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Villa González M, Vallés-Saiz L, Hernández IH, Avila J, Hernández F, Pérez-Alvarez MJ. Focal cerebral ischemia induces changes in oligodendrocytic tau isoforms in the damaged area. Glia 2020; 68:2471-2485. [PMID: 32515854 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and the first leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. The only therapeutic strategy available to date is reperfusion and not all the patients are suitable for this treatment. Blood flow blockage or reduction leads to considerable brain damage, affecting both gray and white matter. The detrimental effects of ischemia have been studied extensively in the former but not in the latter. Previous reports indicate that preservation of white matter integrity reduces deleterious effect of ischemia on the brain. Oligodendrocytes are sensitive to ischemic damage, however, some reports demonstrate that oligodendrogenesis occurs after ischemia. These glial cells have a complex cytoskeletal network, including tau, that plays a key role to proper myelination. 4R-Tau/3R-Tau, which differ in the presence/absence of Exon 10, are found in oligodendrocytes; but the precise role of each isoform is not understood. Using permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model and immunofluorescence, we demonstrate that cerebral ischemia induces an increase in 3R-Tau versus 4R-Tau in oligodendrocytes in the damaged area. In addition, cellular distribution of Tau undergoes a change after ischemia, with some oligodendrocytic processes showing positive staining for 3R-Tau. This occurs simultaneously with the amelioration of neurological damage in ischemic rats. We propose that ischemia triggers an endogenous mechanism involving 3R-Tau, that induces colonization of the ischemic damaged area by oligodendrocytes in an attempt to myelinate-injured axons. Understanding the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon could pave the way for the design of therapeutic strategies that exploit glial cells for the treatment of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Villa González
- Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Vallés-Saiz
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivó H Hernández
- Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Pérez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Dheer A, Jain V, Kushwah N, Kumar R, Prasad D, Singh S. Temporal and Spatial Changes in Glial Cells During Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia: Role in Neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2018; 383:235-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Collins LN, Hill DL, Brunjes PC. Myelination of the developing lateral olfactory tract and anterior commissure. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1843-1858. [PMID: 29665005 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and anterior limb of the anterior commissure (AC) carry olfactory information. The LOT forms the projection from the olfactory bulb to the ipsilateral olfactory cortices, while the AC carries odor information across the midline to the contralateral olfactory cortex and bulb. The LOT and AC differ on a number of dimensions, including early development and functional onset. The present work, examining their myelination in mice, reveals additional important differences. For example, the LOT initiates myelination 3-4 days earlier than the AC, evidenced by both an earlier increase in myelin basic protein staining seen with immunohistochemistry and an earlier appearance of myelinated fibers using electron microscopy. While both exhibit a period of rapid myelination, it occurs 4-5 days earlier in the LOT than the AC. The tracts also respond differently to early sensory restriction. Unilateral naris occlusion from the day after birth to postnatal day 30 had no consistent effects on the AC but resulted in significantly thinner myelin sheaths relative to axon caliber in the LOT. Finally, the two tracts differ structurally (the LOT contains larger, more densely packed axons with significantly thicker myelin sheaths resulting in a conduction velocity that is more than twice as fast as the AC). The findings indicate that these two large, accessible tracts provide an important means for studying brain maturation due to basic differences in both the timing of their maturation and general organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Collins
- Department Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - D L Hill
- Department Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - P C Brunjes
- Department Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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4
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Chronic social defeat reduces myelination in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46548. [PMID: 28418035 PMCID: PMC5394533 DOI: 10.1038/srep46548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in top-down control of the brain’s stress axis, and its structure and function are particularly vulnerable to stress effects, which can lead to depression in humans and depressive-like states in animals. We tested whether chronic social defeat produces structural alterations in the mPFC in mice. We first performed a microarray analysis of mPFC gene expression changes induced by defeat, and biological pathway analysis revealed a dominant pattern of down-regulation of myelin-associated genes. Indeed, 69% of the most significantly down-regulated genes were myelin-related. The down regulation was confirmed by in situ hybridization histochemistry for two strongly down-regulated genes, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (Mog) and ermin (Ermn), and by immunohistochemistry for myelin basic protein. To test for stress-induced changes in myelin integrity, aurophosphate (Black Gold) myelin staining was performed on mPFC sections. Quantitative stereologic analysis showed reduced myelinated fiber length and density. Behavioral analysis confirmed that the 14-day social defeat sessions resulted in induction of depressive-like states measured in social interaction and light/dark tests. The combined data suggest that chronic social defeat induces molecular changes that reduce myelination of the prefrontal cortex, which may be an underlying basis for stress-induced depressive states.
