompted the search for other safe and effective alternatives. Consistent with this, adjuvants (Latin word "adjuvare": "help or aid") co-administered (Exo) in vaccines have emerged as a promising alternative to initiate and boost an innate, downstream signal that led to adaptative immune response. Nowadays, a promising model of strong immunogens and adjuvants at mucosal sites are the microbial bacterial toxins. Other adjuvants that are also used and might successfully replace aluminum salts in combination with nanotechnology are CpG-ODN, poly IC, type I IFNs, mRNA platforms. Therefore, in the present review, we focused to revisit the old to the new adjuvants compounds, the properties that make them friends in vaccine formulations against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Tuero
- Faculty of Science and Phylosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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23
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Zhivaki D, Kagan JC. NLRP3 inflammasomes that induce antitumor immunity. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:575-589. [PMID: 34034975 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes have emerged as context-dependent regulators of inflammation and protective immunity in vertebrates. Depending on the cell type and stimulus, inflammasome activities lead to interleukin (IL)-1 release from living (hyperactive) or dead (pyroptotic) cells. Herein, we review the mechanisms by which inflammasomes can impact CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. We describe recent work demonstrating the differential impact of pyroptosis in cancer cells and dendritic cells (DCs) on antitumor immunity. We further highlight the surprising ability of inflammasomes within hyperactive DCs to facilitate the use of tumor lysates as immunogens, promoting CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor responses. These context-dependent roles of inflammasomes in living and dead cells offer much opportunity for future research and should inform discussions of next-generation immunotherapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Zhivaki
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Hatscher L, Amon L, Heger L, Dudziak D. Inflammasomes in dendritic cells: Friend or foe? Immunol Lett 2021; 234:16-32. [PMID: 33848562 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that crucially contribute to host defense against pathogens but are also involved in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasome formation leads to activation of effector caspases (caspase-1, 4, 5, or 11), the proteolytic maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 as well as cleavage of the pore-forming protein Gasdermin D. Dendritic cells are major regulators of immune responses as they bridge innate and adaptive immunity. We here summarize the current knowledge on inflammasome expression and formation in murine bone marrow-, human monocyte-derived as well as murine and human primary dendritic cells. Further, we discuss both, the beneficial and detrimental, involvement of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells in cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. As inflammasome activation is typically accompanied by Gasdermin d-mediated pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, inflammasome formation in dendritic cells seems ill-advised. Therefore, we propose that hyperactivation, which is inflammasome activation without the induction of pyroptosis, may be a general model of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells to enhance Th1, Th17 as well as cytotoxic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hatscher
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Germany.
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25
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Isaacs A, Li Z, Cheung STM, Wijesundara DK, McMillan CLD, Modhiran N, Young PR, Ranasinghe C, Watterson D, Chappell KJ. Adjuvant Selection for Influenza and RSV Prefusion Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020071. [PMID: 33498370 PMCID: PMC7909420 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines exhibit favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles and can be designed to mimic native antigen structures. However, pairing with an appropriate adjuvant is imperative in order to elicit effective humoral and cellular immune responses. In this study, we aimed to determine an optimal adjuvant pairing with the prefusion form of influenza haemagglutinin (HA) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) subunit vaccines in BALB/c mice in order to inform future subunit vaccine adjuvant selection. We tested a panel of adjuvants, including aluminum hydroxide (alhydrogel), QS21, Addavax, Addavax with QS21 (AdQS21), and Army Liposome Formulation 55 with monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21 (ALF55). We found that all adjuvants elicited robust humoral responses in comparison to placebo, with the induction of potent neutralizing antibodies observed in all adjuvanted groups against influenza and in AdQS21, alhydrogel, and ALF55 against RSV. Upon HA vaccination, we observed that none of the adjuvants were able to significantly increase the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ+ cells when compared to unadjuvanted antigen. The varying responses to antigens with each adjuvant highlights that those adjuvants most suited for pairing purposes can vary depending on the antigen used and/or the desired immune response. We therefore suggest that an adjuvant trial for different subunit vaccines in development would likely be necessary in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Isaacs
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Zheyi Li
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Stacey T. M. Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Danushka K. Wijesundara
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Christopher L. D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
| | - Paul R. Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (Z.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J. Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (S.T.M.C.); (C.L.D.M.); (N.M.); (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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26
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Lampe AT, Farris EJ, Brown DM, Pannier AK. High- and low-molecular-weight chitosan act as adjuvants during single-dose influenza A virus protein vaccination through distinct mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1224-1243. [PMID: 33289090 PMCID: PMC7897297 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of new adjuvants is essential for the development of efficacious vaccines. Chitosan (CS), a derivative of chitin, has been shown to act as an adjuvant, improving vaccine-induced immune responses. However, the effect of CS molecular weight (MW) on this adjuvanticity has not been investigated, despite MW having been shown to impact CS biological properties. Here, two MW variants of CS were investigated for their ability to enhance vaccine-elicited immune responses in vitro and in vivo, using a single-dose influenza A virus (IAV) protein vaccine model. Both low-molecular-weight (LMW) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) CS-induced interferon regulatory factor pathway signaling, antigen-presenting cell activation, and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) production, with LMW inducing higher mRNA levels at 24 h and HMW elevating mRNA responses at 48 h. LMW and HMW CS also induced adaptive immune responses after vaccination, indicated by enhanced immunoglobulin G production in mice receiving LMW CS and increased CD4 interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-2 production in mice receiving HMW CS. Importantly, both LMW and HMW CS adjuvantation reduced morbidity following homologous IAV challenge. Taken together, these results support that LMW and HMW CS can act as adjuvants, although this protection may be mediated through distinct mechanisms based on CS MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Lampe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eric J Farris
