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Malheiro C, Prodana M, Cardoso DN, Morgado RG, Loureiro S. Ageing influences the toxicity of two innovative nanofertilizers to the soil invertebrates Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 350:123989. [PMID: 38642791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global food demand is threatening the sustainability of agrifood production systems. The intensification of agricultural practices, with inadequate use of pesticides and fertilizers, poses major challenges to the good functioning of agroecosystems and drastically degrades the soil quality. Nanotechnology is expected to optimize the current farming practices and mitigate some associated impacts. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of nanomaterials with high potential for use in agricultural productions, mostly due to their sustained release of nutrients. Considering its novelty and lack of studies on the terrestrial ecosystem, it is essential to assess potential long-term harmful consequences to non-target organisms. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zn-Al-NO3 LDH and Mg-Al-NO3 LDH ageing on the survival and reproduction of two soil invertebrate species Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida. We postulated that the toxicity of nanomaterials to soil invertebrates would change with time, such that the ageing of soil amendments would mediate their impacts on both species. Our results showed that the toxicity of LDHs was species-dependent, with Zn-Al-NO3 LDH being more toxic to E. crypticus, while Mg-Al-NO3 LDH affected more F. candida, especially in the last ageing period, where reproduction was the most sensitive biological parameter. The toxicity of both nanomaterials increased with ageing time, as shown by the decrease of the EC50 values over time. The influence of LDH dissolution and availability of Zn and Mg in the soil pore water was the main factor related to the toxicity, although we cannot rule out the influence of other structural constituents of LDHs (e.g., nitrates and aluminium). This study supports the importance of incorporating ageing in the ecotoxicity testing of nanomaterials, considering their slow release, as effects on soil organisms can change and lead to more severe impacts on the ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malheiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Prodana
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - D N Cardoso
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R G Morgado
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Loureiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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2
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Wang C, Chen L, Xu J, Zhang L, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang C, Gao P, Zhu L. Environmental behaviors and toxic mechanisms of engineered nanomaterials in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117820. [PMID: 38048867 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are inevitably released into the environment with the exponential application of nanotechnology. Parts of ENMs eventually accumulate in the soil environment leading to potential adverse effects on soil ecology, crop production, and human health. Therefore, the safety application of ENMs on soil has been widely discussed in recent years. More detailed safety information and potential soil environmental risks are urgently needed. However, most of the studies on the environmental effects of metal-based ENMs have been limited to single-species experiments, ecosystem processes, or abiotic processes. The present review formulated the source and the behaviors of the ENMs in soil, and the potential effects of single and co-exposure ENMs on soil microorganisms, soil fauna, and plants were introduced. The toxicity mechanism of ENMs to soil organisms was also reviewed including oxidative stress, the release of toxic metal ions, and physical contact. Soil properties affect the transport, transformation, and toxicity of ENMs. Toxic mechanisms of ENMs include oxidative stress, ion release, and physical contact. Joint toxic effects occur through adsorption, photodegradation, and loading. Besides, future research should focus on the toxic effects of ENMs at the food chain levels, the effects of ENMs on plant whole-lifecycle, and the co-exposure and long-term toxicity effects. A fast and accurate toxicity evaluation system and model method are urgently needed to solve the current difficulties. It is of great significance for the sustainable development of ENMs to provide the theoretical basis for the ecological risk assessment and environmental management of ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqi Wang
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Le'an Chen
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Environment & Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
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3
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Malheiro C, Prodana M, Cardoso DN, Soares AMVM, Morgado RG, Loureiro S. Soil habitat function after innovative nanoagriproducts application: Effect of ageing on the avoidance behaviour of the soil invertebrates Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165955. [PMID: 37536601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Research on nanotechnology with applications in agriculture has been gathering attention because it may achieve a good balance between agricultural production and environmental integrity. Among the vast nanomaterials, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a promising solution for supplying crops with macro- and/or micronutrients. Still, little is known about their safety implications for non-target organisms, such as soil invertebrates. The habitat function of soils might be impacted by potential stressors, which can be assessed through avoidance behaviour tests. This study aimed to assess the effect of two innovative agriproducts, Zn-Al-NO3 LDH and Mg-Al-NO3 LDH, on the avoidance behaviour of the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus and the collembolan Folsomia candida, over time. Simultaneously, Zn and Mg potential release from LDHs to soil was evaluated. Overall, the behaviour of soil invertebrates differed between species, with enchytraeids being more sensitive to LDHs-treated soils than collembolans, possibly explained by their different physiological traits. The behaviour of soil organisms also depended on the LDH structural composition and was time-variable. Soil treated with Zn-Al-NO3 LDH was perceived as less favourable compared to Mg-Al-NO3 LDH, which was preferred to clean soil at most tested concentrations. LDHs toxicity was partly, but not exclusively, related to Zn and Mg release. Cations release over time was demonstrated in the chemical assessment. Still, LDHs toxicity to soil invertebrates decreased as increasing AC50 values were derived over time. Slower dissolution over time might explain the decrease in toxicity. Our study demonstrates that both soil invertebrates could sense LDHs in soil and eventually adapt their behaviour by avoiding or preferring, according to the type and level of LDH present.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malheiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Prodana
