Effect of various additives on the properties of the films and coatings derived from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-A review

The potential of carboxylmethyl cellulose from empty fruit bunch as versatile material in food coating: A review

The rising demand for food packaging has led to a growing interest in sustainable and eco-friendly food coatings. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), being a versatile cellulose derivative produced from various lignocellulosic sources, has emerged in edible food coatings. This review evaluates the research trends on CMC production from empty fruit bunch (EFB) as a potential edible food coating material by systematic review approach. It explores sustainable pre-treatment for green cellulose and different CMC synthesis methods. The review compares CMC-based coatings to other materials, focusing on formulation processes, coating quality, safety, and commercial feasibility. The bibliometric analysis is performed to correlate food coating and CMC. As a result, the study discovered the rapid growth in research on edible food coatings made from CMC for various food industry applications. The green approach such as ozone pre-treatment appear as promising method for cellulose isolation from EFB to be used as raw material for CMC. The synthesis conditions of the treatment would affect the CMC characteristics and usage. Herein, utilizing CMC from cellulose EFB in coating formulation and on coated food shows different benefits. This review provides a road map for future research with potential to make important contributions to the food industry's long-term evolution.

Identification of film-based formulations that move mRNA lipid nanoparticles out of the freezer

COVID-19 vaccines consisting of mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encoding the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein antigen protected millions of people from severe disease; however, they must be stored frozen prior to use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the compatibility and stability of mRNA LNPs within a polymer-based film matrix. An optimized formulation of polymer base, glycerol, surfactants, and PEGylated lipid that prevents damage to the LNP due to physical changes during the film-forming process (osmotic stress, surface tension, spatial stress, and water loss) was identified. Surfactants added to LNP stock prior to mixing with other film components contributed to this effect. Formulations prepared at pH ≥ 8.5 extended transfection efficiency beyond 4 weeks at 4°C when combined with known nucleic acid stabilizers. mRNA LNPs were most stable in films when manufactured in an environment of ∼50% relative humidity. The optimized formulation offers 16-week stability at 4°C.

Investigation of the constituents of commercially available toothpastes

OBJECTIVES

Toothpaste plays a pivotal role in oral and dental hygiene. This cross-sectional study not only investigates the constituents of toothpastes available in the market and their frequency across different brands but also delves into the potential side effects, irritations, or unfavourable outcomes of these constituents, emphasizing the broader health and environmental implications.

METHODS

The largest of the five major chain markets in each district of Istanbul was visited, and adult toothpastes were included in this study. All the constituents that make up the toothpaste were individually recorded in an Excel database. Subsequently, literature regarding the purposes, toxic and potential side effects of each ingredient was gathered using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The percentages of these ingredients' occurrence among all the toothpastes were calculated, and the ingredients were categorized into 15 distinct groups based on their usage purposes.

RESULTS

There were 160 different varieties of toothpaste belonging to 19 different brands on the market shelves. Although a total of 244 different ingredients were identified, only 78 of them were included in the study. Among the analysed toothpaste types, 105 of them were found to contain 1450 ppm fluoride, whilst 26 toothpaste variants were discovered to have fluoride levels below this value. Among the various ingredients analysed, particular attention was drawn to commonly debated compounds in oral care products. Specifically, titanium dioxide was found in 68% (n = 111) of the varieties, sodium lauryl sulphate in 67% (n = 108) and paraben in 2% (n = 4), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Whilst certain ingredients may raise concerns for potential side effects and health considerations within the human body, the toothpaste has long been regarded as an indispensable tool for maintaining optimal oral and dental health. However, gaining a deeper understanding and conducting research on each constituent that comprises the toothpaste, as well as raising awareness in this regard, holds significant importance for human health.

Potential application of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/shellac embedded with graphene oxide/TiO2-Nps as natural packaging film

Graphene oxide (GO), TiO2-NPs, HPMC, and shellac are environmentally green polymers and nanocomposites. This work aimed to create biodegradable composite films made of HPMC/shellac, HPMC/shellac-GO, and HPMC/shellac-GO/TiO2-NPs by film casting. TiO2-HPMC/shellac-GO matrix's dispersibility and mixing ability were characterized and observed using FTIR and XRD. XRD analysis shows that the crystallinity decreased within the composites due to breaking H-bonding. Compared to HPMC/shellac, TGA/DTG demonstrated the composite films' superior thermal stability. TiO2 (0.08-0.16 %) was cast into a composite film comprising HPMC, shellac, and GO. The homogeneity of TiO2 distribution in the composite film was shown using a SEM, which was also used to display the morphology of nanocomposite films. Nanocomposite films' thickness, air permeability, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and burst strength were examined. The results demonstrated that natural films prepared by a combination of shellac/GO with HPMC enhanced the fabricating of films' properties, the tensile strength increased by 231 % (from 16 to 53 MPa) in HPMC and HPSG2 (HPMC 1.9 g/shellac 0.25 g/GO 0.125 g in 100 mL) respectively, whereas the contact angle did not change. And after addition of TiO2-NPs, there were high enhancements in HPMC films' properties, such tensile strength increased by 212 % (from 16 to 50 MPa), burst strength increased by 20.96 % (3.1 to 3.75 Kg/cm2), and the contact angle by 60.86 % (48 to 74°) in HPMC and HPSGT2 respectively. Compared to HPMC films, films exhibited the highest levels of antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. mycoides, and C. albicans. So, the composite films from HPMC/shellac/GO/TiO2-NPs are promising potential packaging materials.

Synthesis and characterization of polysaccharide- and protein-based edible films and application as packaging materials for fresh fish fillets

The rising packaging industry together with global demand for sustainable production has increased the interest in developing biodegradable packaging materials. The aim of the study was to develop edible films based on pectin, gelatin, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and evaluate their applicability as biodegradable packaging materials for gilthead seabream fillets. Mechanical properties, water barriers, wettability of the films through contact angle measurement, optical, and UV-Vis barrier properties were evaluated for food packaging applications. The effective blend of polysaccharide and protein film-forming solutions was confirmed by the produced films with excellent optical properties, acceptable mechanical properties and adequate barriers to water vapor. The contact angle for pectin based and gelatin based films were higher than 90° indicating the hydrophobic films, while HPMC based films had contact angle lower than 90°. The produced films were tested as alternative and environmentally friendly packaging materials for gilthead seabream fillets during refrigerated storage. All tested packaging conditions resulted in similar shelf-life in packed gilthead seabream fillets (i.e. 7-8 days at 2 °C). The results showed that the developed films may reduce the use of conventional petroleum-based food packaging materials without affecting the shelf-life of fish.