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Deborah M Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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27
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Maubrigades LR, Santos FDS, Gonçalves VS, Rodrigues PRC, Leite FPL. Association of Bacillus toyonensis spores with alum improves bovine herpesvirus 5 subunit vaccine immune response in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:8216-8223. [PMID: 33172696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spores of the genus Bacillus are molecules capable of increasing the vaccine adjuvanticity. Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is responsible for meningoencephalitis that causes important economic losses in cattle. BoHV-5 glycoprotein D (gD) is a target of vaccine antigen and plays an important role in host cell penetration. The present study aimed to evaluate the adjuvanticity of Bacillus toyonensis (B.t) spores, live and heat-killed, associated with a vaccine formulated with aluminum hydroxide (alum) and the recombinant BoHV-5 glycoprotein D (rgD) in an experimental murine model. Six experimental groups of mice were subcutaneously vaccinated on day 0 and received a booster on day 21 of the experiment, with the following vaccine formulations: rgD (40 µg) + live spores (2 × 109 CFU); rgD + killed spores; rgD + live spores + alum (2.0 mg); rgD + killed spores + alum; rgD + alum, and rgD + PBS. Mice from rgD + live spores group showed an increase in rgD IgG titers from the 21st day until the end of the experiment. The groups of live and killed spores, associated to alum, had similar levels of IgG titers with no significant difference between each other; however, by the 14th and 28th day until the end of the experiment, presented higher IgG titers in comparison to the rgD + alum group. Moreover, increased serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b were detected in mice that received spores in the vaccine formulation. The spores associated with alum groups showed neutralizing BoHV-5 antibodies and high mRNA transcription of the cytokines IFN-γ (66-fold), IL-17 (14-fold), and IL-12 (2.8-fold). In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the B. toyonensis spores, live or killed, associated with alum increased the adjuvanticity for BoHV-5 rgD in mice, suggesting the use of B. toyonensis spores as a promising component for vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Reichert Maubrigades
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-900 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Denis Souza Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-900 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória Sequeira Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-900 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Centeno Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-900 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-900 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-900 Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil.
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28
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Tsvetkov YE, Paulovičová E, Paulovičová L, Farkaš P, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis of Biotin-Tagged Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Assessment of Their Immunomodulatory Activity. Front Chem 2020; 8:554732. [PMID: 33335882 PMCID: PMC7736555 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.554732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a polymer of β-(1→4)-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, is one of the main polysaccharide components of the fungal cell wall. Its N-deacetylated form, chitosan, is enzymatically produced in the cell wall by chitin deacetylases. It exerts immunomodulative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal activities with various medical applications. To study the immunobiological properties of chitosan oligosaccharides, we synthesized a series of β-(1→4)-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligomers comprising 3, 5, and 7 monosaccharide units equipped with biotin tags. The key synthetic intermediate employed for oligosaccharide chain elongation, a disaccharide thioglycoside, was prepared by orthogonal glycosylation of a 4-OH thioglycoside acceptor with a glycosyl trichloroacetimidate bearing the temporary 4-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl group. The use of silyl protection suppressed aglycon transfer and provided a high yield for the target disaccharide donor. Using synthesized chitosan oligomers, as well as previously obtained chitin counterparts, the immunobiological relationship between these synthetic oligosaccharides and RAW 264.7 cells was studied in vitro. Evaluation of cell proliferation, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg polarized cytokine expression demonstrated effective immune responsiveness and immunomodulation in RAW 264.7 cells exposed to chitin- and chitosan-derived oligosaccharides. Macrophage reactivity was accompanied by significant inductive dose- and structure-dependent protective Th1 and Th17 polarization, which was greater with exposure to chitosan- rather than chitin-derived oligosaccharides. Moreover, no antiproliferative or cytotoxic effects were observed, even following prolonged 48 h exposure. The obtained results demonstrate the potent immunobiological activity of these synthetically prepared chito-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury E. Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ema Paulovičová
- Cell Culture & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Paulovičová
- Cell Culture & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Farkaš
- Cell Culture & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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29
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Kurashova SS, Ishmukhametov AA, Dzagurova TK, Egorova MS, Balovneva MV, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Karpova OV, Markina AA, Aparin PG, Tkachenko PE, L Vov VL, Tkachenko EA. Various Adjuvants Effect on Immunogenicity of Puumala Virus Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:545371. [PMID: 33194793 PMCID: PMC7649337 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.545371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various adjuvant effects on the immunogenicity of the candidate inactivated Puumala virus vaccine were detected in BALB/c mice. Adjuvants under study were: aluminum hydroxide, spherical particles of Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein, B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, and low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide of Shigella sonnei. Aluminum hydroxide (1 mg/ml) did not affect neutralizing antibodies’ induction and vaccine stability during storage compared to immunization with the vaccine without adjuvant. B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (0.2 µg/ml), low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (50 µg/ml), and plant virus-based spherical particles (300 µg/ml) significantly enhance the humoral immune response of vaccine (p < 0.0001). Pronounced stimulation of IL-12 and IFN-ɣ was observed when mice were immunized with vaccines both with adjuvants (except of aluminum hydroxide) and without adjuvants. It has been shown that low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide contributes not only to enhance the immune response but also to stabilize vaccine immunogenicity during at least 1 year storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Kurashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aidar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translatonal Medicine and Bionechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara K Dzagurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Egorova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Balovneva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Karpova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Markina