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - D N Cardoso
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R G Morgado
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Loureiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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Lahive E, Matzke M, Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ, Pouran H, Zhang H, Lawlor A, Glória Pereira M, Lofts S. Soil properties influence the toxicity and availability of Zn from ZnO nanoparticles to earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120907. [PMID: 36586557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To develop models that support site-specific risk assessment for nanoparticles (NPs), a better understanding of how NP transformation processes, bioavailability and toxicity are influenced by soil properties is needed. In this study, the influence of differing soil properties on the bioavailability and toxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and ionic Zn to the earthworm Eisenia fetida was investigated. Earthworms were exposed to ZnO_NPs and ionic Zn, between 100 and 4400 mg Zn/kg, in four different natural soils (organic matter content: 1.8-16.7%, soil pH: 5.4-8.3, representing sandy loam to calcareous soils). Survival and reproduction were assessed after 28 and 56 days, respectively. Zn concentrations in soil pore waters were measured while labile concentrations of Zn were measured using an in-situ dynamic speciation technique (diffusive gradient in thin films, DGT). Earthworm Zn tissue concentrations were also measured. Soil properties influenced earthworm reproduction between soil controls, with highest reproductive output in soils with pH values of 6-7. Toxicity was also influenced by soil properties, with EC50s based on total Zn in soil ranging from 694 to >2200 mg Zn/kg for ZnO_NP and 277-734 mg Zn/kg for ionic Zn. Soil pore water and DGT measurements showed good agreement in the relative amount of Zn extracted across the four soils. Earthworms exposed to ZnO_NPs survived higher Zn concentrations in the soils and had higher tissue concentrations compared with ionic Zn exposures, particularly in the high organic content calcareous soil. These higher tissue concentrations in ZnO_NP exposed earthworm could have consequences for the persistence and trophic mobility of Zn in terrestrial systems and need to be further investigated to elucidate if there any longer-term risks associated with sustained input of ZnO_NP to soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lahive
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
| | - M Matzke
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - C Svendsen
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - D J Spurgeon
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - H Pouran
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - H Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - A Lawlor
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Glória Pereira
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - S Lofts
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
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5
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Khodaparast Z, Loureiro S, van Gestel CAM. The effect of sulfidation and soil type on the uptake of silver nanoparticles in annelid Enchytraeus crypticus. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100433. [PMID: 36273810 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hazard assessment of silver nanoparticles is crucial as their presence in agricultural land is increasing through sewage sludge application. This study compared the uptake and elimination kinetics in the annelid Enchytraeus crypticus of AgNPs with different core sizes and coatings in Lufa 2.2 soil, and of Ag2S NPs (simulating aged AgNPs) in three different soils. For both experiments, AgNO3 was used as ionic control. E. crypticus was exposed to soil spiked at 10 μg Ag g-1 dry soil for 14 days and then transferred to clean soil for a 14-day elimination phase. The uptake rate constants were similar for 3-8 nm and 60 nm AgNPs and AgNO3, but significantly different between 3 and 8 nm and 50 nm AgNPs. The uptake kinetics of Ag from Ag2S NPs did not significantly differ compared to pristine AgNPs. Therefore, Ag bioavailability was influenced by AgNP form and characteristics. Uptake and elimination rate constants of both Ag forms (AgNO3 and Ag2S NPs) significantly differed between different test soils (Lufa 2.2, Dorset, and Woburn). For AgNO3, significantly higher uptake and elimination rate constants were found in the Dorset soil compared to the other soils, while for Ag2S NPs this soil showed the lowest uptake and elimination rate constants. Therefore, not only the form and characteristics but also soil properties affect the bioavailability and uptake of Ag nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khodaparast
