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Sepúlveda-Alfaro J, Catalán EA, Vallejos OP, Ramos-Tapia I, Madrid-Muñoz C, Mendoza-León MJ, Suazo ID, Rivera-Asin E, Silva PH, Alvarez-Mardones O, Castillo-Godoy DP, Riedel CA, Schinnerling K, Ugalde JA, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Melo-Gonzalez F. Human metapneumovirus respiratory infection affects both innate and adaptive intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330209. [PMID: 38404579 PMCID: PMC10884822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly in children, immunocompromised people, and the elderly. Several respiratory viruses can induce intestinal inflammation and alterations in intestinal microbiota composition. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the major respiratory viruses contributing to infant mortality in children under 5 years of age worldwide, and the effect of this infection at the gut level has not been studied. Methods Here, we evaluated the distal effects of HMPV infection on intestinal microbiota and inflammation in a murine model, analyzing several post-infection times (days 1, 3, and 5). Six to eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were infected intranasally with HMPV, and mice inoculated with a non-infectious supernatant (Mock) were used as a control group. Results We did not detect HMPV viral load in the intestine, but we observed significant changes in the transcription of IFN-γ in the colon, analyzed by qPCR, at day 1 post-infection as compared to the control group. Furthermore, we analyzed the frequencies of different innate and adaptive immune cells in the colonic lamina propria, using flow cytometry. The frequency of monocyte populations was altered in the colon of HMPV -infected mice at days 1 and 3, with no significant difference from control mice at day 5 post-infection. Moreover, colonic CD8+ T cells and memory precursor effector CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in HMPV-infected mice at day 5, suggesting that HMPV may also alter intestinal adaptive immunity. Additionally, we did not find alterations in antimicrobial peptide expression, the frequency of colonic IgA+ plasma cells, and levels of fecal IgA. Some minor alterations in the fecal microbiota composition of HMPV -infected mice were detected using 16s rRNA sequencing. However, no significant differences were found in β-diversity and relative abundance at the genus level. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the alterations in intestinal immunity following respiratory infection with HMPV infection. These effects do not seem to be mediated by direct viral infection in the intestinal tract. Our results indicate that HMPV can affect colonic innate and adaptive immunity but does not significantly alter the microbiota composition, and further research is required to understand the mechanisms inducing these distal effects in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Sepúlveda-Alfaro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A. Catalán
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar P. Vallejos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Ramos-Tapia
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - María J. Mendoza-León
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isidora D. Suazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Rivera-Asin
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro H. Silva
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Alvarez-Mardones
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan A. Ugalde
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-Gonzalez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Miranda-Katz M, Sojati J, Tollefson SJ, Manni ML, Alcorn JF, Sarkar SN, Williams JV. Distinct roles for type I and type III interferons in virulent human metapneumovirus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011840. [PMID: 38315735 PMCID: PMC10868789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory infection in children and adults worldwide. There are four genetic subgroups of HMPV and both neutralizing antibodies and T cells contribute to protection. However, little is known about mechanisms of pathogenesis and most published work is based on a few extensively passaged, laboratory-adapted strains of HMPV. In this study, we isolated and characterized a panel of low passage HMPV clinical isolates representing all four genetic subgroups. The clinical isolates exhibited lower levels of in vitro replication compared to a lab-adapted strain. We compared disease phenotypes using a well-established mouse model. Several virulent isolates caused severe weight loss, lung pathology, airway dysfunction, and fatal disease in mice, which was confirmed in three inbred mouse strains. Disease severity did not correlate with lung viral titer, as virulent strains exhibited restricted replication in the lower airway. Virulent HMPV isolates were associated with markedly increased proinflammatory cytokine production and neutrophil influx; however, depletion of neutrophils or genetic ablation of inflammasome components did not reverse disease. Virulent clinical isolates induced markedly increased type I and type III interferon (IFN) secretion in vitro and in vivo. STAT1/2-deficient mice lacking both type I and type III IFN signaling showed reduced disease severity and increased lung viral replication. Inhibition of type I IFN signaling using a blocking antibody or genetic ablation of the type I IFN receptor reduced pathology with minimal effect on viral replication. Conversely, blockade of type III IFN signaling with a neutralizing antibody or genetic ablation of the IFN-lambda receptor had no effect on pathogenesis but restored viral replication. Collectively, these results demonstrate distinct roles for type I and type III IFN in HMPV pathogenesis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiuyang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Margot Miranda-Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jorna Sojati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sharon J. Tollefson
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Manni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Saumendra N. Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Pavord ID, Hoyte FCL, Lindsley AW, Ambrose CS, Spahn JD, Roseti SL, Cook B, Griffiths JM, Hellqvist Å, Martin N, Llanos JP, Martin N, Colice G, Corren J. Tezepelumab reduces exacerbations across all seasons in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma (NAVIGATOR). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 131:587-597.e3. [PMID: 37619779 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbation frequencies vary throughout the year owing to seasonal triggers. Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In the phase 3 NAVIGATOR study (NCT03347279), tezepelumab significantly reduced the annualized asthma exacerbation rate (AAER) vs placebo in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of tezepelumab on asthma exacerbations across all seasons in NAVIGATOR patients (post hoc). METHODS NAVIGATOR was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients (12-80 years old) were randomized 1:1 to tezepelumab 210 mg or placebo subcutaneously every 4 weeks for 52 weeks. AAER over 52 weeks was assessed by season. Data from patients in the Southern Hemisphere were transformed to align with Northern Hemisphere seasons. RESULTS Tezepelumab reduced the AAER vs placebo by 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52-72) in winter, 46% (95% CI, 26-61) in spring, 62% (95% CI, 48-73) in summer, and 54% (95% CI, 41-64) in fall. In matched climates, during the spring allergy season (March 1 to June 15) and ragweed allergy season (September), tezepelumab reduced the AAER vs placebo in patients with seasonal allergy by 59% (95% CI, 29-77) and 70% (95% CI, 33-87), respectively. In patients with perennial allergy and in those with seasonal allergy, tezepelumab reduced the AAER vs placebo across all seasons. CONCLUSION Tezepelumab reduced exacerbations across all seasons vs placebo in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma, including patients with seasonal and perennial allergies. These data further support the efficacy of tezepelumab in a broad population of patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03347279 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03347279).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Flavia C L Hoyte
