1
|
Zhang G, Guo D, Dash PK, Araínga M, Wiederin JL, Haverland NA, Knibbe-Hollinger J, Martinez-Skinner A, Ciborowski P, Goodfellow VS, Wysocki TA, Wysocki BJ, Poluektova LY, Liu XM, McMillan JM, Gorantla S, Gelbard HA, Gendelman HE. The mixed lineage kinase-3 inhibitor URMC-099 improves therapeutic outcomes for long-acting antiretroviral therapy. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:109-22. [PMID: 26472049 PMCID: PMC4728028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During studies to extend the half-life of crystalline nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) the mixed lineage kinase-3 inhibitor URMC-099, developed as an adjunctive neuroprotective agent was shown to facilitate antiviral responses. Long-acting ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (nanoATV/r) nanoformulations co-administered with URMC-099 reduced viral load and the numbers of HIV-1 infected CD4+ T-cells in lymphoid tissues more than either drug alone in infected humanized NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc-/- mice. The drug effects were associated with sustained ART depots. Proteomics analyses demonstrated that the antiretroviral responses were linked to affected phagolysosomal storage pathways leading to sequestration of nanoATV/r in Rab-associated recycling and late endosomes; sites associated with viral maturation. URMC-099 administered with nanoATV induced a dose-dependent reduction in HIV-1p24 and reverse transcriptase activity. This drug combination offers a unique chemical marriage for cell-based viral clearance. From the Clinical Editor: Although successful in combating HIV-1 infection, the next improvement in antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) would be to devise long acting therapy, such as intra-cellular depots. In this report, the authors described the use of nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy given together with the mixed lineage kinase-3 inhibitor URMC-099, and showed that this combination not only prolonged drug half-life, but also had better efficacy. The findings are hoped to be translated into the clinical setting in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jayme L Wiederin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nicole A Haverland
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jaclyn Knibbe-Hollinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Andrea Martinez-Skinner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Tadeusz A Wysocki
- Department of Computer and Electronics Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Beata J Wysocki
- Department of Computer and Electronics Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xin-Ming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neural Development & Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jha MK, Suk K. Glia-based biomarkers and their functional role in the CNS. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 10:43-63. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Ponomarev ED, Veremeyko T, Weiner HL. MicroRNAs are universal regulators of differentiation, activation, and polarization of microglia and macrophages in normal and diseased CNS. Glia 2012; 61:91-103. [PMID: 22653784 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small (∼22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression at the post-translational level. It is estimated that 30-90% of human genes are regulated by miRNAs, which makes these molecules of great importance for cell growth, activation, and differentiation. Microglia is CNS-resident cells of a myeloid lineage that play an important role in immune surveillance and are actively involved in many neurologic pathologies. Although the exact origin of microglia remains enigmatic, it is established that primitive macrophages from a yolk sac populate the brain and spinal cord in normal conditions throughout development. During various pathological events such as neuroinflammation, bone marrow derived myeloid cells also migrate into the CNS. Within the CNS, both primitive macrophages from the yolk sac and bone marrow derived myeloid cells acquire a specific phenotype upon interaction with other cell types within the CNS microenvironment. The factors that drive differentiation of progenitors into microglia and control the state of activation of microglia and bone marrow-derived myeloid cells within the CNS are not well understood. In this review we will summarize the role of miRNAs during activation and differentiation of myeloid cells. The role of miR-124 in the adaptation of microglia and macrophages to the CNS microenvironment will be further discussed. We will also summarize the role of miRNAs as modulators of activation of microglia and microphages. Finally, we will describe the role of miR-155 and miR-124 in the polarization of macrophages towards classically and alternatively activated phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen M, Ji Y, Zhang S, Shi H, Chen G, Gu X, Ding F. A proteome map of primary cultured rat Schwann cells. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:20. [PMID: 22443529 PMCID: PMC3338394 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schwann cells (SCs) are the principal glial cells of the peripheral nervous system with a wide range of biological functions. SCs play a key role in peripheral nerve regeneration and are involved in several hereditary peripheral neuropathies. The objective of this study was to gain new insight into the whole protein composition of SCs. Results Two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (2D LC-MS/MS) was performed to identify the protein expressions in primary cultured SCs of rats. We identified a total of 1,232 proteins, which were categorized into 20 functional classes. We also used quantitative real time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis to validate some of proteomics-identified proteins. Conclusion We showed for the first time the proteome map of SCs. Our data could serve as a reference library to provide basic information for understanding SC biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, Peoples' Republic of China.,Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, Peoples' Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system, disseminate through the brain parenchyma, and acquire a specific ramified morphological phenotype termed "resting microglia." Recent studies indicate that even in the normal brain, microglia have highly motile processes by which they scan their territorial domains. By a large number of signaling pathways they can communicate with macroglial cells and neurons and with cells of the immune system. Likewise, microglial cells express receptors classically described for brain-specific communication such as neurotransmitter receptors and those first discovered as immune cell-specific such as for cytokines. Microglial cells are considered the most susceptible sensors of brain pathology. Upon any detection of signs for brain lesions or nervous system dysfunction, microglial cells undergo a complex, multistage activation process that converts them into the "activated microglial cell." This cell form has the capacity to release a large number of substances that can act detrimental or beneficial for the surrounding cells. Activated microglial cells can migrate to the site of injury, proliferate, and phagocytose cells and cellular compartments.