Citric acid cross-linked β-cyclodextrins: A review of preparation and environmental/biomedical application

The β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) are biocompatible macrocyclic candidates for the preparation of various composites with enhanced functions. While nontoxic and biodegradable citric acid (CA) is the favorite crosslinking agent for fabricating hierarchical advanced structures. The carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on CA can serve as "structural bridges" and enhance the solubility of β-CD. Leading to the construction of CA cross-linked β-CD with marvelous complicated structures and targeted functions. Here, we directly categorized the grafted composite materials into two main types such as organic and inorganic materials. Particularly, some representative composite materials are listed and analyzed in detail according to their preparation, advantages of unique characteristics, as well as the possible applications in environmental and biomedical fields such as adsorption of pollutants, sensors, and biomedical applications.

Exploring the diverse applications of Carbohydrate macromolecules in food, pharmaceutical, and environmental technologies

Carbohydrates are a class of macromolecules that has significant potential across several domains, including the organisation of genetic material, provision of structural support, and facilitation of defence mechanisms against invasion. Their molecular diversity enables a vast array of essential functions, such as energy storage, immunological signalling, and the modification of food texture and consistency. Due to their rheological characteristics, solubility, sweetness, hygroscopicity, ability to prevent crystallization, flavour encapsulation, and coating capabilities, carbohydrates are useful in food products. Carbohydrates hold potential for the future of therapeutic development due to their important role in sustained drug release, drug targeting, immune antigens, and adjuvants. Bio-based packaging provides an emerging phase of materials that offer biodegradability and biocompatibility, serving as a substitute for traditional non-biodegradable polymers used as coatings on paper. Blending polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with carbohydrate biopolymers, such as starch, cellulose, polylactic acid, etc., reduces the undesirable qualities of PHA, such as crystallinity and brittleness, and enhances the PHA's properties in addition to minimizing manufacturing costs. Carbohydrate-based biopolymeric nanoparticles are a viable and cost-effective way to boost agricultural yields, which is crucial for the increasing global population. The use of biopolymeric nanoparticles derived from carbohydrates is a potential and economically viable approach to enhance the quality and quantity of agricultural harvests, which is of utmost importance given the developing global population. The carbohydrate biopolymers may play in plant protection against pathogenic fungi by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth, may act as effective elicitors inducing the plant immune system to cope with pathogens. Furthermore, they can be utilised as carriers in controlled-release formulations of agrochemicals or other active ingredients, offering an alternative approach to conventional fungicides. It is expected that this review provides an extensive summary of the application of carbohydrates in the realms of food, pharmaceuticals, and environment.

Development of Low-Density Polyethylene Films Coated with Phenolic Substances for Prolonged Bioactivity

The current study proposes an efficient coating methodology for the development of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films with prolonged bioactivity for food packaging applications. Three natural phenolic-based substances were incorporated at optimized concentrations in methyl-cellulose-based solutions and used as coatings on LDPE films. The amount of surfactant/emulsifier was optimized to control the entrapment of the bioactive substances, minimizing the loss of the substances during processing, and offering prolonged bioactivity. As a result, the growth of Escherichia coli was substantially inhibited after interaction with the coated films, while coated films presented excellent antioxidant activities and maintained their mechanical performance after coating. Considerable bioactivity was observed after up to 7 days of storage in sealed bags in the case of carvacrol- and thymol-coated films. Interestingly, films coated with olive-leaf extract maintained a high level of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, at least for 40 days of storage.

Addition of Silver Nanoparticles to Composite Edible Films and Coatings to Enhance Their Antimicrobial Activity and Application to Cherry Preservation

The aim of this study was to examine the potential enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of edible films, composed of (i) chitosan (CH), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and beta-cyclodextrin (CD) (50%-37.5%-12.5%) and (ii) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and beta-cyclodextrin (CD) (50%-37.5%-12.5%), with silver nanoparticle (AgNP) incorporationat levels 5, 10 and 15% v/v. According to the results, the AgNP addition led to very high antimicrobial activity of both films, reducing by more than 96% the microbial growth of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) in all cases. On the other hand, by adding AgNPs to films, their thickness as well as oxygen and water vapor permeability decreased, while their transparency increased. Furthermore, the contribution of these specific edible films to preserve cherries under cold storage was investigated. All edible coatings resulted in an improvement of the fruit properties under consideration, and especially the color difference, hardness and total microbial load.

The Potential of Films as Transmucosal Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutical films are polymeric formulations used as a delivery platform for administration of small and macromolecular drugs for local or systemic action. They can be produced by using synthetic, semi-synthetic, or natural polymers through solvent casting, electrospinning, hot-melt extrusion, and 3D printing methods, and depending on the components and the manufacturing methods used, the films allow the modulation of drug release. Moreover, they have advantages that have drawn interest in the development and evaluation of film application on the buccal, nasal, vaginal, and ocular mucosa. This review aims to provide an overview of and critically discuss the use of films as transmucosal drug delivery systems. For this, aspects such as the composition of these formulations, the theories of mucoadhesion, and the methods of production were deeply considered, and an analysis of the main transmucosal pathways for which there are examples of developed films was conducted. All of this allowed us to point out the most relevant characteristics and opportunities that deserve to be taken into account in the use of films as transmucosal drug delivery systems.

