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Parkerton T, Boufadel M, Nordtug T, Mitchelmore C, Colvin K, Wetzel D, Barron MG, Bragin GE, de Jourdan B, Loughery J. Recommendations for advancing media preparation methods used to assess aquatic hazards of oils and spill response agents. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106518. [PMID: 37030101 PMCID: PMC10519191 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory preparation of aqueous test media is a critical step in developing toxicity information needed for oil spill response decision-making. Multiple methods have been used to prepare physically and chemically dispersed oils which influence test outcome, interpretation, and utility for hazard assessment and modeling. This paper aims to review media preparation strategies, highlight advantages and limitations, provide recommendations for improvement, and promote the standardization of methods to better inform assessment and modeling. A benefit of media preparation methods for oil that rely on low to moderate mixing energy coupled with a variable dilution design is that the dissolved oil composition of the water accommodation fraction (WAF) stock is consistent across diluted treatments. Further, analyses that support exposure confirmation maybe reduced and reflect dissolved oil exposures that are bioavailable and amenable to toxicity modeling. Variable loading tests provide a range of dissolved oil compositions that require analytical verification at each oil loading. Regardless of test design, a preliminary study is recommended to optimize WAF mixing and settling times to achieve equilibrium between oil and test media. Variable dilution tests involving chemical dispersants (CEWAF) or high energy mixing (HEWAF) can increase dissolved oil exposures in treatment dilutions due to droplet dissolution when compared to WAFs. In contrast, HEWAF/CEWAFs generated using variable oil loadings are expected to provide dissolved oil exposures more comparable to WAFs. Preparation methods that provide droplet oil exposures should be environmentally relevant and informed by oil droplet concentrations, compositions, sizes, and exposure durations characteristic of field spill scenarios. Oil droplet generators and passive dosing techniques offer advantages for delivering controlled constant or dynamic dissolved exposures and larger volumes of test media for toxicity testing. Adoption of proposed guidance for improving media preparation methods will provide greater comparability and utility of toxicity testing in oil spill response and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parkerton
- EnviSci Consulting, LLC, 5900 Balcones Dr, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78731, United States.
| | - Michel Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 MLK Blvd., Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, P.O. box 4762, Torgarden, Trondheim NO-7465, Norway.
| | - Carys Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD, United States.
| | - Kat Colvin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Dana Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, United States.
| | - Mace G Barron
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, United States.
| | - Gail E Bragin
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, United States.
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Loughery
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada.
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Scovil AM, Boloori T, de Jourdan BP, Speers-Roesch B. The effect of chemical dispersion and temperature on the metabolic and cardiac responses to physically dispersed crude oil exposure in larval American lobster (Homarus americanus). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114976. [PMID: 37137253 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite their potential vulnerability to oil spills, little is known about the physiological effects of petroleum exposure and spill responses in cold-water marine animal larvae. We investigated the effects of physically dispersed (water-accommodated fraction, WAF) and chemically dispersed (chemically enhanced WAF, CEWAF; using Slickgone EW) conventional heavy crude oil on the routine metabolic rate and heart rate of stage I larval American lobster (Homarus americanus). We found no effects of 24-h exposure to sublethal concentrations of crude oil WAF or CEWAF at 12 °C. We then investigated the effect of sublethal concentrations of WAFs at three environmentally relevant temperatures (9, 12, 15 °C). The highest WAF concentration increased metabolic rate at 9 °C, whereas it decreased heart rate and increased mortality at 15 °C. Overall, metabolic and cardiac function of American lobster larvae is relatively resilient to conventional heavy crude oil and Slickgone EW exposure, but responses to WAF may be temperature-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie M Scovil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Tahereh Boloori
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Benjamin P de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada.
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Parkerton TF, French-McCay D, de Jourdan B, Lee K, Coelho G. Adopting a toxic unit model paradigm in design, analysis and interpretation of oil toxicity testing. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 255:106392. [PMID: 36638632 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lack of a conceptual understanding and unifying quantitative framework to guide conduct and interpretation of laboratory oil toxicity tests, has led investigators to divergent conclusions that can confuse stakeholders and impede sound decision-making. While a plethora of oil toxicity studies are available and continue to be published, due to differences in experimental design, results between studies often cannot be compared. Furthermore, much resulting data fails to advance quantitative effect models that are critically needed for oil spill risk and impact assessments. This paper discusses the challenges posed when evaluating oil toxicity test data based on traditional, total concentration-based exposure metrics and offers solutions for improving the state of practice by adopting a unifying toxic unit (TU) model framework. Key advantages of a TU framework is that differences in test oil composition, sensitivity of the test organism/endpoint, and toxicity test design (i.e., type of test) can be taken into quantitative account in predicting aquatic toxicity. This paradigm shift is intended to bridge the utility of laboratory oil toxicity tests with improved assessment of effects in the field. To illustrate these advantages, results from literature studies are reassessed and contrasted with conclusions obtained based on past practice. Using instructive examples, model results are presented to explain how dissolved oil composition and concentrations and resulting TUs vary in WAFs prepared using variable loading or dilution test designs and the important role that unmeasured oil components contribute to predicted oil toxicity. Model results are used to highlight how the TU framework can serve as a valuable aid in designing and interpreting empirical toxicity tests and provide the data required to validate/refine predictive toxicity models. To further promote consistent exposure and hazard assessment of physically and chemically dispersed oil toxicity tests recommendations for advancing the TU framework are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Parkerton
- EnviSci Consulting, LLC, 5900 Balcones Dr, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78731, United States.
| | - Deborah French-McCay
- RPS Ocean Science, 55 Village Square Drive, South Kingstown, RI 02879, United States
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth B3B 1Y9, Canada
| | - Gina Coelho
- Department of Interior, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Oil Spill Preparedness Division, Response Research Branch,45600 Woodland Road, Sterling, VA 20166, United States
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4
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Tang CH, Buskey EJ. Impaired grazing of marine protozoa in sub-lethal exposure to the water accommodated fraction of crude oil and dispersant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120414. [PMID: 36244498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in safety technology and the improved implementation of precautionary measures, crude oil pollution has been occurring in the oceans globally. The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil and chemical dispersant are hypothesized to cause sub-lethal adverse effects on marine protists that are pivotal consumers of primary production. Exposure experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of crude oil and dispersant pollutants on the growth and grazing, separately, of protozoa species in cultures. In exposure to 0-30 μL L-1 of chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF), the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Protoperidinium sp. and the ciliate Metacylis sp. showed slower positive population growth or negative population growth even at low concentrations. The dose-response model showed that Protoperidinium sp. and Metacylis sp. were highly susceptible to the CEWAF toxicity (median inhibition concentrations (IC50) at 1.1 and 5.9 μL L-1, respectively) while one algal species Ditylum brightwellii was relatively tolerant to the toxicity (IC50 at 168.7 μL L-1). With suppressed growth and impaired grazing of the protozoan species at high CEWAF concentrations, accumulation of their algal prey in culture containers was observed, as reflected by higher final:initial prey ratios at high CEWAF concentrations. Additionally, exposure experiments to the treatments of WAF, dispersant alone (Disp), and CEWAF of the same concentration revealed that the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina had reduced bulk grazing impact towards its algal prey population in all three treatments when compared to the control treatment (i.e., grazing mortality of prey at 1.05 d-1). Similarly, Protoperidinium sp. and Metacylis sp. had reduced per capita prey ingestion rates in exposure to WAF and CEWAF when compared to the control treatments. This study provides experimental evidence for the potential link between impaired grazing activities and the formation of algal blooms in sub-lethal exposure to crude oil pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hung Tang
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
| | - Edward J Buskey
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA
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Wade TL, Driscoll SK, McGrath J, Coolbaugh T, Liu Z, Buskey EJ. Exposure methodologies for dissolved individual hydrocarbons, dissolved oil, water oil dispersions, water accommodated fraction and chemically enhanced water accommodated fraction of fresh and weathered oil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114085. [PMID: 36113174 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the nature and effects of oil released into the marine environment is very challenging. It is generally recognized that "environmentally relevant" conditions for exposure involve a range of temporal and spatial conditions, a range of exposure pathways (e.g., dissolved, emulsions, sorbed onto particulates matter), and a multitude of organisms, populations, and ecosystems. Various exposure methodologies have been used to study the effects of oil on aquatic organisms, and uniform protocols and exposure methods have been developed for the purposes of regulatory toxicological assessments. Ultimately, all exposure methods have drawbacks, it is impossible to totally mimic field conditions, and the choice of exposure methodology depends on the specific regulatory, toxicological, or other research questions to be addressed. The aim of this paper is to provide a concise review of the state of knowledge to identify gaps in that knowledge and summarize challenges for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, Chemical Oceanography and Crude Oil Chemistry, USA.