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Loane DJ, Byrnes KR. Role of microglia in neurotrauma. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:366-77. [PMID: 20880501 PMCID: PMC2948548 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary mediators of the immune defense system of the CNS and are integral to the subsequent inflammatory response. The role of microglia in the injured CNS is under scrutiny, as research has begun to fully explore how postinjury inflammation contributes to secondary damage and recovery of function. Whether microglia are good or bad is under debate, with strong support for a dual role or differential activation of microglia. Microglia release a number of factors that modulate secondary injury and recovery after injury, including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, growth factors, and superoxide species. Here we review experimental work on the complex and varied responses of microglia in terms of both detrimental and beneficial effects. Addressed in addition are the effects of microglial activation in two examples of CNS injury: spinal cord and traumatic brain injury. Microglial activation is integral to the response of CNS tissue to injury. In that light, future research is needed to focus on clarifying the signals and mechanisms by which microglia can be guided to promote optimal functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 21201 Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- grid.265436.00000000104215525Room B2048, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, 20814 Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Suk K. Combined analysis of the glia secretome and the CSF proteome: neuroinflammation and novel biomarkers. Expert Rev Proteomics 2010; 7:263-274. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
|
10
|
Reynolds AD, Stone DK, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Proteomic studies of nitrated alpha-synuclein microglia regulation by CD4+CD25+ T cells. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3497-511. [PMID: 19432400 DOI: 10.1021/pr9001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglial inflammatory responses affect Parkinson's disease (PD) associated nigrostriatal degeneration. This is triggered, in measure, by misfolded, nitrated alpha-synuclein (N-alpha-syn) contained within Lewy bodies that are released from dying or dead dopaminergic neurons into the extravascular space. N-alpha-syn-stimulated microglial immunity is regulated by CD4+ T cell subset. Indeed, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) induce neuroprotective immune responses. This is seen in rodent models of stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus associated neurocognitive disorders, and PD. To elucidate the mechanism for Treg-mediated microglial neuroregulatory responses, we used a proteomic platform integrating difference gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry peptide sequencing. These tests served to determine consequences of Treg on the N-alpha-syn stimulated microglia. The data demonstrated that Treg substantially alter the microglial proteome in response to N-alpha-syn. This is seen through Treg abilities to suppress microglial proteins linked to cell metabolism, migration, protein transport and degradation, redox biology, cytoskeletal, and bioenergetic activities. We conclude that Treg modulate the N-alpha-syn microglial proteome and, in this way, can slow the tempo and course of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Reynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5800, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reynolds AD, Stone DK, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Nitrated {alpha}-synuclein-induced alterations in microglial immunity are regulated by CD4+ T cell subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4137-49. [PMID: 19299711 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglial inflammatory neuroregulatory activities affect the tempo of nigrostriatal degeneration during Parkinson's disease (PD). Such activities are induced, in part, by misfolded, nitrated alpha-synuclein (N-alpha-syn) within Lewy bodies released from dying or dead dopaminergic neurons. Such pathobiological events initiate innate and adaptive immune responses affecting neurodegeneration. We posit that the neurobiological activities of activated microglia are affected by cell-protein and cell-cell contacts, in that microglial interactions with N-alpha-syn and CD4(+) T cells substantively alter the microglial proteome. This leads to alterations in cell homeostatic functions and disease. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells suppress N-alpha-syn microglial-induced reactive oxygen species and NF-kappaB activation by modulating redox-active enzymes, cell migration, phagocytosis, and bioenergetic protein expression and cell function. In contrast, CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T cells exacerbate microglial inflammation and induce putative neurotoxic responses. These data support the importance of adaptive immunity in the regulation of Parkinson's disease-associated microglial inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Reynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wiederin J, Rozek W, Duan F, Ciborowski P. Biomarkers of HIV-1 associated dementia: proteomic investigation of sera. Proteome Sci 2009; 7:8. [PMID: 19292902 PMCID: PMC2666658 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New, more sensitive and specific biomarkers are needed to support other means of clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. Proteomics technology is widely used in discovering new biomarkers. There are several difficulties with in-depth analysis of human