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter G Aparin
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr E Tkachenko
- Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyatcheslav L L Vov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A Tkachenko
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Chasaide CN, Mills KH. Next-Generation Pertussis Vaccines Based on the Induction of Protective T Cells in the Respiratory Tract. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E621. [PMID: 33096737 PMCID: PMC7711671 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines protects against severe pertussis, but immunity wanes rapidly after vaccination and these vaccines do not prevent nasal colonization with Bordetella pertussis. Studies in mouse and baboon models have demonstrated that Th1 and Th17 responses are integral to protective immunity induced by previous infection with B. pertussis and immunization with whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccines. Mucosal Th17 cells, IL-17 and secretory IgA (sIgA) are particularly important in generating sustained sterilizing immunity in the nasal cavity. Current aP vaccines induce potent IgG and Th2-skewed T cell responses but are less effective at generating Th1 and Th17 responses and fail to prime respiratory tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, that maintain long-term immunity at mucosal sites. In contrast, a live attenuated pertussis vaccine, pertussis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines or aP vaccines formulated with novel adjuvants do induce cellular immune responses in the respiratory tract, especially when delivered by the intranasal route. An increased understanding of the mechanisms of sustained protective immunity, especially the role of respiratory TRM cells, will facilitate the development of next generation pertussis vaccines that not only protect against pertussis disease, but prevent nasal colonization and transmission of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
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31
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Inflammasome-Mediated Immunogenicity of Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030554. [PMID: 32971761 PMCID: PMC7565252 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern vaccines, adjuvants can be sophisticated immunological tools to promote robust and long-lasting protection against prevalent diseases. However, there is an urgent need to improve immunogenicity of vaccines in order to protect mankind from life-threatening diseases such as AIDS, malaria or, most recently, COVID-19. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of vaccine adjuvants, which generally trigger the innate immune system to enhance signal transition to adaptive immunity, resulting in pathogen-specific protection. Thus, improved understanding of vaccine adjuvant mechanisms may aid in the design of “intelligent” vaccines to provide robust protection from pathogens. Various commonly used clinical adjuvants, such as aluminium salts, saponins or emulsions, have been identified as activators of inflammasomes - multiprotein signalling platforms that drive activation of inflammatory caspases, resulting in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines of the IL-1 family. Importantly, these cytokines affect the cellular and humoral arms of adaptive immunity, which indicates that inflammasomes represent a valuable target of vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we highlight the impact of different inflammasomes on vaccine adjuvant-induced immune responses regarding their mechanisms and immunogenicity. In this context, we focus on clinically relevant adjuvants that have been shown to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and also present various experimental adjuvants that activate the NLRP3-, NLRC4-, AIM2-, pyrin-, or non-canonical inflammasomes and could have the potential to improve future vaccines. Together, we provide a comprehensive overview on vaccine adjuvants that are known, or suggested, to promote immunogenicity through inflammasome-mediated signalling.
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32
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The Molecular Interactions of ZIKV and DENV with the Type-I IFN Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030530. [PMID: 32937990 PMCID: PMC7565347 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) and Dengue Virus (DENV) are related viruses of the Flavivirus genus that cause significant disease in humans. Existing control measures have been ineffective at curbing the increasing global incidence of infection for both viruses and they are therefore prime targets for new vaccination strategies. Type-I interferon (IFN) responses are important in clearing viral infection and for generating efficient adaptive immune responses towards infection and vaccination. However, ZIKV and DENV have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to evade type-I IFN production. This review covers the molecular interactions, from detection to evasion, of these viruses with the type-I IFN response. Additionally, we discuss how this knowledge can be exploited to improve the design of new vaccine strategies.
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33
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Febrile temperature change modulates CD4 T cell differentiation via a TRPV channel-regulated Notch-dependent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22357-22366. [PMID: 32839313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922683117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is a conserved and prominent response to infection. Yet, the issue of how CD4 T cell responses are modulated if they occur at fever temperatures remains poorly addressed. We have examined the priming of naive CD4 T cells in vitro at fever temperatures, and we report notable fever-mediated modulation of their cytokine commitment. When naive CD4 T cells were primed by plate-bound anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies at moderate fever temperature (39 °C), they enhanced commitment to IL4/5/13 (Th2) and away from IFNg (Th1). This was accompanied by up-regulation of the Th2-relevant transcription factor GATA3 and reduction in the Th1-relevant transcription factor Tbet. Fever sensing by CD4 T cells involved transient receptor potential vanilloid cation channels (TRPVs) since TRPV1/TRPV4 antagonism blocked the febrile Th2 switch, while TRPV1 agonists mediated a Th2 switch at 37 °C. The febrile Th2 switch was IL4 independent, but a γ-secretase inhibitor abrogated it, and it was not found in Notch1-null CD4 T cells, identifying the Notch pathway as a major mediator. However, when naive CD4 T cells were primed via antigen and dendritic cells (DCs) at fever temperatures, the Th2 switch was abrogated via increased production of IL12 from DCs at fever temperatures. Thus, immune cells directly sense fever temperatures with likely complex physiological consequences.