Effect of the combined addition of ultrasonicated kraft lignin and montmorillonite on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bionanocomposites

Although hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) has been proposed as renewable substitute for traditional plastic, its barrier and active properties need to be improved. Thus, the combination of an organic residue such as kraft lignin (0-10% w/w) and a natural clay such as montmorillonite (3% w/w) by application of ultrasound can significantly improve HPMC properties. This is most likely due to the close interaction between lignin and montmorillonite, which leads to delamination of the clay and improves its dispersion within the HPMC matrix. Specifically, the addition of kraft lignin to the bionanocomposite films provided them with UV-shielding, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity. The incorporation of 3% montmorillonite resulted in reductions of 65.8% and 11.4% in oxygen (OP) and water vapor permeabilities (WVP), respectively. Moreover, a reduction of 43.8% in WVP was achieved when both lignin (1%) and montmorillonite (3%) were incorporated, observing a synergistic effect. Thus, the HPMC bionanocomposite with 1% lignin and 3% montmorillonite, presented good thermal stability and mechanical strength with significantly improved gas barrier permeability, as well as UV-shielding (maintaining a good transparency), antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Gum Arabic Composite Edible Coatings Amended with Geraniol to Control Postharvest Brown Rot and Maintain Quality of Cold-Stored Plums

In this study, the effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and gum Arabic (GA) edible coatings amended with 0.2% geraniol (GE) were evaluated for the control of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, on artificially inoculated plums (Prunus salicina Lindl., cv. Angeleno) stored for 5 weeks at 1 °C. Brown rot is the most important pre- and postharvest fungal disease of stone fruits, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Geraniol is an important constituent of many essential oils that can be obtained as a byproduct from different industrial procedures, such as those of the juice industry. Fruit postharvest quality was also evaluated after 5 and 8 weeks of storage at 1 °C, followed by 3 days at 7 °C plus 5 days at 20 °C, simulating packinghouse, transport, and retail shelf-life conditions, respectively. HPMC coatings containing 0.2% GE reduced the incidence and severity of brown rot by 37.5 and 64.8%, respectively, compared to uncoated fruit after 5 weeks of storage at 1 °C. HPMC-coated plums, with and without GE, showed the highest level of firmness, the lowest change in external peel color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*, hue), and the lowest flesh bleeding compared to uncoated control and GA-coated samples throughout the entire storage period, which correlated with a higher gas barrier of these coatings without negatively affecting sensory quality. Furthermore, the HPMC-0.2% GE coating provided the highest gloss to coated plums, showing the potential of this coating as a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fungicides and waxes for brown rot control and quality maintenance of cold-stored plums.

Bioactive Materials Based on Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Silver Nanoparticles: Structural-Morphological Characterization and Antimicrobial Testing

The progress achieved in recent years in the biomedical field justifies the objective evaluation of new techniques and materials obtained by using silver in different forms as metallic silver, silver salts, and nanoparticles. Thus, the antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) confers to newly obtained materials characteristics that make them ideal candidates in a wide spectrum of applications. In the present study, the use of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) in the new formulation, by embedding AgNPs with antibacterial activity, using poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a stabilizing agent was investigated. AgNPs were incorporated in HPMC solutions, by thermal reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles, using PVP as a stabilizer; a technique that ensures the efficiency and selectivity of the obtained materials. The rheological properties, morphology, in vitro antimicrobial activity, and stability/catching of Ag nanoparticles in resulting HPMC/PVP-AgNPs materials were evaluated. The obtained rheological parameters highlight the multifunctional roles of PVP, focusing on the stabilizing effect of new formulations but also the optimization of some properties of the studied materials. The silver amount was quantified using the spectroscopy techniques (energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)), while formation of the AgNPs was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Also, the morphological examination (Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) by means of the texture roughness parameters has evidenced favorable characteristics for targeted applications. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and was found to be substantially improved was silver was added in the studied systems.

Novel color stability and colorimetry-enhanced intelligent CO2 indicators by metal complexation of anthocyanins for monitoring chicken freshness

This study aims to improve the color stability of anthocyanins and develop a CO2-sensitive indicator based on black goji anthocyanin (BGA) extract. Although the BGA extracts showed distinct color changes, such as red-purple-blue, their intrinsic color diminished after 24 h. A metal complexation method was used for the high color stability of BGA. BGA extracts were chelated with various concentrations of Al3+ [0 - 20% (w/w)]. It showed high color stability and strong intensity in a dose-dependent manner. A CO2-sensitive indicator sachet was developed using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel, based on 5% (w/w) Al3+-BGA complexes. The indicator was applied to the chicken breast and detected its spoilage after 3 days with its changing color to greyish blue, due to the microbial growth to 7.00 log CFU/g. These results demonstrated the possibility of chelated anthocyanin complexes as indicating dyes and the ability to monitor the food quality changes through noticeable color changes.

Updates on applications of low-viscosity grade Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in coprocessing for improvement of physical properties of pharmaceutical powders

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is an important polymeric excipient. Its versatility in terms of molecular weights and viscosity grades is the basis for its wide and successful application in the pharmaceutical industry. Low viscosity grades of HPMC (like E3 and E5) have been used as physical modifiers for pharmaceutical powders in recent years due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties (e.g., low surface tension, high T_g, strong hydrogen bonding ability, etc.). Such modification is the co-processing of HPMC with a drug/excipient to create composite particles (CPs) for the purpose of providing synergistic effects of functional improvement as well as of masking undesirable properties of the powder (e.g., flowability, compressibility, compactibility, solubility, stability, etc.). Therefore, given its irreplaceability and tremendous opportunities for future developments, this review summarized and updated studies on improving the functional properties of drugs and/or excipients by forming CPs with low-viscosity HPMC, analyzed and exploited the improvement mechanisms (e.g., improved surface properties, increased polarity, hydrogen bonding, etc.) for the further development of novel co-processed pharmaceutical powders containing HPMC. It also provides an outlook on the future applications of HPMC, aiming to provide a reference on the crucial role of HPMC in various areas for interested readers.

The potential of eggshell hydroxyapatite, collagen, and EGCG (HAp-Col-EGCG) scaffold as a pulp regeneration material

Background

Hydrogel scaffold is a biomaterial that can facilitate cells in forming a tissue structure. It can promote cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Further research to find a new scaffold from natural resources is challenging, so this study aimed to characterize a hydrogel composite scaffold, which has the potential to be used as a regenerative material.

Methods

The formulation of HAp-Col-EGCG was mixed with different ratios of 1%, 2%, and 4% hydroxyapatite. We analyzed its injectability, pH, and gelation time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to evaluate the surface morphologies, element composition, and chemical properties of HAp-Col-EGCG.

