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Boukouvala E, Krey G. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors of Ray-Finned Fish: Unique Structures, Elusive Functions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:634. [PMID: 38927038 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Actinopterygian and specifically the Teleostean peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) present an impressive variability and complexity in their structures, both at the gene and protein levels. These structural differences may also reflect functional divergence from their mammalian homologs, or even between fish species. This review, taking advantage of the data generated from the whole-genome sequencing of several fish species, highlights the differences in the primary structure of the receptors, while discussing results from the literature pertaining to the functions of fish PPARs and their activation by natural and synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Boukouvala
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigorios Krey
- Fisheries Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA), 64007 Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
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Otto JR, Mwangi FW, Pewan SB, Adegboye OA, Malau-Aduli AEO. Muscle biopsy long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions, IMF and FMP in Australian pasture-based Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral Angus, Hereford, and Wagyu Beef Cattle. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:95. [PMID: 38461255 PMCID: PMC10924329 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated breed and gender variations in the compositions of long-chain (≥ C20) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC omega-3 PUFA), fat melting point (FMP) and intramuscular fat (IMF) contents in biopsy samples of the M. longissimus dorsi muscle of grazing beef cattle. The hypothesis that biopsy compositions of health-beneficial LC omega-3 PUFA, FMP and IMF in a pasture-based production system will vary with breed, was tested. Muscle biopsies were taken from 127 yearling pasture-based Angus, Hereford, and Wagyu heifers and young bulls exclusive to the Australian Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral breeding stud averaging 12 ± 2.43 months of age and under the same management routine. RESULTS Breed had a significant influence on IMF, FMP, and the compositions of oleic acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and total EPA + DHA + DPA in the M. longissimus dorsi muscle biopsies (P ≤ 0.03). The Wagyu breed had the highest (11.1%) and Hereford the lowest (5.9%) IMF (P = 0.03). The reverse trend was observed in FMP values where the Hereford breed had the highest (55 °C), Angus intermediate (46.5 °C), and Wagyu the lowest (33 °C) FMP. The Wagyu and Angus breeds had similar oleic fatty acid (18:1n-9) content, while the Hereford breed had the lowest (P < 0.01). The highest ALA, DPA, total EPA + DHA, total EPA + DHA + DPA and total ALA + EPA + DHA + DPA contents were detected in the Wagyu breed (P ≤ 0.03). The Hereford had similar EPA and DPA contents to the Angus (P ≥ 0.46). Total EPA + DHA + DPA contents in Wagyu, Angus, and Hereford were 28.8, 21.5, and 22.1 mg/100g tissue (P = 0.01), respectively. Sex was an important source of variation that influenced LC omega-3 PUFA composition, FMP and IMF, where yearling heifers had higher IMF (11.9% vs 5.3%), lower FMP (33°C vs 37°C), and higher LC omega-3 PUFA than bulls. CONCLUSION All the results taken together indicate that the Wagyu breed at 28.8 mg/100g tissue, was the closest to meeting the Australia and New Zealand recommended source level threshold of 30 mg/100g tissue of health-beneficial ≥ C20 omega-3 FA content. Since gender was a significant determinant of LC omega-3 PUFA composition, IMF content and FMP, it should be factored into enhancement strategies of healthy meat eating quality traits in grazing cattle. These findings also suggest that the Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral beef cattle studs are important sources of LC omega-3 PUFA that can be used to cover the deficit in these health claimable fatty acids in Western diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Roger Otto
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Felista Waithira Mwangi
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Shedrach Benjamin Pewan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Private Mail Bag 01 Vom, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Aduli Enoch Othniel Malau-Aduli
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Tomczyk M, Bidzan-Wiącek M, Kortas JA, Kochanowicz M, Jost Z, Fisk HL, Calder PC, Antosiewicz J. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation affects tryptophan metabolism during a 12-week endurance training in amateur runners: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4102. [PMID: 38374149 PMCID: PMC10876641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of long-term omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation during endurance training on tryptophan (Trp) metabolism and mental state of healthy individuals have not been evaluated so far. Concentrations of plasma Trp, its metabolites and IL-6 were assessed in 26 male runners before and after a 12-week training program combined with supplementation of n-3 PUFAs (O-3 + TRAIN group) or medium chain triglycerides (MCTs; TRAIN group). After the 12-week program participants' mood before and after stress induction was also assessed. The effects of the same supplementation protocol were evaluated also in 14 inactive subjects (O-3 + SEDEN group). Concentrations of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and picolinic acid (PA) significantly increased only in the O-3 + TRAIN group (p = 0.01; [Formula: see text] = 0.22 and p = 0.01; [Formula: see text]= 0.26). Favorable, but not statistically significant changes in the concentrations of kynurenic acid (KYNA) (p = 0.06; [Formula: see text]= 0.14), xanthurenic acid (XA) (p = 0.07; [Formula: see text]= 0.13) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) (p = 0.06; [Formula: see text]= 0.15) and in the ratio of neurotoxic to neuroprotective metabolites were seen also only in the O-3 + TRAIN group. No changes in mood and IL-6 concentrations were observed in either group. Supplementation with n-3 PUFAs during endurance training has beneficial effects on Trp's neuroprotective metabolites.Trial registry: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier NCT05520437 (14/07/2021 first trial registration and 2018/31/N/NZ7/02962 second trial registration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Monika Bidzan-Wiącek
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Antoni Kortas
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Jost
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Helena L Fisk
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
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Bai M, Liu H, Zhang Y, Wang S, Shao Y, Xiong X, Hu X, Yu R, Lan W, Cui Y, Kong X. Peppermint extract improves egg production and quality, increases antioxidant capacity, and alters cecal microbiota in late-phase laying hens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1252785. [PMID: 37808324 PMCID: PMC10552153 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1252785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peppermint contains substantial bioactive ingredients belonging to the phytoestrogens, and its effects on the production of late-laying hens deserve more attention. This study evaluated the effects of dietary peppermint extract (PE) supplementation on egg production and quality, yolk fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, and cecal microbiota in late-phase laying hens. Method PE powder was identified by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Two hundred and sixteen laying hens (60 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four treatments, each for 28 days: (i) basal diet (control group, CON); (ii) basal diet + 0.1% PE; (iii) basal diet + 0.2% PE; and (iv) basal diet + 0.4% PE. Egg, serum, and cecal samples were collected for analysis. Results Dietary PE supplementation increased the laying rate, serum triglyceride, immunoglobulin G, and total antioxidant capacity, while 0.2 and 0.4% PE supplementation increased eggshell thickness, serum total protein level, and superoxide dismutase activity of laying hens compared with the CON group (P < 0.05). PE addition in diets increased the C14:0, C18:3n3, C18:3n6, C23:0, C24:0, and C24:1n9 contents in the yolk. In addition, the egg yolk saturated fatty acid content was higher (P < 0.05) in the 0.2 and 0.4% PE groups compared with the CON and 0.1% PE groups. The microbiota analysis revealed that the cecal phylum Proteobacteria was decreased (P < 0.05) in the PE-supplemented groups. A total of 0.4% PE supplementation increased the cecal richness of gram-positive bacteria and decreased the richness of gram-negative and potentially pathogenic bacteria compared with the 0.1% PE group (P < 0.05). Microbial function prediction analysis showed that the cecal microbiota of the PE group was mainly enriched by fatty acid degradation, fatty acid metabolism, amino sugar metabolism, nucleotide sugar metabolism, and other pathways. Regression analysis suggested that 0.28-0.36% PE supplementation was the optimal level for improving egg production and quality, antioxidant capacity, and yolk fatty acid in late-phase laying hens. Discussion Dietary PE supplementation improved egg production and quality (including yolk fatty acid composition) by increasing serum IgG and antioxidant capacity and modulating the intestinal microbiota in late-phase laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Bai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yirui Shao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Rongyao Yu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Wei Lan
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Yadong Cui
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
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Østbye TKK, Gudbrandsen OA, Drotningsvik A, Ruyter B, Berge GM, Vogt G, Nilsson A. Different Dietary Ratios of Camelina Oil to Sandeel Oil Influence the Capacity to Synthesise and Deposit EPA and DHA in Zucker Fa/Fa Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102344. [PMID: 37242227 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based food provides more ALA (α-linolenic acid) and less EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexanoic acid) than marine food. Earlier studies indicate that cetoleic acid (22:1n-11) stimulates the n-3 pathway from ALA to EPA and DHA. The present study aimed to investigate the dietary effects of camelina oil (CA) high in ALA and sandeel oil (SA) high in cetoleic acid on the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA. Male Zucker fa/fa rats were fed a diet of soybean oil (Ctrl) or diets of CA, SA, or a combination of CA and SA. Significantly higher levels of DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) and DHA in blood cells from the CA group compared to the Ctrl indicate an active conversion of ALA to DPA and DHA. Increasing the uptake and deposition of EPA and DHA meant that a trend towards a decrease in the liver gene expression of Elovl5, Fads1, and Fads2 along with an increase in the dietary content of SA was observed. However, 25% of the SA could be exchanged with CA without having a significant effect on EPA, DPA, or DHA in blood cells, indicating that bioactive components in SA, such as cetoleic acid, might counteract the inhibiting effect of the high dietary content of DHA on the n-3 biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen
- Dietary Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aslaug Drotningsvik
- Dietary Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Vedde AS, 6030 Langevåg, Norway
| | - Bente Ruyter
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Gerd Marit Berge
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Gjermund Vogt
- Eurofins Food & Agro Testing Norway AS, 1538 Moss, Norway
| | - Astrid Nilsson