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García-Cabezas MÁ, John YJ, Barbas H, Zikopoulos B. Distinction of Neurons, Glia and Endothelial Cells in the Cerebral Cortex: An Algorithm Based on Cytological Features. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:107. [PMID: 27847469 PMCID: PMC5088408 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimation of the number or density of neurons and types of glial cells and their relative proportions in different brain areas are at the core of rigorous quantitative neuroanatomical studies. Unfortunately, the lack of detailed, updated, systematic and well-illustrated descriptions of the cytology of neurons and glial cell types, especially in the primate brain, makes such studies especially demanding, often limiting their scope and broad use. Here, following an extensive analysis of histological materials and the review of current and classical literature, we compile a list of precise morphological criteria that can facilitate and standardize identification of cells in stained sections examined under the microscope. We describe systematically and in detail the cytological features of neurons and glial cell types in the cerebral cortex of the macaque monkey and the human using semithin and thick sections stained for Nissl. We used this classical staining technique because it labels all cells in the brain in distinct ways. In addition, we corroborate key distinguishing characteristics of different cell types in sections immunolabeled for specific markers counterstained for Nissl and in ultrathin sections processed for electron microscopy. Finally, we summarize the core features that distinguish each cell type in easy-to-use tables and sketches, and structure these key features in an algorithm that can be used to systematically distinguish cellular types in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, we report high inter-observer algorithm reliability, which is a crucial test for obtaining consistent and reproducible cell counts in unbiased stereological studies. This protocol establishes a consistent framework that can be used to reliably identify and quantify cells in the cerebral cortex of primates as well as other mammalian species in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohan J John
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Zhang Z, Li Z, Deng W, He Q, Wang Q, Shi W, Chen Q, Yang W, Spector M, Gong A, Yu J, Xu X. Ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells promote differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:727-733. [PMID: 27983986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many neurological diseases are closely associated with demyelination caused by pathological changes of oligodendrocytes. Although intrinsic remyelination occurs after injury, the regeneration efficiency of myelinating oligodendrocytes remains to be improved. Herein, we reported an initiative finding of employing a valuable cell source, namely neural crest-derived ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), for promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation by co-culturing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) with the EMSCs. The results demonstrated that the OPCs/EMSCs co-culture could remarkably increase the number and length of oligodendrocyte processes in comparison with the mono-cultured OPCs and non-contact OPCs/EMSCs transwell culture. Furthermore, the inhibition experiments revealed that the EMSCs-produced soluble factor Sonic hedgehog, gap junction protein connexin 43 and extracellular matrix molecule laminin accounted for the promoted OPC differentiation since inhibiting the function of anyone of the three proteins led to substantial retraction of processes and detachment of oligodendrocytes. Altogether, OPCs/EMSCs co-culture system could be a paradigmatic approach for promoting differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes, and EMSCs will be a promising cell source for the treatment of neurological diseases caused by oligodendrocyte death and demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Zhengnan Li
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qinghua He
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wentao Shi
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Myron Spector
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aihua Gong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Center for Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, PR China.