| | - Susan Kane Driscoll
- Exponent, Inc., Aquatic Toxicology, One Mill & Main, Suite 150, Maynard, MA 01754, USA.
| | | | | | - Zhanfei Liu
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Crude and Weathered Oil Chemistry, USA.
| | - Edward J Buskey
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Biological Oceanography and Estuarine Ecology, USA.
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Yang C, Fieldhouse B, Waldie A, Yang Z, Hollebone B, Lambert P, Beaulac V. Parallel quantitation of salt dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS) and fingerprinting analysis of dispersed oil in aqueous samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129046. [PMID: 35650724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In many jurisdictions, dispersants are included in contingency plans as a viable countermeasure that can help reduce the overall environmental impact of marine oil spills. When used, it is imperative to monitor the progression of dispersant and oil to assess their environmental fate and behaviour. Amphiphilic salt dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS) is the major effective component of the most commonly available dispersants, such as Corexit® EC9500A. Without proper sample preparation, dispersed oil in water samples could interfere with the accurate analysis of DOSS and easily contaminate the LC-MS system. In this work, solid phase extraction (SPE) weak anion exchange (WAX) cartridges were used to separate oil and DOSS in aqueous samples. DOSS was accurately determined by liquid chromatography coupled with a high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer (LC-HRMS). Oil fingerprinting analysis was conducted and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and petroleum biomarkers were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This SPE-LC/GC-MS method was used for the analysis of oil-dispersant water samples containing a mixture of Corexit® EC9500A and a selection of crude oils and refined petroleum products. Nearly a 100% DOSS recovery was obtained for various oil-surfactant conditions. Parallel quantitation of oils with dispersants was achieved using this method. A portion of the TPH loss was possibly attributed to oil retained by the SPE column. Chemical fingerprints and diagnostic ratios of target compounds in recovered dispersed oil overall remain unchanged compared with those of all studied oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Ben Fieldhouse
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Waldie
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce Hollebone
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Lambert
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Beaulac
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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7
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Spilsbury F, Foysal MJ, Tay A, Gagnon MM. Gut Microbiome as a Potential Biomarker in Fish: Dietary Exposure to Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Metals, Metabolic Functions and Cytokine Expression in Juvenile Lates calcarifer. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:827371. [PMID: 35942316 PMCID: PMC9356228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.827371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome of fish contains core taxa whose relative abundances are modulated in response to diet, environmental factors, and exposure to toxicogenic chemicals, influencing the health of the host fish. Recent advances in genomics and metabolomics have suggested the potential of microbiome analysis as a biomarker for exposure to toxicogenic compounds. In this 35-day laboratory study, 16S RNA sequencing and multivariate analysis were used to explore changes in the gut microbiome of juvenile Lates calcarifer exposed to dietary sub-lethal doses of three metals: vanadium (20 mg/kg), nickel (480 mg/kg), and iron (470 mg/kg), and to two oils: bunker C heavy fuel oil (HFO) (1% w/w) and Montara, a typical Australian medium crude oil (ACO) (1% w/w). Diversity of the gut microbiome was significantly reduced compared to negative controls in fish exposed to metals, but not petroleum hydrocarbons. The core taxa in the microbiome of negative control fish comprised phyla Proteobacteria (62%), Firmicutes (7%), Planctomycetes (3%), Actinobacteria (2%), Bacteroidetes (1%), and others (25%). Differences in the relative abundances of bacterial phyla of metal-exposed fish were pronounced, with the microbiome of Ni-, V-, and Fe-exposed fish dominated by Proteobacteria (81%), Firmicutes (68%), and Bacteroidetes (48%), respectively. The genus Photobacterium was enriched proportionally to the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil-exposed fish. The probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus was significantly reduced in the microbiota of fish exposed to metals. Transcription of cytokines IL-1, IL-10, and TNF-a was significantly upregulated in fish exposed to metals but unchanged in oil-exposed fish compared to negative controls. However, IL-7 was significantly downregulated in fish exposed to V, Ni, Fe, and HFOs. Fish gut microbiome exhibits distinctive changes in response to specific toxicants and shows potential for use as biomarkers of exposure to V, Ni, Fe, and to PAHs present in crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Spilsbury
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Md Javed Foysal
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Alfred Tay
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Aeppli C, Mitchell DA, Keyes P, Beirne EC, McFarlin KM, Roman-Hubers AT, Rusyn I, Prince RC, Zhao L, Parkerton TF, Nedwed T. Oil Irradiation Experiments Document Changes in Oil Properties, Molecular Composition, and Dispersant Effectiveness Associated with Oil Photo-Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7789-7799. [PMID: 35605020 PMCID: PMC9552565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While chemical dispersants are a powerful tool for treating spilled oil, their effectiveness can be limited by oil weathering processes such as evaporation and emulsification. It has been suggested that oil photo-oxidation could exacerbate these challenges. To address the role of oil photo-oxidation in dispersant effectiveness, outdoor mesocosm experiments with crude oil on seawater were performed. Changes in bulk oil properties and molecular composition were quantified to characterize oil photo-oxidation over 11 days. To test relative dispersant effectiveness, oil residues were evaluated using the Baffled Flask Test. The results show that oil irradiation led to oxygen incorporation, formation of oxygenated hydrocarbons, and higher oil viscosities. Oil irradiation was associated with decreased dispersant efficacy, with effectiveness falling from 80 to <50% in the Baffled Flask Test after more than 3 days of irradiation. Increasing photo-oxidation-induced viscosity seems to drive the decreasing dispersant effectiveness. Comparing the Baffled Flask Test results with field data from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill showed that laboratory dispersant tests underestimate the dispersion of photo-oxidized oil in the field. Overall, the results suggest that prompt dispersant application (within 2-4 days), as recommended by current oil spill response guidelines, is necessary for effective dispersion of spilled oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | | | - Phoebe Keyes
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Erin C Beirne
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Kelly M McFarlin
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences Inc., Clinton, New Jersey 08809, United States
| | - Alina T Roman-Hubers
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Roger C Prince
- Stonybrook Apiary, Pittstown, New Jersey 08867, United States
| | - Lin Zhao
- ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Spring, Texas 77389, United States
| | | | - Tim Nedwed
- ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Spring, Texas 77389, United States
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9