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Grzybkowska A, Anczykowska K, Antosiewicz J, Olszewski S, Dzitkowska-Zabielska M, Tomczyk M. Identification of Optimal Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Normalization for Physical Activity Intervention and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076734. [PMID: 37047706 PMCID: PMC10094777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technique gives promising opportunities to detect and quantify RNA targets and is commonly used in many research fields. This study aimed to identify suitable reference genes for physical exercise and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation intervention. Forty healthy, physically active men were exposed to a 12-week eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation and standardized endurance training protocol. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention and mRNA levels of six potential reference genes were tested in the leukocytes of 18 eligible participants using the qRT-PCR method: GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), ACTB (Beta actin), TUBB (Tubulin Beta Class I), RPS18 (Ribosomal Protein S18), UBE2D2 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2), and HPRT1 (Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1). The raw quantification cycle (Cq) values were then analyzed using RefFinder, an online tool that incorporates four different algorithms: NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, and the comparative delta-Ct method. Delta-Ct, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder comprehensive ranking have found GAPDH to be the most stably expressed gene. geNorm has identified TUBB and HPRT as the most stable genes. All algorithms have found ACTB to be the least stably expressed gene. A combination of the three most stably expressed genes, namely GAPDH, TUBB, and HPRT, is suggested for obtaining the most reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grzybkowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Anczykowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szczepan Olszewski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dzitkowska-Zabielska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
- Center of Translational Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maja Tomczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
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Vo TTM, Tran TD, Amoroso G, Ventura T, Elizur A. Analysis of carotenoids and fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon exposed to elevated temperatures and displaying flesh color loss. Food Chem 2023; 417:135867. [PMID: 36934706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Tasmanian-farmed Atlantic salmon populations exhibit starvation followed by a reduced growth rate alongside reduced flesh pigmentation in response to elevated summer temperatures, which at times can exceed their optimum threshold. Here we investigated fatty acids and carotenoids of Atlantic salmon displaying three different flesh color phenotypes, using metabolomic and chemical analyses of lipids and pigments in six key tissues. Astaxanthin is mainly responsible for flesh pigmentation, while canthaxanthin is associated with carotenoid catabolism in the liver, as our findings indicate. Reduced flesh pigmentation correlated with lower levels of carotenoids across all tested tissues and clear evidence of a correlation between carotenoid and fatty acid levels in all detected fatty acid classes was observed. The reduced growth performance and flesh pigmentation are most likely due to the impact of varying levels of starvation on fatty acids and carotenoid profiles supporting the link between carotenoids and fatty acid metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Minh Vo
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia; School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Trong Duc Tran
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia; School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Gianluca Amoroso
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia; School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
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Parvin A, Hossain MK, Shahjadee UF, Lisa SA, Uddin MN, Shaikh MAA, Parvin A, Moniruzzaman M, Saha B, Suchi PD. Trace metal exposure and human health consequences through consumption of market-available Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45398-45413. [PMID: 36705833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using Oreochromis niloticus (L.), commonly known as tilapia, as a model, this study evaluated the exposure of trace metal and their risk assessment on human health. In addition, the status of amino acids, fatty acids, vital elements, and their benefits is also studied. Estimating the nutrient composition of fish muscle is necessary to ensure that it meets the requirements for human health, food regulations, and commercial specifications. The species examined contained appreciable concentrations of amino acids, fatty acid content, and minerals, suggesting that the fish species could be a good source of protein, fat, and minerals. Hazardous heavy metals were found to be lower compared to their corresponding maximum tolerable limits. The order of trace metals is Zn (22,709 µg/kg) > Fe (19,878 µg/kg) > Cu (1261 µg /kg) > Mn (1228 µg/kg) > Cr (474 µg/kg) > Ni (152 µg/kg) As (318 µg /kg) > Pb (281 µg/kg) > Co (24 µg /kg) > Cd (13 µg/kg) > Hg (5 µg/kg); a number of health-related indices, including estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI), as well as carcinogenic risk (CR) indices for adult and children, were calculated to evaluate the human health hazard of the heavy metals. The THQ and HI of heavy metals for tilapia are lower than 1, posing a non-carcinogenic threat to human health due to the biomagnifications of these deadly poisonous metals. Principal component, cluster, and correlation analyses delineated the common probabilistic sources of metal contamination origin and significant inter-parameter associations. Although no human health risks for the consumption of tilapia was found, more attention must be paid for the monitoring of Oreochromis niloticus before entering the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroza Parvin
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamal Hossain
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Umme Fatema Shahjadee
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akter Lisa
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nashir Uddin
- Planning and Development Department, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Parvin
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Badhan Saha
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Dey Suchi
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
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TOMCZYK MAJA, JOST ZBIGNIEW, CHROBOCZEK MACIEJ, URBAŃSKI ROBERT, CALDER PHILIPC, FISK HELENAL, SPRENGEL MATEUSZ, ANTOSIEWICZ JĘDRZEJ. Effects of 12 Wk of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Long-Distance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:216-224. [PMID: 36161864 PMCID: PMC9815816 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 wk of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during endurance training on omega-3 index (O3I) and indicators of running performance in amateur long-distance runners. METHODS Twenty-six amateur male long-distance runners ≥29 yr old supplemented omega-3 fatty acid capsules (OMEGA group, n = 14; 2234 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 916 mg of docosahexaenoic acid daily) or medium-chain triglycerides capsules as placebo (medium-chain triglyceride [MCT] group, n = 12; 4000 mg of MCT daily) during 12 wk of endurance training. Before and after intervention, blood samples were collected for O3I assessment, and an incremental test to exhaustion and a 1500-m run trial were performed. RESULTS O3I was significantly increased in the OMEGA group (from 5.8% to 11.6%, P < 0.0001). A significant increase in V̇O 2peak was observed in the OMEGA group (from 53.6 ± 4.4 to 56.0 ± 3.7 mL·kg -1 ⋅min -1 , P = 0.0219) without such change in MCT group (from 54.7 ± 6.8 to 56.4 ± 5.9 mL·kg -1 ⋅min -1 , P = 0.1308). A positive correlation between the change in O3I and the change in running economy was observed when data of participants from both groups were combined (-0.1808 ± 1.917, P = 0.0020), without such an effect in OMEGA group alone ( P = 0.1741). No effect of omega-3 supplementation on 1500-m run results was observed. CONCLUSIONS Twelve weeks of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation at a dose of 2234 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 916 mg of docosahexaenoic acid daily during endurance training resulted in the improvement of O3I and running economy and increased V̇O 2peak without improvement in the 1500-m run trial time in amateur runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- MAJA TOMCZYK
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, POLAND
| | - ZBIGNIEW JOST
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, POLAND
| | - MACIEJ CHROBOCZEK
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, POLAND
| | - ROBERT URBAŃSKI
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, POLAND
| | - PHILIP C. CALDER
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UNITED KINGDOM,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - HELENA L. FISK
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - MATEUSZ SPRENGEL
- Department of Bioenergetics and Exercise Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, POLAND,Institute of Dietetics, University of Business and Health Sciences, Łódź, POLAND
| | - JĘDRZEJ ANTOSIEWICZ
- Department of Bioenergetics and Exercise Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, POLAND
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Serum Fatty Acids Are Associated with a Higher Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030585. [PMID: 36771293 PMCID: PMC9921638 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke prevention, a significant public-health concern, begins with recognizing and addressing risk factors. Interventions targeted at modifiable risk factors can effectively prevent ischemic stroke, while Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to improve stroke outcomes. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between ischemic-stroke risk factors and fatty acids using a prospective observational study with 274 patients. We collected clinical data on risk factors and measured fatty-acid levels using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We found that several risk factors, including age, sex, smoking, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, and previous stroke history, had a direct relationship with fatty acids. Of these, smoking had the most significant impact, negatively impacting levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid. Conversely, dyslipidemia and atrial fibrillation positively correlated with fatty acids, particularly in female patients and those with recurrent strokes. Age was found to directly correlate with other risk factors and variations in fatty-acid ratios. The stroke rate was higher in males than females before the age of 70, but this trend reversed. Our findings suggest that better management of risk factors, particularly modifiable lifestyle factors, could improve fatty-acid profiles and the balance of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in patients with ischemic stroke.
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11
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Rizzo G, Baroni L, Lombardo M. Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031683. [PMID: 36767052 PMCID: PMC9914036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Kendler S, Thornes FW, Jakobsen AN, Lerfall J. Nutritional profiling and contaminant levels of five underutilized fish species in Norway. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1118094. [PMID: 36969808 PMCID: PMC10031004 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1118094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring and making use of underutilized marine resources can be a sustainable approach to achieve future demands of fish consumption by the ever-growing population. Five species, namely European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), European flounder (Platichthys flesus), lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis), and thornback ray (Raja clavate), often captured as by-catch in Norway, were characterized for their nutritional value and potential accumulation of hazardous components. The proximate composition, protein profile, fatty acid profile as well as essential and toxic trace elements and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed. Digestible indispensable amino acid (DIAA) ratios and scores (DIAAS) and contributions of omega-3 fatty acids to the diet were calculated. Analysis on proximate composition revealed low fat contents of 0.74 to 1.25% and sufficient protein contents between 16.9 and 24% in the five species. Results of DIAA indicate a profitable distribution, with contributions exceeding the daily intake recommendations for an adult person related to a 200 g fillet. Moreover, findings on the distribution of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) showed remarkable results, considering that the investigated species are lean fish. All five investigated fish exceed the recommended average daily intake level (AI) of EPA + DHA in a 200 g portion. As to toxic trace elements and PCBs, no significantly elevated levels were found considering a portion size of 200 g. Consequently, the nutritional quality of the investigated fish can be regarded as profitable with overall low potential health risks.
