1
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Schüll A, Grothe L, Rodrigo E, Erhard T, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of S-Aryl Dibenzothiophenium Triflates as Precursors for Selective Nucleophilic Aromatic (Radio)fluorination. Org Lett 2024; 26:2790-2794. [PMID: 37805940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrosynthetic approach to aryl dibenzothiophenium salts, including the direct intramolecular formation of a C-S bond in a metal-free, electrochemical key step under ambient conditions, is reported. The broad applicability of this method is demonstrated with 14 examples, including nitrogen-containing heterocycles in isolated yields up to 72%. The resulting sulfonium salts can be used as precursors for fluorine labeling to give [18F]fluoroarenes as found in PET tracer ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Schüll
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Grothe
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Medicinal Chemistry & Screening Biology, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Thomas Erhard
- Medicinal Chemistry & Screening Biology, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Minami Y, Imamura S, Matsuyama N, Nakajima Y, Yoshida M. Catalytic thiolation-depolymerization-like decomposition of oxyphenylene-type super engineering plastics via selective carbon-oxygen main chain cleavages. Commun Chem 2024; 7:37. [PMID: 38378901 PMCID: PMC10879179 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
As the effective use of carbon resources has become a pressing societal issue, the importance of chemical recycling of plastics has increased. The catalytic chemical decomposition for plastics is a promising approach for creating valuable products under efficient and mild conditions. Although several commodity and engineering plastics have been applied, the decompositions of stable resins composed of strong main chains such as polyamides, thermoset resins, and super engineering plastics are underdeveloped. Especially, super engineering plastics that have high heat resistance, chemical resistance, and low solubility are nearly unexplored. In addition, many super engineering plastics are composed of robust aromatic ethers, which are difficult to cleave. Herein, we report the catalytic depolymerization-like chemical decomposition of oxyphenylene-based super engineering plastics such as polyetheretherketone and polysulfone using thiols via selective carbon-oxygen main chain cleavage to form electron-deficient arenes with sulfur functional groups and bisphenols. The catalyst combination of a bulky phosphazene base P4-tBu with inorganic bases such as tripotassium phosphate enabled smooth decomposition. This method could be utilized with carbon- or glass fiber-enforced polyetheretherketone materials and a consumer resin. The sulfur functional groups in one product could be transformed to amino and sulfonium groups and fluorine by using suitable catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Sae Imamura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nao Matsuyama
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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3
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Mardon K, Patel JZ, Savinainen JR, Stimson DHR, Oyagawa CRM, Grimsey NL, Migotto MA, Njiru GFM, Hamilton BR, Cowin G, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Vanduffel W, Blakey I, Bhalla R, Cawthorne C, Celen S, Bormans G, Thurecht KJ, Ahamed M. Utilizing PET and MALDI Imaging for Discovery of a Targeted Probe for Brain Endocannabinoid α/ β-Hydrolase Domain 6 (ABHD6). J Med Chem 2023; 66:538-552. [PMID: 36516997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multimodal imaging provides rich biological information, which can be exploited to study drug activity, disease associated phenotypes, and pharmacological responses. Here we show discovery and validation of a new probe targeting the endocannabinoid α/β-hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) enzyme by utilizing positron emission tomography (PET) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging. [18F]JZP-MA-11 as the first PET ligand for in vivo imaging of the ABHD6 is reported and specific uptake in ABHD6-rich peripheral tissues and major brain regions was demonstrated using PET. A proof-of-concept study in nonhuman primate confirmed brain uptake. In vivo pharmacological response upon ABHD6 inhibition was observed by MALDI imaging. These synergistic imaging efforts used to identify biological information cannot be obtained by a single imaging modality and hold promise for improving the understanding of ABHD6-mediated endocannabinoid metabolism in peripheral and central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayendra Z Patel
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Caitlin R M Oyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Brett R Hamilton
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Idriss Blakey
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Cawthorne
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Celen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Muneer Ahamed
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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4
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Liu Z, Sun Y, Liu T. Recent Advances in Synthetic Methodologies to Form C-18F Bonds. Front Chem 2022; 10:883866. [PMID: 35494631 PMCID: PMC9047704 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.883866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an important technique for the early diagnosis of disease. Due to the specific physical and chemical properties of Fluorine-18, this important isotope is widely used in PET for labelling and molecular imaging, and its introduction into medicine molecules could produce PET tracers. Developing with the development of organic synthetic methodologies, the introduction of Fluorine-18 into drug molecules efficiently and rapidly under mild conditions, and the formation of C-18F chemical bonds, has become one of the leading topics in both organic synthetic chemistry and radiochemistry. In this mini-review, we review a series of recent advances in the organic synthesis of C-18F bonds (2015–2021), including non-catalytic radiofluorinations via good leaving functional groups, transition metal-catalyzed radiofluorinations, and photo- or electro-catalytic synthetic radiofluorinations. As a result of the remarkable advancements in this field, organic synthetic methods for forming C-18F bonds are expected to continue growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tianfei Liu,
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5