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34
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Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Particles from the Echinococcus granulosus Laminated Layer. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00190-20. [PMID: 32571988 PMCID: PMC7440765 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00190-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of dendritic cells and macrophages with a variety of rigid noncellular particles triggers activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and consequent secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Noncellular particles can also be generated in the context of helminth infection, since these large pathogens often shed their outermost structures during growth and/or molting. One such structure is the massive, mucin-based, soft, flexible laminated layer (LL), which protects the larval stages of cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. The interaction of dendritic cells and macrophages with a variety of rigid noncellular particles triggers activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and consequent secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Noncellular particles can also be generated in the context of helminth infection, since these large pathogens often shed their outermost structures during growth and/or molting. One such structure is the massive, mucin-based, soft, flexible laminated layer (LL), which protects the larval stages of cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. We show that particles from the Echinococcus granulosus LL (pLL) trigger NLRP3- and caspase-1-dependent IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). This response can be elicited by pLL too large for phagocytosis and nonetheless requires actin dynamics, Syk, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). These three requirements had already been observed in our previous study on the alteration by pLL of CD86, CD40, IL-10, and IL-12 responses to LPS in BMDC; however, we now show that these alterations are independent of NLRP3 and caspase-1. In other words, an initial interaction with particles requiring actin dynamics, Syk, and PI3K, but not phagocytosis, elicits both NLRP3-dependent and NLRP3-independent responses. Intraperitoneal injection of pLL induced IL-1β, suggesting that contact with LL materials induces IL-1β in the E. granulosus infection setting. Our results extend our understanding of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by noncellular particulate materials both to helminth-derived materials and to flexible/soft materials.
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35
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Chang CJ. Immune sensing of DNA and strategies for fish DNA vaccine development. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:252-260. [PMID: 32247047 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies of DNA vaccines have shown that understanding the mechanism of DNA vaccine-mediated action is the key for vaccine development. Current knowledge has shown the presence of antigen presenting cells (APCs) involving in B and T cells at the muscle injection site and the upregulation of type I interferon (IFN-I) that initiates antiviral response and benefits adaptive immunity in fish DNA vaccines. IFN-I may be triggered by expressed antigen such as the rhabdovirus G protein encoded DNA vaccine or by plasmid DNA itself through cytosolic DNA sensing. The investigating of Toll-like receptor 9, and 21 are the CpG-motif sensors in many fish species, and the cytosolic DNA receptors DDX41 and downstream STING signaling revealed the mechanisms for IFN-I production. This review article describes the recent finding of receptors for cytosolic DNA, the STING-TBK1-IRF signaling, and the possibility of turning these findings into strategies for the future development of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Chang
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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36
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Dadaglio G, Fayolle C, Oberkampf M, Tang A, Rudilla F, Couillin I, Torheim EA, Rosenbaum P, Leclerc C. IL-17 suppresses the therapeutic activity of cancer vaccines through the inhibition of CD8 + T-cell responses. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1758606. [PMID: 32923117 PMCID: PMC7458594 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1758606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor immunity is mediated by Th1 CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which induce tumor-specific cytolysis, whereas Th17 CD4+ T cells have been described to promote tumor growth. Here, we explored the influence of IL-17 on the ability of therapeutic vaccines to induce the rejection of tumors in mice using several adjuvants known to elicit either Th1 or Th17-type immunity. Immunization of mice with Th1-adjuvanted vaccine induced high levels of IFN-γ-producing T cells, whereas injection with Th17-promoting adjuvants triggered the stimulation of both IL-17 and IFN-γ-producing T cells. However, despite their capacity to induce strong Th1 responses, these Th17-promoting adjuvants failed to induce the eradication of tumors. In addition, the systemic administration of IL-17A strongly decreases the therapeutic effect of Th1-adjuvanted vaccines in two different tumor models. This suppressive effect correlated with the capacity of systemically delivered IL-17A to inhibit the induction of CD8+ T-cell responses. The suppressive effect of IL-17A on the induction of CD8+ T-cell responses was abolished in mice depleted of neutrophils, clearly demonstrating the role played by these cells in the inhibitory effect of IL-17A in the induction of antitumor responses. These results demonstrate that even though strong Th1-type responses favor tumor control, the simultaneous activation of Th17 cells may redirect or curtail tumor-specific immunity through a mechanism involving neutrophils. This study establishes that IL-17 plays a detrimental role in the development of an effective antitumor T cell response and thus could strongly affect the efficiency of immunotherapy through the inhibition of CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Dadaglio
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Fayolle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Marine Oberkampf
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Tang
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Francesc Rudilla
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, NEM, CNRS, UMR7355 INEM, CNRS and University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Eirik A Torheim