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Selonen S, Dolar A, Jemec Kokalj A, Sackey LNA, Skalar T, Cruz Fernandes V, Rede D, Delerue-Matos C, Hurley R, Nizzetto L, van Gestel CAM. Exploring the impacts of microplastics and associated chemicals in the terrestrial environment - Exposure of soil invertebrates to tire particles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111495. [PMID: 34133973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Abrasion of tire wear is one of the largest sources of microplastics to the environment. Although most tire particles settle into soils, studies on their ecotoxicological impacts on the terrestrial environment are scarce. Here, the effects of tire particles (<180 μm) on three ecologically relevant soil invertebrate species, the enchytraeid worm Enchytraeus crypticus, the springtail Folsomia candida and the woodlouse Porcellio scaber, were studied. These species were exposed to tire particles spiked in soil or in food at concentrations of 0.02%, 0.06%, 0.17%, 0.5% and 1.5% (w/w). Tire particles contained a variety of potentially harmful substances. Zinc (21 900 mg kg-1) was the dominant trace element, whilst the highest concentrations of the measured organic compounds were detected for benzothiazole (89.2 mg kg-1), pyrene (4.85 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (0.351 mg kg-1), HCB (0.134 mg kg-1), methoxychlor (0.116 mg kg-1) and BDE 28 (0.100 mg kg-1). At the highest test concentration in soil (1.5%), the tire particles decreased F. candida reproduction by 38% and survival by 24%, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of P. scaber by 65%, whilst the slight decrease in the reproduction of E. crypticus was not dose-dependent. In food, the highest test concentration of tire particles reduced F. candida survival by 38%. These results suggest that micro-sized tire particles can affect soil invertebrates at concentrations found at roadsides, whilst short-term impacts at concentrations found further from the roadsides are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Selonen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecological Science, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lyndon N A Sackey
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecological Science, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Skalar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Chair of Materials and Polymer Science, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Rede
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rachel Hurley
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadelléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadelléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masarik University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecological Science, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Wu P, Cui P, Du H, Alves ME, Zhou D, Wang Y. Long-term dissolution and transformation of ZnO in soils: The roles of soil pH and ZnO particle size. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125604. [PMID: 33725555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing use of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs)-associated commercial products results in large release of ZnO NPs into soils and has prompted systematic investigation regarding their fractionation and fate in soils. To date, little information is available about the long-term dissolution and transformation of ZnO NPs in different soils. The distribution and speciation of Zn in two different soils (i.e., Red soil (RS) and Wushantu soil (WS)) treated with either ZnO NPs or bulk ZnO were elucidated by combining soil incubation study with synchrotron-based techniques. Results revealed that ZnO NPs and bulk ZnO were almost dissolved after 1 day, indicating their rapid dissolution upon entering RS (pH-acidic). Rapid dissolution of ZnO NPs was also observed even in WS (pH- circumneutral). The solubilized Zn2+ released from ZnO particles was completely transformed into stable forms (e.g., Zn-Al LDH, Zn-OM, and Zn(OH)2) and Zn-Al LDH was the dominant species in WS after incubation for 360 days. A majority of solubilized Zn2+ released from ZnO particles was also transformed into Zn-Al LDH precipitate in RS. The findings of this study facilitate a better understanding of the fate of ZnO in soils, which could be leveraged for remediation of ZnO-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Water Resource, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Peixin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Huan Du
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Marcelo Eduardo Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Sheteiwy MS, Shaghaleh H, Hamoud YA, Holford P, Shao H, Qi W, Hashmi MZ, Wu T. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: potential effects on soil properties, crop production, food processing, and food quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36942-36966. [PMID: 34043175 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is expected to increase soil fertility, crop productivity, and food quality. However, the potential effects of ZnO NP utilization should be deeply understood. This review highlights the behavior of ZnO NPs in soil and their interactions with the soil components. The review discusses the potential effects of ZnO NPs on plants and their mechanisms of action on plants and how these mechanisms are related to their physicochemical properties. The impact of current applications of ZnO NPs in the food industry is also discussed. Based on the literature reviewed, soil properties play a vital role in dispersing, aggregation, stability, bioavailability, and transport of ZnO NPs and their release into the soil. The transfer of ZnO NPs into the soil can affect the soil components, and subsequently, the structure of plants. The toxic effects of ZnO NPs on plants and microbes are caused by various mechanisms, mainly through the generation of reactive oxygen species, lysosomal destabilization, DNA damage, and the reduction of oxidative stress through direct penetration/liberation of Zn2+ ions in plant/microbe cells. The integration of ZnO NPs in food processing improves the properties of the relative ZnO NP-based nano-sensing, active packing, and food/feed bioactive ingredients delivery systems, leading to better food quality and safety. The unregulated/unsafe discharge concentrations of ZnO NPs into the soil, edible plant tissues, and processed foods raise environmental/safety concerns and adverse effects. Therefore, the safety issues related to ZnO NP applications in the soil, plants, and food are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah Sheteiwy
- Salt-Soil Agricultural Center, Institute of Agriculture Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Science (JAAS), Nanjing, 210014, China
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Hiba Shaghaleh
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yousef Alhaj Hamoud
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, NSW, 2751, Penrith, Australia
| | - Hongbo Shao
- Salt-Soil Agricultural Center, Institute of Agriculture Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Science (JAAS), Nanjing, 210014, China.