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Automated Synthesis and Initial Evaluation of (4'-Amino-5',8'-difluoro-1'H-spiro[piperidine-4,2'-quinazolin]-1-yl)(4-[ 18F]fluorophenyl)methanone for PET/MR Imaging of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. Mol Imaging 2021; 2021:9996125. [PMID: 34381316 PMCID: PMC8328489 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9996125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation, especially microglial activity, and may potentially represent a useful biomarker of neuroinflammation. In this study, we carefully defined a strategic plan to develop iNOS-targeted molecular PET imaging using (4′-amino-5′,8′-difluoro-1′H-spiro[piperidine-4,2′-quinazolin]-1-yl)(4-fluorophenyl)methanone ([18F]FBAT) as a tracer in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced brain inflammation. Methods An in vitro model, murine microglial BV2 cell line, was used to assess the uptake of [18F]FBAT in response to iNOS induction at the cellular level. In vivo whole-body dynamic PET/MR imaging was acquired in LPS-treated (5 mg/kg) and control mice. Standard uptake value (SUV), total volume of distribution (Vt), and area under the curve (AUC) based on the [18F]FBAT PET signals were determined. The expression of iNOS was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of brain tissues. Results At the end of synthesis, the yield of [18F]FBAT was 2.2–3.1% (EOS), radiochemical purity was >99%, and molar radioactivity was 125–137 GBq/μmol. In vitro, [18F]FBAT rapidly and progressively accumulated in murine microglial BV2 cells exposed to LPS; however, [18F]FBAT accumulation was inhibited by aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor. In vivo biodistribution studies of [18F]FBAT showed a significant increase in the liver and kidney on LPS-treated mice. At 3 h postinjection of LPS, in vivo, the [18F]FBAT accumulation ratios at 30 min post intravenous (i.v.) radiotracer injection for the whole brain, cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem were 2.16 ± 0.18, 1.53 ± 0.25, 1.41 ± 0.21, and 1.90 ± 0.12, respectively, compared to those of mice not injected with LPS. The mean area under the curve (AUC0-30min), total volume of distribution (Vt, mL/cm3), and Ki (influx rate) of [18F]FBAT were 1.9 ± 0.21- and 1.4 ± 0.22-fold higher in the 3 h LPS group, respectively, than in the control group. In the pharmacokinetic two-compartment model, the whole brain Ki of [18F]FBAT was significantly higher in mice injected with LPS compared to the control group. Aminoguanidine, selective iNOS inhibitor, pretreatment significantly reduced the AUC0-30min and Vt values in LPS-induced mice. Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemically stained brain sections confirmed iNOS was preferentially upregulated in the cerebellum and cortex of mice injected with LPS. Conclusion An automated robotic method was established for radiosynthesis of [18F]FBAT, and the preliminary in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated the feasibility of detecting iNOS activity/expression in LPS-treated neuroinflammation by noninvasive imaging with [18F]FBAT PET/MRI.
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6
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Selmani A, Schoenebeck F. Transition-Metal-Free, Formal C–H Germylation of Arenes and Styrenes via Dibenzothiophenium Salts. Org Lett 2021; 23:4779-4784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aymane Selmani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Wright JS, Sharninghausen LS, Preshlock S, Brooks AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Sequential Ir/Cu-Mediated Method for the Meta-Selective C-H Radiofluorination of (Hetero)Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6915-6921. [PMID: 33914521 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a sequential Ir/Cu-mediated process for the meta-selective C-H radiofluorination of (hetero)arene substrates. In the first step, Ir-catalyzed C(sp2)-H borylation affords (hetero)aryl pinacolboronate (BPin) esters. The intermediate organoboronates are then directly subjected to copper-mediated radiofluorination with [18F]tetrabutylammonium fluoride to afford fluorine-18 labeled (hetero)arenes in high radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity. This entire process is performed on a benchtop without Schlenk or glovebox techniques and circumvents the need to isolate (hetero)aryl boronate esters. The reaction was automated on a TracerLab FXFN module with 1,3-dimethoxybenzene and a meta-tyrosine derivative. The products, [18F]1-fluoro-3,5-dimethoxybenzene and an 18F-labeled meta-tyrosine derivative, were obtained in 37 ± 5% isolated radiochemical yield and >99% radiochemical purity and 25% isolated radiochemical yield and 99% radiochemical purity, and 0.52 Ci/μmol (19.24 GBq/μmol) molar activity (Am), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Liam S Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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8
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Li Z, Vijaykumar G, Li X, Golz C, Alcarazo M. 5-(Diarylimino)- and 5-(sulfoximido)dibenzothiophenium triflates: syntheses and applications as electrophilic aminating reagents. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2941-2948. [PMID: 33725078 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The one-pot synthesis of well-defined 5-(diarylimino) and 5-(sulfoximido)dibenzothiophenium triflates, respectively from diarylimines or sulfoximines, is reported and the structures of a series of these compounds are elucidated by X-ray crystallography. In analogy to their hypervalent I(iii) analogues, the iminoyl and sulfoximidoyl groups of these compounds can be selectively transferred to organic substrates. Specifically, the uncatalyzed imination of thiols or sulfinates proceeds with good yields, while under the mild reaction conditions offered by visible light photoredox catalysis, the radical amination of hydrazones or the sulfoximidation of benzylic, allylic and propargylic C-H bonds takes place satisfactorily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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9
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Li X, Golz C, Alcarazo M. α-Diazo Sulfonium Triflates: Synthesis, Structure, and Application to the Synthesis of 1-(Dialkylamino)-1,2,3-triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6943-6948. [PMID: 33351262 PMCID: PMC8048477 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot synthesis of a series of sulfonium salts containing transferable diazomethyl groups is described, and the structure of these compounds is elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Under photochemical conditions, reaction of these salts with N,N-dialkyl hydrazones affords 1-(dialkylamino)-1,2,3-triazoles via diazomethyl radical addition to the azomethine carbon followed by intramolecular ring closure. The straightforward transformation of the structures thus obtained into mesoionic carbene-metal complexes is also reported and the donor properties of these new ligands characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Li
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
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10
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Alonso Martinez LM, DaSilva JN. Development of a novel [ 18 F]fluorobenzyl derivative of the AT 1 receptor antagonist Candesartan. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:120-128. [PMID: 33084079 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Candesartan is a clinically approved angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 R)-blocker that selectively binds AT1 Rs in high affinity. We report here the radiosynthesis and automation of the novel [18 F]fluorobenzyl derivative of Candesartan using the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. [18 F]Fluorobenzyl-Candesartan ([18 F]7) was developed from 4-[18 F]fluoroiodobenzene ([18 F]FIB) that was conjugated with alkyne-trityl-candesartan with the assistance of a Pd (PPh3 )4 /CuI catalyst followed by acid deprotection. The three-step two-reactor 2-HPLC purification process was automated resulting in >90% pure [18 F]7 in a RCY of 4.6 ± 1.1% (decay corrected from EOB) and molar activities of 1,406-5,513 GBq/mmol. [18 F]FIB was reproducibly obtained by direct radiofluorination of the mono-iodinated triphenylsulfonium salt in the presence of K222/K2 CO3 in an ~30% yield (decay-corrected). [18 F]7 was stable (>97%) up to 4 h in solution and up to 1 h in rat plasma at 37°C. However, the use of Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction to produce [18 F]7 in high yields and molar activities was found to be challenging for routine use in radiochemistry labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Michel Alonso Martinez