Results

The results showed that the injectability test was almost 90 % in all groups. There was no significant difference in the median value of the pH at 0, 20, and 60 min in all groups, but there was a significant difference at 40 min. The average gelation times in all groups were not significant. SEM-EDX showed a microporous scaffold, with the HAp particles well distributed in the collagen pores at a ratio of 1.9, 2.29, and 1.89 Ca/P. The FTIR results showed intermolecular bonds in the HAp-Col-EGCG scaffold. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that collagen and EGCG did not affect the crystal structure and size of HAp. Cytotoxicity test showed more dental pulp cell viability at the 4 % HAp concentration at 514.35 ± 15.45.

Conclusion

This study indicates that hydrogel scaffold from eggshell hydroxyapatite, collagen, and EGCG has a high potential for pulp regenerative therapy.

Novel Features of Cellulose-Based Films as Sustainable Alternatives for Food Packaging

Packaging plays an important role in food quality and safety, especially regarding waste and spoilage reduction. The main drawback is that the packaging industry is among the ones that is highly dependent on plastic usage. New alternatives to conventional plastic packaging such as biopolymers-based type are mandatory. Examples are cellulose films and its derivatives. These are among the most used options in the food packaging due to their unique characteristics, such as biocompatibility, environmental sustainability, low price, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Emerging concepts such as active and intelligent packaging provides new solutions for an extending shelf-life, and it fights some limitations of cellulose films and improves the properties of the packaging. This article reviews the available cellulose polymers and derivatives that are used as sustainable alternatives for food packaging regarding their properties, characteristics, and functionalization towards active properties enhancement. In this way, several types of films that are prepared with cellulose and their derivatives, incorporating antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds, are herein described, and discussed.

Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers in Mesophilic Aerobic Environments

Finding alternatives to diminish plastic pollution has become one of the main challenges of modern life. A few alternatives have gained potential for a shift toward a more circular and sustainable relationship with plastics. Biodegradable polymers derived from bio- and fossil-based sources have emerged as one feasible alternative to overcome inconveniences associated with the use and disposal of non-biodegradable polymers. The biodegradation process depends on the environment's factors, microorganisms and associated enzymes, and the polymer properties, resulting in a plethora of parameters that create a complex process whereby biodegradation times and rates can vary immensely. This review aims to provide a background and a comprehensive, systematic, and critical overview of this complex process with a special focus on the mesophilic range. Activity toward depolymerization by extracellular enzymes, biofilm effect on the dynamic of the degradation process, CO2 evolution evaluating the extent of biodegradation, and metabolic pathways are discussed. Remarks and perspectives for potential future research are provided with a focus on the current knowledge gaps if the goal is to minimize the persistence of plastics across environments. Innovative approaches such as the addition of specific compounds to trigger depolymerization under particular conditions, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the addition of natural and/or modified enzymes are state-of-the-art methods that need faster development. Furthermore, methods must be connected to standards and techniques that fully track the biodegradation process. More transdisciplinary research within areas of polymer chemistry/processing and microbiology/biochemistry is needed.

Edible hyaluronic acid-rich burger separator discs prepared from slaughterhouse waste

In this study, edible films from chicken feet extract (CF), ovine muscle fascia extract (MF), and bovine bone gelatin powder (Gel) were prepared and their characteristics were analyzed. We also used the films as separators of burger cuts and evaluated the organoleptic characteristics of cooked burgers. Hyaluronic acid quantities of CF and MF were measured using colorimetric and spectrophotometry. Results indicated that the concentration of hyaluronic acid in CF (124.11 ppm) was greater than MF (101.11 ppm). The antioxidative property of the CF film (18.47%) was greater than the Gel (1.88%) and MF (Undetectable) films. The CF film was more resistant to water vapor permeability (2.75 × 10-9 g/m.s.pa) than the MF (1.57 × 10-8 g/m.s.pa) and Gel (1.5 × 10-7 g/m.s.pa) films. The Gel film had more appropriate mechanical properties than CF and MF films. The films kept burgers patties independent from one another and prevented them from sticking and freezing together. MF and CF films were able to promote the organoleptic properties of cooked burgers in taste and texture.

Production, physicochemical investigations, antioxidant effect, and cellular uptake in Caco-2 cells of the supersaturable astaxanthin self-microemulsifying tablets

The purpose of this study was to develop astaxanthin (AST)-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) tablets and evaluate their physicochemical and biological properties. The optimized liquid (L)-AST SMEDDS formulation was composed of rice bran oil (33.67%), Kolliphor® RH 40 (34.70%), and Span® 20 (31.63%). Two types of hydrophilic polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC, and polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) solutions were selected as a precipitation inhibitor for AST and incorporated into L-AST SMEDDS to obtain supersaturation and enhance dissolution of AST. The formulation was then mixed with microcrystalline cellulose and subsequently transformed to solid S-AST SMEDDS particles using a spray dryer prior to direct compression into tablets. The HPMC AST SMEDDS tablet and PVA AST SMEDDS tablet were characterized for their physicochemical properties, dissolution, AST release, and stabilities. Moreover, the cellular uptake and antioxidant effect of AST SMEDDS tablets were evaluated in Caco-2 cells. With good tablet characters, both HPMC AST SMEDDS tablet and PVA AST SMEDDS tablet dissolution profiles were improved compared to that of raw AST. While initially less than 50% of AST released from HPMC AST SMEDDS tablet and PVA AST SMEDDS tablet in pH 1.2 medium, after 6 h more than 98% of AST releases in pH 6.8 were achieved which was similar to L-AST SMEDDS profile. Cellular antioxidant activities of L-AST SMEDDS and HPMC AST SMEDDS tablet & PVA AST SMEDDS tablet were significantly greater than pure AST powder. HPMC AST SMEDDS tablet showed better uptake and deeper penetration through Caco-2 cells than that in PVA AST SMEDDS tablet and pure powder. Our successfully developed AST SMEDDS tablets were demonstrated to be a potential platform to deliver highly lipophilic AST and improve permeation and bioavailability.