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China.
| | - Weicong Qi
- Salt-Soil Agricultural Center, Institute of Agriculture Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Science (JAAS), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | | | - Tianow Wu
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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9
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Malheiro C, Cardoso DN, Neves J, Lima DLD, Esteves VI, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Biochar in soil mitigates dimethoate hazard to soil pore water exposed biota. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123304. [PMID: 32947708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination is a worldwide problem urging for mitigation. Biochar is a carbonaceous material used as soil amendment that can immobilize chemical compounds, potentially turning them unavailable for soil biota. The aim of our study was to evaluate biochar's capacity to immobilize dimethoate in soil and, therefore, decreasing the toxicity to soil organisms. Two biochar application rates (2.5% and 5% w/w) were chosen to assess dimethoate potential immobilization, looking at changes in its toxicity to the collembolan Folsomia candida and the plant Brassica rapa upon soil amendment. Complementarily, chemical analyses were performed on soil pore water. Results showed that biochar may sorb and decrease dimethoate concentrations in soil pore water, influencing dimethoate bioavailability and consequent toxicity. Contrary to dimethoate solo impact on collembolans (LC50 0.69 mg kg-1, EC50 0.46 mg kg-1), their survival rate and offspring production were not affected by dimethoate when biochar was applied, regardless of application rate (LC50 and EC50 > 1.6 mg kg-1). Shoot length, fresh and dry weights of B. rapa were less affected by dimethoate upon biochar addition (EC50 values increase for all endpoints). Our study shows that biochar may contribute to decrease dimethoate bioavailability and toxicity to soil porewater exposed organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Malheiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Neves
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana L D Lima
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Inocêncio Esteves
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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10
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Jośko I, Dobrzyńska J, Dobrowolski R, Kusiak M, Terpiłowski K. The effect of pH and ageing on the fate of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137771. [PMID: 32197287 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the fractionation of ZnO and CuO engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in soils with a pH adjusted to 4.0, 6.5, and 9.0 after 1 day and 30 days of incubation. Based on the multi-stage extraction, 5 fractions of metals were determined. Moreover, the effect of ENPs on the activity of acid, neutral and alkaline phosphatase was determined. The results of the study revealed that pH had a dominant effect on the metal participation in soils. The levels of those fractions of metals differed between nano-ZnO and nano-CuO, which could have resulted from differences in the dissolution of the ENPs. After 1 day, the concentration of Zn2+ (0.02-7.4 mg L-1) was 10 times higher than that of Cu2+. The metal fractionation in soil treated with ENPs and metal salts may also confirm the role of ENP dissolution. The concentration of potentially bioavailable fraction of Zn increased with a drop in pH. At a 4 pH concentration of Zn in the treatment with nano-ZnO and ZnCl2 was at a similar level (42.1-45 mg kg-1), whereas the addition of nano-CuO resulted in a lower content of Cu (24.7 mg kg-1) than CuCl2 (36.5 mg kg-1). On the other hand, the concentration of fraction exchangeable of both metals in the alkaline soil did not exceed the level of 5.0 mg kg-1. Sample incubation time was especially important for metal participation in samples with a pH of 6.5. The greatest differentiation of metal fractionation between the soils was also noted at a pH of 6.5, which could also have been a result of other properties of the soils. The strong effect of pH on the lability of ENPs in soils confirmed a need to trace the fate of ENPs in extreme soil conditions as well as in changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jośko
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland; Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Joanna Dobrzyńska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Dobrowolski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kusiak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Terpiłowski
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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11
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Wojnarowicz J, Chudoba T, Lojkowski W. A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphoslogies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1086. [PMID: 32486522 PMCID: PMC7353225 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multifunctional material due to its exceptional physicochemical properties and broad usefulness. The special properties resulting from the reduction of the material size from the macro scale to the nano scale has made the application of ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO NMs) more popular in numerous consumer products. In recent years, particular attention has been drawn to the development of various methods of ZnO NMs synthesis, which above all meet the requirements of the green chemistry approach. The application of the microwave heating technology when obtaining ZnO NMs enables the development of new methods of syntheses, which are characterised by, among others, the possibility to control the properties, repeatability, reproducibility, short synthesis duration, low price, purity, and fulfilment of the eco-friendly approach criterion. The dynamic development of materials engineering is the reason why it is necessary to obtain ZnO NMs with strictly defined properties. The present review aims to discuss the state of the art regarding the microwave synthesis of undoped and doped ZnO NMs. The first part of the review presents the properties of ZnO and new applications of ZnO NMs. Subsequently, the properties of microwave heating are discussed and compared with conventional heating and areas of application are presented. The final part of the paper presents reactants, parameters of processes, and the morphology of products, with a division of the microwave synthesis of ZnO NMs into three primary groups, namely hydrothermal, solvothermal, and hybrid methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wojnarowicz
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (T.C.); (W.L.)