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Leads RR, Magnuson JT, Lucero J, Lund AK, Schlenk D, Chavez JR, Roberts AP. Transcriptomic responses and apoptosis in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) co-exposed to crude oil and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113684. [PMID: 35489094 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can significantly increase the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in crude oil to early life stage (ELS) fishes through photo-induced /photo-enhanced toxicity. However, little is known about the sub-lethal effects and mechanisms of photo-induced PAH toxicity in ELS fishes. The present study investigated apoptosis and global transcriptomic effects in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) (24-72 h post-fertilization) following co-exposure to oil (0.29-0.30 μg/L ∑PAH50) and UV. Apoptosis was quantified using the TUNEL assay, and transcriptomic effects were assessed using RNA sequencing analysis. Apoptotic fluorescence was greatest in the eyes and skin following 24 and 48 h co-exposure to oil and UV, indicating photo-induced toxicity. Consistent with these phenotypic responses, pathways associated with phototransduction, eye development, and dermatological disease were among the top predicted pathways impacted. The present study is the first to provide global transcriptomic analysis of UV and oil co-exposure in an ELS fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Leads
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - JoAnn Lucero
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Amie K Lund
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - J Ruben Chavez
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Conservation Association, Central Power and Light Marine Development Center, Corpus Christi, TX 78418, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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10
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Katz SD, Chen H, Fields DM, Beirne EC, Keyes P, Drozd GT, Aeppli C. Changes in Chemical Composition and Copepod Toxicity during Petroleum Photo-oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5552-5562. [PMID: 35435676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoproducts can be formed rapidly in the initial phase of a marine oil spill. However, their toxicity is not well understood. In this study, oil was irradiated, chemically characterized, and tested for toxicity in three copepod species (Acartia tonsa, Temora longicornis, and Calanus finmarchicus). Irradiation led to a depletion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in oil residues, along with an enrichment in aromatic and aliphatic oil photoproducts. Target lipid model-based calculations of PAH toxicity units predicted that PAH toxicities were lower in water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of irradiated oil residues ("irradiated WAFs") than in WAFs of dark-control samples ("dark WAFs"). In contrast, biomimetic extraction (BE) measurements showed increased bioaccumulation potential of dissolved constituents of irradiated WAFs compared to dark WAFs, mainly driven by photoproducts present in irradiated oil. In line with the BE results, copepod mortality increased in irradiated WAFs compared to dark WAFs. However, low copepod toxicities were observed for WAFs produced with photo-oxidized oil slicks collected during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The results of this study suggest that while oil photoproducts have the potential to be a significant source of copepod toxicity, dilution and dispersion of these higher solubility products appear to help mitigate their toxicity at sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Katz
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Haining Chen
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - David M Fields
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Erin C Beirne
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Phoebe Keyes
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Greg T Drozd
- Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
- Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
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11
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DeMiguel-Jiménez L, Etxebarria N, Reinardy HC, Lekube X, Marigómez I, Izagirre U. Toxicity to sea urchin embryos of crude and bunker oils weathered under ice alone and mixed with dispersant. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113345. [PMID: 35151077 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multi-index approach (larval lenghthening and malformations, developmental disruption, and genotoxicity) was applied using sea-urchin embryos as test-organisms. PAH levels measured in the under-ice weathered aqueous fraction (UIWAF) were lower than in the low-energy water accommodated fraction (LEWAF) and similar amongst UIWAFs of different oils. UIWAFs and LEWAFs caused toxic effects, more markedly in UIWAFs, that could not be attributed to measured individual PAHs or to their mixture. Conversely, UIWAF was less genotoxic than LEWAF, most likely because naphthalene concentrations were also lower. In agreement, NAN LEWAF, the most genotoxic, exhibited the highest naphthalene levels. Dispersant addition produced less consistent changes in PAH levels and embryo toxicity in UIWAFs than in LEWAFs, and did not modify LEWAF genotoxicity. Overall, under ice weathering resulted in lowered waterborne PAHs and genotoxicity but augmented embryo toxicity, not modified by dispersant application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura DeMiguel-Jiménez
- BCTA Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Sarriena auzoa z/g, E-48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- IBeA Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena auzoa z/g, E-48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Helena C Reinardy
- Aquaculture Science Department, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Dunbeg, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PO Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Xabier Lekube
- BCTA Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Sarriena auzoa z/g, E-48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ionan Marigómez
- BCTA Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Sarriena auzoa z/g, E-48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Urtzi Izagirre
- BCTA Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Sarriena auzoa z/g, E-48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, E-48620 Plentzia-Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
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12
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DeLorenzo ME, Key PB, Chung KW, Aaby K, Hausman D, Jean C, Pennington PL, Pisarski EC, Wirth EF. Multi-stressor Effects of Ultraviolet Light, Temperature, and Salinity on Louisiana Sweet Crude Oil Toxicity in Larval Estuarine Organisms. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:461-473. [PMID: 33528594 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When oil is spilled into the environment its toxicity is affected by abiotic conditions. The cumulative and interactive stressors of chemical contaminants and environmental factors are especially relevant in estuaries where tidal fluctuations cause wide variability in salinity, temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) light penetration, which is an important modifying factor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) toxicity. Characterizing the interactions of multiple stressors on oil toxicity will improve prediction of environmental impacts under various spill scenarios. This study examined changes in crude oil toxicity with temperature, salinity, and UV light. Oil exposures included high-energy, water-accommodated fractions (HEWAFs) and thin oil sheens. Larval (24-48 h post hatch) estuarine species representing different trophic levels and habitats were evaluated. Mean 96 h LC50 values for oil prepared as a HEWAF and tested under standard conditions (20 ppt, 25 °C, No-UV) were 62.5 µg/L tPAH50 (mud snails), 198.5 µg/L (grass shrimp), and 774.5 µg/L (sheepshead minnows). Thin oil sheen 96 h LC50 values were 5.3 µg/L tPAH50 (mud snails), 14.7 µg/L (grass shrimp), and 22.0 µg/L (sheepshead minnows) under standard conditions. UV light significantly increased the toxicity of oil in all species tested. Oil toxicity also was greater under elevated temperature and lower salinity. Multi-stressor (oil combined with either increased temperature, decreased salinity, or both) LC50 values were reduced to 3 µg/L tPAH50 for HEWAFs and < 1.0 µg/L tPAH50 for thin oil sheens. Environmental conditions at the time of an oil spill will significantly influence oil toxicity and organismal response and should be taken into consideration in toxicity testing and oil spill damage assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E DeLorenzo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA.