Heat- and shear-reversible networks in food: A review

While nature behaves like an irreversible network with respect to entropy and time, certain systems in nature exist that are, to some extent, reversible. The property of reversibility imparts unique benefits to systems that possess them, making them suitable for designing self-healing, stimuli-responsive, and smart materials that can be used in widely divergent fields. Reversible networks are currently being exploited for applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and soft robotics. They are also being utilized as low-calorie fat mimetics with melt-in-your-mouth textures, as well as being explored as potential scaffolds for three-dimensional (3D) printable food, among other applications. This review aims to gather representative examples of heat- and shear-reversible networks in the food science literature from the last 30 or so years, in other words, reversible food gels made either from linear biopolymers or from colloidal, particulate dispersions, including those that have been modified specifically to induce reversibility. An overview of the network mechanisms involved that impart reversibility, including a discussion of the strength and range of forces involved, will be highlighted. A model that explains why certain networks are thermoreversible while others are shear-reversible, and why others are both, will also be proposed. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms will prove invaluable when designing reversible networks in the future, making possible the precise control of their properties, thus fostering innovative applications within the food industry and beyond.

Fabrication and Characterization of Orodispersible Composite Film from Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose-Crosslinked Carboxymethyl Rice Starch

Crosslinked carboxymethyl rice starch (CLCMRS), prepared via dual modifications of native rice starch (NRS) with chloroacetic acid and sodium trimetaphosphate, was employed to facilitate the disintegration of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) orodispersible films (ODFs), with or without the addition of glycerol. Fabricated by using the solvent casting method, the composite films, with the HPMC--LCMRS ratios of 9:1, 7:1, 5:1 and 4:1, were then subjected to physicochemical and mechanical evaluations, including weight, thickness, moisture content and moisture absorption, swelling index, transparency, folding endurance, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus, as well as the determination of disintegration time by using the Petri dish method (PDM) and slide frame and bead method (SFM). The results showed that HPMC-CLCMRS composite films exhibited good film integrity, uniformity, and transparency with up to 20% CLCMRS incorporation (4:1 ratio). Non-plasticized composite films showed no significant changes in the average weight, thickness, density, folding endurance (96−122), tensile strength (2.01−2.13 MPa) and Young’s modulus (10.28−11.59 MPa) compared to HPMC film (135, 2.24 MPa, 10.67 MPa, respectively). On the other hand, the moisture content and moisture absorption were slightly higher, whereas the elongation at break (EAB; 4.31−5.09%) and the transparency (4.73−6.18) were slightly lowered from that of the HPMC film (6.03% and 7.03%, respectively). With the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer, the average weight and film thickness increased, and the density decreased. The folding endurance was improved (to >300), while the transparency remained in the acceptable range. Although the tensile strength of most composite films decreased (0.66−1.75 MPa), they all exhibited improved flexibility (EAB 7.27−11.07%) while retaining structural integrity. The disintegration times of most composite films (PDM 109−331, SFM 70−214 s) were lower than those of HPMC film (PDM 345, SFM 229 s). In conclusion, the incorporation of CLCMRS significantly improved the disintegration time of the composite films whereas it did not affect or only slightly affected the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of the films. The 5:1 and 4:1 HPMC:CLCMRS composite films, in particular, showed promising potential application as a film base for the manufacturing of orodispersible film dosage forms.

Formulation and Characterization of Nicotine Microemulsion-Loaded Fast-Dissolving Films for Smoking Cessation

The present study aimed to develop a nicotine microemulsion (NCT-ME) and incorporate it into a fast-dissolving film. The NCT-ME was prepared by mixing the specified proportions of nicotine (NCT), surfactant, co-solvent, and water. The NCT-ME was measured by its average droplet size, size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology. NCT-ME fast-dissolving films were prepared by the solvent casting technique. The films were characterized by morphology, weight, thickness, disintegration time, and mechanical strength properties and the determined NCT loading efficiency and in vitro drug release. The results showed that almost all NCT-MEs presented droplet sizes of less than 100 nm with a spherical form, narrow size distribution, and zeta potentials of −10.6 to −73.7 mV. There was no difference in weight and thickness between all NCT-ME films, but significant changes in the disintegration times were noticed in NCT40-Smix[PEG-40H(2:1)]10 film. The mechanical properties of films varied with changes in type of surfactant. About 80% of the drug release was observed to be between 3 and 30 min. The drug release kinetics were fitted with the Higuchi matrix model. The NCT40-Smix[P-80(1:1)]10 film showed the highest dissolution rate. It was concluded that the developed ME-loaded fast-dissolving film can increase drug release to a greater extent than the films without ME.

Copper nanowire embedded hypromellose: An antibacterial nanocomposite film

The present work reports a novel antibacterial nanocomposite film comprising of copper nanowire impregnated biocompatible hypromellose using polyethylene glycol as a plasticiser. Detailed physico-chemical characterization using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy and electron microscopy shows uniform dispersion of copper nanowire in the polymer matrix without any apparent oxidation. The film is flexible and shows excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and negative bacteria at 4.8 wt% nanowire loading with MIC values of 400 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL for E. coli and S. aureus respectively. Investigation into the antibacterial mechanism of the composite indicates multiple pathways including cellular membrane damage caused by released copper ions and reactive oxygen species generation in the microbial cell. Interestingly, the film showed good biocompatibility towards normal human dermal fibroblast at minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Compared to copper nanoparticles as reported earlier in vitro studies, this low cytotoxicity of copper nanowires is due to the slow dissolution rate of the film and production of lower amount of ROS producing Cu²⁺ ions. Thus, the study indicates a strong potential for copper nanowire-based composites films in broader biomedical and clinical applications.

Lyophilized ophthalmologic patches as novel corneal drug formulations using a semi-solid extrusion 3D printer

3D printing technology is a novel and practical approach for producing unique and complex industrial and medical objects. In the pharmaceutical field, the approval of 3D printed tablets by the US Food and Drug Administration has led to other 3D printed drug formulations and dosage forms being proposed and investigated. Here, we report novel ophthalmologic patches for controlled drug release fabricated using a semi-solid material extrusion-type 3D printer. The patch-shaped objects were 3D printed using hydrogel-based printer inks composed of hypromellose (HPMC), sugar alcohols (mannitol, xylitol), and drugs, then freeze-dried. The viscous properties of the printer inks and patches were dependent on the HPMC and sugar alcohol concentrations. Then, the physical properties, surface structure, water uptake, antimicrobial activity, and drug release profile of lyophilized patches were characterized. Lyophilized ophthalmologic patches with different dosages and patterns were fabricated as models of personalized treatments prepared in hospitals. Then, ophthalmologic patches containing multiple drugs were fabricated using commercially available eye drop formulations. The current study indicates that 3D printing is applicable to producing novel dosage forms because its high flexibility allows the preparation of patient-tailored dosages in a clinical setting.