plasma/serum, including that there is no one proteomic platform that can offer complete identification of differences in proteomic profiles. Another set of problems is associated with heterogeneity of human samples in addition intrinsic variability associated with every step of proteomic investigation. Validation is the very last step of proteomic investigation and it is very often difficult to validate potential biomarker with desired sensitivity and specificity. Even though it may be possible to validate a differentially expressed protein, it may not necessarily prove to be a valid diagnostic biomarker. Results In the current study we report results of proteomic analysis of sera from HIV-infected individuals with or without cognitive impairment. Application of SELDI-TOF analysis followed by weak cation exchange chromatography and 1-dimensional electrophoresis led to discovery of gelsolin and prealbumin as differentially expressed proteins which were not detected in this cohort of samples when previously investigated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis with Difference Gel Electrophoresis technology. Conclusion Validation using western-blot analysis led us to conclude that relative change of the levels of these proteins in one patient during a timeframe might be more informative, sensitive and specific than application of average level estimated based on an even larger cohort of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayme Wiederin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5800, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nitrated alpha-synuclein and microglial neuroregulatory activities. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2008; 3:59-74. [PMID: 18202920 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-008-9100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglial neuroinflammatory responses affect the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). We posit that such neuroinflammatory responses are, in part, mediated by microglial interactions with nitrated and aggregated alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) released from Lewy bodies as a consequence of dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. As disease progresses, secretions from alpha-syn-activated microglia can engage neighboring glial cells in a cycle of autocrine and paracrine amplification of neurotoxic immune products. Such pathogenic processes affect the balance between a microglial neurotrophic and neurotoxic signature. We now report that microglia secrete both neurotoxic and neuroprotective factors after exposure to nitrated alpha-syn (N-alpha-syn). Proteomic (surface enhanced laser desorption-time of flight, 1D sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) and limited metabolomic profiling demonstrated that N-alpha-syn-activated microglia secrete inflammatory, regulatory, redox-active, enzymatic, and cytoskeletal proteins. Increased extracellular glutamate and cysteine and diminished intracellular glutathione and secreted exosomal proteins were also demonstrated. Increased redox-active proteins suggest regulatory microglial responses to N-alpha-syn. These were linked to discontinuous cystatin expression, cathepsin activity, and nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Inhibition of cathepsin B attenuated, in part, N-alpha-syn microglial neurotoxicity. These data support multifaceted microglia functions in PD-associated neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
14
|
Benner EJ, Banerjee R, Reynolds AD, Sherman S, Pisarev VM, Tsiperson V, Nemachek C, Ciborowski P, Przedborski S, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Nitrated alpha-synuclein immunity accelerates degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1376. [PMID: 18167537 PMCID: PMC2147051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) includes loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, nitrated α-synuclein (N-α-Syn) enriched intraneuronal inclusions or Lewy bodies and neuroinflammation. While the contribution of innate microglial inflammatory activities to disease are known, evidence for how adaptive immune mechanisms may affect the course of PD remains obscure. We reasoned that PD-associated oxidative protein modifications create novel antigenic epitopes capable of peripheral adaptive T cell responses that could affect nigrostriatal degeneration. Methods and Findings Nitrotyrosine (NT)-modified α-Syn was detected readily in cervical lymph nodes (CLN) from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxicated mice. Antigen-presenting cells within the CLN showed increased surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, initiating the molecular machinery necessary for efficient antigen presentation. MPTP-treated mice produced antibodies to native and nitrated α-Syn. Mice immunized with the NT-modified C-terminal tail fragment of α-Syn, but not native protein, generated robust T cell proliferative and pro-inflammatory secretory responses specific only for the modified antigen. T cells generated against the nitrated epitope do not respond to the unmodified protein. Mice deficient in T and B lymphocytes were resistant to MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Transfer of T cells from mice immunized with N-α-Syn led to a robust neuroinflammatory response with accelerated dopaminergic cell loss. Conclusions These data show that NT modifications within α-Syn, can bypass or break immunological tolerance and activate peripheral leukocytes in draining lymphoid tissue. A novel mechanism for disease is made in that NT modifications in α-Syn induce adaptive immune responses that exacerbate PD pathobiology. These results have implications for both the pathogenesis and treatment of this disabling neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Benner