| | - Peter B Key
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Katy W Chung
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to NOAA, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kaitlin Aaby
- St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Paul L Pennington
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Emily C Pisarski
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to NOAA, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Edward F Wirth
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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13
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Allmon E, Serafin J, Chen S, Rodgers ML, Griffitt R, Bosker T, de Guise S, Sepúlveda MS. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and abiotic stressors on Fundulus grandis cardiac transcriptomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142156. [PMID: 33207514 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, extensive research has been conducted on the toxicity of oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aquatic environment. Many studies have identified the toxicological effects of PAHs in estuarine and marine fishes, however, only recently has work begun to identify the combinatorial effect of PAHs and abiotic environmental factors such as hypoxia, salinity, and temperature. This study aims to characterize the combined effects of abiotic stressors and PAH exposure on the cardiac transcriptomes of developing Fundulus grandis larvae. In this study, F. grandis larvae were exposed to varying environmental conditions (dissolved oxygen (DO) 2, 6 ppm; temperature 20, 30 °C; and salinity 3, 30 ppt) as well as to a single concentration of high energy water accommodated fraction (HEWAF) (∑PAHs 15 ppb). Whole larvae were sampled for RNA and transcriptional changes were quantified using RNA-Seq followed by qPCR for a set of target genes. Analysis revealed that exposure to oil and abiotic stressors impacts signaling pathways associated with cardiovascular function. Specifically, combined exposures appear to reduce development of the systemic vasculature as well as strongly impact the cardiac musculature through cardiomyocyte proliferation resulting in inhibited cardiac function and modulated blood pressure maintenance. Results of this study provide a holistic view of impacts of PAHs and common environmental stressors on the cardiac system in early life stage estuarine species. To our knowledge, this study is one of the first to simultaneously manipulate oil exposure with abiotic factors (DO, salinity, temperature) and the first to analyze cardiac transcriptional responses under these co-exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Allmon
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer Serafin
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maria L Rodgers
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Robert Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Thijs Bosker
- Leiden University College and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Anna van Buerenplein 301, 2595 DG The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvain de Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Point61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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14
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Bonatesta F, Leads RR, Price ER, Roberts AP, Mager EM. Effects of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Ultraviolet Light and their Co-Exposure on Deepwater Horizon crude oil acute toxicity to larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2509-2515. [PMID: 33006780 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the aquatic environment, ubiquitous natural factors such as ultraviolet light (UV) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are likely to influence crude oil toxicity. The present study examined the interactive effects of DOC, UV, and DOC-UV co-exposure on the acute toxicity of Deepwater Horizon crude oil in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Although DOC alone did not influence crude oil toxicity, it mildly reduced UV photo-enhanced toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2509-2515. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bonatesta
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel R Leads
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Edwin R Price
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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15
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Rodgers ML, Serafin J, Sepúlveda MS, Griffitt RJ. The impact of salinity and dissolved oxygen regimes on transcriptomic immune responses to oil in early life stage Fundulus grandis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 37:100753. [PMID: 33249265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of oil exposure on early life stage fish species is critical to fully assessing the environmental impacts of oil spills. Oil released from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill reached habitats where estuarine fish routinely spawn. In addition, estuaries are highly dynamic environments, therefore, fish in these areas are routinely exposed to varying salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, each of which are known to modulate transcriptional responses. Fish exposed to oil often display altered immune competence, and several studies have shown that Deepwater Horizon oil in particular causes modulation of various immune functions. However, few studies have directly examined how environmental parameters may affect oil-induced immunomodulation, particularly in early life stage fishes when the immune system is still developing. To this end, we examined transcriptional patterns of immune genes and pathways in Fundulus grandis larvae to various oil (0, 15 μg/L), salinity (3, 30 ppt), and DO (2.5, 6 mg/L) regimes in a fully factorial design. Our results suggest that immune pathways are generally activated in all treatment groups with the exception of the Low Salinity/No Oil/Hypoxia treatment where immune pathways are largely suppressed, and the High Salinity/No Oil/Hypoxia treatment where pathways are unchanged. The High Salinity/Oil/Hypoxia treatment had the largest number of enriched immune pathways (44 as defined by IPA and 43 as defined by ConsensusPathDB), indicating that oil under certain environmental conditions has the potential to further modulate immune-related genes, pathways, and responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Rodgers
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA.
| | - Jennifer Serafin
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
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16
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Nielsen KM, Alloy MM, Damare L, Palmer I, Forth HP, Morris J, Stoeckel JA, Roberts AP. Planktonic Fiddler Crab ( Uca longisignalis) Are Susceptible to Photoinduced Toxicity Following in ovo Exposure in Oiled Mesocosms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6254-6261. [PMID: 32310642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benthic organisms may be exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments as the result of oil spills. PAH photoinduced toxicity, which has been documented in a wide range of early life stage (ELS) aquatic biota, is a phenomenon by which ultraviolet (UV) radiation potentiates the toxicity of photodynamic PAHs (often leading to mortality). Fiddler crabs (Uca longisignalis) are important ecosystem engineers that influence biogeochemical cycles via burrowing. As gravid females burrow, their eggs may bioaccumulate PAHs from contaminated sediments, leading to in ovo exposure. Consequently, free-swimming larvae exposed to intense UV may be at risk for photoinduced toxicity. In the present study, mature fiddler crabs were bred on oiled sediments contaminated via simulated tidal flux. Gravid females were transferred to clean water after 10 days, and larvae were collected at hatch. While in ovo exposures to oil alone did not affect survival, offspring that were subsequently exposed to full spectrum sunlight in clean water experienced significant mortality that corresponded with in ovo exposures to sediments containing ≥1455 μg/kg tPAH50. Results presented here provide evidence for the potential of photoinduced toxicity to occur in benthic organisms with free-swimming early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Nielsen
- Dept. of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Matthew M Alloy
- Dept. of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Leigh Damare
- Dept. of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Ian Palmer
- Dept. of Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | | | | | - James A Stoeckel
- Dept. of Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Dept. of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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17
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Rodgers ML, Simning D, Sepúlveda MS, De Guise S, Bosker T, Griffitt RJ. Exposure to Oil and Hypoxia Results in Alterations of Immune Transcriptional Patterns in Developing Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:1684. [PMID: 32015368 PMCID: PMC6997411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The area and timing of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill highlight the need to study oil and hypoxia exposure in early life stage fishes. Though critical to health, little research has targeted the effect of oil and hypoxia exposure on developing immune systems. To this end, we exposed sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) at three early life stages: embryonic; post-hatch; and post-larval, to a high energy water accommodated fraction (HEWAF) of oil, hypoxia, or both for 48 hours. We performed RNAseq to understand how exposures alter expression of immune transcripts and pathways. Under control conditions, the embryonic to post-hatch comparison (first transition) had a greater number of significantly regulated immune pathways than the second transition (post-hatch to post-larval). The addition of oil had little effect in the first transition, however, hypoxia elicited changes in cellular and humoral immune responses. In the second transition, oil exposure significantly altered many immune pathways (43), and while hypoxia altered few pathways, it did induce a unique signature of generally suppressing immune pathways. These data suggest that timing of exposure to oil and/or hypoxia matters, and underscores the need to further investigate the impacts of multiple stressors on immune system development in early life stage fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Rodgers
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 39564, USA.
| | - Danielle Simning
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 39564, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Thijs Bosker
- Leiden University College/Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, 2595DG, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 39564, USA.
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18
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Bera G, Doyle S, Passow U, Kamalanathan M, Wade TL, Sylvan JB, Sericano JL, Gold G, Quigg A, Knap AH. Biological response to dissolved versus dispersed oil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110713. [PMID: 31757392 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble compounds of oil (e.g. low molecular weight PAHs) dissolve as a function of their physicochemical properties and environmental conditions, while the non-soluble compounds exist as dispersed droplets. Both the chemical and physical form of oil will affect the biological response. We present data from a mesocosm study comparing the microbial response to the water-soluble fraction (WSF), versus a water-accommodated fraction of oil (WAF), which contains both dispersed and dissolved oil components. WAF and WSF contained similar concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs, but concentrations of 4- and 5-ring PAHs were higher in WAF compared to WSF. Microbial communities were significantly different between WSF and WAF treatments, primary productivity was reduced more in WSF than in WAF, and concentrations of transparent exopolymeric particles were highest in WSF and lowest in the controls. These differences highlight the importance of dosing strategy for mesocosm and toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Bera
- Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Shawn Doyle
- Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Terry L Wade
- Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Gerardo Gold
- Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA; Texas A & M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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19
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Pasparakis C, Esbaugh AJ, Burggren W, Grosell M. Impacts of deepwater horizon oil on fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 224:108558. [PMID: 31202903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil rig in 2010 lead to the largest marine oil spill to occur in US history, resulting in significant impacts to the ecosystems and organisms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The present review sought to summarize and discuss findings from the 50+ peer-reviewed publications reporting effects of DWH oil exposure on teleost fish, and concludes that oil toxicity is a multi-target, multi-organ syndrome with substantial species-specific sensitivity differences. Of the 15 species tested with characterized exposures, 20% show effects at concentrations <1 μg l-1 while 50% display effects at <8.6 μg l-1 ΣPAH50, concentrations well within the range of reported environmental levels during the spill. Cardiotoxic effects are among the most frequently reported endpoints in DWH oil exposure studies and are thought to have significant downstream effects on fitness and survival. However, additional and possibly cardio-toxic independent impacts on sensory function and behavior are reported at very low exposure concentrations (< 1 μg l-1 ∑PAH50) and are clearly deserving of further study. Available information about modes of action leading to different categories of effects are summarized in the present review. An overview of the literature illustrates that early life stages (ELS) are approximately 1-order of magnitude more sensitive than corresponding later life stages, but also illustrates that adults can be impacted at concentrations as low as 4 μg l-1 ΣPAH50. The majority of studies exploring DWH oil toxicity in fish are performed using acute exposures (1-2 days), mid-range test temperatures (26-28 °C) and measure effects at the molecular to organismal levels, leaving a pressing need for more long-term exposures, exposures at the upper and lower levels of GoM relevant temperatures, and studies investigating population level impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Fl, USA.