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Christopher S Ambrose
- Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Joseph D Spahn
- Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Stephanie L Roseti
- Late-Stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Bill Cook
- Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Janet M Griffiths
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Åsa Hellqvist
- Biometrics, Late-stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicole Martin
- Biometrics, Late-stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts; Cytel Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Neil Martin
- Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gene Colice
- Late-Stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Corren
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Kanninen T, Tao L, Romero R, Xu Y, Arenas-Hernandez M, Galaz J, Liu Z, Miller D, Levenson D, Greenberg JM, Panzer J, Padron J, Theis KR, Gomez-Lopez N. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin participates in the host response to intra-amniotic inflammation leading to preterm labor and birth. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:450-463. [PMID: 37422429 PMCID: PMC10530449 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the intra-amniotic host response of women with spontaneous preterm labor (sPTL) and birth. Amniotic fluid and chorioamniotic membranes (CAM) were collected from women with sPTL who delivered at term (n = 30) or preterm without intra-amniotic inflammation (n = 34), with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation (SIAI, n = 27), or with intra-amniotic infection (IAI, n = 17). Amnion epithelial cells (AEC), Ureaplasma parvum, and Sneathia spp. were also utilized. The expression of TSLP, TSLPR, and IL-7Rα was evaluated in amniotic fluid or CAM by RT-qPCR and/or immunoassays. AEC co-cultured with Ureaplasma parvum or Sneathia spp. were evaluated for TSLP expression by immunofluorescence and/or RT-qPCR. Our data show that TSLP was elevated in amniotic fluid of women with SIAI or IAI and expressed by the CAM. TSLPR and IL-7Rα had detectable gene and protein expression in the CAM; yet, CRLF2 was specifically elevated with IAI. While TSLP localized to all layers of the CAM and increased with SIAI or IAI, TSLPR and IL-7Rα were minimal and became most apparent with IAI. Co-culture experiments indicated that Ureaplasma parvum and Sneathia spp. differentially upregulated TSLP expression in AEC. Together, these findings indicate that TSLP is a central component of the intra-amniotic host response during sPTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Kanninen
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Dustyn Levenson
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jonathan M Greenberg
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jonathan Panzer
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Justin Padron
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, MD, 20892 and Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Urbani F, Cometa M, Martelli C, Santoli F, Rana R, Ursitti A, Bonato M, Baraldo S, Contoli M, Papi A. Update on virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:1259-1272. [PMID: 37470413 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2239504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Viral infections are common triggers for asthma exacerbation. Subjects with asthma are more susceptible to viral infections and develop more severe or long-lasting lower respiratory tract symptoms than healthy individuals owing to impaired immune responses. Of the many viruses associated with asthma exacerbation, rhinovirus (RV) is the most frequently identified virus in both adults and children. AREAS COVERED We reviewed epidemiological and clinical links and mechanistic studies on virus-associated asthma exacerbations. We included sections on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the latest evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in asthma patients, and past and future searches for therapeutic and prevention targets. EXPERT OPINION Early treatment or prevention of viral infections might significantly reduce the rate of asthma exacerbation, which is one of the key points of disease management. Although it is hypothetically possible nowadays to interfere with every step of the infectious cycle of respiratory tract viruses, vaccination development has provided some of the most encouraging results. Future research should proceed toward the development of a wider spectrum of vaccines to achieve a better quality of life for patients with asthma and to reduce the economic burden on the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Urbani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marianna Cometa
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Martelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Santoli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Rana
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Ursitti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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Significance of Pulmonary Endothelial Injury and the Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostanoid Signaling. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010117. [PMID: 36671689 PMCID: PMC9855370 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium plays a key role in the dynamic balance of hemodynamic, humoral and inflammatory processes in the human body. Its central importance and the resulting therapeutic concepts are the subject of ongoing research efforts and form the basis for the treatment of numerous diseases. The pulmonary endothelium is an essential component for the gas exchange in humans. Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction has serious consequences for the oxygenation and the gas exchange in humans with the potential of consecutive multiple organ failure. Therefore, in this review, the dysfunction of the pulmonary endothel due to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, ventilator-related injury, and aspiration is presented in a medical context. Selected aspects of the interaction of endothelial cells with primarily alveolar macrophages are reviewed in more detail. Elucidation of underlying causes and mechanisms of damage and repair may lead to new therapeutic approaches. Specific emphasis is placed on the processes leading to the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and downstream prostanoid-based signaling pathways associated with this enzyme.