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Laboratory, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center of the Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean N DaSilva
- Radiochemistry and Cyclotron Laboratory, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Radio-oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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11
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Li X, Golz C, Alcarazo M. α‐Diazo Sulfonium Triflates: Synthesis, Structure, and Application to the Synthesis of 1‐(Dialkylamino)‐1,2,3‐triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Li
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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12
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Fan R, Tan C, Liu Y, Wei Y, Zhao X, Liu X, Tan J, Yoshida H. A leap forward in sulfonium salt and sulfur ylide chemistry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Zhu Y, Chen L, Hou W, Li Y. Recent Progress in Nucleophilic Fluoride Mediated Fluorine-18 Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Abstract
This minireview aims to cover the developments over the past two decades in the chemistry of sulfonium salts. Specifically, insight is provided into the synthetic strategies available for the preparation of these compounds, the different reactivity patterns that are expected depending on their structural features or the reaction conditions applied, and the diversity of organic scaffolds that can thereby be synthesized. Additionally, the pros and cons derived from the use of sulfonium salts are presented and critically compared, when possible, in relation to reagents not based on sulfur but depicting similar reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei I. Kozhushkov
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg‐August‐Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg‐August‐Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
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15
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Lahdenpohja S, Rajala NA, Helin JS, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, López-Picón FR, Kirjavainen AK. Ruthenium-Mediated 18F-Fluorination and Preclinical Evaluation of a New CB 1 Receptor Imaging Agent [ 18F]FPATPP. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2009-2018. [PMID: 32479723 PMCID: PMC7497626 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Cannabinoid receptor
1 (CB1R) controls various physiological and pathological conditions,
including memory, motivation, and inflammation, and is thus an interesting
target for positron emission tomography (PET). Herein, we report a
ruthenium-mediated radiolabeling synthesis and preclinical evaluation
of a new CB1R specific radiotracer, [18F]FPATPP. [18F]FPATPP was produced with 16.7 ± 5.7% decay-corrected
radiochemical yield and >95 GBq/μmol molar activity. The
tracer showed high stability, low defluorination, and high specific
binding to CB1Rs in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Lahdenpohja
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora A. Rajala
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jatta S. Helin
- Preclinical Imaging, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- Preclinical Imaging, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Accelerator Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Francisco R. López-Picón
- Preclinical Imaging, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna K. Kirjavainen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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16
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Altundas B, Kumar CVS, Fleming FF. Acetonitrile-Hexane Extraction Route to Pure Sulfonium Salts. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13384-13388. [PMID: 32548524 PMCID: PMC7288713 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple procedure is described for synthesizing trialkyl, dialkylaryl, and alkyldiaryl sulfonium salts that features a selective extraction procedure to access analytically pure sulfonium salts. Alkylation of dialkylsulfides, alkylarylsulfides, and diarylsulfides followed by partitioning between acetonitrile and hexanes efficiently separates nonpolar reactants and byproducts, the usual impurities, to afford analytically pure crystalline and noncrystalline sulfonium salts. The method is efficient, general, and particularly well suited for the preparation of oily sulfonium salts that are otherwise extremely difficult to purify.
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17
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Guibbal F, Isenegger PG, Wilson TC, Pacelli A, Mahaut D, Sap JBI, Taylor NJ, Verhoog S, Preshlock S, Hueting R, Cornelissen B, Gouverneur V. Manual and automated Cu-mediated radiosynthesis of the PARP inhibitor [ 18F]olaparib. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1525-1541. [PMID: 32111986 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a diagnostic nuclear imaging modality that relies on automated protocols to prepare agents labeled with a positron-emitting radionuclide (e.g., 18F). In recent years, new reactions have appeared for the 18F-labeling of agents that are difficult to access by applying traditional radiochemistry, for example those requiring 18F incorporation into unactivated (hetero)arenes. However, automation of these new methods for translation to the clinic has progressed slowly because extensive modification of manual protocols is typically required when implementing novel 18F-labeling methodologies within automated modules. Here, we describe the workflow that led to the automated radiosynthesis of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor [18F]olaparib. First, we established a robust manual protocol to prepare [18F]olaparib from the protected N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl (SEM) arylboronate ester precursor in a 17% ± 5% (n = 15; synthesis time, 135 min) non-decay-corrected (NDC) activity yield, with molar activity (Am) up to 34.6 GBq/µmol. Automation of the process, consisting of copper-mediated 18F-fluorodeboronation followed by deprotection, was achieved on an Eckert & Ziegler Modular-Lab radiosynthesis platform, affording [18F]olaparib in a 6% ± 5% (n = 3; synthesis time, 120 min) NDC activity yield with Am up to 319 GBq/µmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guibbal
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | | | - Thomas C Wilson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Pacelli
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeroen B I Sap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stefan Verhoog
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebekka Hueting
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, UK.