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Fl, USA
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20
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Tairova Z, Frantzen M, Mosbech A, Arukwe A, Gustavson K. Effects of water accommodated fraction of physically and chemically dispersed heavy fuel oil on beach spawning capelin (Mallotus villosus). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:62-71. [PMID: 31047709 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to a northward shift in off-shore activities, including increased shipping traffic and oil and gas exploration there is a growing focus on the potential effects of oil pollution on Arctic marine ecosystems. Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is a small fish and a member of the smelt family, and is a key species in the marine food chain. Capelin are seasonally abundant in the Northern Atlantic and in coastal Arctic waters, e.g. in western Greenland and in the Barents Sea, where it undertakes aggregated spawning in the intertidal and subtidal zone. To study the possible effects of oil pollution on the physiology and development of early life stages in capelin, freshly fertilised capelin eggs were exposed to a water accommodated fraction of physically (WAF) and chemically (CEWAF) dispersed heavy fuel oil (IFO30) for 72 h. Subsequent mortality, hatching success, larvae malformations, growth and CYP1A/EROD activity was measured over a 4-week period. The nominal exposure concentrations of WAF and CEWAF were between 0.02 and 14.5 mg total hydrocarbon content (THC) L-1 and 0.5-304 mg THC L-1, respectively. Egg mortality correlated significantly with WAF exposure concentration. The proportions of hatched eggs decreased with increasing CEWAF exposure concentration. Further, the percentage of malformed larvae with craniofacial abnormalities, body axis defects, generally under developed larvae, reduced total body length (dwarfs), correlated significantly with exposure concentrations in both CEWAF and WAF treatments. The four types of the predominant malformations were distributed differently in two parallel experiments. At the biochemical level, we observed a significant relationship between CEWAF exposure concentration and CYP1A/EROD activity in newly hatched larvae and this effect persisted for 3 weeks after the 72 h exposure. We conclude that even short-term exposure to both heavy fuel oil WAF and CEWAF, at environmentally relevant THC concentrations following an oil spill, may induce adverse developmental effects on the vulnerable early life stages of capelin. The mechanisms responsible for the observed effects on mortality, growth and embryo development in capelin eggs and embryos following WAF and CEWAF exposure require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Tairova
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biosciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Postboks 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marianne Frantzen
- Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Anders Mosbech
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kim Gustavson
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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21
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Hodson PV, Adams J, Brown RS. Oil toxicity test methods must be improved. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:302-311. [PMID: 30365179 PMCID: PMC7379545 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A review of the literature on oil toxicity tests showed a high diversity of reported test methods that may affect the composition, stability, and toxicity of oil solutions. Concentrations of oil in test solutions are dynamic because hydrocarbons evaporate, partition to test containers, bioaccumulate, biodegrade, and photo-oxidize. As a result, the composition and toxicity of test solutions may vary widely and create significant obstacles to comparing toxicity among studies and to applying existing data to new risk assessments. Some differences in toxicity can be resolved if benchmarks are based on measured concentrations of hydrocarbons in test solutions, highlighting the key role of chemical analyses. However, analyses have often been too infrequent to characterize rapid and profound changes in oil concentrations and composition during tests. The lack of practical methods to discriminate particulate from dissolved oil may also contribute to underestimating toxicity. Overall, current test protocols create uncertainty in toxicity benchmarks, with a high risk of errors in measured toxicity. Standard oil toxicity tests conducted in parallel with tests under site-specific conditions would provide an understanding of how test methods and conditions affect measured oil toxicity. Development of standard test methods could be achieved by collaborations among university, industry, and government scientists to define methods acceptable to all 3 sectors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:302-311. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Hodson
- School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Julie Adams
- School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - R. Stephen Brown
- School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
- Department of ChemistryQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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22
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Dorr BS, Hanson-Dorr KC, Assadi-Porter FM, Selen ES, Healy KA, Horak KE. Effects of Repeated Sublethal External Exposure to Deep Water Horizon Oil on the Avian Metabolome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:371. [PMID: 30674908 PMCID: PMC6344488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed adverse effects of external sublethal exposure of Deepwater Horizon, Mississippi Canyon 252 oil on plasma and liver metabolome profiles of the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), a large (1.5 to 3.0 kg) diving waterbird common in the Gulf of Mexico. Metabolomics analysis of avian plasma showed significant negative effects on avian metabolic profiles, in some cases after only two external exposures (26 g cumulative) to oil. We observed significant (p < 0.05) changes in intermediate metabolites of energy metabolism and fatty acid and amino acid metabolic pathways in cormorants after repeated exposure to oil. Exposure to oil increased several metabolites (glycine, betaine, serine and methionine) that are essential to the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Lipid metabolism was affected, causing an increase in production of ketone bodies, suggesting lipids were used as an alternative energy source for energy production in oil exposed birds. In addition, metabolites associated with hepatic bile acid metabolism were affected by oil exposure which was correlated with changes observed in bile acids in exposed birds. These changes at the most basic level of phenotypic expression caused by sublethal exposure to oil can have effects that would be detrimental to reproduction, migration, and survival in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, MS State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, MS State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Fariba M Assadi-Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Ebru Selin Selen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Katherine A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, 36532, USA
| | - Katherine E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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Vignier J, Volety A, Soudant P, Chu FL, Loh AN, Boulais M, Robert R, Morris J, Lay C, Krasnec M. Evaluation of the Toxicity of the Deepwater Horizon Oil and Associated Dispersant on Early Life Stages of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815730-5.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Morris JM, Gielazyn M, Krasnec MO, Takeshita R, Forth HP, Labenia JS, Linbo TL, French BL, Gill JA, Baldwin DH, Scholz NL, Incardona JP. Crude oil cardiotoxicity to red drum embryos is independent of oil dispersion energy. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:205-214. [PMID: 30223125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential bioavailability of toxic chemicals from oil spills to water column organisms such as fish embryos may be influenced by physical dispersion along an energy gradient. For example, a surface slick with minimal wave action (low energy) could potentially produce different toxic effects from high energy situations such as pressurized discharge from a blown wellhead. Here we directly compared the toxicity of water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of oil prepared with low and high mixing energy (LEWAFs and HEWAFs, respectively) using surface oil samples collected during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill, and embryos of a representative nearshore species, red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Biological effects of each WAF type was quantified with several functional and morphological indices of developmental cardiotoxicity, providing additional insight into species-specific responses to oil exposure. Although the two WAF preparations yielded different profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), cardiotoxic phenotypes were essentially identical. Based on benchmark thresholds for both morphological and functional cardiotoxicity, in general LEWAFs had lower thresholds for these phenotypes than HEWAFs based on total PAH measures. However, HEWAF and LEWAF toxicity thresholds were more similar when calculated based on estimates of dissolved PAHs only. Differences in thresholds were attributable to the weathering state of the oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Morris
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Michel Gielazyn
- Assessment and Restoration Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 263 13th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | | | - Ryan Takeshita
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Heather P Forth
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Jana S Labenia
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - J Anthony Gill
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
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25