Needle-free anesthesia: clinical efficacy of a mucoadhesive patch for atraumatic anesthesia in dental procedures

This study showcases the clinical efficacy of mucoadhesive patches designed for the buccal delivery of lidocaine and prilocaine hydrochlorides (1:1, 30 mg/patch). Such patches were developed for needle-free pre-operative local anesthesia in dentistry, aiming at mitigating the use of infiltrative anesthesia for medium-complexity clinical procedures. The patches were manufactured encompassing drug-release, mucoadhesive and backing layers, all prepared through film casting using biocompatible materials. Fifty-eight (n = 58) adult patients (65% women and 35% men) were randomly selected and included in a one-arm open clinical prospective cohort study. The average age of the subjects was of 50 years. The majority (59%) of the subjects, mostly women (82%), reported needle-phobia or anxiety due to dental procedures, which was assessed through a questionnaire approved by the ethical council for human use in research. The patches were positioned in the gingival region of the teeth involved in the procedure (86% on the maxillary and 14% on the mandibular bone). Two anesthetic patches were applied on each patient: one in the vestibular region and another in the palate/lingual portion, and these patches remained attached to the placement sites throughout the procedures. Concerning the dental procedures performed, 40% were cavity preparations and dental restorations of medium cavities; 29% staple facilities; 10% gingival retractions; 9% subgingival scrapings; 3% gingivalplasties; 3% supragingival preparations; 3% occlusal adjustments; and 2% subgingival preparations. In 90% of the cases, it was not necessary to complement with conventional infiltrative local anesthesia during the procedures. Patients did not report any discomfort or side effect during or after the administration of the patches. Among the cases in which there was the need for complementation, 50% were cavity preparations and dental restorations; 33% supragingival preparations; and 17% gingivoplasties. The complementary anesthesia volume was of 0.63 ± 0.23 mL and women corresponded to 83% of the participants who needed such intervention. Furthermore, in most cases, the patch was capable of initiating the anesthesia within a short time frame (5 minutes) and reaching the maximum anesthetic effect within 15 and 25 min, lasting at least 50 min. Undesirable side effects were not reported either 2 h after the administration or within the 6-month follow-up. Therefore, the anesthetic patches developed provide needle-free, painless, safe, and patient/dentist-friendly advances in performing routine medium-complexity dental procedures.

Active PLA Packaging Films: Effect of Processing and the Addition of Natural Antimicrobials and Antioxidants on Physical Properties, Release Kinetics, and Compostability

The performance characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA) as an active food packaging film can be highly influenced by the incorporation of active agents (AAs) into PLA, and the type of processing technique. In this review, the effect of processing techniques and the addition of natural AAs on the properties related to PLA performance as a packaging material are summarized and described through a systematic analysis, giving new insights about the relation between processing techniques, types of AA, physical–mechanical properties, barriers, optical properties, compostability, controlled release, and functionalities in order to contribute to the progress made in designing antioxidant and antimicrobial PLA packaging films. The addition of AAs into PLA films affected their optical properties and influenced polymer chain reordering, modifying their thermal properties, functionality, and compostability in terms of the chemical nature of AAs. The mechanical and barrier performance of PLA was affected by the AA’s dispersion degree and crystallinity changes resulting from specific processing techniques. In addition, hydrophobicity and AA concentration also modified the barrier properties of PLA. The release kinetics of AAs from PLA were tuned, modifying diffusion coefficient of the AAs in terms of the different physical properties of the films that resulted from specific processing techniques. Several developments based on the incorporation of antimicrobial and antioxidant substances into PLA have displayed outstanding activities for food protection against microbial growth and oxidation.

Development of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose film with xanthan gum and its application as an excellent food packaging bio-material in enhancing the shelf life of banana

A novel film composed of xanthan gum (XG) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was prepared (XH). The films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The light transmittance, mechanical properties and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) indicated the good compatibility between XG and HPMC with hydrogen-bond interaction and XG had a significant effect on the chemical structure, crystalline texture and microstructure of the XH composite film. The best XH sample with optimum XG concentration of 2 g/L was used as food packaging via coating onto banana, whereby the weight loss rate on banana was able to decreased from 25 ± 3% (without XH coating) to 16 ± 4% (with XH coating). Consequently, the release of flavor substances was also decreased. Banana shelf life has qualitatively improved with XH composite film for food preservation and affirmed the uses in food packaging applications.

An Overview of Cellulose Derivatives-Based Dressings for Wound-Healing Management

Presently, notwithstanding the progress regarding wound-healing management, the treatment of the majority of skin lesions still represents a serious challenge for biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, the attention of the researchers has turned to the development of novel materials based on cellulose derivatives. Cellulose derivatives are semi-synthetic biopolymers, which exhibit high solubility in water and represent an advantageous alternative to water-insoluble cellulose. These biopolymers possess excellent properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, sustainability, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, thermo-gelling behavior, mechanical strength, abundance, low costs, antibacterial effect, and high hydrophilicity. They have an efficient ability to absorb and retain a large quantity of wound exudates in the interstitial sites of their networks and can maintain optimal local moisture. Cellulose derivatives also represent a proper scaffold to incorporate various bioactive agents with beneficial therapeutic effects on skin tissue restoration. Due to these suitable and versatile characteristics, cellulose derivatives are attractive and captivating materials for wound-healing applications. This review presents an extensive overview of recent research regarding promising cellulose derivatives-based materials for the development of multiple biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, such as wound dressings, drug delivery devices, and tissue engineering.

Preparation, Properties and Potential of Carrageenan-Based Hard Capsules for Replacing Gelatine: A Review

Intense efforts to develop alternative materials for gelatine as a drug-delivery system are progressing at a high rate. Some of the materials developed are hard capsules made from alginate, carrageenan, hypromellose and cellulose. However, there are still some disadvantages that must be minimised or eliminated for future use in drug-delivery systems. This review attempts to review the preparation and potential of seaweed-based, specifically carrageenan, hard capsules, summarise their properties and highlight their potential as an optional main component of hard capsules in a drug-delivery system. The characterisation methods reviewed were dimensional analysis, water and ash content, microbial activity, viscosity analysis, mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, swelling degree analysis, gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The release kinetics of the capsule is highlighted as well. This review is expected to provide insights for new researchers developing innovative products from carrageenan-based hard capsules, which will support the development goals of the industry.