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Mifsud G, Zammit C, Muscat R, Di Giovanni G, Valentino M. Oligodendrocyte pathophysiology and treatment strategies in cerebral ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:603-12. [PMID: 24703424 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system, form a functional unit with axons and play a crucial role in axonal integrity. An episode of hypoxia-ischemia causes rapid and severe damage to these particularly vulnerable cells via multiple pathways such as overactivation of glutamate and ATP receptors, oxidative stress, and disruption of mitochondrial function. The cardinal effect of OL pathology is demyelination and dysmyelination, and this has profound effects on axonal function, transport, structure, metabolism, and survival. The OL is a primary target of ischemia in adult-onset stroke and especially in periventricular leukomalacia and should be considered as a primary therapeutic target in these conditions. More emphasis is needed on therapeutic strategies that target OLs, myelin, and their receptors, as these have the potential to significantly attenuate white matter injury and to establish functional recovery of white matter after stroke. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the role of OLs in white matter ischemic injury and the current and emerging principles that form the basis for protective strategies against OL death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Mifsud
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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Kassis H, Chopp M, Liu XS, Shehadah A, Roberts C, Zhang ZG. Histone deacetylase expression in white matter oligodendrocytes after stroke. Neurochem Int 2014; 77:17-23. [PMID: 24657831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) constitute a super-family of enzymes grouped into four major classes (Class I-IV) that deacetylate histone tails leading to chromatin condensation and gene repression. Whether stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis is related to the expression of individual HDACs in the oligodendrocyte lineage has not been investigated. We found that 2 days after stroke, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes (OLGs) were substantially reduced in the peri-infarct corpus callosum, whereas at 7 days after stroke, a robust increase in OPCs and OLGs was observed. Ischemic brains isolated from rats sacrificed 7 days after stroke were used to test levels of individual members of Class I (1 and 2) and Class II (4 and 5) HDACs in white matter oligodendrocytes during stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis. Double immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that stroke substantially increased the number of NG2+OPCs with nuclear HDAC1 and HDAC2 immunoreactivity and cytoplasmic HDAC4 which were associated with augmentation of proliferating OPCs, as determined by BrdU and Ki67 double reactive cells after stroke. A decrease in HDAC1 and an increase in HDAC2 immunoreactivity were detected in mature adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) positive OLGs, which paralleled an increase in newly generated BrdU positive OLGs in the peri-infarct corpus callosum. Concurrently, stroke substantially decreased the acetylation levels of histones H3 and H4 in both OPCs and OLGs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that stroke induces distinct profiles of Class I and Class II HDACs in white matter OPCs and OLGs, suggesting that the individual members of Class I and II HDACs play divergent roles in the regulation of OPC proliferation and differentiation during brain repair after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Kassis
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Xian Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Amjad Shehadah
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Cynthia Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Sildenafil enhances neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in ischemic brain of middle-aged mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48141. [PMID: 23118941 PMCID: PMC3485244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells give rise to neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Aging reduces neural stem cells. Using an inducible nestin-CreERT2/R26R-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) mouse, we investigated the effect of Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, on nestin lineage neural stem cells and their progeny in the ischemic brain of the middle-aged mouse. We showed that focal cerebral ischemia induced nestin lineage neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and nestin expressing NeuN positive neurons and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) positive mature oligodendrocytes in the ischemic striatum and corpus callosum in the aged mouse. Treatment of the ischemic middle-aged mouse with Sildenafil increased nestin expressing neural stem cells, mature neurons, and oligodendrocytes by 33, 75, and 30%, respectively, in the ischemic brain. These data indicate that Sildenafil amplifies nestin expressing neural stem cells and their neuronal and oligodendrocyte progeny in the ischemic brain of the middle-aged mouse.