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Boulais M, Vignier J, Loh AN, Chu FLE, Lay CR, Morris JM, Krasnec MO, Volety A. Sublethal effects of oil-contaminated sediment to early life stages of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:743-751. [PMID: 30228066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil drilling rig resulted in the release of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This event coincided with the spawning season of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Although oil bound to sediments constitutes an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure to benthic organisms, toxicity of sediment-associated DWH oil has not been investigated in any bivalve species. Here, we evaluated the sublethal effects of acute exposure of gametes, embryos and veliger larvae of the Eastern oyster to different concentrations of unfiltered elutriates of sediment contaminated with DWH oil. Our results suggest that gametes, embryos and veliger larvae are harmed by exposure to unfiltered elutriates of contaminated sediment. Effective concentrations for fertilization inhibition were 40.6 μg tPAH50 L-1 and 173.2 μg tPAH50 L-1 for EC201h and EC501h values, respectively. Embryo exposure resulted in dose-dependent abnormalities (EC20 and EC50 values were 77.7 μg tPAH50 L-1 and 151 μg tPAH50 L-1, respectively) and reduction in shell growth (EC2024h value of 1180 μg tPAH50 L-1). Development and growth of veliger larvae were less sensitive to sediment-associated PAHs compared to embryos. Fertilization success and abnormality of larvae exposed as embryos were the most sensitive endpoints for assessing the toxicity of oil-contaminated sediment. Bulk of measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were sediment-bound and caused toxic effects at lower tPAH50 concentrations than high energy water accommodated fractions (HEWAF) preparations from the same DWH oil. This study suggests risk assessments would benefit from further study of suspended contaminated sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrina Boulais
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Julien Vignier
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Ai Ning Loh
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Fu Lin E Chu
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Gloucester Point, 23062, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aswani Volety
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
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26
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Rodgers ML, Takeshita R, Griffitt RJ. Deepwater Horizon oil alone and in conjunction with Vibrio anguillarum exposure modulates immune response and growth in red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 204:91-99. [PMID: 30223188 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the impacts of Macondo oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, both alone and in conjunction with exposure to the known fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, on the expression of five immune-related gene transcripts of red snapper (il8, il10, tnfa, il1b, and igm). In order to elucidate this impact, six different test conditions were used: one Control group (No oil/No pathogen), one Low oil/No pathogen group (tPAH50 = 0.563 μg/L), one High oil/No pathogen group (tPAH50 = 17.084 μg/L, one No oil/Pathogen group, one Low oil/Pathogen group (tPAH50 = 0.736 μg/L), and one High oil/Pathogen group (tPAH50 = 15.799 μg/L). Fish were exposed to their respective oil concentrations for one week. On day 7 of the experiment, all fish were placed into new tanks (with or without V. anguillarum) for one hour. At three time points (day 8, day 10, and day 17), fish organs were harvested and placed into RNAlater, and qPCR was run for examination of the above specific immune genes as well as cyp1a1. Our results suggest that cyp1a1 transcripts were upregulated in oil-exposed groups throughout the experiment, confirming oil exposure, and that all five immune gene transcripts were upregulated on day 8, but were generally downregulated or showed no differences from controls on days 10 and 17. Finally, both oil and pathogen exposure had impacts on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Rodgers
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Technology, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA
| | - Ryan Takeshita
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Technology, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA.
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27
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Bridges KN, Lay CR, Alloy MM, Gielazyn ML, Morris JM, Forth HP, Takeshita R, Travers CL, Oris JT, Roberts AP. Estimating incident ultraviolet radiation exposure in the northern Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1679-1687. [PMID: 29473712 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Millions of barrels of oil were released into the Gulf of Mexico following the 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic components of crude oil, which may become more toxic in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a phenomenon known as photo-induced toxicity. The Deepwater Horizon spill impacted offshore and estuarine sites, where biota may be co-exposed to UV and PAHs. Penetration of UV into the water column is affected by site-specific factors. Therefore, measurements and/or estimations of UV are necessary when one is assessing the risk to biota posed by photo-induced toxicity. We describe how estimates of incident UV were determined for the area impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, using monitoring data from radiometers near the spill, in conjunction with reference spectra characterizing the composition of solar radiation. Furthermore, we provide UV attenuation coefficients for both near- and offshore sites in the Gulf of Mexico. These estimates are specific to the time and location of the spill, and fall within the range of intensities utilized during photo-induced toxicity tests performed in support of the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). These data further validate the methodologies and findings of phototoxicity tests included in the Deepwater Horizon NRDA, while underscoring the importance of considering UV exposure when assessing possible risks following oil spills. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1679-1687. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | | | - Matthew M Alloy
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Michel L Gielazyn
- Assessment and Restoration Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James T Oris
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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28
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Pan YK, Khursigara AJ, Johansen JL, Esbaugh AJ. The effects of oil induced respiratory impairment on two indices of hypoxia tolerance in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:143-150. [PMID: 29477763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Gulf of Mexico was home to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and is also known to exhibit seasonal declines in oxygen availability. Oil exposure in fish is known to impact oxygen uptake through cardiac impairment, which raises questions about the additive effects of these two stressors. Here we explore this question on the Atlantic croaker using two measures of hypoxia tolerance: critical oxygen threshold (Pcrit), and time to loss of equilibrium (LOE). We first demonstrated that 24 h exposure to 10.1 and 23.2 μg l-1 ΣPAH50 significantly impaired oxygen uptake. There was no effect of exposure on Pcrit or LOE. Exposure did result in significantly different repeatability between pre- and post-exposure Pcrit, suggesting that hypoxia tolerant individual may see greater impacts following exposure. These results suggest oil exposure does not have wide scale detrimental outcomes for hypoxia tolerance in fish, yet there may be fine scale impairments of ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang K Pan
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Alexis J Khursigara
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
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29
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Sweet LE, Revill AT, Strzelecki J, Hook SE, Morris JM, Roberts AP. Photo-induced toxicity following exposure to crude oil and ultraviolet radiation in 2 Australian fishes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1359-1366. [PMID: 29323733 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), components of crude oil, are known to cause increased toxicity when organisms are co-exposed with ultraviolet radiation, resulting in photo-induced toxicity. The photodynamic characteristics of some PAHs are of particular concern to places like Australia with high ultraviolet radiation levels. The objective of the present study was to characterize the photo-induced toxicity of an Australian North West Shelf oil to early life stage yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri). The fish were exposed to high-energy water accommodated fractions for 24 to 36 h. During the exposure, the fish were either co-exposed to full-intensity or filtered natural sunlight and then transferred to clean water. At 48 h, survival, cardiac effects, and spinal deformities were assessed. Yellowtail kingfish embryos co-exposed to oil and full-spectrum sunlight exhibited decreased hatching success and a higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, compared with filtered sunlight. A significant increase in the incidence of pericardial edema occurred in black bream embryos co-exposed to full-spectrum sunlight. These results highlight the need for more studies investigating the effects of PAHs and photo-induced toxicity under environmental conditions relevant to Australia. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1359-1366. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Sweet
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew T Revill
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joanna Strzelecki
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon E Hook
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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30
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Damare LM, Bridges KN, Alloy MM, Curran TE, Soulen BK, Forth HP, Lay CR, Morris JM, Stoeckel JA, Roberts AP. Photo-induced toxicity in early life stage fiddler crab (Uca longisignalis) following exposure to Deepwater Horizon oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:440-447. [PMID: 29464533 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil rig led to the release of millions of barrels of oil in the Gulf of Mexico. Oil in aquatic ecosystems exerts toxicity through multiple mechanisms, including photo-induced toxicity following co-exposure with UV radiation. The timing and location of the spill coincided with both fiddler crab reproduction and peak yearly UV intensities, putting early life stage fiddler crabs at risk of injury due to photo-induced toxicity. The present study assessed sensitivity of fiddler crab larvae to photo-induced toxicity during co-exposure to a range of environmentally relevant dilutions of high-energy water accommodated fractions of DWH oil, and either <10, 50, or 100% ambient sunlight, achieved with filters that allowed for variable UV penetration. Solar exposures (duration: 7-h per day) were conducted for two consecutive days, with a dark recovery period (duration: 17-h) in between. Survival was significantly decreased in treatments the presence of >10% UV and relatively low concentrations of oil. Results of the present study indicate fiddler crab larvae are sensitive to photo-induced toxicity in the presence of DWH oil. These results are of concern, as fiddler crabs play an important role as ecosystem engineers, modulating sediment biogeochemical processes via burrowing action. Furthermore, they occupy an important place in the food web in the Gulf of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Damare