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Dong Z, Myklebust Å, Johnsen IB, Jartti T, Døllner H, Risnes K, DeWan AT. Type 2 cytokine genes as allergic asthma risk factors after viral bronchiolitis in early childhood. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1054119. [PMID: 36685501 PMCID: PMC9852873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies of asthma have identified associations with variants in type-2 related genes. Also, specific interactions between genetic variants and viral bronchiolitis in the development of asthma has been suggested. Objective To conduct a gene-based analysis of genetic variants in type 2 cytokine related genes as risk factors for allergic asthma at school age, and further, to study their interaction with specific viral infections in early childhood. Methods A prospectively investigated cohort of children with previous bronchiolitis and controls came for follow-up at school age. The research visit, blinded to viral exposure, included detailed lung function tests, laboratory investigation, and questionnaires. Allergic asthma was defined as typical symptoms plus objective variable airway obstruction, in addition to laboratory verified atopy (elevated eosinophil count or sensitization to an allergen). Targeted and complete sequencing was performed for nine type 2 cytokine candidate genes: IL4, 5, 13, 25, 33 and 37, IL17RB, CRLF2 and TSLP. Results At follow-up, there were 109 children with genetic data, 91 with a history of bronchiolitis (46% respiratory syncytial virus, 24% human rhinovirus, 15% human metapneumovirus and 14% mixed viral etiology) and 18 without. The median age was 9.4 years (range 6-13) and 41 (38%) had laboratory verified atopy. Twenty-one children (19%) met the definition of allergic asthma. After adjusting for age, sex and five viral categories, IL33 achieved nominal significance (p = 0.017) for a positive association with allergic asthma development. In the gene-virus interaction analysis, the variant set in IL17RB demonstrated a nominally significant positive interaction with human metapneumovirus infection (p=0.05). Conclusion The results highlight the multifactorial nature of allergic asthma risk, with both viral infection and inherited genetic variants contributing to increasing risk. Results for IL33 and IL17RB were nominally significant and are potential candidate targets for designing therapeutics and early screening, but these results must be replicated in an independent study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States,Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Åsne Myklebust
- Children’s Clinic, St Olav Hospital, University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingvild Bjellmo Johnsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Døllner
- Children’s Clinic, St Olav Hospital, University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Risnes
- Children’s Clinic, St Olav Hospital, University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,*Correspondence: Andrew T. DeWan, ; Kari Risnes,
| | - Andrew T. DeWan
- Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Andrew T. DeWan, ; Kari Risnes,
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8
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Williams JV. Neonatal Immune Responses to Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863149. [PMID: 35493465 PMCID: PMC9047724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable immunologic challenge with a number of possibly conflicting goals: simultaneously eliminate the acute pathogen, preserve the primary gas-exchange function of the lung parenchyma in a developing lung, and limit long-term sequelae of both the infection and the inflammatory response. The latter has been most well studied in the context of childhood asthma, where multiple epidemiologic studies have linked early life viral infection with subsequent bronchospasm. This review will focus on the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV) and examine the protective and pathogenic host responses within the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Olivia B. Parks
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John V. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Murdaca G, Paladin F, Tonacci A, Borro M, Greco M, Gerosa A, Isola S, Allegra A, Gangemi S. Involvement of IL-33 in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Major Respiratory Viral Infections: Future Perspectives for Personalized Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030715. [PMID: 35327516 PMCID: PMC8944994 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a key cytokine involved in type-2 immunity and allergic airway disease. At the level of lung epithelial cells, where it is clearly expressed, IL-33 plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs. It has been widely demonstrated that in the course of respiratory virus infections, the release of IL-33 increases, with consequent pro-inflammatory effects and consequent exacerbation of the clinical symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases. In our work, we analyzed the pathogenetic and prognostic involvement of IL-33 during the main respiratory viral infections, with particular interest in the recent SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic and the aim of determining a possible connection point on which to act with a targeted therapy that is able to improve the clinical outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Paladin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Matteo Borro
- Internal Medicine Department, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Monica Greco
- Internal Medicine Department, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gerosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Stefania Isola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.I.); (S.G.)
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, Division of Hematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.I.); (S.G.)
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10
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Vrsalović R, Korošec P, Štefanović IM, Bidovec-Stojkovič U, Čičak B, Harjaček M, Škrgat S. Value of thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a biomarker in children with asthma. Respir Med 2022; 193:106757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Li Y, Tang XX. Abnormal Airway Mucus Secretion Induced by Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701443. [PMID: 34650550 PMCID: PMC8505958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway mucus barrier is a primary defensive layer at the airway surface. Mucins are the major structural components of airway mucus that protect the respiratory tract. Respiratory viruses invade human airways and often induce abnormal mucin overproduction and airway mucus secretion, leading to airway obstruction and disease. The mechanism underlying the virus-induced abnormal airway mucus secretion has not been fully studied so far. Understanding the mechanisms by which viruses induce airway mucus hypersecretion may open new avenues to treatment. In this article, we elaborate the clinical and experimental evidence that respiratory viruses cause abnormal airway mucus secretion, review the underlying mechanisms, and also discuss the current research advance as well as potential strategies to treat the abnormal airway mucus secretion caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Rey-Jurado E, Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Becerra D, Porcelli SA, Carreño LJ, Kalergis AM. Contribution of NKT cells to the immune response and pathogenesis triggered by respiratory viruses. Virulence 2021; 11:580-593. [PMID: 32463330 PMCID: PMC7549913 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1770492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause acute respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes, and their TCRs recognize glycolipids bound to the MHC-I-like molecule, CD1d. These cells modulate the inflammatory response in viral infections. Here, we evaluated the contribution of NKT cells in both hRSV and hMPV infections. A significant decrease in the number of neutrophils, eosinophils, and CD103+DCs infiltrating to the lungs, as well as an increased production of IFN-γ, were observed upon hRSV-infection in CD1d-deficient BALB/c mice, as compared to wild-type control mice. However, this effect was not observed in the CD1d-deficient BALB/c group, upon infection with hMPV. Importantly, reduced expression of CD1d in CD11b+ DCs and epithelial cells was found in hRSV -but not hMPV-infected mice. Besides, a reduction in the expression of CD1d in alveolar macrophages of lungs from hRSV- and hMPV-infected mice was found. Such reduction of CD1d expression interfered with NKT cells activation, and consequently IL-2 secretion, as characterized by in vitro experiments for both hRSV and hMPV infections. Furthermore, increased numbers of NKT cells recruited to the lungs in response to hRSV- but not hMPV-infection was detected, resulting in a reduction in the expression of IFN-γ and IL-2 by these cells. In conclusion, both hRSV and hMPV might be differently impairing NKT cells function and contributing to the immune response triggered by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rey-Jurado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Becerra