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Fish Oil Replacement by Camelina ( Camelina sativa L.) Oil in Diets for Juvenile Tench ( Tinca tinca L.): Effects on Survival, Growth, and Whole-Body Fatty Acid Profile. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233362. [PMID: 36496883 PMCID: PMC9736473 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tench (Tinca tinca L.) plays a key role in the diversification of inland aquaculture, but its culture is mainly based on extensive culture systems with usually low and unpredictable yields. Rearing procedures under controlled conditions are essential to promote and consolidate tench production, and it is necessary to set up adequate feeding in early growth phases. Fish oil (FO) is currently the main source of lipids in aquafeeds, but considering the stagnation of smaller pelagic fisheries, alternative oils should be addressed. In a ninety-day experiment, the effects of partial and total replacement of FO with camelina oil (CO) on juvenile tench growth performance and whole-body composition were evaluated. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with different levels of CO were tested: 0% (control), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The survival rate was 100%, and no significant differences in growth performance (total length, weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and biomass gain) were found. The lipid content in whole-body juveniles was significantly lower when juveniles were fed diets containing 40% and higher levels of CO than those fed the control diet whereas linolenic acid content was significantly higher. No differences in ΣSFA, ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA, Σn - 3, or Σn - 6 whole-body content were found. The nutritional indices ΣPUFA/ΣSFA and Σn - 6/Σn - 3 showed a linear increase trend with dietary CO inclusion whereas the EPA + DHA showed an opposite tendency. Compared to the control diet, EPA + DHA content (g kg-1) was significantly lower in juvenile tench fed a 100% CO diet, and Σn - 6/Σn - 3 was significantly higher in juvenile tench fed 80% and 100% CO diets. Overall, the results indicate that the total replacement of FO with CO in diets is feasible without negative effects on growth performance whereas the nutritional quality of juvenile tench was unaffected with a maximum replacement of 80%.
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Effects of Dietary Rapeseed ( Brassica napus), Hemp ( Cannabis sativa) and Camelina ( Camelina sativa) Seed Cakes Supplementation on Yolk and Albumen Colour and Nutritional Value of Yolk Lipids in Estonian Quail Eggs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223110. [PMID: 36428338 PMCID: PMC9686490 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing commercial diets with rapeseed, hempseed and camelina seed cakes on the yolk and albumen colour and nutritional value of yolk lipids in Estonian quail eggs. A total of 585 eggs were used to evaluate egg weight, yolk and albumen pH and colour, proximate yolk composition, cholesterol content and fatty acid composition in the yolk lipids of three Estonian quail groups each fed a diet supplemented with 10% rapeseed, hemp or camelina seed cakes. The higher (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) lightness (L*) of the yolk was detected in the group of quail fed the diet supplemented with rapeseed and camelina cakes compared to the hempseed addition. Meanwhile, the albumen lightness in the rapeseed group was higher (p < 0.01) in comparison to the camelina group. A lower (p < 0.001) yolk negative a* value was estimated in the hemp group than in the groups fed rapeseed and camelina seed cake supplements, while the rapeseed group demonstrated lower (p < 0.001) albumen yellowness (b*) and colour saturation (C) in comparison to the other groups. The highest and lowest proportions of total saturated (SFAs)and monounsaturated (MUFAs) fatty acids, respectively, were found in the yolk lipids of quails fed a mixture supplemented by hemp cake. A higher (p < 0.05) proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was only found in the hemp group compared to the camelina group. The highest and lowest (p < 0.001) n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios were found in the yolk lipids of quail receiving mixtures supplemented with rapeseed and camelina cakes, respectively. The yolk of the quail from the rapeseed group showed more favourable lower and higher (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) atherogenic index (AI) and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio compared to the hemp and camelina groups. The lower yolk cholesterol content was found in the eggs of the quail fed the diet supplemented with rapeseed cake compared to the eggs of the quail which were fed the diets containing more n-3 PUFAs from the addition of hemp and camelina cakes (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively).
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15
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Dietary fatty acids applied to pig production and their relation to the biological processes: A review. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Comparative analysis of muscle nutrient in two types of hybrid bream and native bream. REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbre.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Otto JR, Mwangi FW, Pewan SB, Adegboye OA, Malau-Aduli AEO. Lipogenic Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphic DNA Markers Associated with Intramuscular Fat, Fat Melting Point, and Health-Beneficial Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Australian Pasture-Based Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral Angus, Hereford, and Wagyu Beef Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081411. [PMID: 36011322 PMCID: PMC9407580 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used targeted sequencing aimed at identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in lipogenic genes and their associations with health-beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), intramuscular fat (IMF), and fat melting point (FMP) of the M. longissimus dorsi muscle in Australian pasture-based Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral Angus, Hereford, and Wagyu cattle. It was hypothesized that SNP encoding for the fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), and fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes will be significantly associated with health-beneficial n-3 LC-PUFA and the meat eating quality traits of IMF and FMP in an Australian pasture-based beef production system. Two SNP mutations, g.21267406 T>C and g.21271264 C>A, in the SCD gene were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with IMF, FMP, oleic acid (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (LA) 18:2n-6, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) 18:3n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 20:5n-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6-n-3, and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) 22:5n-3. Significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) between FASN SNP g. 50787138 A>G and FMP, 18:1n-9, ALA, EPA, DHA, DPA, and total n-3 LC-PUFA were also detected. An SNP (g.44678794 G>A) in the FABP4 gene was associated with FMP. These results provide significant insights into the contributions of lipogenic genes to intramuscular fat deposition and the biosynthesis of health-beneficial n-3 LC-PUFA. The findings also unravel the potential use of lipogenic gene polymorphisms in marker-assisted selection to improve the content of health-promoting n-3 LC-PUFA and meat eating quality traits in Australian pasture-based Bowen Genetics Forest Pastoral Angus, Hereford, and Wagyu beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Otto
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Felista W. Mwangi
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Shedrach B. Pewan
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930001, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Oyelola A. Adegboye
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Aduli E. O. Malau-Aduli
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Sciences Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-747-815-339
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Fisk HL, Childs CE, Miles EA, Ayres R, Noakes PS, Paras-Chavez C, Antoun E, Lillycrop KA, Calder PC. Dysregulation of Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue Inflammatory Environment Modelling in Non-Insulin Resistant Obesity and Responses to Omega-3 Fatty Acids – A Double Blind, Randomised Clinical Trial. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922654. [PMID: 35958557 PMCID: PMC9358040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is associated with enhanced lipid accumulation and the expansion of adipose tissue accompanied by hypoxia and inflammatory signalling. Investigation in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) in people living with obesity in which metabolic complications such as insulin resistance are yet to manifest is limited, and the mechanisms by which these processes are dysregulated are not well elucidated. Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) have been shown to modulate the expression of genes associated with lipid accumulation and collagen deposition and reduce the number of inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue from individuals with insulin resistance. Therefore, these lipids may have positive actions on obesity associated scWAT hypertrophy and inflammation. Methods To evaluate obesity-associated tissue remodelling and responses to LC n-3 PUFAs, abdominal scWAT biopsies were collected from normal weight individuals and those living with obesity prior to and following 12-week intervention with marine LC n-3 PUFAs (1.1 g EPA + 0.8 g DHA daily). RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, and histochemical staining were used to assess remodelling- and inflammatory-associated gene expression, tissue morphology and macrophage infiltration. Results Obesity was associated with scWAT hypertrophy (P < 0.001), hypoxia, remodelling, and inflammatory macrophage infiltration (P = 0.023). Furthermore, we highlight the novel dysregulation of Wnt signalling in scWAT in non-insulin resistant obesity. LC n-3 PUFAs beneficially modulated the scWAT environment through downregulating the expression of genes associated with inflammatory and remodelling pathways (P <0.001), but there were altered outcomes in individuals living with obesity in comparison to normal weight individuals. Conclusion Our data identify dysregulation of Wnt signalling, hypoxia, and hypertrophy, and enhanced macrophage infiltration in scWAT in non-insulin resistant obesity. LC n-3 PUFAs modulate some of these processes, especially in normal weight individuals which may be preventative and limit the development of restrictive and inflammatory scWAT in the development of obesity. We conclude that a higher dose or longer duration of LC n-3 PUFA intervention may be needed to reduce obesity-associated scWAT inflammation and promote tissue homeostasis. Clinical Trial Registration www.isrctn.com, identifier ISRCTN96712688.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena L Fisk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline E Childs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Miles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Ayres
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Noakes
- School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Freemantle, WA, Australia
| | | | - Elie Antoun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Ruscica M, Sirtori CR, Carugo S, Calder PC, Corsini A. OMEGA-3 AND CARDIOVASCULAR PREVENTION – IS THIS STILL A CHOICE? Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Xiao Y, Zhang Q, Liao X, Elbelt U, Weylandt KH. The effects of omega-3 fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 182:102456. [PMID: 35717726 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cardiovascular risk modification in type 2 diabetes and related complications remain unclear. We aim to assess the published effects of n-3 PUFA interventions on lipid risk factors in type 2 diabetes. METHODS We searched the literature on Pubmed, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases in order to perform a pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing n-3 PUFA interventions in type 2 diabetes. The primary outcomes analyzed were the effect of n -3 PUFAs on metabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes. RESULTS 46 RCTs involving 4991 patients with type 2 diabetes were identified for further analysis. Analysis of results showed that n-3 PUFAs interventions significantly improved total cholesterol (TC, WMD = -0.22; 95% CI: -0.32∼ -0.11), triglyceride (TG,WMD = -0.36; 95% CI: -0.48∼-0.25), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C,WMD = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02∼ 0.08), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, WMD = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.31∼-0.06) and C-reactive protein (CRP,WMD = -0.40; 95% CI: -0.74∼-0.07) levels compared to controls (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect on renal function, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), adiponectin and leptin (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review suggest that n-3 PUFAs can improve cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xiao
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, Brandenburg Medical School, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Neuruppin 16816, Germany; Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Qifang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin 541002, China
| | - Xueling Liao
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China; Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Ulf Elbelt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, Brandenburg Medical School, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Neuruppin 16816, Germany; Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Karsten H Weylandt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, Brandenburg Medical School, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Neuruppin 16816, Germany; Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14467, Germany.