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Pfrieger FW, Slezak M. Genetic approaches to study glial cells in the rodent brain. Glia 2011; 60:681-701. [PMID: 22162024 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development, function, and pathology of the brain depend on interactions of neurons and different types of glial cells, namely astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Understanding neuron-glia interactions in vivo requires dedicated experimental approaches to manipulate each cell type independently. In this review, we first summarize techniques that allow for cell-specific gene modification including targeted mutagenesis and viral transduction. In the second part, we describe the genetic models that allow to target the main glial cell types in the central nervous system. The existing arsenal of approaches to study glial cells in vivo and its expansion in the future are key to understand neuron-glia interactions under normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Pfrieger
- CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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Abstract
Neural and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the adult brain express Ascl1 (also known as Mash1), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. We examined the progeny and fate of this progenitor population in adult male Ascl1-CreER(TM);R26R-stop-yellow fluorescent protein mice subjected to right middle cerebral occlusion over 60 days after stroke using inducible Cre recombination to label Ascl1-expressing cells at poststroke days 2 to 6 in vivo. Seven days after stroke, a substantial increase in Ascl1 lineage cells was detected in the ipsilateral subventricular zone (SVZ), striatum, and corpus callosum. These cells exhibited proliferating progenitor cell phenotypes (Sox2(+), BrdU(+), and Ki67(+)). Although Ascl1 lineage cells in the ipsilateral SVZ gradually decreased during 14 to 60 days after stroke, Ascl1 lineage cells in the ischemic striatum revealed a remarkable increase during this period. Thirty and sixty days after stroke, Ascl1 lineage cells in the ischemic striatum gave rise to GABAergic neurons and mature oligodendrocytes. In contrast, none of the Ascl1 lineage cells in the contralateral striatum exhibited neuronal and oligodendrocyte phenotypes. Moreover, Ascl1 lineage cells in the corpus callosum were only fated to become mature oligodendrocytes. Our data suggest that Ascl1 lineage cells contribute to stroke-induced neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in the adult ischemic brain.
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Kim YJ, Jung YW. Systemic injection of recombinant human erythropoietin after focal cerebral ischemia enhances oligodendroglial and endothelial progenitor cells in rat brain. Anat Cell Biol 2010; 43:140-9. [PMID: 21189995 PMCID: PMC2998786 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has been demonstrated the ability of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-Hu-EPO), when administered intracerebro-ventricularly, to improve stroke outcome through the reduction of stroke damage. In a brain ischemic model, however, systemic administration of r-Hu-EPO has not been intensely investigated given that in general, large glycosylated molecules have been deemed incapable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. In this study, administration of r-Hu-EPO for 4 days, intraperitoneally after ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) increased the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the penumbra (10.1±1.4, n=5, P<0.05) and in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle (LV) (25±2.7, n=5, P<0.05) as compared with those of I-R (penumbra: 2.5±0.7; SVZ of LV: 3.8±1.5). A significant increase of BrdU-positive cells in these areas was coincident with a strong immunoreactivity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell marker (2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase). Furthermore, r-Hu-EPO administration increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the choroid plexus (7.8±2.3, n=5, P<0.05) and in cerebral blood vessels (3.5±1.3, n=5, P<0.05) when compared with those of I-R (choroid plexus: 1.2±0.5; cerebral blood vessels: 0.6±0.1). These results suggest that, even when systemically administered, r-Hu-EPO may have therapeutic potential for stroke via the proliferation of oligodendroglial and endothelial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Masansamsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Masan, Korea
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Zhang L, Chopp M, Zhang RL, Wang L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Toh Y, Santra M, Lu M, Zhang ZG. Erythropoietin amplifies stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis in the rat. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11016. [PMID: 20552017 PMCID: PMC2884017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic cytokine, enhances neurogenesis and angiogenesis during stroke recovery. In the present study, we examined the effect of EPO on oligodendrogenesis in a rat model of embolic focal cerebral ischemia. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) at a dose of 5,000 U/kg (n = 18) or saline (n = 18) was intraperitoneally administered daily for 7 days starting 24 h after stroke onset. Treatment with rhEPO augmented actively proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) measured by NG2 immunoreactive cells within the peri-infarct white matter and the subventricular zone (SVZ), but did not protect against loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes measured by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNPase) positive cells 7 days after stroke. However, 28 and 42 days after stroke, treatment with rhEPO significantly increased myelinating oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons within the peri-infarct white matter. Using lentivirus to label subventricular zone (SVZ) neural progenitor cells, we found that in addition to the OPCs generated in the peri-infarct white matter, SVZ neural progenitor cells contributed to rhEPO-increased OPCs in the peri-infarct area. Using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for birth-dating cells, we demonstrated that myelinating oligodendrocytes observed 28 days after stroke were derived from OPCs. Furthermore, rhEPO significantly improved neurological outcome 6 weeks after stroke. In vitro, rhEPO increased differentiation of adult SVZ neural progenitor cells into oligodendrocytes and enhanced immature oligodendrocyte cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our in vivo and in vitro data indicate that EPO amplifies stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis that could facilitate axonal re-myelination and lead to functional recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rui Lan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yier Toh
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Manoranjan Santra
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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McIver SR, Muccigrosso M, Gonzales ER, Lee JM, Roberts MS, Sands MS, Goldberg MP. Oligodendrocyte degeneration and recovery after focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2010; 169:1364-75. [PMID: 20621643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to ischemic injury may contribute to functional loss in diseases of central white matter. Immunocytochemical methods to identify oligodendrocyte injury in experimental models rely on epitope availability, and fail to discriminate structural changes in oligodendrocyte morphology. We previously described the use of a lentiviral vector (LV) carrying enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter for selective visualization of oligodendrocyte cell bodies and processes. In this study, we used LV-MBP-eGFP to label oligodendrocytes in rat cerebral white matter prior to transient focal cerebral ischemia, and examined oligodendrocyte injury 24 h, 48 h and 1 week post-reperfusion by quantifying cell survival and assaying the integrity of myelin processes. There was progressive loss of GFP+ oligodendrocytes in ischemic white matter at 24 and 48 h. Surviving GFP+ cells had non-pyknotic nuclear morphology and were terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-negative, but there was marked fragmentation of myelin processes as early as 24 h after stroke. One week after stroke, we observed a restoration of GFP+ oligodendrocytes in ischemic white matter, reflected both by cell counts and by structural integrity of myelin processes. Proliferating cells were not the main source of GFP+ oligodendrocytes, as revealed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. These observations identify novel transient structural changes in oligodendrocyte cell bodies and myelinating processes, which may have consequences for white matter function after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R McIver
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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15
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An oligovascular niche: cerebral endothelial cells promote the survival and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J Neurosci 2009; 29:4351-5. [PMID: 19357263 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0035-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that cerebral endothelial cells secrete trophic factors that support the survival and proliferation of rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This OPC-supportive phenomenon was mediated by Akt and Src signaling pathways. Noncytotoxic levels of oxidative stress downregulate trophic factor production and disrupt the ability of cerebral endothelial cells to support OPCs. These data suggest that a novel oligovascular niche may be important for sustaining oligodendrocyte renewal and homeostasis in mammalian brain.
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Pedraza CE, Monk R, Lei J, Hao Q, Macklin WB. Production, characterization, and efficient transfection of highly pure oligodendrocyte precursor cultures from mouse embryonic neural progenitors. Glia 2008; 56:1339-52. [PMID: 18512250 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Much current knowledge of oligodendrocyte biology, the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system, comes from cell culture studies mainly from postnatal rat tissue but mouse cells have been much more difficult to produce in large quantities. We have developed a high yield protocol for production of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from mouse embryonic neural progenitors grown as neurospheres. Neurospheres can be maintained and expanded for long periods in culture in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF). When floating neurospheres were plated on substrate-coated dishes in media supplemented with platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), the spheres attached and generated migrating cells that were predominantly oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. Furthermore, cells in spheres could be shifted to the oligodendrocyte phenotype prior to plating on substrate, by incubation in suspension with PDGF/bFGF. Single cell suspensions plated after dissociation of either EGF-treated neurospheres or PDGF/bFGF-treated oligospheres had the bipolar, elongated morphology characteristic of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. mRNA and protein expression analysis of the cells generated by this method confirmed their oligodendrocyte lineage. Oligodendrocyte precursors generated by this method matured in response to ciliary neurotrophic factor treatment, producing cells with multiple processes and myelin-like membranes. The most important aspect of this protocol is the ability to generate very high numbers of relatively pure mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, which can be easily transfected. These studies open up many kinds of investigations on transgenic and mutant mouse oligodendrocytes, thereby providing a valuable tool to study oligodendrocyte biology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Pedraza