Development of Active Packaging to Extend the Shelf Life of Agaricus bisporus by Using Plasma Technology

In this study, a preservation package that can extend the shelf life of Agaricus bisporus was developed using plasma modification combined with low-density polyethylene (LDPE), collagen (COL), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Out results showed that the selectivity of LDPE to gas can be controlled by plasma modification combined with coating of different concentrations of CMC and COL. Packaging test results applied to A. bisporus showed that 3% and 5% of CMC and COL did not significantly inhibit polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase, indicating no significant effect on structural integrity and oxidative browning. The use of 0.5% and 1.0% CMC and COL can effectively inhibit the polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase activity of A. bisporus, leading to improved effects in browning inhibition and structural integrity maintenance. P-1.0COL can effectively maintain gas composition in the package (carbon dioxide: 10–15% and oxygen: 8–15%) and catalase activity during storage, thereby reducing the oxidative damage caused by respiration of A. bisporus. The current study confirmed that the use of plasma modification technology combined with 1.0% COL can be used in preservation packaging by regulating the respiration of A. bisporus, thus extending its shelf life from 7 to 21 days.

Microparticle formulations alter the toxicity of fenofibrate to the zebrafish Danio rerio embryo

A wide variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients are released into the environment and pose a threat to aquatic organisms. Drug products using micro- and nanoparticle technology can lower these emissions into the environment by their increased bioavailability to the human patients. However, due to this enhanced efficacy, micro- and nanoscale drug delivery systems can potentially display an even higher toxicity, and thus also pose a risk to non-target organisms. Fenofibrate is a lipid-regulating agent and exhibits species-related hazards in fish. The ecotoxic effects of a fenofibrate formulation embedded into a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose microparticle matrix, as well as those of the excipients used in the formulation process, were evaluated. To compare the effects of fenofibrate without a formulation, fenofibrate was dispersed in diluted ISO water alone or dissolved in the solvent DMF and then added to diluted ISO water. The effects of these various treatments were assessed using the fish embryo toxicity test, acridine orange staining and gene expression analysis assessed by quantitative RT polymerase chain reaction. Exposure concentrations were assessed by chemical analysis. The effect threshold concentrations of fenofibrate microparticle precipitates were higher compared to the formulation. Fenofibrate dispersed in 20%-ISO-water displayed the lowest toxicity. For the fenofibrate formulation as well as for fenofibrate added as a DMF solution, greater ecotoxic effects were observed in the zebrafish embryos. The chemical analysis of the solutions revealed that more fenofibrate was present in the samples with the fenofibrate formulation as well as fenofibrate added as a DMF solution compared to fenofibrate dispersed in diluted ISO water. This could explain the higher ecotoxicity. The toxic effects on the zebrafish embryo thus suggested that the formulation as well as the solvent increased the bioavailability of fenofibrate.

The effects of methylcellulose coating containing carvacrol or menthol on the physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial activity of polyethylene films

In this study, the physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial activities of polyethylene (PE) films coated with peppermint (Menthol) and Origanum vulgare (Carvacrol) essential oil were evaluated. For this reason, PE films were coated with MC-HPMC solution containing different concentrations of menthol and carvacrol (0, 1, 1.5, and 2%), and mechanical, electromagnetic, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of all prepared films were examined. The obtained results demonstrated that by increasing the concentration of menthol and carvacrol in film coatings, tensile strength (from 36 to 23 MPa), water vapor permeability (from 12 to 11 g.m-1s-1Pa-1), and L* and b* indexes were decreased, while the oxygen permeability (OP) and elongation at break significantly were increased (p < .05). Increment of menthol and carvacrol concentration in PE film coating leads to an increase in the antimicrobial activity of films against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, and Saccharomyces cervicea. Finally, the results obtained from this study demonstrated that PE film coated with high levels of carvacrol and menthol could be used as active antimicrobial packaging in the food packaging industry.

Extraction of Tropical Fruit Peels and Development of HPMC Film Containing the Extracts as an Active Antibacterial Packaging Material

In recent years, instead of the use of chemical substances, alternative substances, especially plant extracts, have been characterized for an active packaging of antibacterial elements. In this study, the peels of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and mango (Mangifera indica) were extracted to obtain bioactive compound by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and maceration with water, ethanol 95% and water–ethanol (40:60%). All extracts contained phenolics and flavonoids. However, mangosteen peel extracted by MAE and maceration with water/ethanol (MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E, respectively) contained higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, and exhibited greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, both extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis, α-mangostin conferring antibacterial property was found in both extracts. The MT-MAE-W/E and MT-Ma-W/E films exhibited 30.22 ± 2.14 and 30.60 ± 2.83 mm of growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and 26.50 ± 1.60 and 26.93 ± 3.92 mm of growth inhibition zones against E. coli. These clear zones were wider than its crude extract approximately 3 times, possibly because the film formulation enhanced antibacterial activity with sustained release of active compound. Thus, the mangosteen extracts have potential to be used as an antibacterial compound in active packaging.

Emulsions Incorporated in Polysaccharide-Based Active Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Vegetables

The consumption of minimally processed fresh vegetables has increased by the consumer's demand of natural products without synthetic preservatives and colorants. These new consumption behaviors have prompted research on the combination of emulsion techniques and coatings that have traditionally been used by the food industries. This combination brings great potential for improving the quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables by allowing the incorporation of natural and multifunctional additives directly into food formulations. These antioxidant, antibacterial, and/or antifungal additives are usually encapsulated at the nano- or micro-scale for their stabilization and protection to make them available by food through the coating. These nano- or micro-emulsions are responsible for the release of the active agents to bring them into direct contact with food to protect it from possible organoleptic degradation. Keeping in mind the widespread applications of micro and nanoemulsions for preserving the quality and safety of fresh vegetables, this review reports the latest works based on emulsion techniques and polysaccharide-based coatings as carriers of active compounds. The technical challenges of micro and nanoemulsion techniques, the potential benefits and drawbacks of their use, the development of polysaccharide-based coatings with natural active additives are considered, since these systems can be used as alternatives to conventional coatings in food formulations.