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Chileh Chelh T, Lyashenko S, Lahlou A, Belarbi EH, Ángel Rincón-Cervera M, Rodríguez-García I, Urrestarazu-Gavilán M, López Ruiz R, Luis Guil-Guerrero J. Buglossoides spp. seeds, a land source of health-promoting n-3 PUFA and phenolic compounds. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fiordelmondo E, Ceschin S, Magi GE, Mariotti F, Iaffaldano N, Galosi L, Roncarati A. Effects of Partial Substitution of Conventional Protein Sources with Duckweed ( Lemna minor) Meal in the Feeding of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) on Growth Performances and the Quality Product. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091220. [PMID: 35567221 PMCID: PMC9102834 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed (Lemna minor) meal was included in the formulation of three experimental feeds (L1, L2, L3) for rainbow trout at 10%, 20%, 28% of the protein source, respectively. Increasing the duckweed inclusion, the other protein sources were adjusted to get isonitrogenous (41%) and isolipidic (20%) diets, as the control diet (LC). 540 fish (mean body weight 124.5 ± 0.7 g) were randomly allocated in 12 tanks divided equally among the four different diets. After 90 days, fish were weighed and the most important productive performances, fillet quality and fatty acid profile were determined. The final body weight in L1 (340.53 g) and L2 (339.42 g) was not different from LC (348.80 g); L3 trout significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited the lowest one (302.16 g). Similar trends were found in final mean length, weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion rate. Somatic indices were affected by duckweed inclusion. Diets had not significant effects on the proximate composition and fatty acids of the fillet in L1, L2, L3 respect to LC. Based on this study, duckweed meal derived from Lemna minor can be included in the feed for the rainbow trout without negative effects on the growth performances at 20% of the protein substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fiordelmondo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Simona Ceschin
- Laboratory of Systematic and Environmental Botany, Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Francesca Mariotti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Nicolaia Iaffaldano
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis s/n, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Viale Circonvallazione 93–95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (E.F.); (G.E.M.); (F.M.); (L.G.)
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Sáez-Royuela M, García T, Carral JM, Celada JD. Fish Oil Replacement by a Blend of Vegetable Oils in Diets for Juvenile Tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758): Effects on Growth Performance and Whole-Body Composition. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091113. [PMID: 35565539 PMCID: PMC9105335 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish oil (FO) can be totally replaced by a blend of vegetable oils (30% linseed oil, 20% corn oil, and 50% olive oil) in diets for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758) without negative effects on survival rate and growth performance. Diets affected the composition of juveniles so that lipid content was significantly lower in animals fed diets without FO. Moreover, the content of linolenic acid (18:3n-3) increased as FO substitution did, being significantly higher with respect to control diet (without vegetable oils) from 40% or higher FO replacement diets. No differences in saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the fish whole-body. Nutritional indices can be considered within optimal values for healthy foods. Abstract Among freshwater species, tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758) is considered as a promising species for the diversification of aquaculture, but the intensification of techniques is necessary to promote and consolidate its culture. Adequate feeding in early growth phases is essential to face further grow-out. Fish oil (FO) is the main source of lipids in fish diets, but its production is unsustainable, and thus, alternative oils should be considered. A 90-day experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of partial and total replacement of cod liver oil (FO) by a blend of vegetable oils (VO) in juvenile tench. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with different levels of a VO blend containing 30% linseed oil, 20% corn oil, and 50% olive oil were tested: 0% (control), 20%VO, 40%VO, 60%VO, 80%VO, and 100%VO. With all diets, survival was 100%, and there were not differences in growth performance (total length (TL); weight (W); specific growth rate (SGR); feed conversion ratio (FCR); and biomass gain (BG)). Compared to the control group, whole-body lipid content decreased significantly in the 100%VO group. No differences in total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were found in the whole-body. The content of linolenic acid (ALA) in the whole-body increased as FO substitution did, being significantly higher with respect to control diet from 40% FO replacement diets. Nutritional indices, such as ΣPUFA/ΣSFA and Σn-6/Σn-3 ratios, tended to increase with increasing VO content, whereas the EPA + DHA showed an opposite trend. A total replacement of FO by the blend of VO did not affect the growth performance and fatty acid profile of juvenile tench. Further research on the effects of VO diet on nutritional quality in tench reared to commercial size should be performed.
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Koch E, Kampschulte N, Schebb NH. Comprehensive Analysis of Fatty Acid and Oxylipin Patterns in n3-PUFA Supplements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3979-3988. [PMID: 35324176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Supplementing long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) improves health. We characterized the pattern of total and non-esterified oxylipins and fatty acids in n3 supplements made of fish, krill, or micro-algae oil by LC-MS. All supplements contained the declared amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); however, their content per capsule and the concentration of other fatty acids varied strongly. Krill oil contained the highest total n3 oxylipin concentration (6000 nmol/g) and the highest degree of oxidation (EPA 0.7%; DHA 1.3%), while micro-algae oil (Schizochytrium sp.) showed the lowest oxidation (<0.09%). These oils contain specifically high amounts of the terminal hydroxylation product of EPA (20-HEPE, 300 nmol/g) and DHA (22-HDHA, 200 nmol/g), which can serve as an authenticity marker for micro-algae oil. Refined micro-algae and fish oil were characterized by NEFA levels of ≤0.1%. Overall, the oxylipin and fatty acid pattern allows gaining new insights into the origin and quality of n3-PUFA oils in supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Koch
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nadja Kampschulte
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Qin Y, Zhang H, Jiang B, Chen J, Zhang T. Food bioactives lowering risks of chronic diseases induced by fine particulate air pollution: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7811-7836. [PMID: 35317688 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) exerts huge negative impacts on human health worldwide, not only targeting the respiratory system but more importantly inducing and aggravating associated chronic diseases like asthma, lung cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer diseases. Food-derived bioactive compounds like vitamins, dietary polyphenols, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and sulforaphane are feasible alternative therapeutic approaches against PM-mediated potential health damages, drawing great attention in recent years. In this review, the association between PM exposure and risks of developing chronic diseases, and the detailed mechanisms underlying the detrimental effects of PM will be discussed. Subsequently, principal food-derived bioactive compounds, with emphasize on the preventative or protective effects against PM, along with potential mechanisms will be elucidated. This comprehensive review will discuss and present current research findings to reveal the nutritional intervention as a preventative or therapeutic strategy against ambient air pollution, thereby lowering the risk of developing chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Fisk HL, Childs CE, Miles EA, Ayres R, Noakes PS, Paras-Chavez C, Kuda O, Kopecký J, Antoun E, Lillycrop KA, Calder PC. Modification of subcutaneous white adipose tissue inflammation by omega-3 fatty acids is limited in human obesity-a double blind, randomised clinical trial. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103909. [PMID: 35247847 PMCID: PMC8894262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is associated with enhanced inflammation. However, investigation in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) is limited and the mechanisms by which inflammation occurs have not been well elucidated. Marine long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory actions and may reduce scWAT inflammation. Methods Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) biopsies were collected from individuals living with obesity (n=45) and normal weight individuals (n=39) prior to and following a 12-week intervention with either 3 g/day of a fish oil concentrate (providing 1.1 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 0.8 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) or 3 g/day of corn oil. ScWAT fatty acid, oxylipin, and transcriptome profiles were assessed by gas chromatography, ultra-pure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR, respectively. Findings Obesity was associated with greater scWAT inflammation demonstrated by lower concentrations of specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and hydroxy-DHA metabolites and an altered transcriptome with differential expression of genes involved in LC n-3 PUFA activation, oxylipin synthesis, inflammation, and immune response. Intervention with LC n-3 PUFAs increased their respective metabolites including the SPM precursor 14-hydroxy-DHA in normal weight individuals and decreased arachidonic acid derived metabolites and expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory response with a greater effect in normal weight individuals. Interpretation Downregulated expression of genes responsible for fatty acid activation and metabolism may contribute to an inflammatory oxylipin profile and limit the effects of LC n-3 PUFAs in obesity. There may be a need for personalised LC n-3 PUFA supplementation based on obesity status. Funding European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (Grant Number 244995) and Czech Academy of Sciences (Lumina quaeruntur LQ200111901).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena L Fisk
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Caroline E Childs
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Ayres
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Noakes
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Medical School, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Carolina Paras-Chavez
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elie Antoun
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Zapata J, Gallardo A, Romero C, Valenzuela R, Garcia-Diaz DF, Duarte L, Bustamante A, Gasaly N, Gotteland M, Echeverria F. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis in obesity: Potential relationship with gut microbiota. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 177:102388. [PMID: 34995899 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a worldwide public health problem characterized by fat tissue accumulation, favouring adipose tissue and metabolic alterations. Increasing energy expenditure (EE) through brown adipose tissue activation and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning has gained relevance as a therapeutic approach. Different bioactive compounds, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have been shown to induce those thermogenic effects. This process is regulated by the gut microbiota as well. Nevertheless, obesity is characterized by gut microbiota dysbiosis, which can be restored by weight loss and n-3 PUFA intake, among other factors. Knowledge gap: However, the role of the gut microbiota on the n-3 PUFA effect in inducing thermogenesis in obesity has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE This review aims to elucidate the potential implications of this interrelation on WAT browning adiposw sittue (BAT), BAT activity, and EE regulation in obesity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zapata
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Gallardo
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Romero
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Valenzuela
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - D F Garcia-Diaz
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Duarte
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Bustamante
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Gasaly
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ICBM: Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - M Gotteland
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Echeverria
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Carrera de Nutricion y Dietetica, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Kulkarni A, Zhao A, Yang B, Zhang Y, Linderborg KM. Tissue-Specific Content of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in (n-3) Deficiency State of Rats. Foods 2022; 11:208. [PMID: 35053940 PMCID: PMC8774705 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary intake of fatty acids (FAs) affects the composition and distribution of FAs in the body. Here, a first-generation (n-3)-deficiency study was conducted by keeping young (age 21 ± 2 days) Sprague-Dawley male rats on a peanut-oil-based diet for 33 days after weaning in order to compare the effect of mild (n-3)-deficiency on the lipid composition of different organs and feces. Soybean-oil-based diet was used as a control. The plasma FA levels corresponded to FAs levels in the organs. Lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was detected in the plasma, brain, testis, visceral fat, heart, and lungs of the (n-3)-deficient group, whereas the DHA content of the eye and feces did not differ between the experimental groups. The DHA content of the brains of the (n-3)-deficient group was 86% of the DHA content of the brains of the (n-3)-adequate group. The DHA level of the organs was affected in the order of visceral fat > liver triacylglycerols > lung > heart > liver phospholipids > testis > eye > brain, with brain being least affected. The low levels of (n-3) FAs in the liver, brain, eye, heart, and lung were offset by an increase in the (n-6) FAs, mainly arachidonic acid. These results indicate that, in rats, adequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy and weaning does not provide enough (n-3) FAs for 33 days of an (n-3)-deficient diet. Results of this study can be used also to evaluate the conditions needed to reach mild (n-3) deficiency in the first generation of rats and to evaluate the feasibility to collect data from a variety of organs or only selected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Kulkarni
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (B.Y.)