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kristin N Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Matthew M Alloy
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Thomas E Curran
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brianne K Soulen
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - James A Stoeckel
- School of Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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O'Shaughnessy KA, Forth H, Takeshita R, Chesney EJ. Toxicity of weathered Deepwater Horizon oil to bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:473-479. [PMID: 29112918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The BP-contracted Deepwater Horizon Macondo well blowout occurred on 20 April 2010 and lasted nearly three months. The well released millions of barrels of crude oil into the northern Gulf of Mexico, causing extensive impacts on pelagic, benthic, and estuarine fish species. The bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) is an important zooplanktivore in the Gulf, serving as an ecological link between lower trophic levels and pelagic predatory fish species. Bay anchovy spawn from May through November in shallow inshore and estuarine waters throughout the Gulf. Because their buoyant embryos are a dominant part of the inshore ichthyoplankton throughout the summer, it is likely bay anchovy embryos encountered oil in coastal estuaries during the summer and fall of 2010. Bay anchovy embryos were exposed to a range of concentrations of two field-collected Deepwater Horizon oils as high-energy and low-energy water accommodated fractions (HEWAFs and LEWAFs, respectively) for 48h. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) were lower in exposures with the more weathered oil (HEWAF, 1.48µg/L TPAH50; LEWAF, 1.58µg/L TPAH50) compared to the less weathered oil (HEWAF, 3.87µg/L TPAH50; LEWAF, 4.28µg/L TPAH50). To measure delayed mortality and life stage sensitivity between embryos and larvae, an additional 24h acute HEWAF exposure using the more weathered oil was run followed by a 24h grow-out period. Here the LC50 was 9.71µg/L TPAH50 after the grow-out phase, suggesting a toxic effect of oil at the embryonic or hatching stage. We also found that exposures prepared with the more weathered Slick B oil produced lower LC50 values compared to the exposures prepared with Slick A oil. Our results demonstrate that even relatively acute environmental exposure times can have a detrimental effect on bay anchovy embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Forth
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Ryan Takeshita
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Edward J Chesney
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Hwy 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
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32
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Vignier J, Rolton A, Soudant P, Chu FLE, Robert R, Volety AK. Evaluation of toxicity of Deepwater Horizon slick oil on spat of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:1176-1190. [PMID: 29081043 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil rig generated the largest marine oil spill in US history with millions of barrels of crude oil released in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is an ecologically and economically important species in the northern GoM. Due to its biological characteristics (sessile, filter feeding), juvenile oysters may have been affected. This study investigated the effects of surface-collected DWH oil prepared as high-energy water-accommodated fraction (HEWAF) on the survival of 2-month-old oyster spat, and evaluated the potential impacts of HEWAF on particle clearance rate and spat tissue. Exposure of oysters to a range of oil/HEWAF (0-7-66-147-908-3450 μg tPAH50 (sum of 50 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) L-1) resulted in non-dose-dependent mortalities and reduced clearance rates of algal food (Tisochrysis lutea). A morphometric study of the digestive tubules (DGTs) indicated a dose-dependent response to oil exposure on lumen dilation, on epithelium thinning of the DGT, and a significant change in DGT synchrony (LOEC = 66 μg tPAH50 L-1). This finding suggests that structural changes occurred in the digestive gland of exposed oysters most likely due to an oil-related stress. In addition, histological observations showed that tissues in contact with HEWAF (gills, palp, connective tissue, digestive gland) were adversely impacted at ≥ 7 μg tPAH50 L-1, and exhibited pathological symptoms typical of an inflammatory response (e.g., hemocyte diapedesis and infiltration, syncytia, epithelium sloughing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Vignier
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
- Department of Marine and Ecological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA.
| | - Anne Rolton
- Department of Marine and Ecological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539-LEMAR), Technopole Brest Iroise, IUEM-UBO, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539-LEMAR), Technopole Brest Iroise, IUEM-UBO, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Fu-Lin E Chu
- College of William and Mary, Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - René Robert
- Unité Littoral, Ifremer, Centre Bretagne - ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Aswani K Volety
- Department of Marine and Ecological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Bear Hall 146, 601 S. College Rd., Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
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33
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Alexander CR, Hooper MJ, Cacela D, Smelker KD, Calvin CS, Dean KM, Bursian SJ, Cunningham FL, Hanson-Dorr KC, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Link J, Shriner SA, Godard-Codding CAJ. Reprint of: CYP1A protein expression and catalytic activity in double-crested cormorants experimentally exposed to Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:68-75. [PMID: 28571624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, DCCO) were orally exposed to Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 (DWH) oil to investigate oil-induced toxicological impacts. Livers were collected for multiple analyses including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) enzymatic activity and protein expression. CYP1A enzymatic activity was measured by alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (AROD) assays. Activities specific to the O-dealkylation of four resorufin ethers are reported: benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (BROD), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD), and pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD). CYP1A protein expression was measured by western blot analysis with a CYP1A1 mouse monoclonal antibody. In study 1, hepatic BROD, EROD, and PROD activities were significantly induced in DCCO orally exposed to 20ml/kg body weight (bw) oil as a single dose or daily for 5 days. Western blot analysis revealed hepatic CYP1A protein induction in both treatment groups. In study 2 (5ml/kg bw oil or 10ml/kg bw oil, 21day exposure), all four hepatic ARODs were significantly induced. Western blots showed an increase in hepatic CYP1A expression in both treatment groups with a significant induction in birds exposed to 10ml/kg oil. Significant correlations were detected among all 4 AROD activities in both studies and between CYP1A protein expression and both MROD and PROD activities in study 2. EROD activity was highest for both treatment groups in both studies while BROD activity had the greatest fold-induction. While PROD activity values were consistently low, the fold-induction was high, usually 2nd highest to BROD activity. The observed induced AROD profiles detected in the present studies suggest both CYP1A4/1A5 DCCO isoforms are being induced after MC252 oil ingestion. A review of the literature on avian CYP1A AROD activity levels and protein expression after exposure to CYP1A inducers highlights the need for species-specific studies to accurately evaluate avian exposure to oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Hooper
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Kim D Smelker
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Caleshia S Calvin
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Steve J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center-Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center-Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Katherine E Horak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Susan A Shriner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Harr KE, Reavill DR, Bursian SJ, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy K, Horak K, Link JE, Shriner S, Schmidt RE. Organ weights and histopathology of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) dosed orally or dermally with artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 crude oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:52-61. [PMID: 28734790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of toxicity tests were conducted to assess the effects of low to moderate exposure to artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 crude oil on representative avian species as part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. The present report summarizes effects of oral exposure (n=26) of double-crested cormorants (DCCO; Phalacrocorax auritus) to 5 or 10ml oil kg-1 day-1 for up to 21 days or dermal application (n=25) of 13ml oil to breast and back feathers every three days totaling 6 applications in 21 days on organ weights and histopathology. Absolute and relative kidney and liver weights were increased in birds exposed to oil. Additionally, gross and/or histopathologic lesions occurred in the kidney, heart, pancreas and thyroid. Clinically significant renal lesions in the orally dosed birds included squamous metaplasia and increased epithelial hypertrophy of the collecting ducts and renal tubules and mineralization in comparison to controls. Gross cardiac lesions including thin walls and flaccid musculature were documented in both orally and dermally dosed birds and myocardial fibrosis was found in low numbers of dermally dosed birds only. Cytoplasmic vacuolation of the exocrine pancreas was noted in orally dosed birds only. Thyroid follicular hyperplasia was increased in dermally dosed birds only possibly due to increased metabolism required to compensate damaged feather integrity and thermoregulate. Gastrointestinal ulceration was found in orally dosed birds only. There were no significant hepatic histopathologic lesions induced by either exposure route. Therefore, hepatic histopathology is likely not a good representation of oil-induced damage. Taken together, the results suggest that oral or dermal exposure of DCCOs to artificially weathered MC252 crude oil induced organ damage that could potentially affect survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drury R Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA.