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18
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Xu P, Zhao D, Berger F, Hamad A, Rickmeier J, Petzold R, Kondratiuk M, Bohdan K, Ritter T. Site-Selective Late-Stage Aromatic [ 18 F]Fluorination via Aryl Sulfonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1956-1960. [PMID: 31697427 PMCID: PMC7004179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of C-H bonds in small complex molecules is a long-standing challenge in organic chemistry. Herein, we report a broadly applicable and site-selective aromatic C-H dibenzothiophenylation reaction. The conceptual advantage of this transformation is further demonstrated through the two-step C-H [18 F]fluorination of a series of marketed small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Da Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Aboubakr Hamad
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Roland Petzold
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Mykhailo Kondratiuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Kostiantyn Bohdan
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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19
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Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch HJ, Liolios C, Kopka K. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Yuan G, Shoup TM, Moon SH, Brownell AL. A concise method for fully automated radiosyntheses of [ 18F]JNJ-46356479 and [ 18F]FITM via Cu-mediated 18F-fluorination of organoboranes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25223-25227. [PMID: 33014351 PMCID: PMC7497470 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified alcohol-enhanced 18F-fluorodeboronation has been developed for the radiosyntheses of [18F]JNJ-46356479 and [18F]FITM. Unlike the [18F]KF/K222 approach, this method tolerates the presence of sensitive heterocycles in Bpin precursors 4 and 8 allowing a one-step 18F-fluorodeboronation on the fully automated TRACERlab™ FXFN platform. A modified alcohol-enhanced 18F-fluorodeboronation has been developed for the radiosyntheses of [18F]JNJ-46356479 and [18F]FITM.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. ;
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. ;
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. ;
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. ;
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21
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Xu P, Zhao D, Berger F, Hamad A, Rickmeier J, Petzold R, Kondratiuk M, Bohdan K, Ritter T. Site‐Selective Late‐Stage Aromatic [
18
F]Fluorination via Aryl Sulfonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Da Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Aboubakr Hamad
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Roland Petzold
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Mykhailo Kondratiuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Kostiantyn Bohdan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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22
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Lahdenpohja SO, Rajala NA, Rajander J, Kirjavainen AK. Fast and efficient copper-mediated 18F-fluorination of arylstannanes, aryl boronic acids, and aryl boronic esters without azeotropic drying. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:28. [PMID: 31659523 PMCID: PMC6795642 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copper-mediated radiofluorination is a straightforward method to produce a variety of [18F]fluoroarenes and [18F]fluoroheteroarenes. To minimize the number of steps in the production of 18F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals, we have developed a short and efficient azeotropic drying-free 18F-labelling method using copper-mediated fluorination. Our goal was to improve the copper-mediated method to achieve wide substrate scope with good radiochemical yields with short synthesis time. Results Solid phase extraction with Cu (OTf)2 in dimethylacetamide is a suitable activation method for [18F]fluoride. Elution efficiency with Cu (OTf)2 is up to 79% and radiochemical yield (RCY) of a variety of model molecules in the crude reaction mixture has reached over 90%. Clinically relevant molecules, norepinephrine transporter tracer [18F]NS12137 and monoamine transporter tracer [18F]CFT were produced with 16.5% RCY in 98 min and 5.3% RCY in 64 min, respectively. Conclusions Cu (OTf)2 is a suitable elution agent for releasing [18F]fluoride from an anion exchange cartridge. The method is fast and efficient and the Cu-complex is customizable after the release of [18F]fluoride. Alterations in the [18F]fluoride elution techniques did not have a negative effect on the subsequent labelling reactions. We anticipate this improved [18F]fluoride elution technique to supplant the traditional azeotropic drying of [18F]fluoride in the long run and to concurrently enable the variations of the copper-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Orvokki Lahdenpohja
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora Annika Rajala
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Rajander
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Kaarina Kirjavainen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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23
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Kaiser D, Klose I, Oost R, Neuhaus J, Maulide N. Bond-Forming and -Breaking Reactions at Sulfur(IV): Sulfoxides, Sulfonium Salts, Sulfur Ylides, and Sulfinate Salts. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8701-8780. [PMID: 31243998 PMCID: PMC6661881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds have long played a vital role in organic chemistry and in the development of novel chemical structures and architectures. Prominent among these organosulfur compounds are those involving a sulfur(IV) center, which have been the subject of countless investigations over more than a hundred years. In addition to a long list of textbook sulfur-based reactions, there has been a sustained interest in the chemistry of organosulfur(IV) compounds in recent years. Of particular interest within organosulfur chemistry is the ease with which the synthetic chemist can effect a wide range of transformations through either bond formation or bond cleavage at sulfur. This review aims to cover the developments of the past decade in the chemistry of organic sulfur(IV) molecules and provide insight into both the wide range of reactions which critically rely on this versatile element and the diverse scaffolds that can thereby be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaiser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Immo Klose
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rik Oost
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - James Neuhaus
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Lahdenpohja S, Keller T, Rajander J, Kirjavainen AK. Radiosynthesis of the norepinephrine transporter tracer [ 18 F]NS12137 via copper-mediated 18 F-labelling. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:259-264. [PMID: 30843249 PMCID: PMC6619244 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[18F]NS12137 (exo‐3‐[(6‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐pyridyl)oxy]8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) is a highly selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) tracer. NETs are responsible for the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine and are linked to several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to develop a copper‐mediated 18F‐fluorination method for the production of [18F]NS12137 with straightforward synthesis conditions and high radiochemical yield and molar activity. [18F]NS12137 was produced in two steps. Radiofluorination of [18F]NS12137 was performed via a copper‐mediated pathway starting with a stannane precursor and using [18F]F− as the source of the fluorine‐18 isotope. Deprotection was performed via acid hydrolysis. The radiofluorination reaction was nearly quantitative as was the deprotection based on HPLC analysis. The radiochemical yield of the synthesis was 15.1 ± 0.5%. Molar activity of [18F]NS12137 was up to 300 GBq/μmol. The synthesis procedure is straightforward and can easily be automated and adapted for clinical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Lahdenpohja