| | - Ai Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kaisa M. Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (B.Y.)
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Docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae oil supplementation on breast milk fatty acid profile of mothers who delivered prematurely: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21492. [PMID: 34728723 PMCID: PMC8564506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are deficient in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a fatty acid (FA) associated with an increase in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In two previous randomized control trials, DHA supplementation did not reduce the risk of BPD. We examined the breast milk FA profile, collected 14 days after birth, of mothers who delivered before 29 weeks of gestation and who were supplemented with DHA-rich algae oil or a placebo within 72 h after birth as part of the MOBYDIck trial. Milk FA were analyzed by gas chromatography. The total amount of FA (mg/mL) was similar in both groups but the supplementation increased DHA (expressed as % of total FA, mean ± SD, treatment vs placebo, 0.95 ± 0.44% vs 0.34 ± 0.20%; P < 0.0001), n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (0.275 ± 0.14% vs 0.04 ± 0.04%; P < 0.0001) and eicosapentaenoic acid (0.08 ± 0.08% vs 0.07 ± 0.07%; P < 0.0001) while decreasing n-3 DPA (0.16 ± 0.05% vs 0.17 ± 0.06%; P < 0.05). Supplementation changed the ratio of DHA to arachidonic acid (1.76 ± 1.55% vs 0.60 ± 0.31%; P < 0.0001) and n-6 to n-3 FA (0.21 ± 0.06% vs 0.17 ± 0.04%; P < 0.0001). DHA-rich algae supplementation successfully increased the DHA content of breast milk but also included secondary changes that are closely involved with inflammation and may contribute to changing clinical outcomes.
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Hayford FEA, Dolman RC, Ozturk M, Nienaber A, Ricci C, Loots DT, Brombacher F, Blaauw R, Smuts CM, Parihar SP, Malan L. Adjunct n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Treatment in Tuberculosis Reduces Inflammation and Improves Anemia of Infection More in C3HeB/FeJ Mice With Low n-3 Fatty Acid Status Than Sufficient n-3 Fatty Acid Status. Front Nutr 2021; 8:695452. [PMID: 34504860 PMCID: PMC8421789 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.695452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations at risk for tuberculosis (TB) may have a low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status. Our research previously showed that post-infection supplementation of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) in TB without TB medication was beneficial in n-3 PUFA sufficient but not in low-status C3HeB/FeJ mice. In this study, we investigated the effect of n-3 LCPUFA adjunct to TB medication in TB mice with a low compared to a sufficient n-3 PUFA status. Mice were conditioned on an n-3 PUFA-deficient (n-3FAD) or n-3 PUFA-sufficient (n-3FAS) diet for 6 weeks before TB infection. Post-infection at 2 weeks, both groups were switched to an n-3 LCPUFA [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] supplemented diet and euthanized at 4- and 14- days post-treatment. Iron and anemia status, bacterial loads, lung pathology, lung cytokines/chemokines, and lung lipid mediators were measured. Following 14 days of treatment, hemoglobin (Hb) was higher in the n-3FAD than the untreated n-3FAS group (p = 0.022), whereas the n-3FAS (drug) treated control and n-3FAS groups were not. Pro-inflammatory lung cytokines; interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.011), IL-1α (p = 0.039), MCP1 (p = 0.003), MIP1- α (p = 0.043), and RANTES (p = 0.034); were lower, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 (p = 0.002) and growth factor GMCSF (p = 0.007) were higher in the n-3FAD compared with the n-3FAS mice after 14 days. These results suggest that n-3 LCPUFA therapy in TB-infected mice, in combination with TB medication, may improve anemia of infection more in low n-3 fatty acid status than sufficient status mice. Furthermore, the low n-3 fatty acid status TB mice supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA showed comparatively lower cytokine-mediated inflammation despite presenting with lower pro-resolving lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E A Hayford
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Department of Dietetics, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robin C Dolman
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arista Nienaber
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Cristian Ricci
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Metabolomics, Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Renée Blaauw
- Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cornelius M Smuts
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda Malan
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Fadini AL, Alvim ID, Carazzato CA, Paganotti KBDF, Miguel AMRDO, Rodrigues RAF. Microparticles loaded with fish oil: stability studies, food application and sensory evaluation. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:365-380. [PMID: 34278940 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1948622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evaluate the stability of microparticles loaded with fish oil produced by spray drying, spray chilling and by the combination of these techniques (double-shell) and use the microparticles for food application. METHODS Samples were stored for 180 days at 6 °C and 24 °C (75% RH). Performed investigations included encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, aw, size (laser scattering), colour (L*, a*, b*), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (GC), thermal behaviour (DSC) and crystalline structure (XRD). RESULTS Double-shell microparticles containing 26 wt% core material, 22.74 ± 0.02 µm (D0.5) and 2.05 ± 0.03 span index, 1.262 ± 0.026 wt% moisture content and 0.240 ± 0.001 of aw had PUFAs retention higher than 90 wt% during storage at 6 °C without changes in crystalline structure (β'-type crystals) and melting temperature (54 °C). The sensory evaluation suggested low fish oil release in oral phase digestion. CONCLUSIONS Double-shell microparticles were effective to protect and deliver PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Fadini
- Cereal Chocotec, Institute of Food Technology, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodney Alexandre Ferreira Rodrigues
- Phytochemistry Division, CPQBA, University of Campinas, Paulínia, Brazil
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Thanh LP, Phakachoed N, Suksombat W, Loor JJ, Hang TTT. Partial substitution of fish oil for linseed oil enhances beneficial fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation but reduces ruminal fermentation and digestibility in growing goats. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab116. [PMID: 34377951 PMCID: PMC8345834 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate effects of partial replacement of fish oil (FO) for linseed oil (LO) on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation in growing goats. Experiment 1 was carried out in four growing male goats aged 6 months in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Goats were fed a basal diet supplemented with 25 g/kg dry matter either LO alone or in combination with tuna FO. Treatments were developed by replacing FO for LO at ratios of 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg DM corresponding to FO-0, FO-5, FO-10 and FO-15, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out in an in vitro incubation system including 12 fermenters with the same four treatments. Each fermenter consisted of 40 mL goat ruminal fluid, 160 mL warm buffer, 2 g mixed substrates, and 50 mg FO-0, FO-5, FO-10 or FO-15. Fish oil inclusion reduced (P < 0.05) digestibility and nitrogen retention in Experiment 1. Increasing doses of FO in the diet induced a strong drop (P < 0.001) in ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and protozoa population at 3 h post incubation, but did not affect individual VFA proportions. Substitution of FO for LO decreased mean concentrations of C18:0 (P = 0.057), c-9,c-12 C18:2 and C18:3n-3 (P < 0.001), but increased (P < 0.001) C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Feeding FO-10 enhanced formation of ruminal c-9,t-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration compared with FO-0. Overall, combined data suggest that to improve ruminal concentrations of C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and c-9,t-11 CLA for deposition in tissues or milk with minimal risk of affecting digestibility and ruminal fermentation, a dietary supplementation of 15 g/kg LO and 10 g/kg FO would be suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Phuoc Thanh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho 94000, Viet Nam
| | - Noppharat Phakachoed
- Department of Animal Production Technology, Kalasin University, Mueang, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
| | - Wisitiporn Suksombat
- Technopolis, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinoi at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tran Thi Thuy Hang
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Can Tho University, Phung Hiep, Hau Giang 95000, Viet Nam
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Stackpole KMW, Ollberding NJ, Smith LA, Casson P, Kirk S, Siegel R. Omega-3 Use for the Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia, Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children with Obesity. Child Obes 2021; 17:357-364. [PMID: 33844928 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been investigated in treating elevated triglycerides (TGs), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in adults, but has not been well studied in youth with obesity. This retrospective study examined the effectiveness of omega-3 as an adjunct therapy for these conditions in patients participating in a pediatric weight management program (PWMP). Methods: Patients with a BMI ≥85th percentile and abnormal alanine transaminase (ALT), TGs, or HDL, participating in our PWMP, were identified (n = 617). Patients prescribed an omega-3 were classified as treated (n = 68). Treated patients were matched (1:1) to untreated patients on the propensity for treatment. Generalized least squares regression was used to model the change in TGs, HDL, and ALT adjusted for baseline characteristics. Results: The treated (mean age 12.7 years, 60.3% male, TGs 218.7 mg/dL, ALT 49.6 U/L, HDL 34.9 mg/dL; 42.6% Hispanic, 72% severe obesity) and matched control patients showed improvement in point estimates in TGs (p = 0.62), HDL (p = 0.18), and ALT (p = 0.43) over follow-up, but the differences in change were not statistically significant. Greater improvement was observed for treated subjects over time in TGs (difference of 5% at 6.1-12 months; 10% at 12.1-18 months: 16% at 18.1-24 months) but was not statistically significant (p > 0.2). Conclusions: This study did not demonstrate that omega-3 therapy is of definitive benefit as an adjunct to lifestyle modification alone in children with obesity for hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels, or NAFLD. A randomized-controlled trial is required to determine the impact of omega-3 supplementation in treating these conditions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M W Stackpole