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Dave Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA.
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA.
| | - Brian S Dorr
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Kate Healy
- DWH NRDAR Field Office, USFWS, 341 Greeno Road North, Suite A, Fairhope, AL 36532, USA.
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA.
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA WS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA.
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA.
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Harr KE, Cunningham FL, Pritsos CA, Pritsos KL, Muthumalage T, Dorr BS, Horak KE, Hanson-Dorr KC, Dean KM, Cacela D, McFadden AK, Link JE, Healy KA, Tuttle P, Bursian SJ. Weathered MC252 crude oil-induced anemia and abnormal erythroid morphology in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) with light microscopic and ultrastructural description of Heinz bodies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:29-39. [PMID: 28734789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Injury assessment of birds following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in 2010 was part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. One reported effect was hemolytic anemia with the presence of Heinz bodies (HB) in birds, however, the role of route and magnitude of exposure to oil is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine if double-crested cormorants (Phalacocorax auritis; DCCO) exposed orally and dermally to artificially weathered crude oil would develop hemolytic anemia including HB and reticulocytosis. In the oral experiment, sub-adult, mixed-sex DCCOs were fed control (n = 8) or oil-injected fish with a daily target dose of 5 (n = 9) or 10 (n = 9) ml oil/kg for 21 days. Then, subadult control (n = 12) and treated (n = 13) cormorant groups of similar sex-ratio were dermally treated with approximately 13ml of water or weathered MC252 crude oil, respectively, every 3 days for 6 dosages approximating 20% surface coverage. Collected whole blood samples were analyzed by light (new methylene blue) and transmission electron microscopy. Both oral and dermal treatment with weathered DWH MC252 crude oil induced regenerative, but inadequately compensated, anemia due to hemolysis and hematochezia as indicated by decreased packed cell volume, relative increase in reticulocytes with lack of difference in corrected reticulocyte count, and morphologic evidence of oxidant damage at the ultrastructural level. Hemoglobin precipitation, HB formation, degenerate organelles, and systemic oxidant damage were documented. Heinz bodies were typically <2µm in length and smaller than in mammals. These oblong cytoplasmic inclusions were difficult to see upon routine blood smear evaluation and lacked the classic button appearance found in mammalian red blood cells. They could be found as light, homogeneous blue inclusions upon new methylene blue staining. Ultrastructurally, HB appeared as homogeneous, electron-dense structures within the cytosol and lacked membranous structure. Oxidant damage in avian red blood cells results in degenerate organelles and precipitated hemoglobin or HB with different morphology than that found in mammalian red blood cells. Ultrastructural evaluation is needed to definitively identify HB and damaged organelles to confirm oxidant damage. The best field technique based on the data in this study is assessment of PCV with storage of blood in glutaraldehyde for possible TEM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal E Harr
- URIKA, LLC. 8712 53rd Pl W, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA.
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- USDA/USDA/WS/NWRC, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
| | - Chris A Pritsos
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Karen L Pritsos
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Brian S Dorr
- USDA/USDA/WS/NWRC, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/USDA/WS/NWRC, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA.
| | - Dave Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA
| | - Andrew K McFadden
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA
| | - Jane E Link
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Katherine A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA.
| | - Pete Tuttle
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
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36
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Garner TR, Hart MA, Sweet LE, Bagheri HTJ, Morris J, Stoeckel JA, Roberts AP. Effects of Deepwater Horizon Oil on the Movement and Survival of Marsh Periwinkle Snails (Littoraria irrorata). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8757-8762. [PMID: 28661662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill resulted in the release of millions of barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, and some marsh shorelines experienced heavy oiling including vegetation laid over under the weight of oil. Periwinkle snails (Littoraria irrorata) are a critical component of these impacted habitats, and population declines following oil spills, including DWH, have been documented. This study determined the effects of oil on marsh periwinkle movement and survivorship following exposure to oil. Snails were placed in chambers containing either unoiled or oiled laid over vegetation to represent a heavily impacted marsh habitat, with unoiled vertical structure at one end. In the first movement assay, snail movement to standing unoiled vegetation was significantly lower in oiled chambers (oil thickness ≈ 1 cm) compared to unoiled chambers, as the majority (∼75%) of snails in oiled habitats never reached standing unoiled vegetation after 72 h. In a second movement assay, there was no snail movement standing unoiled structure in chambers with oil thicknesses of 0.1 and 0.5 cm, while 73% of snails moved in unoiled chambers after 4h. A toxicity assay was then conducted by exposing snails to oil coated Spartina stems in chambers for periods up to 72 h, and mortality was monitored for 7 days post exposure. Snail survival decreased with increasing exposure time, and significant mortality (∼35%) was observed following an oil exposure of less than 24 h. Here, we have shown that oil impeded snail movement to clean habitat over a short distance and resulted in oil-exposure times that decreased survival. Taken together, along with declines documented by others in field surveys, these results suggest that marsh periwinkle snails may have been adversely affected following exposure to DWH oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ross Garner
- University of North Texas , Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Michael A Hart
- Auburn University , School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Lauren E Sweet
- University of North Texas , Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Hanna T J Bagheri
- University of North Texas , Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Jeff Morris
- Abt Associates , Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States
| | - James A Stoeckel
- Auburn University , School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- University of North Texas , Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
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Maggini I, Kennedy LV, Macmillan A, Elliott KH, Dean K, Guglielmo CG. Light oiling of feathers increases flight energy expenditure in a migratory shorebird. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2372-2379. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.158220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Flying birds depend on their feathers to undertake most activities, and maintain them in peak condition through periodic molt and frequent preening. Even small exposures to crude oil reduce the integrity of feathers, and could impair flight performance. We trained wild western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) to perform endurance flights in a wind tunnel, and used magnetic resonance body composition analysis to measure energy expenditure after birds were exposed to weathered MC252 crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The cost of transport was 0.26±0.04 kJ km−1 in controls, and increased by 22% when the trailing edges of the wing and tail were oiled (<20% of body surface; considered light oiling). Additional crude oil on breast and back feathers (∼30% total surface; moderate oiling) increased the cost of transport by 45% above controls. Oiling tended to decrease flight control, and only half of moderately oiled birds completed the flight test. We then flew birds at a range of speeds to estimate basic kinematic parameters. At low speeds, light and moderately oiled birds had larger wingbeat amplitudes than controls, while moderately oiled birds showed greater wingbeat frequencies across all speeds, and a shift in optimal flight speed towards higher wind speeds. We suggest these changes reflect poorer lift production and increased drag on the wings and body. Oiling will increase the difficulty and energy costs of locomotion for daily and seasonal activities such as foraging, predator evasion, territory defense, courtship, chick provisioning, commuting and long-distance migration. These sub-lethal effects must be considered in oil spill impact assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Maggini
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa V. Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9
| | - Alexander Macmillan
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9
| | - Kyle H. Elliott
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9
| | - Karen Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Christopher G. Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9
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