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Keller
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Rajander
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna K Kirjavainen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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25
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Facile 18F labeling of non-activated arenes via a spirocyclic iodonium(III) ylide method and its application in the synthesis of the mGluR 5 PET radiopharmaceutical [ 18F]FPEB. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1530-1545. [PMID: 30980032 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-activated (electron-rich and/or sterically hindered) arenes are prevalent chemical scaffolds in pharmaceuticals and positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostics. Despite substantial efforts to develop a general method to introduce 18F into these moieties for molecular imaging by PET, there is an urgent and unmet need for novel radiofluorination strategies that result in sufficiently labeled tracers to enable human imaging. Herein, we describe an efficient method that relies on spirocyclic iodonium ylide (SCIDY) precursors for one-step and regioselective radiofluorination, as well as proof-of-concept translation to the radiosynthesis of a clinically useful PET tracer, 3-[18F]fluoro-5-[(pyridin-3-yl)ethynyl] benzonitrile ([18F]FPEB). The protocol begins with the preparation of a SCIDY precursor for FPEB, followed by radiosynthesis of [18F]FPEB, by either manual operation or an automated synthesis module. [18F]FPEB can be obtained in quantities >7.4 GBq (200 mCi), ready for injection (20 ± 5%, non-decay corrected), and has excellent chemical and radiochemical purity (>98%) as well as high molar activity (666 ± 51.8 GBq/μmol; 18 ± 1.4 Ci/μmol). The total time for the synthesis and purification of the corresponding labeling SCIDY precursor is 10 h. The subsequent radionuclide production, experimental setup, 18F labeling, and formulation of a product that is ready for injection require 2 h.
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26
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Deng X, Rong J, Wang L, Vasdev N, Zhang L, Josephson L, Liang SH. Chemistry for Positron Emission Tomography: Recent Advances in 11 C-, 18 F-, 13 N-, and 15 O-Labeling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2580-2605. [PMID: 30054961 PMCID: PMC6405341 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technology that provides quantitative information about function and metabolism in biological processes in vivo for disease diagnosis and therapy assessment. The broad application and rapid advances of PET has led to an increased demand for new radiochemical methods to synthesize highly specific molecules bearing positron-emitting radionuclides. This Review provides an overview of commonly used labeling reactions through examples of clinically relevant PET tracers and highlights the most recent developments and breakthroughs over the past decade, with a focus on 11 C, 18 F, 13 N, and 15 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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27
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Deng X, Rong J, Wang L, Vasdev N, Zhang L, Josephson L, Liang SH. Chemie der Positronenemissionstomographie: Aktuelle Fortschritte bei
11
C‐,
18
F‐,
13
N‐ und
15
O‐Markierungsreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medicine DesignPfizer Inc. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
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28
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Bongarzone S, Basagni F, Sementa T, Singh N, Gakpetor C, Faugeras V, Bordoloi J, Gee AD. Development of [ 18F]FAMTO: A novel fluorine-18 labelled positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for imaging CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 enzymes in adrenal glands. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 68-69:14-21. [PMID: 30578137 PMCID: PMC6859501 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary aldosteronism accounts for 6-15% of hypertension cases, the single biggest contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Whilst ~50% of these patients have unilateral aldosterone-producing adenomas, only a minority of these have curative surgery as the current diagnosis of unilateral disease is poor. Carbon-11 radiolabelled metomidate ([11C]MTO) is a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer able to selectively identify CYP11B1/2 expressing adrenocortical lesions of the adrenal gland. However, the use of [11C]MTO is limited to PET centres equipped with on-site cyclotrons due to its short half-life of 20.4 min. Radiolabelling a fluorometomidate derivative with fluorine-18 (radioactive half life 109.8 min) in the para-aromatic position ([18F]FAMTO) has the potential to overcome this disadvantage and allow it to be transported to non-cyclotron-based imaging centres. METHODS Two strategies for the one-step radio-synthesis of [18F]FAMTO were developed. [18F]FAMTO was obtained via radiofluorination via use of sulfonium salt (1) and boronic ester (2) precursors. [18F]FAMTO was evaluated in vitro by autoradiography of pig adrenal tissues and in vivo by determining its biodistribution in rodents. Rat plasma and urine were analysed to determine [18F]FAMTO metabolites. RESULTS [18F]FAMTO is obtained from sulfonium salt (1) and boronic ester (2) precursors in 7% and 32% non-isolated radiochemical yield (RCY), respectively. Formulated [18F]FAMTO was obtained with >99% radiochemical and enantiomeric purity with a synthesis time of 140 min from the trapping of [18F]fluoride ion on an anion-exchange resin (QMA cartridge). In vitro autoradiography of [18F]FAMTO demonstrated exquisite specific binding in CYP11B-rich pig adrenal glands. In vivo [18F]FAMTO rapidly accumulates in adrenal glands. Liver uptake was about 34% of that in the adrenals and all other organs were <12% of the adrenal uptake at 60 min post-injection. Metabolite analysis showed 13% unchanged [18F]FAMTO in blood at 10 min post-administration and rapid urinary excretion. In vitro assays in human blood showed a free fraction of 37.5%. CONCLUSIONS [18F]FAMTO, a new 18F-labelled analogue of metomidate, was successfully synthesised. In vitro and in vivo characterization demonstrated high selectivity towards aldosterone-producing enzymes (CYP11B1 and CYP11B2), supporting the potential of this radiotracer for human investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Bongarzone
- School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Basagni
- School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Sementa
- School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Nisha Singh
- School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb Gakpetor
- School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Faugeras
- School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jayanta Bordoloi
- School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Antony D Gee
- School of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
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29