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
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13
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Martinez-Espinoza I, Banos-Lara MDR, Guerrero-Plata A. The Importance of miRNA Identification During Respiratory Viral Infections. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 3:207-214. [PMID: 34541575 PMCID: PMC8445226 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of small non-coding RNA MicroRNAs (miRNAs) during respiratory viral infections is of critical importance as they are implicated in the viral replication, immune responses and severity of disease pathogenesis. Respiratory viral infections have an extensive impact on human health across the globe. For that is essential to understand the factors that regulate the host response against infections. The differential miRNA pattern induced by respiratory viruses has been reported, including include influenza A virus (IAV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (AdV), and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this commentary, we highlight the importance of miRNAs identification and the contribution of these molecules in the modulation of the immune response through the upregulation and downregulation of miRNAs expression in different immune and non-immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Martinez-Espinoza
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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14
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Zeng Z, Hong XY, Li Y, Chen W, Ye G, Li Y, Luo Y. Serum-soluble ST2 as a novel biomarker reflecting inflammatory status and illness severity in patients with COVID-19. Biomark Med 2020; 14:1619-1629. [PMID: 33336592 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The authors studied the role of soluble ST2 (sST2) in COVID-19 and its relationship with inflammatory status and disease severity. Materials & methods: Serum levels of sST2 and interleukin (IL)-33, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid protein (SAA), IL-6 and procalcitonin (PCT), and T lymphocyte subsets from 80 subjects diagnosed with COVID-19 including 36 mild, 41 severe and three asymptomatic cases were tested. Results: Serum sST2 levels were significantly increased in COVID-19 patients, which were positively correlated with CRP, but negatively correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts. Serum sST2 levels in nonsurviving severe cases were persistently high during disease progression. Conclusion: Serum sST2 level test is helpful for reflecting inflammatory status and illness severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guangming Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
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15
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Moulson AJ, Av-Gay Y. BCG immunomodulation: From the 'hygiene hypothesis' to COVID-19. Immunobiology 2020; 226:152052. [PMID: 33418320 PMCID: PMC7833102 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The century-old tuberculosis vaccine BCG has been the focus of renewed interest due to its well-documented ability to protect against various non-TB pathogens. Much of these broad spectrum protective effects are attributed to trained immunity, the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells. As BCG vaccine is safe, cheap, widely available, amendable to use as a recombinant vector, and immunogenic, it has immense potential for use as an immunotherapeutic agent for various conditions including autoimmune, allergic, neurodegenerative, and neoplastic diseases as well as a preventive measure against infectious agents. Of particular interest is the use of BCG vaccination to counteract the increasing prevalence of autoimmune and allergic conditions in industrialized countries attributable to reduced infectious burden as described by the ‘hygiene hypothesis.’ Furthermore, BCG vaccination has been proposed as a potential therapy to mitigate spread and disease burden of COVID-19 as a bridge to development of a specific vaccine and recombinant BCG expression vectors may prove useful for the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 antigens (rBCG-SARS-CoV-2) to induce long-term immunity. Understanding the immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccine in these disease contexts is therefore critical. To that end, we review here BCG-induced immunomodulation focusing specifically on BCG-induced trained immunity and how it relates to the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Moulson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Infectious Disease, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Prospects of and Barriers to the Development of Epitope-Based Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060481. [PMID: 32570728 PMCID: PMC7350342 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory illnesses in children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. Although this pathogen was only discovered in 2001, an enormous amount of research has been conducted in order to develop safe and effective vaccines to prevent people from contracting the disease. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the most promising experimental B- and T-cell epitopes of human metapneumovirus for the rational design of HMPV vaccines using vector delivery systems, paying special attention to the conservation of these epitopes among different lineages/genotypes of HMPV. The prospects of the successful development of an epitope-based HMPV vaccine are discussed in the context of recent findings regarding HMPV’s ability to modulate host immunity. In particular, we discuss the lack of data on experimental human CD4 T-cell epitopes for HMPV despite the role of CD4 lymphocytes in both the induction of higher neutralizing antibody titers and the establishment of CD8 memory T-cell responses. We conclude that current research should be focused on searching for human CD4 T-cell epitopes of HMPV that can help us to design a safe and cross-protective epitope-based HMPV vaccine.
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17
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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18
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Human Metapneumovirus Establishes Persistent Infection in Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Primes a Th2-Skewed Immune Response. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060824. [PMID: 32486193 PMCID: PMC7357125 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections. HMPV infection has been hypothesized to alter dendritic cell (DC) immune response; however, many questions regarding HMPV pathogenesis within the infected lung remain unanswered. Here, we show that HMPV productively infects human lung microvascular endothelial cells (L-HMVECs). The release of infectious virus occurs for up to more than 30 days of culture without producing overt cytopathic effects and medium derived from persistently HMPV-infected L-HMVECs (secretome) induced monocyte-derived DCs to prime naïve CD4 T-cells toward a Th2 phenotype. Moreover, we demonstrated that infected secretomes trigger DCs to up-regulate OX40L expression and OX40L neutralization abolished the pro-Th2 effect that is induced by HMPV-secretome. We clarified secretome from HMPV by size exclusion and ultracentrifugation with the aim to characterize the role of viral particles in the observed pro-Th2 effect. In both cases, the percentage of IL-4-producing cells and expression of OX40L returned at basal levels. Finally, we showed that HMPV, per se, could reproduce the ability of secretome to prime pro-Th2 DCs. These results suggest that HMPV, persistently released by L-HMVECs, might take part in the development of a skewed, pro-Th2 lung microenvironment.
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19
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Ballegeer M, Saelens X. Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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20
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542&set/a 882111696+808152660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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21
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/v12050542
expr 836379838 + 819716165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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22