- Center for Better Health and Nutrition, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas J Ollberding
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laurie A Smith
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paula Casson
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shelley Kirk
- Center for Better Health and Nutrition, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert Siegel
- Center for Better Health and Nutrition, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Alternative and Unconventional Feeds in Dairy Diets and Their Effect on Fatty Acid Profile and Health Properties of Milk Fat. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061817. [PMID: 34207160 PMCID: PMC8234496 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk fat is an important compound in human nutrition. From a nutritional point of view, the production of milk with a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially of those from the n3 group, is desirable because consumption of a diet with a lower n6/n3 ratio is considered to be beneficial for humans. The most effective way to achieve this goal is via dietary manipulations in ruminants. In addition to the feedstuffs commonly used in dairy animal nutrition, there are some alternative or unconventional feedstuffs that are often used for other purposes, e.g., for the reduction of methane production in the rumen. However, such feedstuffs can also alter the fatty acid profile of milk, and thus they can have an impact on the health properties of milk fat. Abstract Milk fat is an important nutritional compound in the human diet. From the health point of view, some fatty acids (FAs), particularly long-chain PUFAs such as EPA and DHA, have been at the forefront of interest due to their antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties, which play a positive role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as well as linoleic and γ-linolenic acids, which play an important role in CVD treatment as essential components of phospholipids in the mitochondria of cell membranes. Thus, the modification of the FA profile—especially an increase in the concentration of polyunsaturated FAs and n-3 FAs in bovine milk fat—is desirable. The most effective way to achieve this goal is via dietary manipulations. The effects of various strategies in dairy nutrition have been thoroughly investigated; however, there are some alternative or unconventional feedstuffs that are often used for purposes other than basic feeding or modifying the fatty acid profiles of milk, such as tanniferous plants, herbs and spices, and algae. The use of these foods in dairy diets and their effects on milk fatty acid profile are reviewed in this article. The contents of selected individual FAs (atherogenic, rumenic, linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) and their combinations; the contents of n3 and n6 FAs; n6/n3 ratios; and atherogenic, health-promoting and S/P indices were used as criteria for assessing the effect of these feeds on the health properties of milk fat.
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Nyunoya H, Noda T, Kawamoto Y, Hayashi Y, Ishibashi Y, Ito M, Okino N. Lack of ∆5 Desaturase Activity Impairs EPA and DHA Synthesis in Fish Cells from Red Sea Bream and Japanese Flounder. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:472-481. [PMID: 34176006 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain (≥ C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), are necessary for human health and are obtained from marine fish-derived oils. Marine fish are LC-PUFA-rich animals; however, many of them require LC-PUFA for growth. Therefore, it is suggested that they do not have sufficient ability to biosynthesize LC-PUFA. To evaluate in vivo LC-PUFA synthetic activity in fish cells, fish-derived cell lines from red sea bream (Pagrus major, PMS and PMF), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, HINAE), and zebrafish (Danio rerio, BRF41) were incubated with n-3 fatty acids labeled by radioisotopes or stable isotopes, and then, n-3 PUFA were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Labeled EPA and DHA were biosynthesized from labeled α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in BRF41, whereas they were not detected in PMS, PMF, or HINAE cells. We next cloned the fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2) cDNAs from PMF cells and zebrafish, expressed in budding yeasts, and then analyzed the substrate specificities of enzymes. As a result, we found that Fads2 from PMF cells was a ∆6/∆8 desaturase. Collectively, our study indicates that cell lines from red sea bream and Japanese flounder were not able to synthesize EPA or DHA by themselves, possibly due to the lack of ∆5 desaturase activity. Furthermore, this study provides a sensitive and reproducible non-radioactive method for evaluating LC-PUFA synthesis in fish cells using a stable isotope and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nyunoya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Noda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - You Kawamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Osmond ATY, Arts MT, Hall JR, Rise ML, Bazinet RP, Armenta RE, Colombo SM. Schizochytrium sp. (T18) Oil as a Fish Oil Replacement in Diets for Juvenile Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on Growth Performance, Tissue Fatty Acid Content, and Lipid-Related Transcript Expression. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1185. [PMID: 33924273 PMCID: PMC8074903 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated whether oil extracted from the marine microbe, Schizochytrium sp. (strain T18), with high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), could replace fish oil (FO) in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three experimental diets were tested: (1) a control diet with fish oil (FO diet), (2) a microbial oil (MO) diet with a blend of camelina oil (CO) referred to as MO/CO diet, and (3) a MO diet (at a higher inclusion level). Rainbow trout (18.8 ± 2.9 g fish-1 initial weight ± SD) were fed for 8 weeks and evaluated for growth performance, fatty acid content and transcript expression of lipid-related genes in liver and muscle. There were no differences in growth performance measurements among treatments. In liver and muscle, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was highest in trout fed the FO diet compared to the MO/CO and MO diets. Liver DHA was highest in trout fed the MO/CO diet compared to the FO and MO diets. Muscle DHA was highest in trout fed the MO and MO/CO diets compared to the FO diet. In trout fed the MO/CO diet, compared to the MO diet, fadsd6b was higher in both liver and muscle. In trout fed the FO or MO/CO diets, compared to the MO diet, cox1a was higher in both liver and muscle, cpt1b1a was higher in liver and cpt1a1a, cpt1a1b and cpt1a2a were higher in muscle. Schizochytrium sp. (T18) oil was an effective source of DHA for rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelisa T. Y. Osmond
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Michael T. Arts
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
| | - Jennifer R. Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Roberto E. Armenta
- Mara Renewables Corporation, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4T6, Canada;
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stefanie M. Colombo
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
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Christmann U, Hancock CL, Poole CM, Emery AL, Poovey JR, Hagg C, Mattson EA, Scarborough JJ, Christopher JS, Dixon AT, Craney DJ, Wood PL. Dynamics of DHA and EPA supplementation: incorporation into equine plasma, synovial fluid, and surfactant glycerophosphocholines. Metabolomics 2021; 17:41. [PMID: 33866431 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Horses with asthma or osteoarthritis frequently receive ω-3 fatty acid supplements. Docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5) acids are essential ω-3 fatty acid precursors of anti-inflammatory mediators and components of structural glycerophospholipids (GPL) that act as reservoirs of these fatty acids. Analysis of the incorporation of dietary DHA + EPA into GPL pools in different body compartments has not been undertaken in horses. OBJECTIVES We undertook a detailed study of dietary supplementation with DHA + EPA in horses and monitored incorporation into DHA- and EPA-containing glycerophosphocholines (GPC) 38:5, 38:6, 40:5, and 40:6 in plasma, synovial fluid (SF), and surfactant. METHODS Horses (n = 20) were randomly assigned to the supplement or control group and evaluated on days 0, 30, 60, and 90. GPC in plasma, SF, and surfactant were measured by high-resolution mass spectrometry with less than 3 ppm mass error. Validation of DHA and EPA incorporation into these GPC was conducted utilizing MS2 of the [M + Cl]- adducts of GPC. RESULTS Dietary supplementation resulted in augmented levels of GPC 38:5, 38:6, 40:5, and 40:6 in all compartments. Maximum incorporation into GPCs was delayed until 60 days. Significant increases in the levels of GPC 38:5, 40:5, and 40:6, containing docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5), also was noted. CONCLUSIONS DHA and EPA supplementation results in augmented storage pools of ω-3 essential fatty acids in SF and surfactant GPC. This has the potential to improve the ability of anti-inflammatory mechanisms to resolve inflammatory pathways in these critical compartments involved in arthritis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undine Christmann
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA.