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Kwon YD, Son J, Chun JH. Catalyst-Free Aromatic Radiofluorination via Oxidized Iodoarene Precursors. Org Lett 2018; 20:7902-7906. [PMID: 30521348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized iodoarenes (OIAs), prepared via mCPBA-mediated oxidation, have been demonstrated as versatile precursors for the synthesis of [18F]fluoroarenes in the absence of catalysts. OIAs have been identified as intermediates in single-pot syntheses of iodonium salts and ylides but have never been recognized as radiofluorination precursors. Here, the isolated OIAs were used without any catalysts to produce functionalized [18F]fluoroarenes, regardless of the electronic nature of the arenes. This method was also applied to the production of radiolabeling synthons for use as aromatic 18F-labeled building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Do Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Son
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital , Yonsei University Health System , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Chun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
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30
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Krüll J, Heinrich MR. [
18
F]Fluorine‐Labeled Pharmaceuticals: Direct Aromatic Fluorination Compared to Multi‐Step Strategies. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Krüll
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen
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31
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Gendron T, Sander K, Cybulska K, Benhamou L, Sin PKB, Khan A, Wood M, Porter MJ, Årstad E. Ring-Closing Synthesis of Dibenzothiophene Sulfonium Salts and Their Use as Leaving Groups for Aromatic 18F-Fluorination. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11125-11132. [PMID: 30132661 PMCID: PMC6128620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel intramolecular ring-closing reaction of biaryl thioethers that give access to highly functionalized dibenzothiophene sulfonium salts under mild conditions. The resulting precursors react regioselectively with [18F]fluoride to give [18F]fluoroarenes in predictable radiochemical yields. The strategy expands the available radiochemical space and provides superior labeling efficiency for clinically relevant PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Gendron
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, University College
London, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, University College
London, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Klaudia Cybulska
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Benhamou
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, University College
London, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Pak Kwan Brian Sin
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, University College
London, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Aqsa Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Wood
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Porter
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Årstad
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine, University College
London, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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32
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Tian ZY, Ming XX, Teng HB, Hu YT, Zhang CP. Transition-Metal-Free N-Arylation of Amines by Triarylsulfonium Triflates. Chemistry 2018; 24:13744-13748. [PMID: 29979482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for transition-metal-free N-arylation of various amines by triarylsulfonium triflates is described. Both aliphatic and aromatic amines were smoothly converted at 80 °C in the presence of tBuOK or KOH to give the corresponding mono N-arylated products in good to high yields. The molar ratios of the reactants and the choice of bases had a big effect on the reaction. When a large excess of [Ph3 S][OTf] and tBuOK were employed for primary amines under the standard conditions, the bis(N-phenyl) products were predominantly formed. This method was also applicable to the synthesis of bioactive N-phenyl amino acid derivatives. The control experiments, the deuterium labelling study, and the presence of regioisomers of N-arylated products when using 4-substituted triarylsulfonium triflates suggested that the reaction might proceed through an aryne intermediate. The present protocol demonstrated that triarylsulfonium salts are versatile arylation reagents in the construction of CAr -N bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Tian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Ming
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Han-Bing Teng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Tian Hu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, 430070, Wuhan, China
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33
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Gruber S, Ametamey SM, Schibli R. Unexpected reactivity of cyclic perfluorinated iodanes with electrophiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8999-9002. [PMID: 30027951 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04558e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have found that cyclic perfluorinated iodanes react with electrophiles (E+ = Br, Cl, F, I) to afford perfluorinated E-RF compounds. This reactivity is unexpected since cyclic perfluorinated iodanes are considered as electrophilic reagents that normally react with nucleophiles (e.g. Nu- = SR, OR) to afford Nu-RF products. The utility of this new transformation is demonstrated for a [18F]CF3CF2-containing compound which was prepared from [18F]XeF2 obtained from cyclotron produced [18F]fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gruber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.
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34
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Jakobsson JE, Grønnevik G, Rafique W, Hartvig K, Riss PJ. Formamide as an Unconventional Amine Protecting Group for PET Radiochemistry. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Erik Jakobsson
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative; Department of Chemistry; Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Gaute Grønnevik
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative; Department of Chemistry; Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Chemistry; Norwegian Medical Cyclotron AS; Nydalen Oslo Norway
| | - Waqas Rafique
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative; Department of Chemistry; Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Karoline Hartvig
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative; Department of Chemistry; Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Patrick Johannes Riss
- Realomics Strategic Research Initiative; Department of Chemistry; Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Chemistry; Norwegian Medical Cyclotron AS; Nydalen Oslo Norway
- Department of Surgery and Neuroscience; OUS-Rikshospitalet HF; Oslo Norway
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35
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36
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Zhang L, Li X, Sun Y, Zhao W, Luo F, Huang X, Lin L, Yang Y, Peng B. Mild synthesis of triarylsulfonium salts with arynes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7181-7189. [PMID: 28812767 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01596h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactions between arynes and alkyl sulfides have been extensively studied over the past few decades. These reactions commonly end with a dealkylation process and thus deliver thioethers as final products. In contrast, the transformation described furnishes valuable triarylsulfonium salts, in lieu of thioethers, from arynes and diarylsulfides. The reaction features mild conditions and a broad substrate scope. A suite of functional groups such as ketones, esters, nitriles, aryl ethers and aryl halides is tolerated, which can be issues faced by traditional synthetic methods. The practicality of the reaction and its extension to the synthesis of triphenyl selenonium salt are also exhibited herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China.