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Portugal CAA, de Araújo Castro Í, Prates MCM, Gagliardi TB, Martins RB, de Jesus BLS, de Souza Cardoso R, da Silva MVG, Aragon DC, Arruda Neto E, Alves Filho JCF, Cunha FDQ, Carlotti APDCP. IL-33 and ST2 as predictors of disease severity in children with viral acute lower respiratory infection. Cytokine 2020; 127:154965. [PMID: 31901762 PMCID: PMC7129023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms influencing severity of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in children are not established. We aimed to assess the role of inflammatory markers and respiratory viruses in ALRI severity. METHODS Concentrations of interleukin(IL)-33, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity (sST)2, IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-4, IL-6 and IL- 8 and types of respiratory viruses were evaluated in children at the first and fifth days after hospital admission. Disease severity was defined as need for mechanical ventilation. RESULTS Seventy-nine children <5 years-old were included; 33(41.8%) received mechanical ventilation. No associations between virus type, viral load or co-detections and severity of disease were observed. Detection of IL-33 and sST2 in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) on admission were associated with higher risk for mechanical ventilation (RR = 2.89 and RR = 4.57, respectively). IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations were higher on Day 5 in mechanically ventilated children. IL-6 NPA concentrations decreased from Day 1 to Day 5 in children who did not receive mechanical ventilation. Increase in sST2 NPA concentrations from Day 1 to Day 5 was associated with longer hospital length of stay (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS An exacerbated local activation of the IL-33/ST2 axis and persistently high sST2 concentrations over time were associated with severity of viral ALRI in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ítalo de Araújo Castro
- Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mirela Cristina Moreira Prates
- Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Talita Bianca Gagliardi
- Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Bragança Martins
- Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruna Laís Santos de Jesus
- Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Souza Cardoso
- Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Gomes da Silva
- Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Davi Casale Aragon
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda Neto
- Department of Cell Biology and Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando de Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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23
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Libster R, Esteban I, Bianchi A, Alva Grimaldi L, Dueñas K, Sancillo A, Rodriguez A, Ferrero F, Stein K, Acosta PL, Ferolla FM, Bergel E, Caballero MT, Polack FP. Role for Maternal Asthma in Severe Human Metapneumovirus Lung Disease Susceptibility in Children. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:2072-2079. [PMID: 31965186 PMCID: PMC7107446 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severity of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) lower respiratory illness (LRTI) is considered similar to that observed for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, differences in severity between these pathogens have been noted, suggesting the degree of illness may vary in different populations. Moreover, a potential association between hMPV and asthma also suggests that hMPV may preferentially affect asthmatic subjects. Methods In a population-based surveillance study in children aged <2 years admitted for severe LRTI in Argentina, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested by RT-PCR for hMPV, RSV, influenza A, and human rhinovirus. Results Of 3947 children, 383 (10%) were infected with hMPV. The hospitalization rate for hMPV LRTI was 2.26 per 1000 children (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04–2.49). Thirty-nine (10.2%) patients infected with hMPV experienced life-threatening disease (LTD; 0.23 per 1000 children; 95% CI, .16–.31/1000), and 2 died (mortality rate 0.024 per 1000; 95% CI, .003–.086). In hMPV-infected children birth to an asthmatic mother was an increased risk for LTD (odds ratio, 4.72; 95% CI, 1.39–16.01). We observed a specific interaction between maternal asthma and hMPV infection affecting risk for LTD. Conclusions Maternal asthma increases the risk for LTD in children <2 years old hospitalized for severe hMPV LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Libster
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Esteban
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Karina Dueñas
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "Evita," Lanus, Argentina
| | - Andrea Sancillo
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "Evita," Lanus, Argentina
| | - Andrea Rodriguez
- Hospital Zonal General de Agudos Descentralizado "Evita Pueblo," Berazategui, Argentina
| | - Fernando Ferrero
- Hospital General de Niños "Pedro de Elizalde," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Patricio L Acosta
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Mauricio T Caballero
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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Yu Q, Li Y, Wang H, Xiong H. TSLP induces a proinflammatory phenotype in circulating innate cells and predicts prognosis in sepsis patients. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:2137-2148. [PMID: 31628890 PMCID: PMC6886299 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been identified as a crucial inflammatory cytokine in immune homeostasis. Previous studies have reported conflicting effects of TSLP on sepsis in mice, and the effect of TSLP on sepsis in humans has not been investigated. In this study, we used the ELISA to measure serum levels of TSLP in patients with sepsis, and used flow cytometry and ELISA to evaluate the proinflammatory phenotype of circulating immune cells. In addition, we used quantitative RT-PCR to examine the expression of proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, transferrin growth factor-β, IL-10, and matrix metalloproteinase] between patients with high and low levels of TSLP. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the phagocytic and respiratory burst of circulating neutrophils. A significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines by nonclassical monocytes and the number of interferon (IFN)-γ+ CD4+ monocytes was observed in patients with high levels of TSLP. Furthermore, the number of IL-10+ regulatory T cells was observed to be increased in patients with high levels of TSLP. We found that TSLP values greater than 350 pg·mL-1 were associated with a higher mortality rate and longer stays in intensive care (sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 79%). In patients with low levels of neutrophils, the area under curve was only 0.71 (based on the cutoff value in the diagnostic test evaluation; sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 68%). Our findings suggest that the serum levels of TSLP may be suitable as a biomarker for prediction of prognosis in a subgroup of patients with sepsis who are exhibiting hyperleukocytosis and a high neutrophil ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichuan Yu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityChina
| | - Yang Li
- Department of EmergencyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityChina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of EmergencyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityChina
| | - Huawei Xiong
- Department of EmergencyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityChina
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25
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Covián C, Fernández-Fierro A, Retamal-Díaz A, Díaz FE, Vasquez AE, Lay MK, Riedel CA, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2806. [PMID: 31849980 PMCID: PMC6896902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine that has the ability to induce non-specific cross-protection against pathogens that might be unrelated to the target disease. Vaccination with BCG reduces mortality in newborns and induces an improved innate immune response against microorganisms other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such as Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Innate immune cells, including monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, contribute to this non-specific immune protection in a way that is independent of memory T or B cells. This phenomenon associated with a memory-like response in innate immune cells is known as "trained immunity." Epigenetic reprogramming through histone modification in the regulatory elements of particular genes has been reported as one of the mechanisms associated with the induction of trained immunity in both, humans and mice. Indeed, it has been shown that BCG vaccination induces changes in the methylation pattern of histones associated with specific genes in circulating monocytes leading to a "trained" state. Importantly, these modifications can lead to the expression and/or repression of genes that are related to increased protection against secondary infections after vaccination, with improved pathogen recognition and faster inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss BCG-induced cross-protection and acquisition of trained immunity and potential heterologous effects of recombinant BCG vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Covián
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernández-Fierro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Abel E Vasquez