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rosenbaum
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Inserm U1041, Paris, France
| | - Claude Leclerc
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Inserm U1041, Paris, France
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Gogoi H, Mani R, Aggarwal S, Malik A, Munde M, Bhatnagar R. Crystalline and Amorphous Preparation of Aluminum Hydroxide Nanoparticles Enhances Protective Antigen Domain 4 Specific Immunogenicity and Provides Protection Against Anthrax. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:239-252. [PMID: 32021177 PMCID: PMC6970252 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s219647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aluminum salts, although they have been used as adjuvants in many vaccine formulations since 1926, exclusively induce a Th2-biased immune response, thereby limiting their use against intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods and Results Herein, we synthesized amorphous and crystalline forms of aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles (AH nps) of 150–200 nm size range. Using Bacillus anthracis protective antigen domain 4 (D4) as a model antigen, we demonstrated that both amorphous and crystalline forms of AH nps displayed enhanced antigen D4 uptake by THP1 cells as compared to commercial adjuvant aluminum hydroxide gel (AH gel). In a mouse model, both amorphous and crystalline AH nps triggered an enhanced D4-specific Th2- and Th1-type immune response and conferred superior protection against anthrax spore challenge as compared to AH gel. Physicochemical characterization of crystalline and amorphous AH nps revealed stronger antigen D4 binding and release than AH gel. Conclusion These results demonstrate that size and crystallinity of AH nps play important roles in mediating enhanced antigen presenting cells (APCs) activation and potentiating a strong antigen-specific immune response, and are critical parameters for the rational design of alum-based Th1-type adjuvant to induce a more balanced antigen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gogoi
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Aggarwal
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshu Malik
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Munde
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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McEntee CP, Moran HBT, Muñoz-Wolf N, Liddicoat AM, Carroll EC, Erbo-Wern J, Coulter IS, Andersen P, Follmann F, Lavelle EC. Type I IFN signalling is required for cationic adjuvant formulation (CAF)01-induced cellular immunity and mucosal priming. Vaccine 2019; 38:635-643. [PMID: 31727505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite being in the midst of a global pandemic of infections caused by the pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, a vaccine capable of inducing protective immunity remains elusive. Given the C. trachomatis mucosal port of entry, a formulation compatible with mucosal administration and capable of eliciting potent genital tract immunity is highly desirable. While subunit vaccines are considered safer and better tolerated, these are typically poorly immunogenic and require co-formulation with immune-potentiating adjuvants. However, of the adjuvants licensed for use in humans, very few drive robust cellular responses, a pre-requisite for protection against C. trachomatis infection. Recently, the cationic adjuvant formulations (CAF) have been shown to induce robust humoral and cellular immunity in pre-clinical models of chlamydia, malaria and tuberculosis (TB). Here, we demonstrate that CAF01 induces potent immune responses when combined with the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of C. trachomatis following parenteral immunisation and also as part of a heterologous prime/boost regime. We show that a subcutaneous prime with CAF01-adjuvanted recombinant MOMP licenses antigen-specific immunity at distant mucosal sites which can be activated following oral antigen re-encounter in the absence of concomitant adjuvant stimulation. Finally, we shed light on the mechanism(s) through which CAF01 elicits robust antigen-specific immunity to co-formulated MOMP via type I interferon (IFN) signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P McEntee
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah B T Moran
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Wolf
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alex M Liddicoat
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth C Carroll
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeanette Erbo-Wern
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Adjuvant Research, Staten Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan S Coulter
- Sigmoid Pharma, The Invent Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Adjuvant Research, Staten Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Adjuvant Research, Staten Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Chan M, Lao FS, Chu PJ, Shpigelman J, Yao S, Nan J, Sato-Kaneko F, Li V, Hayashi T, Corr M, Carson DA, Cottam HB, Shukla NM. Structure–Activity Relationship Studies To Identify Affinity Probes in Bis-aryl Sulfonamides That Prolong Immune Stimuli. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9521-9540. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S. Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Paul J. Chu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Jonathan Shpigelman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Jason Nan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Vicky Li
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Nikunj M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Yu W, Wang J, Fu J, Yuan Y, Yu Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Chen J, Kong W. The Comparation of Intraperitoneal Injection and Nasal-only Delivery Allergic Rhinitis Model Challenged With Different Allergen Concentration. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2019; 33:145-152. [PMID: 30871345 DOI: 10.1177/1945892418817221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predominantly, 2 animal models are used for allergic rhinitis (AR), which are established by intraperitoneal (IP) injection plus local challenge and nasal-only delivery. The differences between these 2 models are not fully understood. Moreover, dose-response relationship to allergens remains unclear. METHODS In this study, mice were sensitized by nasal drops (without adjuvant, once daily for 9 weeks) to set up a nasal-only delivery AR model. Five different doses of ovalbumin (OVA) nasal drops were served to explore the dose-response to allergens. Allergic symptoms, serum antibodies (IgE, IgG2a, and IgG1), spleen supernatant and nasal lavage fluid (NALF) cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-r), and infiltrated eosinophils of the nasal mucosa were observed. RESULTS The allergic symptoms, serum antibodies, cytokines, and infiltrated eosinophils were significantly higher in the high OVA concentration compared with those of the control group. Different OVA concentrations associated with the severity of allergy. Within a certain concentration range, OVA concentration positively related to the severity of symptoms, IgE antibody level, and Th2 bias. Meanwhile, serum antibodies (IgE and IgG1) and cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 in spleen and IL-4 in NALF) were significantly higher in the classical IP injection group than in the nasal drip groups. CONCLUSION The IP injection model and the nasal-only delivery model are 2 typical models for AR that causes a different immune response. A positive dose-response relationship in the nasal-only delivery model is observed from 25 mg/mL to 0.025 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ying Wang and Yue Zhou are cofirst authors
| | - Yue Zhou
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Ying Wang and Yue Zhou are cofirst authors
| | - Yun Zhu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Yu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First Hospital of Handan, Wuhan, China
| | - Junmei Fu
- 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First People's Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- 4 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Zizhong Yu
- 5 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Chen
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Jianjun Chen and Weijia Kong contributed equally to this work
| | - Weijia Kong
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Jianjun Chen and Weijia Kong contributed equally to this work
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[Composition and mode of action of adjuvants in licensed viral vaccines]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 62:462-471. [PMID: 30830257 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-019-02921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines is largely governed by nature and the amount of antigen(s) included. Specific immune-stimulating substances, so-called adjuvants, are added to vaccine formulations to enhance and modulate the induced immune response.Adjuvants are very different in their physicochemical nature and are primarily characterized by their immune-enhancing effects. In this report, adjuvants that are components of vaccines licensed in the EU will be presented and their mode of action will be discussed.Aluminum salts have been used for almost a century as vaccine adjuvants. In recent years numerous novel immune-stimulating substances have been developed and integrated into licensed human vaccines. These novel adjuvants are not only intended to generally increase the vaccine-induced antibody titers, but are also aimed at modulating and triggering a specific immune response. The search for innovative adjuvants was considerably stimulated during development of pandemic influenza vaccines. By using squalene-containing oil-in-water adjuvants (namely AS03 and MF59), pandemic influenza vaccines were developed that were efficacious despite a significant reduction of the antigen content.The development of novel adjuvants is a highly dynamic and essential area in modern vaccine design. Some years ago, vaccines for prevention of HPV-induced cervix carcinoma and hepatitis B were licensed that contained the toll-like receptor 4 agonist 3‑O-desacyl-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a detoxified LPS version, as the adjuvant. Quite recently, a herpes zoster vaccine was licensed in Europe with a combination of MPL and the saponin QS21 as adjuvant. This combination of immune enhancers is also used in the formulations of the same manufacturer's malaria and hepatitis B vaccine.
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Farhadihosseinabadi B, Zarebkohan A, Eftekhary M, Heiat M, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Gholipourmalekabadi M. Crosstalk between chitosan and cell signaling pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2697-2718. [PMID: 31030227 PMCID: PMC11105701 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering (TE) experiences its most exciting time in the current decade. Recent progresses in TE have made it able to translate into clinical applications. To regenerate damaged tissues, TE uses biomaterial scaffolds to prepare a suitable backbone for tissue regeneration. It is well proven that the cell-biomaterial crosstalk impacts tremendously on cell biological activities such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, and others. Clarification of exact biological effects and mechanisms of a certain material on various cell types promises to have a profound impact on clinical applications of TE. Chitosan (CS) is one of the most commonly used biomaterials with many promising characteristics such as biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, biodegradability, and others. In this review, we discuss crosstalk between CS and various cell types to provide a roadmap for more effective applications of this polymer for future uses in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Farhadihosseinabadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Eftekhary
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Castro F, Pinto ML, Almeida R, Pereira F, Silva AM, Pereira CL, Santos SG, Barbosa MA, Gonçalves RM, Oliveira MJ. Chitosan/poly(γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles incorporating IFN-γ for immune response modulation in the context of colorectal cancer. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:3386-3403. [PMID: 31233057 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00393b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ therapy has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of chronic granulomatous disease and severe malignant osteopetrosis. Despite the promising IFN-γ-based therapeutic applications, its limited success in clinical trials is related with limitations inherent to its molecular properties and with the difficulties to deliver it locally or with adequate periodicity to achieve a therapeutic effect. We have previously shown that chitosan (Ch)/poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) nanoparticles (NPs) are immunostimulatory, impairing colorectal cancer cell invasion. Ch is a biocompatible cationic polysaccharide extensively studied and already approved for biomedical applications while γ-PGA is a poly(amino acid), biodegradable and negatively charged. Here, we evaluated the potential of Ch/γ-PGA NPs as vehicles for IFN-γ and their ability to modulate immune cells' phenotype. In this study, Ch/IFN-γ/γ-PGA nanoparticles (IFN-γ-NPs) prepared by a co-acervation method, presenting a size of approximately 180 nm and a low polydispersity index, were tested for their immunomodulatory activity. These IFN-γ-NPs induced an immunostimulatory profile on dendritic cells (DCs) with increased cell surface costimulatory molecules and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α. IFN-γ-NPs also modulated the IL-10-stimulated macrophage profile, increasing their ability to secrete the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α. Concomitantly, these phenotypic alterations enhanced T cell proliferation. In addition, the ability of DCs and macrophages to induce colorectal cancer cell invasion was hampered in the presence of IFN-γ-NPs. Although the major observations were mediated by Ch/γ-PGA NPs, the incorporation of IFN-γ into NPs potentiated the expression of CD40 and CD86, and the impairment of colorectal cancer cell invasion. This work bridges the previously reported immunostimulatory capacity of Ch/γ-PGA NPs with their potential as carriers for immunomodulatory molecules, like IFN-γ, opening new avenues for their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. and ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta L Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. and CNC - Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Almeida
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Flávia Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. and CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia M Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. and ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina L Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. and ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana G Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. and ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A Barbosa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. and ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel M Gonçalves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. and Departamento de Patologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Yousefi S, Abbassi-Daloii T, Tahmoorespur M, Sekhavati MH. Nanoparticle or conventional adjuvants: which one improves immune response against Brucellosis? IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:360-366. [PMID: 31168339 PMCID: PMC6535204 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.31748.7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Brucellosis is a common infectious disease among animals and humans. While subunit vaccines could be used as an efficient strategy against pathogens, they usually seem to be less immunogenic than live or killed vaccines. However, the use of a suitable adjuvant accompanied by subunit vaccines can be a good alternative to enhance the immune response. Materials and Methods: To find a proper adjuvant against Brucellosis, the immune response of induced mice by Aluminum Hydroxide (AH), Incomplete Freund (IFA), and Chitosan Nanoparticle (CS) adjuvants in individuals and in combination with CS were assessed. Results: Immunization with CS stimulated higher interferon gamma (IFN-γ) immunity, while there were no significant differences between rOMP25 (IFA), rOMP25 (AH), rOMP25 (AH-CS) and rOMP25 (IFA-CS) recombinant proteins. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) analysis revealed there were no significant differencesbetween immunized groups and the positive control group, except for the treatment formulated in single IFA. Furthermore, unlike IFN-γ, there was a reverse interleukin-4 (IL-4) immune response trend for treatments, as rOMP25 (CS) displayed the lowest response. rOMP25 (CS) induced higher titer of total antibody than the other ones. Although the recombinant proteins emulsified in different adjuvants induced similar titer of IgG1 antibody, the ones that were formulated in CS, IFA and IFA-CS showed a higher titer of IgG2a. The cell proliferation assay demonstrating the antigen-specific cell proliferative response could be promoted after immunization with CS. Conclusion: CS whether single or in combination with IF adjuvants has potential to improve Th1-Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Yousefi
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Clumping factor B is an important virulence factor during Staphylococcus aureus skin infection and a promising vaccine target. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007713. [PMID: 31009507 PMCID: PMC6497315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus expresses a number of cell wall-anchored proteins that mediate adhesion and invasion of host cells and tissues and promote immune evasion, consequently contributing to the virulence of this organism. The cell wall-anchored protein clumping factor B (ClfB) has previously been shown to facilitate S. aureus nasal colonization through high affinity interactions with the cornified envelope in the anterior nares. However, the role of ClfB during skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) has never been investigated. This study reveals a novel role for ClfB during SSTIs. ClfB is crucial in determining the abscess structure and bacterial burden early in infection and this is dependent upon a specific interaction with the ligand loricrin which is expressed within the abscess tissue. Targeting ClfB using a model vaccine that induced both protective humoral and cellular responses, leads to protection during S. aureus skin infection. This study therefore identifies ClfB as an important antigen for future SSTI vaccines. Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), the treatment of which is becoming increasingly difficult due to antibiotic resistance. An anti-S. aureus vaccine offers a potential solution, but a better understanding of how S. aureus causes pathology during SSTI is required to identify effective vaccine targets. Here, we identify an important virulence determinant during S. aureus SSTI. Clumping factor B (ClfB), a surface protein expressed by S. aureus is shown to promote skin abscess formation by binding to the host protein loricrin. Targeting ClfB using a model vaccine conferred significant protection during S. aureus SSTI. In this study, we uncover an entirely novel mechanism by which S. aureus forms abscesses during skin infection, identifying an important therapeutic target for treating S. aureus SSTI.