| | - Courtney L Hancock
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Cathleen M Poole
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Audrey L Emery
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Jesse R Poovey
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Casey Hagg
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Eric A Mattson
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Jon J Scarborough
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Jordan S Christopher
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Alexander T Dixon
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Dustin J Craney
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
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Østbye TK, Woldemariam NT, Lundberg CE, Berge GM, Ruyter B, Andreassen R. Modulation of hepatic miRNA expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by family background and dietary fatty acid composition. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:1172-1185. [PMID: 33332611 PMCID: PMC8048513 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study finds significant differences in hepatic fatty acid composition between four groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) consisting of offspring from families selected for high and low capacities to express the delta 6 desaturase isomer b and fed diets with 10% or 75% fish oil. The results demonstrated that hepatic lipid metabolism was affected by experimental conditions (diet/family). The fatty acid composition in the four groups mirrored the differences in dietary composition, but it was also associated with the family groups. Small RNA sequencing followed by RT-qPCR identified 12 differentially expressed microRNAs (DE miRNAs), with expression associated with family groups (miR-146 family members, miR-200b, miR-214, miR-221, miR-125, miR-135, miR-137, miR_nov_1), diets (miR-203, miR-462) or both conditions. All the conserved DE miRNAs have been reported as associated with lipid metabolism in other vertebrates. In silico predictions revealed 37 lipid metabolism pathway genes, including desaturases, transcription factors and key enzymes in the synthesis pathways as putative targets (e.g., srebp-1 and 2, Δ6fad_b and c, hmdh, elovl4 and 5b, cdc42). RT-qPCR analysis of selected target genes showed expression changes that were associated with diet and with family groups (d5fad, d6fad_a, srebp-1). There was a reciprocal difference in the abundance of ssa-miR-203a-3p and srebp-1 in one group comparison, whereas other predicted targets did not reveal any evidence of being negatively regulated by degradation. More experimental studies are needed to validate and fully understand the predicted interactions and how the DE miRNAs may participate in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone‐Kari K. Østbye
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research)ÅsNorway
| | - Nardos T. Woldemariam
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health SciencesOsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway
| | - Camilla E. Lundberg
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health SciencesOsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway
| | - Gerd M. Berge
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research)ÅsNorway
| | - Bente Ruyter
- Nofima (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research)ÅsNorway
| | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health SciencesOsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan UniversityOsloNorway
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Is There a FADS2-Modulated Link between Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Plasma Phospholipids and Polyphenol Intake in Adult Subjects Who Are Overweight? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020296. [PMID: 33494132 PMCID: PMC7909565 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary polyphenols promote cardiometabolic health and are linked with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma phospholipids (LC-PUFA). The FADS2 polymorphisms are associated with LC-PUFA metabolism and overweight/obesity. This 4-week study examined the link between polyphenol intake, FADS2 variants (rs174593, rs174616, rs174576) and obesity in 62 overweight adults (BMI ≥ 25), allocated to consume 100 mL daily of either: Aronia juice, a rich source of polyphenols, with 1177.11 mg polyphenols (expressed as gallic acid equivalents)/100 mL (AJ, n = 22), Aronia juice with 294.28 mg polyphenols/100 mL (MJ, n = 20), or nutritionally matched polyphenol-lacking placebo as a control (PLB, n = 20). We analyzed LC-PUFA (% of total pool) by gas chromatography and FADS2 variants by real-time PCR. Four-week changes in LC-PUFA, BMI, and body weight were included in statistical models, controlling for gender and PUFA intake. Only upon AJ and MJ, the presence of FADS2 variant alleles affected changes in linoleic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Upon MJ treatment, changes in EPA were inversely linked with changes in BMI (β= -0.73, p = 0.029) and weight gain (β= -2.17, p = 0.024). Only in subjects drinking AJ, the link between changes in EPA and anthropometric indices was modified by the rs174576 variant allele. Our results indicate the interaction between FADS2, fatty acid metabolism, and polyphenol intake in overweight subjects.
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40
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Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on thrombogenic risk markers in subjects with moderate risk for CVD. Proc Nutr Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665121002895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hennessy AA, Kenny DA, Byrne CJ, Childs S, Ross RP, Devery R, Stanton C. Fatty acid concentration of plasma, muscle, adipose and liver from beef heifers fed an encapsulated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement. Animal 2020; 15:100039. [PMID: 33516004 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the content of polyunsaturated fat in the human diet is a priority for reducing cardiovascular disease and cancer risks. Beef has the potential to contribute to the polyunsaturated fat content in the human diet; however, ruminants cannot synthesise many long-chain fatty acids de novo; they require dietary supplementation. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate (i) the effect of a partially rumen protected n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) dietary supplement on the fatty acid composition of muscle (Longissimus dorsi), adipose and liver tissues of beef heifers and (ii) the usefulness of blood plasma as a predictor of tissue concentrations of specific fatty acids. Charolais crossbred heifers (n = 20) were assigned to one of two isolipid dietary treatments namely palmitic acid (control) or an n-3 LC-PUFA supplement for a 91-day period. Blood plasma and adipose tissue samples were taken to determine the temporal effect of these diets on fatty acid composition (days 0, 10, 35 and 91), while liver and muscle samples were taken following slaughter. Dietary lipid source did not influence animal growth rate or body condition score. At day 91, the percentage differences between control and n-3 LC-PUFA heifers in concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid were +61, +176 and +133 % in liver, muscle and adipose, respectively. For docosahexaenoic acid, at the same time point, the percentage differences were +57, +73 and +138 % for liver, muscle and adipose, respectively. Medium-to-strong positive correlation coefficients were evident for liver and plasma fatty acids, in particular, there were positive relationships with concentrations of total saturated fatty acid (SFA), total n-6 PUFA and total n-3 PUFA. This trend also extended to both the ratio of PUFA to SFA (slope (β1) = 0.56 ± 0.167, intercept (β0) = 0.56, R2 = 0.61, P < 0.05) and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFA (β1 = 0.15 ± 0.054, β0 = 0.24, R2 = 0.52, P < 0.05). A strong correlation was also detected in the ratio of n-6 to n-3 in plasma and muscle tissue of heifers fed the n-3 LC-PUFA diet (β1 = 0.53 ± 0.089, β0 = -0.31, R2 = 0.83, P < 0.001). The results of this study show that the n-3 LC-PUFA can be readily increased through targeted supplementation and that plasma concentrations of n-3 LC-PUFA are useful predictors of their concentrations in a number of economically important tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hennessy
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland; National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58, Ireland
| | - D A Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath C15 PW93, Ireland.
| | - C J Byrne
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - S Childs
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath C15 PW93, Ireland; Animal Production Research Centre, Teagasc, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co. Galway H65 R718, Ireland
| | - R P Ross
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - R Devery
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
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Sprague M, Fawcett S, Betancor M, Struthers W, Tocher D. Variation in the nutritional composition of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets with emphasis on EPA and DHA contents. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cortés Fuentes IA, Burotto M, Retamal MA, Frelinghuysen M, Caglevic C, Gormaz JG. Potential use of n-3 PUFAs to prevent oxidative stress-derived ototoxicity caused by platinum-based chemotherapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:263-276. [PMID: 32827639 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based compounds are widely used for the treatment of different malignancies due to their high effectiveness. Unfortunately, platinum-based treatment may lead to ototoxicity, an often-irreversible side effect without a known effective treatment and prevention plan. Platinum-based compound-related ototoxicity results mainly from the production of toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than DNA-adduct formation, which has led to test strategies based on direct ROS scavengers to ameliorate hearing loss. However, favorable clinical results have been associated with several complications, including potential interactions with chemotherapy efficacy. To understand the contribution of the different cytotoxic mechanisms of platinum analogues on malignant cells and auditory cells, the particular susceptibility and response of both kinds of cells to molecules that potentially interfere with these mechanisms, is fundamental to develop innovative strategies to prevent ototoxicity without affecting antineoplastic effects. The n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been tried in different clinical settings, including with cancer patients. Nevertheless, their use to decrease cisplatin-induced ototoxicity has not been explored to date. In this hypothesis paper, we address the mechanisms of platinum compounds-derived ototoxicity, focusing on the differences between the effects of these compounds in neoplastic versus auditory cells. We discuss the basis for a strategic use of n-3 PUFAs to potentially protect auditory cells from platinum-derived injury without affecting neoplastic cells and chemotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A Cortés Fuentes
- Otorhinolaryngology Service, Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Burotto
- Oncology Department, Clínica Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Bradford Hill, Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Universidad Del Desarrollo, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Christian Caglevic
- Cancer Research Department, Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan G Gormaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Glaysher MA, Ward J, Aldhwayan M, Ruban A, Prechtl CG, Fisk HL, Chhina N, Al-Najim W, Smith C, Klimowska-Nassar N, Johnson N, Falaschetti E, Goldstone AP, Miras AD, Byrne JP, Calder PC, Teare JP. The effect of a duodenal-jejunal bypass liner on lipid profile and blood concentrations of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:2343-2354. [PMID: 33131909 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Duodenal-jejunal bypass liners (DJBLs) prevent absorption in the proximal small intestine, the site of fatty acid absorption. We sought to investigate the effects of a DJBL on blood concentrations of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and bioactive polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). METHODS Sub-study of a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial with two treatment groups. Patients aged 18-65 years with type-2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index 30-50 kg/m2 were randomised to receive a DJBL for 12 months or best medical therapy, diet and exercise. Whole plasma PUFA concentrations were determined at baseline, 10 days, 6 and 11.5 months; data were available for n = 70 patients per group. RESULTS Weight loss was significantly greater in the DJBL group compared to controls after 11.5 months: total body weight loss 11.3 ± 5.3% versus 6.0 ± 5.7% (mean difference [95% CI] = 5.27% [3.75, 6.80], p < 0.001). Absolute concentrations of both EFAs, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and their bioactive derivatives, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were significantly lower in the DJBL group than in the control group at 6 and 11.5 months follow-up. Total serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were also significantly lower in the DJBL group. CONCLUSION One year of DJBL therapy is associated with superior weight loss and greater reductions in total serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, but also depletion of EFAs and their longer chain derivatives. DJBL therapy may need to be offset by maintaining an adequate dietary intake of PUFAs or by supplementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02459561.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Ward
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Madhawi Aldhwayan
- Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Helena L Fisk
- School of Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Werd Al-Najim
- Imperial College London, London, UK; Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James P Byrne
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Aakre I, Bøkevoll A, Chaira J, Bouthir FZ, Frantzen S, Kausland A, Kjellevold M. Variation in Nutrient Composition of Seafood from North West Africa: Implications for Food and Nutrition Security. Foods 2020; 9:E1516. [PMID: 33096911 PMCID: PMC7590009 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish and seafood may play an important role for nutrition and food security as they contain essential vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. The aim of this study was to describe the nutrient composition, including fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, in commonly consumed fish species (fillet- and whole fish samples) sampled off the Northwest African coast. Furthermore, we assessed the species' contributions to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) values from the World Health Organization (WHO). Samples of commercially important fish species (Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus trachurus, Pagellus acarne) were collected using trawling on the R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen in May 2017 and analyzed for nutrients at the Institute of Marine Research as individual and composite samples. All the analyzed fish species were good dietary sources of several vitamins and minerals and whole fish were substantially more nutrient dense than fillet samples, especially with regard to vitamin A, iodine, zinc, calcium, and iron. Including 100 g of sardine or anchovy (whole fish) in the diet, would contribute substantially to the RNI for vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin A, EPA and DHA as well as the minerals iodine, zinc, and calcium. This study shows that fish consumed with skin, bone, and viscera may be very nutrient dense and important for local food and nutrition security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Annbjørg Bøkevoll
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Jamal Chaira
- National Institute for Fisheries Research (INRH), Casablanca 20030, Morocco; (J.C.); (F.Z.B.)