- Sección de Biotecnología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Coverstone AM, Wang L, Sumino K. Beyond Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus in the Pathogenesis and Exacerbation of Asthma: The Role of Metapneumovirus, Bocavirus and Influenza Virus. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:391-401. [PMID: 31284928 PMCID: PMC7127190 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses other than rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus, including human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, and human bocavirus, are important pathogens in acute wheezing illness and asthma exacerbations in young children. Whether infection with these viruses in early life is associated with recurrent wheezing and/or asthma is not fully investigated, although there are data to suggest children with human metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infection may have a higher likelihood of subsequent and recurrent wheezing several years after initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Coverstone
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 1 Children's Place, Campus Box 8116, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leyao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, CB 8052, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kaharu Sumino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8052, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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27
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Goto K, Hiramoto K, Ooi K. Th2 and Th17 Induce Dry Skin in a Mouse Model of Arthritis. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:468-474. [PMID: 30828078 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin dryness is a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model mice. However, the mechanism underlying the induction of dry skin by RA is unclear. We hypothesized that T helper (Th)2 and Th17 cells mediate this process. A mouse model of DBA/1JJmsSlc collagen-induced arthritis was treated with Th2 or Th17 cell inhibitor, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the expression of markers associated with allergic reaction and inflammation were evaluated. TEWL and plasma levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-6 and -17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were increased in the arthritis mouse model compared to that in control mice. Administration of Th2 cell inhibitor abolished the increase in TEWL, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, whereas Th17 cell inhibitor reversed TEWL and decreased IL-17 level. Th2 and Th17 cells contribute to the induction of dry skin, but via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Goto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Keiichi Hiramoto
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Kazuya Ooi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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28
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Han M, Rajput C, Ishikawa T, Jarman CR, Lee J, Hershenson MB. Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma. Viruses 2018; 10:E682. [PMID: 30513770 PMCID: PMC6316391 DOI: 10.3390/v10120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Caitlin R Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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29
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Benavente FM, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Lay MK, Riedel C, Bueno SM, Gonzalez PA, Kalergis AM. Human Metapneumovirus: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets Used by the Virus to Avoid the Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2466. [PMID: 30405642 PMCID: PMC6207598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus, first reported the year 2001. Since then, it has been described as one of the main etiological agents that causes acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs), which is characterized by symptoms such as bronchiolitis, wheezing and coughing. Susceptible population to hMPV-infection includes newborn, children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. This viral agent is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped virus, that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and Metapneumovirus genus. Early reports—previous to 2001—state several cases of respiratory illness without clear identification of the responsible pathogen, which could be related to hMPV. Despite the similarities of hMPV with several other viruses, such as the human respiratory syncytial virus or influenza virus, mechanisms used by hMPV to avoid the host immune system are still unclear. In fact, evidence indicates that hMPV induces a poor innate immune response, thereby affecting the adaptive immunity. Among these mechanisms, is the promotion of an anergic state in T cells, instead of an effective polarization or activation, which could be induced by low levels of cytokine secretion. Further, the evidences support the notion that hMPV interferes with several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell signaling pathways triggered by interferon-associated genes. However, these mechanisms reported in hMPV are not like the ones reported for hRSV, as the latter has two non-structural proteins that are able to inhibit these pathways. Several reports suggest that viral glycoproteins, such as G and SH, could play immune-modulator roles during infection. In this work, we discuss the state of the art regarding the mechanisms that underlie the poor immunity elicited by hMPV. Importantly, these mechanisms will be compared with those elicited by other common respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Benavente
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S Pizarro-Ortega
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Claudia Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gonzalez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies that detect conserved proteins from Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Metapneumovirus and Adenovirus in human samples. J Virol Methods 2018; 254:51-64. [PMID: 29410056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV), human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Adenovirus (ADV), are three of the most prevalent viruses responsible for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children and elderly worldwide, accounting for a high number of hospitalizations annually. Diagnosis of these viruses is required to take clinical actions that allow an appropriate patient management. Thereby, new strategies to design fast diagnostic methods are highly required. In the present work, six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, two for each virus) specific for conserved proteins from hRSV, hMPV and ADV were generated and evaluated through different immunological techniques, based on detection of purified protein, viral particles and human samples. In vitro evaluation of these antibodies showed higher specificity and sensitivity than commercial antibodies tested in this study. These antibodies were used to design a sandwich ELISA tests that allowed the detection of hRSV, hMPV, and ADV in human nasopharyngeal swabs. We observed that hRSV and ADV were detected with sensitivity and specificity equivalent to a current Direct Fluorescence Assay (DFA) methodology. However, hMPV was detected with more sensitivity than DFA. Our data suggest that these new mAbs can efficiently identify infected samples and discriminate from patients infected with other respiratory pathogens.
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31
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Characterization of signaling pathways regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory long form thymic stromal lymphopoietin upon human metapneumovirus infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:883. [PMID: 29343779 PMCID: PMC5772477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is associated with several allergic diseases including asthma. Two isoforms of TSLP exist in humans, a long form (lfTSLP) and a short form (sfTSLP), displaying distinct immunological functions. Recently, TSLP was found to be upregulated in human airway cells upon human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection, yet it remains unclear if the two isoforms are regulated differently during hMPV infection. Importantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying hMPV-mediated TSLP induction remain undescribed. In this study, we characterized the expression and regulation of TSLP in hMPV-infected human airway cells. We demonstrated that hMPV strongly induced the expression of pro-inflammatory lfTSLP in human airway epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts. Further, knockdown of pattern recognition receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as well as downstream signal transducers, abrogated hMPV-mediated lfTSLP induction. Importantly, silencing of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) also impaired hMPV-mediated lfTSLP induction, which could be attributed to compromised NF-κB activation. Overall, these results suggest that TBK1 may be instrumental for hMPV-mediated activation of NF-κB downstream RIG-I and TLR3, leading to a specific induction of lfTSLP in hMPV-infected human airway cells.