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37
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Tian ZY, Hu YT, Teng HB, Zhang CP. Application of arylsulfonium salts as arylation reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Nebel N, Strauch B, Maschauer S, Lasch R, Rampp H, Fehler SK, Bock LR, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Heinrich MR, Prante O. [ 18F]Fluorophenylazocarboxylates: Design and Synthesis of Potential Radioligands for Dopamine D3 and μ-Opioid Receptor. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8649-8659. [PMID: 29479577 PMCID: PMC5819854 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
18F-Labeled building blocks from the type of [18F]fluorophenylazocarboxylic-tert-butyl esters offer a rapid, mild, and reliable method for the 18F-fluoroarylation of biomolecules. Two series of azocarboxamides were synthesized as potential radioligands for dopamine D3 and the μ-opioid receptor, revealing compounds 3d and 3e with single-digit and sub-nanomolar affinity for the D3 receptor and compound 4c with only micromolar affinity for the μ-opioid receptor, but enhanced selectivity for the μ-subtype in comparison to the lead compound AH-7921. A "minimalist procedure" without the use of a cryptand and base for the preparation of 4-[18F]fluorophenylazocarboxylic-tert-butyl ester [18F]2a was established, together with the radiosynthesis of methyl-, methoxy-, and phenyl-substituted derivatives ([18F]2b-f). With the substituted [18F]fluorophenylazocarbylates in hand, two prototype azocarboxylates radioligands were synthesized by 18F-fluoroarylation, namely the methoxy azocarboxamide [18F]3d as the D3 receptor radioligand and [18F]4a as a prototype structure of the μ-opioid receptor radioligand. By introducing the new series of [18F]fluorophenylazocarboxylic-tert-butyl esters, the method of 18F-fluoroarylation was significantly expanded, thereby demonstrating the versatility of 18F-labeled phenylazocarboxylates for the design of potential radiotracers for positron emission tomography .
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Nebel
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schwabachanlage
6, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
| | - Brigitte Strauch
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schwabachanlage
6, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schwabachanlage
6, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
| | - Roman Lasch
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Hannelore Rampp
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Stefanie K. Fehler
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Leonard R. Bock
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schuhstrasse 19, Erlangen D-91052, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
(FAU), Schwabachanlage
6, Erlangen D-91054, Germany
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39
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Narayanam MK, Ma G, Champagne PA, Houk KN, Murphy JM. Synthesis of [ 18 F]Fluoroarenes by Nucleophilic Radiofluorination of N-Arylsydnones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13006-13010. [PMID: 28834065 PMCID: PMC5674999 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A practical method for radiofluorination of anilines with [18 F]fluoride via N-arylsydnone intermediates is described. These precursors are stable, easy to handle and facilitate direct and regioselective 18 F-labeling to prepare [18 F]fluoroarenes. The value of this methodology is further highlighted by successful application to prepare an 18 F-labeled neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gaoyuan Ma
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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40
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Narayanam MK, Ma G, Champagne PA, Houk KN, Murphy JM. Synthesis of [18F]Fluoroarenes by Nucleophilic Radiofluorination ofN-Arylsydnones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Gaoyuan Ma
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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41
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Li X, Sun Y, Huang X, Zhang L, Kong L, Peng B. Synthesis of o-Aryloxy Triarylsulfonium Salts via Aryne Insertion into Diaryl Sulfoxides. Org Lett 2017; 19:838-841. [PMID: 28157313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aryne insertion into "S═O" bond has been validated recently. This technology is elusively applied to the synthesis of thioethers. In contrast to the reported cases, the reaction described furnished o-aryloxy triarylsulfonium salts, in lieu of thioethers, in good to excellent yields. The reaction is also featured by its exquisite regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and mild conditions (25 °C). Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction probably proceeds in a sequential [2 + 2] cycloaddtion/O-arylation/protonation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University , 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University , 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University , 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University , 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lichun Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University , 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University , 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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42
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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43
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. Diastereoselective Trifluoroacetylation of Highly Substituted Pyrrolidines by a Dakin-West Process. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11898-11908. [PMID: 27934474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A robust approach allowing for the efficient trifluoroacetylation of a series of highly substituted pyrrolidines in a diastereoselective manner is reported. The transformation is based on a Dakin-West reaction of advanced pyrrolidine 2-carboxylic acid derivatives that can be assembled stereoselectively in four synthetic steps. Importantly, this work demonstrates how the introduction of lateral substituents on the pyrrolidine scaffold enables the generation of the desired trifluoroacetylation products, which was not possible previously due to the exclusive formation of trifluoromethylated oxazoles (vide infra). In the course of this work we succeeded for the first time in isolating and characterizing (HRMS, IR, 1H, 13C and 19F NMR, X-ray) different intermediates of the Dakin-West reaction allowing us to probe its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, United Kingdom
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44
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Makaravage KJ, Brooks AF, Mossine AV, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination of Arylstannanes with [ 18F]KF. Org Lett 2016; 18:5440-5443. [PMID: 27718581 PMCID: PMC5078836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A copper-mediated nucleophilic radiofluorination
of aryl- and vinylstannanes
with [18F]KF is described. This method is fast, uses commercially
available reagents, and is compatible with both electron-rich and
electron-deficient arene substrates. This method has been applied
to the manual synthesis of a variety of clinically relevant radiotracers
including protected [18F]F-phenylalanine and [18F]F-DOPA. In addition, an automated synthesis of [18F]MPPF
is demonstrated that delivers a clinically validated dose of 200 ±
20 mCi with a high specific activity of 2400 ± 900 Ci/mmol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School , 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Andrew V Mossine
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School , 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School , 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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45