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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17
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Micu I, Ridsdale A, Zhang L, Woulfe J, McClintock J, Brantner CA, Andrews SB, Stys PK. Real-time measurement of free Ca2+ changes in CNS myelin by two-photon microscopy. Nat Med 2007; 13:874-9. [PMID: 17603496 DOI: 10.1038/nm1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a technique for measuring changes in Ca2+ in the cytosolic domain of mature compact myelin of live axons in the central nervous system (CNS). We label the myelin sheath of optic nerve and dorsal column axons by using the Ca2+ indicator X-rhod-1 coupled with DiOC6(3) to produce bright myelin counterstaining, thereby providing unambiguous identification of the myelin sheath for analysis of two-photon excited fluorescence. We present evidence for localization of the Ca2+ reporter to the cytosolic domain of myelin, obtained by using fluorescence lifetime, spectral measurements and Mn2+ quenching. Chemical ischemia increased myelinic X-rhod-1 fluorescence (approximately 50% after 30 min) in a manner dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Inhibiting Na+-dependent glutamate transporters (with TBOA) or glycine transporters (with sarcosine and ALX-1393) reduced the ischemia-induced increase in Ca2+. We show that myelinic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are activated by the two conventional coagonists glutamate and glycine, which are released by specific transporters under conditions of cellular Na+ loading and depolarization in injured white matter. This new technique facilitates detailed studies of living myelin, a vital component of the mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Micu
- Division of Neuroscience, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1Y 4E9, Canada
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18
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Dumont D, Noben JP, Moreels M, Vanderlocht J, Hellings N, Vandenabeele F, Lambrichts I, Stinissen P, Robben J. Characterization of mature rat oligodendrocytes: a proteomic approach. J Neurochem 2007; 102:562-76. [PMID: 17442050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are glial cells responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). Oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to damage occurring in a variety of neurological diseases. Understanding oligodendrocyte biology is crucial for the dissemination of de- and remyelination mechanisms. The goal of the present study is the construction of a protein database of mature rat oligodendrocytes. Post-mitotic oligodendrocytes were isolated from mature Wistar rats and subjected to immunocytochemistry. Proteins were extracted and analyzed by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional liquid chromatography, both coupled to mass spectrometry. The combination of the gel-based and gel-free approach resulted in confident identification of a total of 200 proteins. A minority of proteins were identified in both proteomic strategies. The identified proteins represent a variety of functional groups, including novel oligodendrocyte proteins. The results of this study emphasize the power of the applied proteomic strategy to study known or to reveal new proteins and to investigate their regulation in oligodendrocytes in different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Dumont
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Vitellaro-Zuccarello L, Mazzetti S, Madaschi L, Bosisio P, Gorio A, De Biasi S. Erythropoietin-mediated preservation of the white matter in rat spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2006; 144:865-77. [PMID: 17141961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a single administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on the preservation of the ventral white matter of rats at 4 weeks after contusive spinal cord injury (SCI), a time at which functional recovery is significantly improved in comparison to the controls [Gorio A, Necati Gokmen N, Erbayraktar S, Yilmaz O, Madaschi L, Cichetti C, Di Giulio AM, Enver Vardar E, Cerami A, Brines M (2002) Recombinant human erythropoietin counteracts secondary injury and markedly enhances neurological recovery from experimental spinal cord trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9450-9455; Gorio A, Madaschi L, Di Stefano B, Carelli S, Di Giulio AM, De Biasi S, Coleman T, Cerami A, Brines M (2005) Methylprednisolone neutralizes the beneficial effects of erythropoietin in experimental spinal cord injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:16379-16384]. Specifically, we examined, by morphological and cytochemical methods combined with light, confocal and electron microscopy, i) myelin preservation, ii) activation of adult oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) identified for the expression of NG2 transmembrane proteoglycan, iii) changes in the amount of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan, versican and phosphacan and of their glycosaminoglycan component labeled with Wisteria floribunda lectin, and iv) ventral horn density of the serotonergic plexus as a marker of descending motor control axons. Injured rats received either saline or a single dose of rhEPO within 30 min after SCI. The results showed that the significant improvement of functional outcome observed in rhEPO-treated rats was associated with a better preservation of myelin in the ventral