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32
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Feng S, Zhang L, Bian XH, Luo Y, Qin GH, Shi RM. Role of the TSLP-DC-OX40L pathway in asthma pathogenesis and airway inflammation in mice. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:306-316. [PMID: 29024606 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of the TSLP-DC-OX40L pathway in asthma pathogenesis and airway inflammation in mice. For this, 65 male BALF/c mice were distributed among the control, asthma, immunoglobulin G (IgG) + asthma (IgG, 500 μg/500 μL, intratracheal injection of 50 μL each time), LY294002 (OX40L inhibitor) + asthma (intratracheal injection of 2 mg/kg LY294002), and anti-TSLP + asthma (intratracheal injection of 500 μg/500 μL TSLP antibody, 50 μL each time) groups. ELISA was applied to measure the serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), ovalbumin (OVA)-sIgE, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ); flow cytometry was employed to detect Treg cells and dendritic cell (DC) and lymphopoiesis. RT-qPCR and Western blot assays were used to measure the levels of TSLP, OX40L, T-bet, GATA-3, NF-κB, p38, and ERK. Treatment with LY294002 and anti-TSLP resulted in increases in the numbers of total cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; total serum levels of IgE, OVA-sIgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; levels of DC cells; lymphopoiesis; and levels of TSLP, OX40L, GATA-3, NF-κB, p38, and ERK, whereas there were decreases in the levels of IFN-γ and CD4+CD25+Treg cells; CD4+Foxp3+Treg cells; and T-bet. The TSLP-DC-OX40L pathway may contribute to asthma pathogenesis and airway inflammation by modulating the levels of CD4+CD25+Treg cells and inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Hua Bian
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Ming Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
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Han M, Rajput C, Hong JY, Lei J, Hinde JL, Wu Q, Bentley JK, Hershenson MB. The Innate Cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP Cooperate in the Induction of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Expansion and Mucous Metaplasia in Rhinovirus-Infected Immature Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1308-1318. [PMID: 28701507 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early-life respiratory viral infection is a risk factor for asthma development. Rhinovirus (RV) infection of 6-d-old mice, but not mature mice, causes mucous metaplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness that are associated with the expansion of lung type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and are dependent on IL-13 and the innate cytokine IL-25. However, contributions of the other innate cytokines, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), to the observed asthma-like phenotype have not been examined. We reasoned that IL-33 and TSLP expression are also induced by RV infection in immature mice and are required for maximum ILC2 expansion and mucous metaplasia. We inoculated 6-d-old BALB/c (wild-type) and TSLP receptor-knockout mice with sham HeLa cell lysate or RV. Selected mice were treated with neutralizing Abs to IL-33 or recombinant IL-33, IL-25, or TSLP. ILC2s were isolated from RV-infected immature mice and treated with innate cytokines ex vivo. RV infection of 6-d-old mice increased IL-33 and TSLP protein abundance. TSLP expression was localized to the airway epithelium, whereas IL-33 was expressed in epithelial and subepithelial cells. RV-induced mucous metaplasia, ILC2 expansion, airway hyperresponsiveness, and epithelial cell IL-25 expression were attenuated by anti-IL-33 treatment and in TSLP receptor-knockout mice. Administration of intranasal IL-33 and TSLP was sufficient for mucous metaplasia. Finally, TSLP was required for maximal ILC2 gene expression in response to IL-25 and IL-33. The generation of mucous metaplasia in immature RV-infected mice involves a complex interplay among the innate cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jun Y Hong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Joanna L Hinde
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - J Kelley Bentley
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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García-García ML, Calvo C, Moreira A, Cañas JA, Pozo F, Sastre B, Quevedo S, Casas I, Del Pozo V. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-33, and periostin in hospitalized infants with viral bronchiolitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6787. [PMID: 28471975 PMCID: PMC5419921 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Much attention has recently been focused on thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and periostin in allergic disease, but less is known about their role in viral bronchiolitis.The aim of the study was to investigate whether infants exhibit enhanced nasal airway secretion of TSLP, IL-33, and periostin during natural respiratory viral bronchiolitis compared to healthy controls.In total, 213 infants < 2 years of age, hospitalized with bronchiolitis from October/2013 to April/2016 were enrolled alongside 45 healthy infants. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were screened for respiratory viruses by the polymerase chain reaction. TSLP, IL-33, and periostin were measured in NPAs. Clinical data were recorded.At least 1 virus was detected in 186 (87.3%) hospitalized infants: 149 (70%) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); 42 (19.7%) rhinovirus (HRV); 16 (7.5%) parainfluenza virus (PIV); 9 (4.2%) adenovirus; 10 (4.7%) bocavirus; and 7 (3.3%) metapneumovirus (hMPV). Infants with bronchiolitis had higher levels of TSLP (P = .02), IL-33 (P<.001), and periostin (P = .003) than healthy controls.Detectable levels of TSLP and periostin were more frequent in virus-positive than in virus-negative patients (P = .05). TSLP and IL-33 were also more common in coinfections, mainly RSV and HRV, than in single-infections (P < .05). No patient with bronchiolitis but with negative viral detection had detectable levels of nasal TSLP or IL-33. Infants with hospital stay ≥5 days were more likely to have detectable levels of nasal TSLP and periostin after adjusting by age (P = .01).Bronchiolitis by common respiratory viruses is associated with elevated nasal levels of TSLP, IL-33, and periostin, factors known to be important in the development of Th2-response. Respiratory viruses in early life might shift immune responses toward Th2, involving asthma, and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luz García-García
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Leganés, Alfonso X El Sabio University
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP)
| | - Cristina Calvo
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Leganés, Alfonso X El Sabio University
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP)
- TEDDY Network (European Network of Excellence for Pediatric Clinical Research)
| | - Ana Moreira
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Leganés, Alfonso X El Sabio University
| | - José Antonio Cañas
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)
| | - Francisco Pozo
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)
| | - Sergio Quevedo
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Leganés, Alfonso X El Sabio University
| | - Inmaculada Casas
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP)
| | - Victoria Del Pozo
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES)
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Abstract
Globally, as a leading agent of acute respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age and the elderly, the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has gained considerable attention. As inferred from studies comparing vaccinated and experimentally infected mice, the acquired immune response elicited by this pathogen fails to efficiently clear the virus from the airways, which leads to an exaggerated inflammatory response and lung damage. Furthermore, after disease resolution, there is a poor development of T and B cell immunological memory, which is believed to promote reinfections and viral spread in the community. In this article, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that shape the interactions of HMPV with host tissues that lead to pulmonary pathology and to the development of adaptive immunity that fails to protect against natural infections by this virus.