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12
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Ben Said A, Jelassi R, Ouni A, Habassi A, Nasri-Ammar K. Behavioral responses of two sympatric species Armadillo officinalis and Chaetophiloscia elongata (Crustacea, Oniscidae) towards zinc contaminated litter. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2020.1746032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ben Said
- Faculty of Science of Tunis, Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raja Jelassi
- Faculty of Science of Tunis, Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Ouni
- Faculty of Science of Tunis, Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amal Habassi
- Faculty of Science of Tunis, Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karima Nasri-Ammar
- Faculty of Science of Tunis, Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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13
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Jegede OO, Awuah KF, Fajana HO, Owojori OJ, Hale BA, Siciliano SD. The forgotten role of toxicodynamics: How habitat quality alters the mite, Oppia nitens, susceptibility to zinc, independent of toxicokinetics. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:444-454. [PMID: 31003129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil habitat quality is thought to influence metal toxicity via changes in speciation and thereby toxicokinetics. Here, we assessed the toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic effects of habitat quality on mite, Oppia nitens when exposed to zinc (Zn) contaminated soils. Forty-seven soils were ranked into three habitat qualities; high, medium, and low based on biological reproduction of Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus crypticus, and Elymus lanceolatus. From the 47 soils, eighteen soils (comprising of six soils from each habitat quality) were randomly selected and dosed with field relevant concentrations of Zn. Mite survival and reproduction were assessed after 28 days. Total Zn, bioaccessible Zn, Zn bioavailability, Zn body burden, lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities of the mites were determined. Zinc toxicity and potency were much less in the high compared to low quality soils and the mites in the high habitat quality soils tolerated higher zinc body burdens (2040 ± 130 μg/g b.w) than the lower habitat quality (1180 ± 310 μg/g b.w). Lower LDH activity (20 ± 2 μU mg-1) in the high quality soils compared to lower quality soils (50 ± 8 μU mg-1) suggested that there was less stress in the high habitat quality mites. Despite changes in speciation across habitat qualities, bioavailability of zinc was similar (∼20%) irrespective of habitat quality. Our results suggest that the influence of soil properties on survival is modulated by toxicodynamics rather than toxicokinetics. Restoring habitat quality may be more important for soil invertebrate protection than metal concentration at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukayode O Jegede
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B3.
| | - Kobby F Awuah
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Hamzat O Fajana
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Olugbenga J Owojori
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - Beverley A Hale
- Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B3; Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
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14
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Petersen EJ, Mortimer M, Burgess RM, Handy R, Hanna S, Ho KT, Johnson M, Loureiro S, Selck H, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Spurgeon D, Unrine J, van den Brink N, Wang Y, White J, Holden P. Strategies for robust and accurate experimental approaches to quantify nanomaterial bioaccumulation across a broad range of organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2019; 6:10.1039/C8EN01378K. [PMID: 31579514 PMCID: PMC6774209 DOI: 10.1039/c8en01378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the key components for environmental risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is data on bioaccumulation potential. Accurately measuring bioaccumulation can be critical for regulatory decision making regarding material hazard and risk, and for understanding the mechanism of toxicity. This perspective provides expert guidance for performing ENM bioaccumulation measurements across a broad range of test organisms and species. To accomplish this aim, we critically evaluated ENM bioaccumulation within three categories of organisms: single-celled species, multicellular species excluding plants, and multicellular plants. For aqueous exposures of suspended single-celled and small multicellular species, it is critical to perform a robust procedure to separate suspended ENMs and small organisms to avoid overestimating bioaccumulation. For many multicellular organisms, it is essential to differentiate between the ENMs adsorbed to external surfaces or in the digestive tract and the amount absorbed across epithelial tissues. For multicellular plants, key considerations include how exposure route and the role of the rhizosphere may affect the quantitative measurement of uptake, and that the efficiency of washing procedures to remove loosely attached ENMs to the roots is not well understood. Within each organism category, case studies are provided to illustrate key methodological considerations for conducting robust bioaccumulation experiments for different species within each major group. The full scope of ENM bioaccumulation measurements and interpretations are discussed including conducting the organism exposure, separating organisms from the ENMs in the test media after exposure, analytical methods to quantify ENMs in the tissues or cells, and modeling the ENM bioaccumulation results. One key finding to improve bioaccumulation measurements was the critical need for further analytical method development to identify and quantify ENMs in complex matrices. Overall, the discussion, suggestions, and case studies described herein will help improve the robustness of ENM bioaccumulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J. Petersen
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, Earth Research Institute and University of California Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Richard Handy
- Plymouth University, School of Biological Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon Hanna
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Kay T. Ho
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Monique Johnson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Henriette Selck
- Roskilde University, Dept. of Science and Environment, Denmark
| | | | - David Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Nico van den Brink
- Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Wang
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, Earth Research Institute and University of California Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jason White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, United States
| | - Patricia Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, Earth Research Institute and University of California Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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15