white matter. Moreover, the significant increase of both the number of NG2-positive OPCs and the labeling for Nogo-A, a marker of differentiated oligodendrocytes, suggested that rhEPO treatment could result in the generation of new myelinating oligodendrocytes. Sparing of fiber tracts in the ventral white matter was confirmed by the increased density of the serotonergic plexus around motor neurons. As for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, only phosphacan, increased in saline-treated rats, returned to normal levels in rhEPO group, probably reflecting a better maintenance of glial-axolemmal relationships along nerve fibers. In conclusion, this investigation expands previous studies supporting the pleiotropic neuroprotective effect of rhEPO on secondary degenerative response and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of SCI and confirms that the preservation of the ventral white matter, which contains descending motor pathways, may be critical for limiting functional deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vitellaro-Zuccarello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Zhou W, Ge WP, Zeng S, Duan S, Luo Q. Identification and two-photon imaging of oligodendrocyte in CA1 region of hippocampal slices. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 352:598-602. [PMID: 17150193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) plays a critical role in myelination and axon maintenance in central nervous system. Recent studies show that OL can also express NMDA receptors in development and pathological situations in white matter. There is still lack of studies about OL properties and function in gray matter of brain. Here we reported that some glial cells in CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices (P15-23) had distinct electrophysiological characteristics from the other glia cells in this region, while they displayed uniform properties with OL from white matter in previous report; therefore, they were considered as OL in hippocampus. By loading dye in recording pipette and imaging with two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we acquired the high spatial resolution, three-dimension images of these special cells in live slices. The OL in hippocampus shows a complex process-bearing shape and the distribution of several processes is parallel to Schaffer fiber in CA1 region. When stimulating Schaffer fiber, OL displays a long duration depolarization mediated by inward rectifier potassium channel. This suggested that the OL in CA1 region could sense the neuronal activity and contribute to potassium clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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Eslamboli A, Grundy RI, Irving EA. Time-dependent increase in Nogo-A expression after focal cerebral ischemia in marmoset monkeys. Neurosci Lett 2006; 408:89-93. [PMID: 16982144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a myelin-associated protein that has been shown to inhibit axonal sprouting after lesions to the CNS. Several studies have demonstrated that blocking the activity or expression of this inhibitor can induce structural and functional recovery after CNS lesions. However, there are limited and contradictory data on the expression of Nogo-A after CNS lesions. In the present study, marmoset monkeys received permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Two, 3, or 4 months after the onset of injury brain sections were stained for Nogo-A protein. Two sham operated marmosets were included as a control. Nogo-A protein expression was quantified in white matter and grey matter in the areas adjacent to the lesion (or the equivalent areas in the intact side). At 2 months after injury, but not at 3 or 4 months, there was a significant increase in the number of oligodendrocytes that were Nogo-A immunopositive. This increase was observed in white matter structures that were adjacent to the lesion (e.g. corona radiate (CR)); but not in: white matter structures distal to the lesion (e.g. corpus callosum (CC)); cortical regions adjacent to the lesion; contralateral regions or in sham operated marmosets. These data suggest that Nogo-A levels are significantly increased within oligodendrocytes in areas adjacent to the lesion up to 2 months following cerebral ischaemia. Future studies will determine whether this offers the opportunity to promote plasticity by targeting Nogo-A weeks or months following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andisheh Eslamboli
- Neurology and GI CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park North, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, United Kingdom
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Maña P, Liñares D, Fordham S, Staykova M, Willenborg D. Deleterious role of IFNgamma in a toxic model of central nervous system demyelination. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1464-73. [PMID: 16651614 PMCID: PMC1606575 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in many inflammatory processes, including autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Demyelination is a hallmark of MS and a prominent pathological feature of several other inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Accordingly, in this study we followed the effect of IFNgamma in the demyelination and remyelination process by using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of demyelination/remyelination after exposure of mice to the neurotoxic agent cuprizone. We show that demyelination in response to cuprizone is delayed in mice lacking the binding chain of IFNgamma receptor. In addition, IFNgammaR(-/-) mice exhibited an accelerated remyelination process after cuprizone was removed from the diet. Our results also indicate that the levels of IFNgamma were able to modulate the microglia/macrophage recruitment to the demyelinating areas. Moreover, the accelerated regenerative response showed by the IFNgammaR(-/-) mice was associated with a more efficient recruitment of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the demyelinated areas. In conclusion, this study suggests that IFNgamma regulates the development and resolution of the demyelinating syndrome and may be associated with toxic effects on both mature oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Maña