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Kimura H, Yagi Y, Arimitsu K, Maeda K, Ikejiri K, Takano JI, Kusuhara H, Kagawa S, Ono M, Sugiyama Y, Saji H. Radiosynthesis of novel pitavastatin derivative ([18F]PTV-F1) as a tracer for hepatic OATP using a one-pot synthetic procedure. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:565-575. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Misasagi, Yamashina-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Yusuke Yagi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Kenji Arimitsu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Misasagi, Yamashina-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ikejiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinya Kagawa
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute; Moriyama, Moriyama City Shiga Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center; RIKEN Cluster for Industry Partnerships, RIKEN; Tsurumi-ku Yokohama Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
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46
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Yuan Z, Cheng R, Chen P, Liu G, Liang SH. Efficient Pathway for the Preparation of Aryl(isoquinoline)iodonium(III) Salts and Synthesis of Radiofluorinated Isoquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11882-11886. [PMID: 27554850 PMCID: PMC5175407 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iodonium compounds play a pivotal role in (18) F-fluorination of radiopharmaceuticals containing non-activated arenes. However, preparation of these species is limited to oxidation conditions or exchange with organometallics that are prepared from aryl halides. Herein we describe a novel "one-pot" process to assemble aryl(isoquinoline)iodonium salts in 40-94 % yields from mesoionic carbene silver complex and Aryl-I-Py2 (OTf)2 . The method is general, practical, and compatible with well-functionalized molecules as well as useful for the preparation of a wide range of (18) F-labeled isoquinolines resulting in up to 92 % radiochemical conversion. As proof of concept, a fluorinated isoquinoline alkaloid, (18) F-aspergillitine is prepared in 10 % isolated radiochemical yield from the corresponding phenyl(aspergillitine)iodonium salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032 (China)
| | - Ran Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA (USA)
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032 (China)
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032 (China)
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA (USA)
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47
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Zischler J, Krapf P, Richarz R, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B. Automated synthesis of 4-[18F]fluoroanisole, [18F]DAA1106 and 4-[18F]FPhe using Cu-mediated radiofluorination under “minimalist” conditions. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 115:133-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Yuan Z, Cheng R, Chen P, Liu G, Liang SH. Efficient Pathway for the Preparation of Aryl(isoquinoline)iodonium(III) Salts and Synthesis of Radiofluorinated Isoquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ran Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; 55 Fruit St. Boston MA USA
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging & Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; 55 Fruit St. Boston MA USA
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49
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Preshlock S, Calderwood S, Verhoog S, Tredwell M, Huiban M, Hienzsch A, Gruber S, Wilson TC, Taylor NJ, Cailly T, Schedler M, Collier TL, Passchier J, Smits R, Mollitor J, Hoepping A, Mueller M, Genicot C, Mercier J, Gouverneur V. Enhanced copper-mediated (18)F-fluorination of aryl boronic esters provides eight radiotracers for PET applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8361-4. [PMID: 27241832 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03295h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
[(18)F]FMTEB, [(18)F]FPEB, [(18)F]flumazenil, [(18)F]DAA1106, [(18)F]MFBG, [(18)F]FDOPA, [(18)F]FMT and [(18)F]FDA are prepared from the corresponding arylboronic esters and [(18)F]KF/K222 in the presence of Cu(OTf)2py4. The method was successfully applied using three radiosynthetic platforms, and up to 26 GBq of non-carrier added starting activity of (18)F-fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Preshlock
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
| | - Samuel Calderwood
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
| | - Stefan Verhoog
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
| | - Mickael Huiban
- Imanova, Burlington Danes building Imperial College, London Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antje Hienzsch
- ABX GmbH Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gruber
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
| | - Thomas C Wilson
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Taylor
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
| | - Thomas Cailly
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK. and Normandie University, UNICAEN, CERMN, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Michael Schedler
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Jan Passchier
- Imanova, Burlington Danes building Imperial College, London Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - René Smits
- ABX GmbH Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Jan Mollitor
- ABX GmbH Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | | | - Marco Mueller
- ABX GmbH Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Genicot
- Global Chemistry, UCB New Medicines, UCB Biopharma sprl, 1420 Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Joël Mercier
- Global Chemistry, UCB New Medicines, UCB Biopharma sprl, 1420 Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK.
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50
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Concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution with (19)F(-) and (18)F(-). Nature 2016; 534:369-73. [PMID: 27281221 PMCID: PMC4911285 DOI: 10.1038/nature17667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is widely used by organic chemists to functionalize aromatic molecules, and it is the most commonly used method to generate arenes that contain (18)F for use in positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging. A wide range of nucleophiles exhibit SNAr reactivity, and the operational simplicity of the reaction means that the transformation can be conducted reliably and on large scales. During SNAr, attack of a nucleophile at a carbon atom bearing a 'leaving group' leads to a negatively charged intermediate called a Meisenheimer complex. Only arenes with electron-withdrawing substituents can sufficiently stabilize the resulting build-up of negative charge during Meisenheimer complex formation, limiting the scope of SNAr reactions: the most common SNAr substrates contain strong π-acceptors in the ortho and/or para position(s). Here we present an unusual concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction (CSNAr) that is not limited to electron-poor arenes, because it does not proceed via a Meisenheimer intermediate. We show a phenol deoxyfluorination reaction for which CSNAr is favoured over a stepwise displacement. Mechanistic insights enabled us to develop a functional-group-tolerant (18)F-deoxyfluorination reaction of phenols, which can be used to synthesize (18)F-PET probes. Selective (18)F introduction, without the need for the common, but cumbersome, azeotropic drying of (18)F, can now be accomplished from phenols as starting materials, and provides access to (18)F-labelled compounds not accessible through conventional chemistry.
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