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van Gestel CAM, Loureiro S, Idar P. Terrestrial isopods as model organisms in soil ecotoxicology: a review. Zookeys 2018:127-162. [PMID: 30564034 PMCID: PMC6288250 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.801.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopods play an important role in the decomposition of leaf litter and therefore are making a significant contribution to nutrient cycling and soil ecosystem services. As a consequence, isopods are relevant models in soil ecotoxicology, both in laboratory toxicity tests and in field monitoring and bioindication studies. This paper aims at reviewing the use of isopods as test organisms in soil ecotoxicology. It provides an overview of the use of isopods in laboratory toxicity tests, with special focus on comparing different exposure methods, test durations, and ecotoxicological endpoints. A brief overview of toxicity data suggests that chemicals are more toxic to isopods when exposed through soil compared to food. The potential of isopods to be used in bioindication and biomonitoring is discussed. Based on the overview of toxicity data and test methods, recommendations are given for the use of isopods in standardized laboratory toxicity tests as well as in situ monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Vrije University Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Susana Loureiro
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Primož Idar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
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16
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García-Gómez C, Fernández MD, García S, Obrador AF, Letón M, Babín M. Soil pH effects on the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to soil microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28140-28152. [PMID: 30069782 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an experiment with two agricultural soils with acidic and alkaline pH levels to assess the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on the bacterial community. The effect of the nZnO concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 mg Zn/kg soil) and contact time between nanoparticles and soil (180 days) was considered. We measured the microbial respiration rate, nitrogen transformation, enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase (DH), acidic phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), and the community-level physiological profile (CLPP) soil parameters. Respiration potential and nitrogen transformation were negatively affected only at the highest nZnO concentration. The changes in enzymatic activities were very variable with time and between both soils. A stimulating effect of the nanoparticles on microbial activity was clearly shown at 30 days after the nZnO application in both soils, except for the 1000 mg/kg in calcareous soil, after which time in the latter, the functional richness of the bacterial community was reduced to virtually zero. However, values of the enzymatic activities demonstrated that there was self-adaptation of microbial communities over the study period (180 days). The nZnO 1000 mg/kg dose produced an increase in bacterial growth in the acidic soil, without apparent changes in their metabolic profiles over time. A good correlation was found between microbial respiration rates (calcareous and acidic soils) and microbial metabolic activity (acidic soil) based on extracted Zn concentrations. Our findings suggest the necessity of additional studies to examine the effects of nZnO in natural microorganism populations in soil with different pH levels for extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción García-Gómez
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Fernández
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra García
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Francisca Obrador
- Department of Chemical & Food Technology, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Letón
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Babín
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Wang F, Jing X, Adams CA, Shi Z, Sun Y. Decreased ZnO nanoparticle phytotoxicity to maize by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and organic phosphorus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23736-23747. [PMID: 29876848 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are applied in a wide variety of applications and frequently accumulate in the environment, thus posing risks to the environment and human health. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) associate symbiotically with roots of most higher plants, helping their host plants acquire phosphorus (P). AMF can reduce the toxicity of ZnO NPs, but the benefits of AMF to host plants highly vary with soil available P. We hypothesize that organic P may help AMF to alleviate ZnO NP phytotoxicity. Here, we investigated the effects of inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae on plant growth and Zn accumulation, using maize grown in soil-sand mix substrates spiked with ZnO NPs (0 or 500 mg kg-1) under different organic P supply levels (0, 20, or 50 mg kg-1). The results showed addition of ZnO NPs inhibited root colonization rate, increased the shoot/root P concentration ratio, and led to significant Zn accumulation in soil and plants. As predicted, AM effects on maize plants all varied with P supply levels, both with or without ZnO NP additions. Organic P interacted synergistically with AMF to promote plant growth and acquisition of P, N, K, Fe, and Cu. AM inoculation reduced the bioavailable Zn released from ZnO NPs and decreased the concentrations and translocation of Zn to maize shoots. In conclusion, ZnO NPs caused excess Zn in soil and plants, posing potential environmental risks. However, our present results first demonstrate that organic P exhibited similar positive effects to AMF and interacted synergistically with AMF to improve plant growth and nutrition, and to decrease Zn accumulation and partitioning in plants, and thus helped diminish the adverse effects induced by ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayuan Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinxin Jing
- Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Catharine A Adams
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoyong Shi
- Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhuan Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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18
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Morgado RG, Ferreira NGC, Cardoso DN, Silva PV, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Joint effects of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb on the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus: A multiple biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1446-1457. [PMID: 29336492 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to pesticides by nontarget soil biota has long been regarded as a serious downside of modern agricultural regimes and the subject of heated debate. Of utmost relevance is the exposure to pesticide mixtures because their effects have been shown to not necessarily reflect the individual toxicity of their components, and even the simple addition of effects may lead to consequences not clearly anticipated. In the present study, a multiple biomarker approach was employed to identify the mechanistic and time effects underlying several single and mixture treatments of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and mancozeb (MCZ) in juveniles and adults of the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. The effects of the individual pesticides and the mixtures at recommended doses were mostly transitory under these controlled conditions and one-pulse exposure. Whereas imbalances were identified on detoxification and oxidative stress-related enzymes, the isopods generally showed the ability to recover through the end of the experiment. However, juveniles displayed greater vulnerability than adults. Most of the differences between life stages occurred in energy-related parameters where distinct performances and stress-handling behaviors were observed, suggesting higher metabolic costs to juveniles. Our results stress that understanding the time dependence of the underlying mechanisms governing the joint effects of the pesticides can help in assessing and anticipating the effects of the pesticide mixtures. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of taking life stage-related differences into consideration when evaluating the environmental risks of pesticides and pesticide mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1446-1457. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui G Morgado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno G C Ferreira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia V Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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19
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Amde M, Liu JF, Tan ZQ, Bekana D. Transformation and bioavailability of metal oxide nanoparticles in aquatic and terrestrial environments. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:250-267. [PMID: 28662490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles (MeO-NPs) are among the most consumed NPs and also have wide applications in various areas which increased their release into the environmental system. Aquatic (water and sediments) and terrestrial compartments are predicted to be the destination of the released MeO-NPs. In these compartments, the particles are subjected to various dynamic processes such as physical, chemical and biological processes, and undergo transformations which drive them away from their pristine state. These transformation pathways can have strong implications for the fate, transport, persistence, bioavailability and toxic-effects of the NPs. In this critical review, we provide the state-of-the-knowledge on the transformation processes and bioavailability of MeO-NPs in the environment, which is the topic of interest to researchers. We also recommend future research directions in the area which will support future risk assessments by enhancing our knowledge of the transformation and bioavailability of MeO-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Amde
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Deribachew Bekana
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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20
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Romero-Freire A, Lofts S, Martín Peinado FJ, van Gestel CAM. Effects of aging and soil properties on zinc oxide nanoparticle availability and its ecotoxicological effects to the earthworm Eisenia andrei. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:137-146. [PMID: 27254153 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To assess the influence of soil properties and aging on the availability and toxicity of zinc (Zn) applied as nanoparticles (Zn oxide [ZnO]-NPs) or as Zn2+ ions (Zn chloride [ZnCl2 ]), 3 natural soils were individually spiked with either ZnO-NPs or ZnCl2 and incubated for up to 6 mo. Available Zn concentrations in soil were measured by porewater extraction (ZnPW), whereas earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were exposed to study Zn bioavailability. Porewater extraction concentrations were lower when Zn was applied as NPs compared to the ionic form and decreased with increasing soil pH. For both Zn forms and Zn-PW values were affected by aging, but they varied among the tested soils, highlighting the influence of soil properties. Internal Zn concentration in the earthworms (ZnE) was highest for the soil with high organic carbon content (5.4%) and basic pH (7.6) spiked with Zn-NPs, but the same soil spiked with ZnCl2 showed the lowest increase in ZnE compared to the control. Survival, weight change, and reproduction of the earthworms were affected by both Zn forms; but differences in toxicity could not be explained by soil properties or aging. This shows that ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 behave differently in soils depending on soil properties and aging processes, but differences in earthworm toxicity remain unexplained. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:137-146. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Lofts
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Morgado RG, Gomes PAD, Ferreira NGC, Cardoso DN, Santos MJG, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Toxicity interaction between chlorpyrifos, mancozeb and soil moisture to the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1845-1853. [PMID: 26539709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A main source of uncertainty currently associated with environmental risk assessment of chemicals is the poor understanding of the influence of environmental factors on the toxicity of xenobiotics. Aiming to reduce this uncertainty, here we evaluate the joint-effects of two pesticides (chlorpyrifos and mancozeb) on the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus under different soil moisture regimes. A full factorial design, including three treatments of each pesticide and an untreated control, were performed under different soil moisture regimes: 25%, 50%, and 75% WHC. Our results showed that soil moisture had no effects on isopods survival, at the levels assessed in this experiment, neither regarding single pesticides nor mixture treatments. Additivity was always the most parsimonious result when both pesticides were present. Oppositely, both feeding activity and biomass change showed a higher sensitivity to soil moisture, with isopods generally showing worse performance when exposed to pesticides and dry or moist conditions. Most of the significant differences between soil moisture regimes were found in single pesticide treatments, yet different responses to mixtures could still be distinguished depending on the soil moisture assessed. This study shows that while soil moisture has the potential to influence the effects of the pesticide mixture itself, such effects might become less important in a context of complex combinations of stressors, as the major contribution comes from its individual interaction with each pesticide. Finally, the implications of our results are discussed in light of the current state of environmental risk assessment procedures and some future perspectives are advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui G Morgado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro A D Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno G C Ferreira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel J G Santos
- Environmental Protection Authority, Level 10, 215 Lambton Quay, Private Bag 63002, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi. Rua Badejós, Zona Rural, Cx. Postal 66, CEP: 77402-970, Gurupi-TO, Brazil
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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22