Development and characterization of sublingual films for enhanced bioavailability of selegiline hydrochloride

Low oral bioavailability of selegiline hydrochloride (SH) is primarily due to extensive first-pass metabolism and hence the need for an alternative pathway of administration. Herein, we report the development of sublingual SH films. The films were formulated with varying polymer composition (F1-F6) and evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies. The film F2 demonstrated satisfactory weight (10.60 mg), folding endurance (>200), drug content (11.44 mg/cm²), disintegration time (68 s), mucoadhesive strength (47.7 N/cm²), and controlled release for 30 min. The permeation studies exhibited a higher ex vivo sublingual flux than that of the plain drug. This study concludes that the SH film can provide a potential opportunity for sublingual drug delivery.

Drug-Loaded Lipid-Core Micelles in Mucoadhesive Films as a Novel Dosage Form for Buccal Administration of Poorly Water-Soluble and Biological Drugs

The aim of the study was to develop a novel buccal dosage form to transport rhodamine 123 and human insulin as models for poorly water-soluble and biological drugs, using lipid-core micelles (LCMs)-loaded mucoadhesive films. LCMs were synthesized by a low-energy hot emulsification process, yielding spherically shaped, small-sized, monodispersed and negatively charged carriers with high entrapment efficiency. In vitro release studies demonstrated a higher release of insulin rather than rhodamine from LCMs in simulated physiological conditions, due to an initial burst release effect; however, both release profiles are mainly explained by a diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, LCMs-loaded mucoadhesive films were manufactured and preserved with similar mechanical properties and optimal mucoadhesive behavior compared to nonloaded films. Ex vivo permeation experiments using excised porcine buccal epithelium reveal that both rhodamine and insulin-loaded LCM films elicited a significantly enhanced permeation effect compared to LCMs in suspension and free drugs in solution as controls. Hence, LCMs-loaded mucoadhesive films are suitable as buccal dosage form for the transport and delivery of rhodamine 123 and insulin, as models for poorly water-soluble and biological drugs, respectively.

Expert design and optimization of a novel buccoadhesive blend film impregnated with metformin nanoparticles

Aim: The purpose of this study was to design a metformin nanoparticles (NPs)-loaded buccoadhesive film for enhanced drug bioavailability. Materials & methods: The NPs were prepared and incorporated into a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-chitosan blend film. Three levels of a three-factor, Box-Behnken design were used to evaluate the critical formulation variables. The drug permeation was also examined using sheep buccal mucosa. Results & conclusion: The results verified the formation of spherical NPs with an average size of 177.8 ± 6.42 nm and entrapment efficiency of 78.03 ± 0.23%. The optimum conditions for nanofilms were predicted to be: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (700 mg), glycerol (50 mg) and chitosan (0.15 %w/v). The nanofilm showed a high drug permeation within 6 h. The metformin nanofilm offers an excellent opportunity for buccal drug delivery.

Edible Coating and Pulsed Light to Increase the Shelf Life of Food Products

The application of edible coatings (EC) in combination with pulsed light (PL) treatments represents an emerging approach for extending the shelf life of highly perishable but high value-added products, such as fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. The surface of these products would benefit from the protective effects of ECs and the PL decontamination capability. This review describes in detail the fundamentals of both EC and PL, focusing on the food engineering principles in the formulation and application of EC and the delivery of efficient PL treatments and the technological aspects related to the food characterization following these treatments and discussing the implementation of the two technologies, individually or in combination. The advantages of the combination of EC and PL are extensively discussed emphasizing the potential benefits that may be derived from their combination when preserving perishable foods. The downsides of combining EC and PL are also presented, with specific reference to the potential EC degradation when exposed to PL treatments and the screening effect of PL transmittance through the coating layer. Finally, the potential applications of the combined treatments to food products are highlighted, comparatively presenting the treatment conditions and the product shelf-life improvement.

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel of berberine chloride-loaded escinosomes: Dermal absorption and biocompatibility

Aim of this work was to prepare and characterize new nanocarrier-loaded hydrogel formulations for topical application, using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HMPC) and special nanovesicles, the escinosomes. The combination of the two technological strategies, nanocarriers and hydrogels, was selected to circumvent some drawbacks of nanovesicles and develop stable and efficient skin-delivery platforms. HPMC is a derivative of cellulose with a wide range of physicochemical properties, forming suitable hydrogel for dermatological applications. Escinosomes, made of escin (ESN), a natural bioactive saponin, plus phosphatidylcholine, were loaded with berberine chloride (BRB), a bioactive natural product, and were entrapped in the polymeric matrix of HPMC. Release and permeation properties of aqueous ESN and BRB dispersions, escinosomes were compared with the corresponding hydrogels. Viscosity measurements evidenced their suitability for topical applications. In vitro permeation experiments showed a higher residence time of the HPMC-hydrogel. Thus, the new escinosome HPMC-hydrogel formulations combine the advantages of a modified release and increased transdermal permeability (escinosome components), with better viscosity properties (polysaccharide matrix). In addition, the developed HPMC-hydrogels also had a very good safety profile and skin biocompatibility studies showed no potentially hazardous skin irritation. Finally, the developed escinosome HMPC-hydrogel formulations were very stable with appropriate mechanical properties.

Edible and Functionalized Films/Coatings—Performances and Perspectives

In recent years, food packaging has evolved from an inert and polluting waste that remains after using the product toward an active item that can be consumed along with the food it contains. Edible films and coatings represent a healthy alternative to classic food packaging. Therefore, a significant number of studies have focused on the development of biodegradable enveloping materials based on biopolymers. Animal and vegetal proteins, starch, and chitosan from different sources have been used to prepare adequate packaging for perishable food. Moreover, these edible layers have the ability to carry different active substances such as essential oils—plant extracts containing polyphenols—which bring them considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. This review presents the latest updates on the use of edible films/coatings with different compositions with a focus on natural compounds from plants, and it also includes an assessment of their mechanical and physicochemical features. The plant compounds are essential in many cases for considerable improvement of the organoleptic qualities of embedded food, since they protect the food from different aggressive pathogens. Moreover, some of these useful compounds can be extracted from waste such as pomace, peels etc., which contributes to the sustainable development of this industry.