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Cohen E, Merzendorfer H. Chitin/Chitosan: Versatile Ecological, Industrial, and Biomedical Applications. EXTRACELLULAR SUGAR-BASED BIOPOLYMERS MATRICES 2019; 12. [PMCID: PMC7115017 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12919-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a linear polysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine, which is highly abundant in nature and mainly produced by marine crustaceans. Chitosan is obtained by hydrolytic deacetylation. Both polysaccharides are renewable resources, simply and cost-effectively extracted from waste material of fish industry, mainly crab and shrimp shells. Research over the past five decades has revealed that chitosan, in particular, possesses unique and useful characteristics such as chemical versatility, polyelectrolyte properties, gel- and film-forming ability, high adsorption capacity, antimicrobial and antioxidative properties, low toxicity, and biocompatibility and biodegradability features. A plethora of chemical chitosan derivatives have been synthesized yielding improved materials with suggested or effective applications in water treatment, biosensor engineering, agriculture, food processing and storage, textile additives, cosmetics fabrication, and in veterinary and human medicine. The number of studies in this research field has exploded particularly during the last two decades. Here, we review recent advances in utilizing chitosan and chitosan derivatives in different technical, agricultural, and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Cohen
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- School of Science and Technology, Institute of Biology – Molecular Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Lebre F, Lavelle EC, Borges O. Easy and effective method to generate endotoxin-free chitosan particles for immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:920-928. [PMID: 30805935 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cationic biopolymer chitosan (CH) has emerged as a promising candidate adjuvant due to its safety profile and immunostimulatory properties. The presence of endotoxin contamination in biomaterials is generally underappreciated and can generate misleading results. It is important to establish a convenient methodology to obtain large amounts of high quality chitosan nanoparticles for biomedical applications. METHODS We developed an easy method to generate endotoxin-free chitosan and assessed its purity using the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and by measuring dendritic cell activation. KEY FINDINGS Purified chitosan-based formulations alone failed to induce production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) generated from C57BL/6 mice, while maintaining its ability to promote IL-1β secretion in combination with the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 agonist, CpG. Moreover, BMDCs from C3H/HeN and TLR4-deficient mice, C3H/HeJ were stimulated with endotoxin-free chitosan-based formulations and no differences were observed in IL-6 and IL-1β secretion, excluding the involvement of TLR-4 in the immunomodulatory effects of chitosan. CONCLUSIONS The developed method provides simple guidelines for the production of endotoxin-free chitosan, ideal for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Lebre
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin and RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin and RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Lu F, Mosley YYC, Carmichael B, Brown DD, HogenEsch H. Formulation of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant with TLR agonists poly(I:C) and CpG enhances the magnitude and avidity of the humoral immune response. Vaccine 2019; 37:1945-1953. [PMID: 30803844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines generally require adjuvants to achieve optimal immune responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are promising immune potentiators, but rapid diffusion from the injection site reduces their local effective concentration and may cause systemic reactions. In this study, we investigated the potential of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (AH) to adsorb the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) and TLR9 agonist CpG and compared the effect of the combination adjuvant on the immune response with either the TLR agonists or AH alone in mice. Poly(I:C) and CpG readily adsorbed onto AH and this combination adjuvant induced a stronger IgG1 and IgG2a immune response with a significant increase of antibody avidity. The combination adjuvant enhanced antigen uptake and activation of dendritic cells in vitro. It induced an inflammatory response at the injection site similar to AH but without eosinophils which are typically observed with AH. A distinctive antigen-containing monocyte/macrophage population with an intermediate level of CD11c expression was identified in the draining lymph nodes after immunization with TLR agonists and the combination adjuvant. Injection of the combination adjuvant did not induce an increase of TNFα and CXCL10 in serum in contrast to the injection of soluble TLR agonists. These results indicate that this combination adjuvant is a promising formulation to solve some of the unmet needs of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjia Lu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yung-Yi C Mosley
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Brooke Carmichael
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Devonte D Brown
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Zhao H, Yang J, Qian Q, Wu M, Li M, Xu W. Mesenteric CD103 +DCs Initiate Switched Coxsackievirus B3 VP1-Specific IgA Response to Intranasal Chitosan-DNA Vaccine Through Secreting BAFF/IL-6 and Promoting Th17/Tfh Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2986. [PMID: 30619341 PMCID: PMC6305319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal chitosan-formulated DNA vaccination promotes IgA secretion in the intestine. However, the mechanism whereby chitosan-DNA skews IgA class switch recombination (CSR) of B cells in the Gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT) is not fully resolved. In this study, we investigated the effects of nasally administered chitosan-DNA (pcDNA3.1-VP1 plasmid encoding VP1 capsid protein of Coxsackievirus B3) on IgA production, DC activation and Tfh/Th17 response in the intestine. Compared to DNA immunization, intranasal chitosan-DNA vaccination induced antigen-specific IgA production in feces, a pronounced switching of antigen-specific IgA+ plasmablast B cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and an enhanced expression of post-recombination Iα-CH transcripts/IgA germline transcript (αGT) as well as activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in MLN B cells. MLN Tfh frequency was markedly enhanced by chitosan-DNA, and was associated with VP1-specific IgA titer. 24 h after immunization, intranasal chitosan-DNA induced a recruitment of CD103+DCs into the MLN that paralleled a selective loss of CD103+DCs in the lamina propria (LP). In vivo activated MLN-derived CD103+DCs produced high levels of IL-6 and BAFF in response to chitosan-DNA, which up-regulated transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) expression on MLN B cells. Upon co-culture with IgM+B in the presence of chitosan-DNA, MLN CD103+DCs induced IgA production in a T-dependent manner; and this IgA-promoting effect of CD103+DC was blocked by targeting TACI and, to a lower extent, by blocking IL-6. MLN CD103+DCs displayed an enhanced capacity to induce an enhanced CD4+Th17 response in vivo and in vitro, and IL-17A deficient mice had a pronounced reduction of specific intestinal IgA following immunization. Taken together, mesenteric CD103+DCs are indispensable for the adjuvant activity of chitosan in enhancing DNA vaccine-specific IgA switching in gut through activating BAFF-TACI and IL-6-IL-6R signaling, and through inducing Th17/Tfh differentiation in the MLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Manli Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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