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Tourinho PS, van Gestel CAM, Jurkschat K, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Effects of soil and dietary exposures to Ag nanoparticles and AgNO₃ in the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:170-177. [PMID: 26071943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Ag-NPs and AgNO3 on the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus were determined upon soil and dietary exposures. Isopods avoided Ag in soil, with EC50 values of ∼16.0 and 14.0 mg Ag/kg for Ag-NPs and AgNO3, respectively. Feeding inhibition tests in soil showed EC50s for effects on consumption ratio of 127 and 56.7 mg Ag/kg, respectively. Although similar EC50s for effects on biomass were observed for nanoparticulate and ionic Ag (114 and 120 mg Ag/kg dry soil, respectively), at higher concentrations greater biomass loss was found for AgNO3. Upon dietary exposure, AgNO3 was more toxic, with EC50 for effects on biomass change being >1500 and 233 mg Ag/kg for Ag-NPs and AgNO3, respectively. The difference in toxicity between Ag-NPs and AgNO3 could not be explained from Ag body concentrations. This suggests that the relation between toxicity and bioavailability of Ag-NPs differs from that of ionic Ag in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Tourinho
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Jurkschat
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Yarnton, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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23
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Ferreira NGC, Cardoso DN, Morgado R, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Long-term exposure of the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus to nickel: Costs in the energy budget and detoxification enzymes. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:354-362. [PMID: 25985212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods from the species Porcellionides pruinosus were exposed to the maximum allowed nickel concentration in the Canadian framework guideline (50 mg Ni/kg soil) and to 5× this concentration (250 mg Ni/kg soil). The exposure lasted for 28 days and was followed by a recovery period of 14 days where organisms were changed to clean soil. Organisms were sampled after 24 h, 48 h, 96 h, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days of exposure, and at days 35 and 42 during the recovery period. For each sampling time the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were determined as well as lipid peroxidation rate (LPO) along with lipids, carbohydrates, proteins content, energy available (Ea), energy consumption (Ec) and cellular energy allocation (CEA). The integrated biomarker response (IBR) was calculated for each sampling time as well as for each one of the above parameters. In addition, mortality was also recorded throughout the assay. The results obtained showed that nickel induced oxidative stress, evidenced by results on GST, GPx, CAT or LPO, but also on changes in the energy reserves content of these organisms. In addition, this study showed that these organisms possess a specific strategy to handle nickel toxicity. In this case, biomarkers were associated with costs in the energy budget, and the increase of energy reserves has a compensation for that cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno G C Ferreira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rui Morgado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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24
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Tourinho PS, Waalewijn-Kool PL, Zantkuijl I, Jurkschat K, Svendsen C, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S, van Gestel CAM. CeO2 nanoparticles induce no changes in phenanthrene toxicity to the soil organisms Porcellionides pruinosus and Folsomia candida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:201-206. [PMID: 25499053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are used as diesel fuel additives to catalyze oxidation. Phenanthrene is a major component of diesel exhaust particles and one of the most common pollutants in the environment. This study aimed at determining the effect of CeO2 NPs on the toxicity of phenanthrene in Lufa 2.2 standard soil for the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus and the springtail Folsomia candida. Toxicity tests were performed in the presence of CeO2 concentrations of 10, 100 or 1000mg Ce/kg dry soil and compared with results in the absence of CeO2 NPs. CeO2 NPs had no adverse effects on isopod survival and growth or springtail survival and reproduction. For the isopods, LC50s for the effect of phenanthrene ranged from 110 to 143mg/kg dry soil, and EC50s from 17.6 to 31.6mg/kg dry soil. For the springtails, LC50s ranged between 61.5 and 88.3mg/kg dry soil and EC50s from 52.2 to 76.7mg/kg dry soil. From this study it may be concluded that CeO2 NPs have a low toxicity and do not affect toxicity of phenanthrene to isopods and springtails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Tourinho
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pauline L Waalewijn-Kool
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Zantkuijl
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Jurkschat
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Begbroke Science Park OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Waalewijn-Kool PL, Rupp S, Lofts S, Svendsen C, van Gestel CAM. Effect of soil organic matter content and pH on the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to Folsomia candida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:9-15. [PMID: 25038266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter (OM) and pH may influence nanoparticle fate and effects in soil. This study investigated the influence of soil organic matter content and pH on the toxicity of ZnO-NP and ZnCl2 to Folsomia candida in four natural soils, having between 2.37% and 14.7% OM and [Formula: see text] levels between 5.0 and 6.8. Porewater Zn concentrations were much lower in ZnO-NP than in ZnCl2 spiked soils, resulting in higher Freundlich sorption constants for ZnO-NP. For ZnCl2 the porewater Zn concentrations were significantly higher in less organic soils, while for ZnO-NP the highest soluble Zn level (23mgZn/l) was measured in the most organic soil, which had the lowest pH. Free Zn(2+) ion concentrations were higher for ZnCl2 than for ZnO-NP and were greatly dependent on pH (pHpw) and dissolved organic carbon content of the pore water. The 28-d EC50 values for the effect of ZnCl2 on the reproduction of F. candida increased with increasing OM content from 356 to 1592mgZn/kg d.w. For ZnO-NP no correlation between EC50 values and OM content was found and EC50 values ranged from 1695 in the most organic soil to 4446mgZn/kg d.w. in the higher pH soil. When based on porewater and free Zn(2+) concentrations, EC50 values were higher for ZnCl2 than for ZnO-NP, and consistently decreased with increasing pHpw. This study shows that ZnO-NP toxicity is dependent on soil properties, but is mainly driven by soil pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L Waalewijn-Kool
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Rupp
- Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephen Lofts
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Han Y, Kim D, Hwang G, Lee B, Eom I, Kim PJ, Tong M, Kim H. Aggregation and dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by different methods: Influence of ionic strength and humic acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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