- Neurosciences Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, PO Box 11, Woden, 2601, Canberra, Australia
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McIver SR, Lee CS, Lee JM, Green SH, Sands MS, Snider BJ, Goldberg MP. Lentiviral transduction of murine oligodendrocytes in vivo. J Neurosci Res 2006; 82:397-403. [PMID: 16158420 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are used widely to direct efficient gene transfer in vivo. We examined cell-specific expression in adult murine white matter after stereotaxic microinjection of four lentiviral constructs. We synthesized vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentiviruses with combinations of two promoters, cytomegalovirus (CMV) or myelin basic protein (MBP), and two reporter sequences, cytosolic enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or a plasma membrane-targeted eGFP (human lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase [Lck]-eGFP). For all constructs, intracerebral injections to lateral corpus callosum resulted in widespread GFP expression in forebrain white matter glial cells. Intense cellular GFP fluorescence was observed within 3 days after injection and lasted for at least 28 days. The CMV promoter directed GFP expression in multiple glial cell types, whereas the MBP promoter targeted GFP specifically to oligodendrocytes. Expression of the membrane-targeted Lck-eGFP construct distinctly labeled individual myelinating processes of oligodendrocytes. Lentiviral constructs expressing eGFP or Lck-eGFP under the MBP promoter provide excellent visualization of oligodendrocyte morphology in intact white matter, and may prove valuable for delivering additional genes of interest to oligodendrocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally R McIver
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are known to express (Ca2+)-permeable glutamate receptors and to have low resistance to oxidative stress, two factors that make them potentially susceptible to injury. Oligodendrocyte injury is intrinsic to the loss of function experienced in conditions ranging from cerebral palsy to spinal cord injury, focal ischaemia and multiple sclerosis. NMDA receptors, a subtype of glutamate receptors, are vital to the remodeling of synaptic connections during postnatal development and associative learning abilities in adults and possibly in improvements in oligodendrocyte function. Previous studies had failed to detect NMDA receptor mRNA or current in oligodendrocytes but three new papers demonstrate NMDA receptor expression in oligodendrocytes and discuss its implications for ischaemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wong
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Vadivelu S, Becker D, McDonald JW. Generating chimeric spinal cord: a novel model for transplantable oligodendrocyte progenitors derived from embryonic stem cells. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19:E3. [PMID: 16190602 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2005.19.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ObjectTo identify and evaluate stem cell–derived oligodendrocytes obtained for cell transplantation therapies, the authors developed a novel model to examine single, adult oligodendrocytes in situ.MethodsGreen fluorescent protein–expressing, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were neural induced and additionally staged in an oligosphere preparatory step for high-yield derivation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. These transplantable, induced progenitors were injected into postnatal Day 2 rat pups, in which spinal cord sections were then examined at 3 and 9 weeks posttransplantation.ConclusionsTransplanted oligosphere ESCs survived and integrated anatomically into postnatal and adult white matter, generating targeted regions of chimeric spinal cord. A simple model for identifying adult oligodendrocytes in situ is presented, which is suitable for use in further studies examining functional myelination and derivation of oligodendrocytes from genetically engineered ESC lines, including human ESCs. Results from the model presented here demonstrate a unique method for examining transplantable oligodendrocyte progenitors derived from ESCs for repair of white matter disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Vadivelu
- The International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Despite intense efforts at the bench and at the bedside, few therapeutic strategies exist to combat the consequences of cerebral ischemia. Traditionally, a "neurocentric" view has dominated research in this field. Evidence is now accumulating that glial cells, in particular astrocytes, play an active and important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Brain energetics, water and ion homeostasis, inflammation, trophic factor production, vascular regulation, neuroneogenesis, and vasculogenesis, among others, are all under the control of glial cells. As a consequence, glial cells have been identified as promising targets for novel therapeutic approaches in brain protection. This review aims at dissecting possible protective as well as destructive roles of astrocytes (and other glial cells) in cerebral ischemia. By emphasizing open issues in this field, we hope to stimulate further research into this relatively unexplored aspect of brain pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Nedergaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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