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Banerjee
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ashley D. Reynolds
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Simon Sherman
- Nebraska Informatics Center for the Life Sciences, Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vladimir M. Pisarev
- Nebraska Informatics Center for the Life Sciences, Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vladislav Tsiperson
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Craig Nemachek
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Neurology, and Cell Biology and The Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and The Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (SP); (RM); (HG)
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (SP); (RM); (HG)
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (SP); (RM); (HG)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Syed MM, Phulwani NK, Kielian T. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) regulates Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression in microglia. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1461-71. [PMID: 17961202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microglia represent one effector arm of CNS innate immunity as evident by their role in pathogen recognition. We previously reported that exposure of microglia to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a prevalent CNS pathogen, led to elevated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression, a pattern recognition receptor capable of recognizing conserved structural motifs associated with gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus. In this study, we demonstrate that the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) enhances TLR2 expression in microglia, whereas interleukin-1beta has no significant effect. To determine the downstream signaling events responsible for elevated microglial TLR2 expression in response to TNF-alpha, a series of signal transduction inhibitors were employed. Treatment with caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an inhibitor of redox-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B activation, significantly attenuated TNF-alpha-induced TLR2 expression. Similar results were observed with the IKK-2 and IkappaB-alpha inhibitors SC-514 and BAY 11-7082, respectively. In contrast, no significant alterations in TLR2 expression were observed with protein kinase C or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. A definitive role for TNF-alpha was demonstrated by the inability of S. aureus to augment TLR2 expression in microglia isolated from TNF-alpha knockout mice. In addition, TLR2 expression was significantly attenuated in brain abscesses of TNF-alpha knockout mice. Collectively, these results indicate that in response to S. aureus, TNF-alpha acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner to enhance TLR2 expression in microglia and that this effect is mediated, in part, by activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Md Syed
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
CSF proteomic fingerprints for HIV-associated cognitive impairment. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:157-70. [PMID: 17950469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment remains a major complication of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection despite the widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy. Diagnosis is made by exclusion making biomarkers of great potential use. Thus, we used an integrated proteomics platform to assess cerebrospinal fluid protein profiles from 50 HIV-1 seropositive Hispanic women. Nine of 38 proteins identified were unique in those patients with cognitive impairment (CI). These proteins were linked to cell signaling, structural function, and antioxidant activities. This work highlights, in a preliminary manner, the utility of proteomic profiling for biomarker discovery for HIV-1 associated cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kadiu I, Ricardo-Dukelow M, Ciborowski P, Gendelman HE. Cytoskeletal protein transformation in HIV-1-infected macrophage giant cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6404-15. [PMID: 17475870 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms linking HIV-1 replication, macrophage biology, and multinucleated giant cell formation are incompletely understood. With the advent of functional proteomics, the characterization, regulation, and transformation of HIV-1-infected macrophage-secreted proteins can be ascertained. To these ends, we performed proteomic analyses of culture fluids derived from HIV-1 infected monocyte-derived macrophages. Robust reorganization, phosphorylation, and exosomal secretion of the cytoskeletal proteins profilin 1 and actin were observed in conjunction with productive viral replication and giant cell formation. Actin and profilin 1 recruitment to the macrophage plasma membrane paralleled virus-induced cytopathicity, podosome formation, and cellular fusion. Poly-l-proline, an inhibitor of profilin 1-mediated actin polymerization, inhibited cytoskeletal transformations and suppressed, in part, progeny virion production. These data support the idea that actin and profilin 1 rearrangement along with exosomal secretion affect viral replication and cytopathicity. Such events favor the virus over the host cell and provide insights into macrophage defense mechanisms used to contain viral growth and how they may be affected during progressive HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kadiu