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González AE, Lay MK, Jara EL, Espinoza JA, Gómez RS, Soto J, Rivera CA, Abarca K, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Aberrant T cell immunity triggered by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and human Metapneumovirus infection. Virulence 2016; 8:685-704. [PMID: 27911218 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1265725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E González
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- b Departamento de Biotecnología , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta , Antofagasta , Chile
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Soto
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,d INSERM UMR1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- e Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,f Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Endocrinología , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Lin TH, Cheng CC, Su HH, Huang NC, Chen JJ, Kang HY, Chang TH. Lipopolysaccharide Attenuates Induction of Proallergic Cytokines, Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin, and Interleukin 33 in Respiratory Epithelial Cells Stimulated with PolyI:C and Human Parechovirus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:440. [PMID: 27826297 PMCID: PMC5078322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies based on the "hygiene hypothesis" declare that the level of childhood exposure to environmental microbial products is inversely related to the incidence of allergic diseases in later life. Multiple types of immune cell-mediated immune regulation networks support the hygiene hypothesis. Epithelial cells are the first line of response to microbial products in the environment and bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems; however, their role in the hygiene hypothesis is unknown. To demonstrate the hygiene hypothesis in airway epithelial cells, we examined the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; toll-like receptor 4 ligand) on the expression of the proallergic cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin 33 (IL33) in H292 cells (pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells). Stimulation with the TLR ligand polyI:C and human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1) but not LPS-induced TSLP and IL33 through interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-κB activity, which was further validated by using inhibitors (dexamethasone and Bay 11-7082) and short hairpin RNA-mediated gene knockdown. Importantly, polyI:C and HPeV1-stimulated TSLP and IL33 induction was reduced by LPS treatment by attenuating TANK-binding kinase 1, IRF3, and NF-κB activation. Interestingly, the basal mRNA levels of TLR signaling proteins were downregulated with long-term LPS treatment of H292 cells, which suggests that such long-term exposure modulates the expression of innate immunity signaling molecules in airway epithelial cells to mitigate the allergic response. In contrast to the effects of LPS treatment, the alarmin high-mobility group protein B1 acts in synergy with polyI:C to promote TSLP and IL33 expression. Our data support part of the hygiene hypothesis in airway epithelia cells in vitro. In addition to therapeutic targeting of TSLP and IL33, local application of non-pathogenic LPS may be a rational strategy to prevent allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Hsiung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hao Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Nan-Chieh Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University , Pingtung , Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Menopause and Reproductive Medicine Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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Multiple Functions of the New Cytokine-Based Antimicrobial Peptide Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9030041. [PMID: 27399723 PMCID: PMC5039494 DOI: 10.3390/ph9030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pleiotropic cytokine, hitherto mostly known to be involved in inflammatory responses and immunoregulation. The human tslp gene gives rise to two transcription and translation variants: a long form (lfTSLP) that is induced by inflammation, and a short, constitutively-expressed form (sfTSLP), that appears to be downregulated by inflammation. The TSLP forms can be produced by a number of cell types, including epithelial and dendritic cells (DCs). lfTSLP can activate mast cells, DCs, and T cells through binding to the lfTSLP receptor (TSLPR) and has a pro-inflammatory function. In contrast, sfTSLP inhibits cytokine secretion of DCs, but the receptor mediating this effect is unknown. Our recent studies have demonstrated that both forms of TSLP display potent antimicrobial activity, exceeding that of many other known antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), with sfTSLP having the strongest effect. The AMP activity is primarily mediated by the C-terminal region of the protein and is localized within a 34-mer peptide (MKK34) that spans the C-terminal α-helical region in TSLP. Fluorescent studies of peptide-treated bacteria, electron microscopy, and liposome leakage models showed that MKK34 exerted membrane-disrupting effects comparable to those of LL-37. Expression of TSLP in skin, oral mucosa, salivary glands, and intestine is part of the defense barrier that aids in the control of both commensal and pathogenic microbes.
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Gu W, Wang Y, Hao C, Zhang X, Yan Y, Chen Z, Jiang W, Shao X, Ji W. Elevated Serum Levels of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Wheezing Children Infected with Human Metapneumovirus. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:161-166. [PMID: 27357989 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to study the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection in children in the Suzhou area, China, and to investigate the effect of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) on wheezing in hMPV-infected children. The study included 13,533 children with respiratory tract infections who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Soochow University between January 2009 and December 2014. Clinical data were recorded. Plasma levels of TSLP, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-2 were compared among 35 wheezing children with single hMPV infection, 15 non-wheezing children with hMPV infection, and 35 wheezing children with other viral infections. The annual rates of hMPV infection from 2009 to 2014 were 2.33%, 6.41%, 3.29%, 3.52%, 0.23%, and 0.64%, respectively, peaking in 2010. The number of CD3-/CD16+/CD56+ cells was significantly lower in inpatients with hMPV infection than that in patients with other viral infections. Serum levels of TSLP and IL-4 in wheezing children with hMPV infection were significantly higher than the levels in the other 2 groups. hMPV is a common viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children in Suzhou, but annual rates have declined since 2010. Infection with hMPV may affect cell-mediated immunity. Serum TSLP levels were elevated after hMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University
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Mitchell PD, El-Gammal AI, O'Byrne PM. Emerging monoclonal antibodies as targeted innovative therapeutic approaches to asthma. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 99:38-48. [PMID: 26502193 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by discordant responses among cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems. This interplay involves a complex pattern of cytokine-driven processes resulting in cell migration and recruitment, inflammation, and proliferative states. The significant majority of asthmatic patients respond well to conventional inhaled treatments. However, about 5% of asthmatics have severe refractory asthma and account for 50% of the health expenditure on asthma. Human(ized) monoclonal antibodies (hMabs) targeting inflammatory pathways are promising therapeutic agents in asthma management. The anti-IgE hMab omalizumab was the first biologic treatment approved for the treatment of allergic asthma. Potential future strategies and targets include interleukin (IL)-5, IL-4, and IL-13, anti-TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33. hMabs targeting IL-5 have shown great promise in severe refractory asthma with a persisting eosinophilia, and clinical trials with hMabs against IL-13 and IL4Rα have also shown clinical benefit. Studies of hMabs against other cytokines in severe asthma are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Mitchell
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - A I El-Gammal
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - P M O'Byrne
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lay MK, Bueno SM, Gálvez N, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. New insights on the viral and host factors contributing to the airway pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:800-12. [PMID: 26119025 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1055711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent etiological agent of lower respiratory tract infections and the first cause of hospitalization in infants due to respiratory disease worldwide. However, efforts to develop safe and effective vaccines and antivirals have been challenged by an incomplete understanding of the RSV pathogenesis and the host immune response to RSV infection in the airways. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the interaction between RSV and the epithelium to induce pathogenesis in the airways, such as the role of the RSV NS2 protein in the airway epithelium, as well as the events involved in the RSV entry process. In addition, we summarize the cellular factors produced by airway epithelial cells (AECs) in response to RSV infection that lead to the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing lung inflammation and disease. Further, we discuss the possible contribution of a recently identified cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), in the lung immunopathology caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K Lay
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France
| | - Nicolás Gálvez
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- c Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina , Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile , and
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile .,b INSERM U1064 , Nantes , France .,d Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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