| | - Fatima Zohra Bouthir
- National Institute for Fisheries Research (INRH), Casablanca 20030, Morocco; (J.C.); (F.Z.B.)
| | - Sylvia Frantzen
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Anette Kausland
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (A.B.); (S.F.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
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46
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Łuczyńska J, Paszczyk B, Łuczyński MJ, Kowalska-Góralska M, Nowosad J, Kucharczyk D. Using Rutilus rutilus (L.) and Perca fluviatilis (L.) as Bioindicators of the Environmental Condition and Human Health: Lake Łańskie, Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207595. [PMID: 33086547 PMCID: PMC7590223 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the mercury content and fatty acids profile in roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) and European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) from Lake Łańskie (Poland). Mercury content was higher in the muscles than other organs in both species (p < 0.05). Mercury accumulates along the food chain of the lake's ecosystem. The value of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) indicated that Hg had accumulated in the highest amounts in muscles and in the other organs as follows: muscles > liver > gills > gonads. The metal pollution index (MPI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were below 1, which means that these fish are safe for consumers. The values of HIS, GSI and FCF indicators show that both species of fish can be good indicators of water quality and food contamination. There were few differences between fatty acid content in the muscles of perch and roach. Contents of fatty acids having an undesirable dietary effect in humans (OFA-hypercholesterolemic fatty acids) were lower compared to hypocholesterolemic fatty acids (DFA, i.e., the desirable ones). In addition, the lipid quality indices AI and TI in the muscles of fish were at 0.40 and 0.22 (perch) and at 0.35 and 0.22 (roach), respectively. On this basis, it can be concluded that the flesh of the fish studied is beneficial from the health point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łuczyńska
- Chair of Commodity and Food Analysis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-89523-4165
| | - Beata Paszczyk
- Chair of Commodity and Food Analysis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Marek Jan Łuczyński
- The Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Monika Kowalska-Góralska
- Department of Limnology and Fishery, Institute of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. J. Chełmońskiego 38 c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Joanna Nowosad
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Warmia and Mazury University, Al. Warszawska 117A, 10-701 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.N.); (D.K.)
| | - Dariusz Kucharczyk
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Warmia and Mazury University, Al. Warszawska 117A, 10-701 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.N.); (D.K.)
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Proteomic and Transcriptomic Patterns during Lipid Remodeling in Nannochloropsis gaditana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186946. [PMID: 32971781 PMCID: PMC7554720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient limited conditions are common in natural phytoplankton communities and are often used to increase the yield of lipids from industrial microalgae cultivations. Here we studied the effects of bioavailable nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deprivation on the proteome and transcriptome of the oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana. Turbidostat cultures were used to selectively apply either N or P deprivation, controlling for variables including the light intensity. Global (cell-wide) changes in the proteome were measured using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) and LC-MS/MS, whilst gene transcript expression of the same samples was quantified by Illumina RNA-sequencing. We detected 3423 proteins, where 1543 and 113 proteins showed significant changes in abundance in N and P treatments, respectively. The analysis includes the global correlation between proteomic and transcriptomic data, the regulation of subcellular proteomes in different compartments, gene/protein functional groups, and metabolic pathways. The results show that triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation under nitrogen deprivation was associated with substantial downregulation of protein synthesis and photosynthetic activity. Oil accumulation was also accompanied by a diverse set of responses including the upregulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), lipase, and lipid body associated proteins. Deprivation of phosphorus had comparatively fewer, weaker effects, some of which were linked to the remodeling of respiratory metabolism.
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Omega-3 index and blood pressure responses to eating foods naturally enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15444. [PMID: 32963294 PMCID: PMC7508802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets low in seafood omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are very prevalent. Such diets have recently been ranked as the sixth most important dietary risk factor—1.5 million deaths and 33 million disability-adjusted life-years worldwide are attributable to this deficiency. Wild oily fish stocks are insufficient to feed the world’s population, and levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in farmed fish have more than halved in the last 20 years. Here we report on a double-blinded, controlled trial, where 161 healthy normotensive adults were randomly allocated to eat at least three portions/week of omega-3-PUFA enriched (or control) chicken-meat, and to eat at least three omega-3-PUFA enriched (or control) eggs/week, for 6 months. We show that regular consumption of omega-3-PUFA enriched chicken-meat and eggs significantly increased the primary outcome, the red cell omega-3 index (mean difference [98.75% confidence interval] from the group that ate both control foods, 1.7% [0.7, 2.6]). Numbers of subjects with a very high-risk omega-3 index (index < 4%) were more than halved amongst the group that ate both enriched foods. Furthermore, eating the enriched foods resulted in clinically relevant reductions in diastolic blood pressure (− 3.1 mmHg [− 5.8, − 0.3]). We conclude that chicken-meat and eggs, naturally enriched with algae-sourced omega-3-PUFAs, may serve as alternative dietary sources of these essential micronutrients. Unlike many lifestyle interventions, long-term population health benefits do not depend on willingness of individuals to make long-lasting difficult dietary changes, but on the availability of a range of commonly eaten, relatively inexpensive, omega-3-PUFA enriched foods.
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Bureš D, Bartoň L, Kudrnáčová E, Kotrba R, Hoffman LC. The Effect of Barley and Lysine Supplementation on the longissimus lumborum Meat Quality of Pasture-Raised Fallow Deer ( Dama dama). Foods 2020; 9:foods9091255. [PMID: 32911635 PMCID: PMC7555754 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical characteristics (proximate composition, amino acids, and fatty acids) and sensory quality of the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle of 45 farmed male fallow deer were investigated. The animals were divided into three separate groups (n = 15 per treatment): pasture-fed (P), pasture-fed and supplemented with barley (B), and pasture-fed and supplemented with barley and lysine (BL). Differences were observed in LL moisture and the intramuscular fat contents, the latter being almost two-fold greater in the meat of B and BL groups compared to P. The concentrations of histidine, leucine, alanine, glutamic acid and glycine in the raw meat were higher in the BL group compared to the P group. Higher contents of n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and consequently lower n–3 ratios, were found in the P group, compared to the BL group. The grilled meat samples from the P group scored higher than the other groups for grassy flavour, and lower for liver flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bureš
- Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague 10-Uhříněves, Czech Republic; (L.B.); (E.K.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-267-009-659
| | - Luděk Bartoň
- Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague 10-Uhříněves, Czech Republic; (L.B.); (E.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Eva Kudrnáčová
- Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague 10-Uhříněves, Czech Republic; (L.B.); (E.K.); (R.K.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kotrba
- Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague 10-Uhříněves, Czech Republic; (L.B.); (E.K.); (R.K.)
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Louwrens C. Hoffman
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance Mechanisation Building A. 8115, Gatton 4343, Australia;
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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50
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Wei B, Wang S. Separation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid by three-zone simulated moving bed chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461326. [PMID: 32709355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are essential fatty acids for human body, which are widely used in the field of healthy food and medicine. Meanwhile, there are some differences in their physiological functions, such as "scavenger for blood vessel" of EPA and "brain protector" of DHA. In order to make full use of EPA and DHA, it is necessary to prepare their high-purity component. In this paper, EPA and DHA were separated and purified by three-zone simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography with C18 used as stationary phase and ethanol-water as mobile phase. For the single column experiment, a separation unit of SMB, the effects of the ratio of ethanol to water, pH value and temperature on the separation were investigated. The equilibrium dispersion (ED) model was used to obtain the adsorption parameters of EPA and DHA by inverse method and genetic algorithm, and the accuracy of the adsorption parameters was verified by fitting the overloaded elution curves under different conditions. Based on the acquired nonlinear adsorption isotherms the complete separation region was found according to triangle theory. The effects of sample concentration, flow ratios of adsorption zone and rectification zone, and column distribution mode of SMB on the separation were investigated. Under the optimized SMB conditions, the experimental result was that without regard to the other components, the chromatographic purity and recovery values of EPA and DHA exceeded 99% with the productivity of 4.15 g/L/h, and the solvent consumption of 1.11 L/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofeng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Shaoyan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China.
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