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Glanzer JG, Enose Y, Wang T, Kadiu I, Gong N, Rozek W, Liu J, Schlautman JD, Ciborowski PS, Thomas MP, Gendelman HE. Genomic and proteomic microglial profiling: pathways for neuroprotective inflammatory responses following nerve fragment clearance and activation. J Neurochem 2007; 102:627-45. [PMID: 17442053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, a primary immune effector cell of the central nervous system (CNS) affects homeostatic, neuroprotective, regenerative and degenerative outcomes in health and disease. Despite these broad neuroimmune activities linked to specific environmental cues, a precise cellular genetic profile for microglia in the context of disease and repair has not been elucidated. To this end we used nucleic acid microarrays, proteomics, immunochemical and histochemical tests to profile microglia in neuroprotective immune responses. Optic and sciatic nerve (ON and SN) fragments were used to stimulate microglia in order to reflect immune consequences of nervous system injury. Lipopolysaccharide and latex beads-induced microglial activation served as positive controls. Cytosolic and secreted proteins were profiled by surface enhanced laser desorption ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) ProteinChip, 1D and 2D difference gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified by peptide sequencing with tandem mass spectrometry, ELISA and western blot tests. Temporal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, neurotrophins, and lysosomal enzyme expression provided, for the first time, a unique profile of secreted microglia proteins with neuroregulatory functions. Most importantly, this molecular and biochemical signature supports a broad range of microglial functions for debris clearance and promotion of neural repair after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Glanzer
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5880, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang W, Hu D, Xiong H. Macrophage attenuation of neuronal excitability: Implications for pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Glia 2007; 56:241-6. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Byrnes KR, Garay J, Di Giovanni S, De Biase A, Knoblach SM, Hoffman EP, Movsesyan V, Faden AI. Expression of two temporally distinct microglia-related gene clusters after spinal cord injury. Glia 2006; 53:420-33. [PMID: 16345062 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The dual role of microglia in cytotoxicity and neuroprotection is believed to depend on the specific, temporal expression of microglial-related genes. To better clarify this issue, we used high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to examine microglial gene expression after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. We compared expression changes at the lesion site, as well as in rostral and caudal regions after mild, moderate, or severe SCI. Using microglial-associated anchor genes, we identified two clusters with different temporal profiles. The first, induced by 4 h postinjury to peak between 4 and 24 h, included interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, osteopontin, and calgranulin, among others. The second was induced 24 h after SCI, and peaked between 72 h and 7 days; it included C1qB, Galectin-3, and p22(phox). These two clusters showed similar expression profiles regardless of injury severity, albeit with slight decreases in expression in mild or severe injury vs. moderate injury. Expression was also decreased rostral and caudal to the lesion site. We validated the expression of selected cluster members at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, we demonstrated that stimulation of purified microglia in culture induces expression of C1qB, Galectin-3, and p22(phox). Finally, inhibition of p22(phox) activity within microglial cultures significantly suppressed proliferation in response to stimulation, confirming that this gene is involved in microglial activation. Because microglial-related factors have been implicated both in secondary injury and recovery, identification of temporally distinct clusters of genes related to microglial activation may suggest distinct roles for these groups of factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Byrnes
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Suk K. Proteomics-based discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases: perspective of microglia and neuroinflammation. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
22
|
Donnou S, Fisson S, Mahe D, Montoni A, Couez D. Identification of new CNS-resident macrophage subpopulation molecular markers for the discrimination with murine systemic macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 169:39-49. [PMID: 16169092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A controversial issue in neurobiology concerns the respective functions of central nervous system (CNS)-resident macrophages and systemic infiltrating macrophages morphologically and phenotypically similar during most of CNS injury processes. In a previous work, we isolated sixteen mRNAs differentially expressed between two microglial EOC clones. By studying their pattern of expression, we found that three of them were not expressed in peripheral macrophages, even after stimulation with IFNgamma, TNFalpha or IL10. These three molecules are physiologically expressed by murine adult microglia and could be used to evaluate in vivo their discriminative potential toward CNS-infiltrating macrophages during inflammatory events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Donnou
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Immunologie et Thérapeutique des Cancers (UPRES EA 3140), CHU, bâtiment Monteclair, 4 rue Larrey, 49033 ANGERS cedex 01, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|