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Xia Z, Prescott EE, Urbanek A, Wareing HE, King MC, Olerinyova A, Dakin H, Leah T, Barnes KA, Matuszyk MM, Dimou E, Hidari E, Zhang YP, Lam JYL, Danial JSH, Strickland MR, Jiang H, Thornton P, Crowther DC, Ohtonen S, Gómez-Budia M, Bell SM, Ferraiuolo L, Mortiboys H, Higginbottom A, Wharton SB, Holtzman DM, Malm T, Ranasinghe RT, Klenerman D, De S. Co-aggregation with Apolipoprotein E modulates the function of Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4695. [PMID: 38824138 PMCID: PMC11144216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Which isoforms of apolipoprotein E (apoE) we inherit determine our risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the mechanism underlying this link is poorly understood. In particular, the relevance of direct interactions between apoE and amyloid-β (Aβ) remains controversial. Here, single-molecule imaging shows that all isoforms of apoE associate with Aβ in the early stages of aggregation and then fall away as fibrillation happens. ApoE-Aβ co-aggregates account for ~50% of the mass of diffusible Aβ aggregates detected in the frontal cortices of homozygotes with the higher-risk APOE4 gene. We show how dynamic interactions between apoE and Aβ tune disease-related functions of Aβ aggregates throughout the course of aggregation. Our results connect inherited APOE genotype with the risk of developing AD by demonstrating how, in an isoform- and lipidation-specific way, apoE modulates the aggregation, clearance and toxicity of Aβ. Selectively removing non-lipidated apoE4-Aβ co-aggregates enhances clearance of toxic Aβ by glial cells, and reduces secretion of inflammatory markers and membrane damage, demonstrating a clear path to AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjie Xia
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily E Prescott
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Agnieszka Urbanek
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Hollie E Wareing
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Marianne C King
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Anna Olerinyova
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Helen Dakin
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tom Leah
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Katy A Barnes
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Martyna M Matuszyk
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Eleni Dimou
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Hidari
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yu P Zhang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeff Y L Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John S H Danial
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Michael R Strickland
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter Thornton
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sohvi Ohtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mireia Gómez-Budia
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simon M Bell
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute (HELSI), University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Adrian Higginbottom
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rohan T Ranasinghe
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - David Klenerman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Suman De
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Healthy Lifespan Institute (HELSI), University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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2
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Lee MY, Kim M. Effects of Red ginseng on neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:20-30. [PMID: 38223824 PMCID: PMC10785270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng (RG) is widely used as a herbal medicine. As the human lifespan has increased, numerous diseases have developed, and RG has also been used to treat various diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are major problems that modern people face through their lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are featured by progressive nerve system damage. Recently, neuroinflammation has emerged as a degenerative factor and is an immune response in which cytokines with nerve cells that constitute the nervous system. RG, a natural herbal medicine with fewer side effects than chemically synthesized drugs, is currently in the spotlight. Therefore, we reviewed studies reporting the roles of RG in treating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and found that RG might help alleviate neurodegenerative diseases by regulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowongu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowongu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro 815, Nowongu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Huang H, Zhu Y, Liao L, Gao S, Tao Y, Fang X, Lian Y, Gao C. The long-term effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation on Alzheimer's disease-type pathologies in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110735. [PMID: 37586425 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an emerging and highly efficient paradigm of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), has been demonstrated to mitigate cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Previous clinical studies have shown that the cognitive improvement of iTBS could last several weeks after treatment. Nonetheless, it is largely uncertain how the long-term effects of iTBS treatment are sustained. To investigate whether iTBS has a long-term effect on AD-type pathologies, 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice are administrated with 30 consecutive days of iTBS treatment. After a 2-month interval, morphological alterations in the brain are examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, while levels of associated proteins are assessed by Western blot at the age of 9 months. We find that iTBS treatment significantly diminishes Aβ burden in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, we observe that iTBS treatment inhibits the expression of BACE1 and elevates the level of IDE, suggesting that the reduction of Aβ load could be attributed to the inhibition of Aβ production and facilitation of Aβ degradation. Furthermore, iTBS treatment attenuates neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic loss in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, these data indicate that 1 month of iTBS treatment ameliorates pathologies in the brain of AD mice for at least 2 months. We provide the novel evidence that iTBS may exert after-effects on AD-type pathologies via inhibition of Aβ production and facilitation of Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lingyi Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Shihao Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiangqin Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yan Lian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Changyue Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Sheikh AM, Yano S, Tabassum S, Mitaki S, Michikawa M, Nagai A. Alzheimer's Amyloid β Peptide Induces Angiogenesis in an Alzheimer's Disease Model Mouse through Placental Growth Factor and Angiopoietin 2 Expressions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054510. [PMID: 36901941 PMCID: PMC10003449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased angiogenesis, especially the pathological type, has been documented in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, and it is considered to be activated due to a vascular dysfunction-mediated hypoxic condition. To understand the role of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide in angiogenesis, we analyzed its effects on the brains of young APP transgenic AD model mice. Immunostaining results revealed that Aβ was mainly localized intracellularly, with very few immunopositive vessels, and there was no extracellular deposition at this age. Solanum tuberosum lectin staining demonstrated that compared to their wild-type littermates, the vessel number was only increased in the cortex of J20 mice. CD105 staining also showed an increased number of new vessels in the cortex, some of which were partially positive for collagen4. Real-time PCR results demonstrated that placental growth factor (PlGF) and angiopoietin 2 (AngII) mRNA were increased in both the cortex and hippocampus of J20 mice compared to their wild-type littermates. However, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA did not change. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the increased expression of PlGF and AngII in the cortex of the J20 mice. Neuronal cells were positive for PlGF and AngII. Treatment of a neural stem cell line (NMW7) with synthetic Aβ1-42 directly increased the expression of PlGF and AngII, at mRNA levels, and AngII at protein levels. Thus, these pilot data indicate that pathological angiogenesis exists in AD brains due to the direct effects of early Aβ accumulation, suggesting that the Aβ peptide regulates angiogenesis through PlGF and AngII expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Md. Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.); (A.N.); Tel.: +81-0853-20-2306 (A.M.S.); +81-0853-20-2198 (A.N.)
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Shatera Tabassum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Shingo Mitaki
- Department of Neurology, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya Cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.S.); (A.N.); Tel.: +81-0853-20-2306 (A.M.S.); +81-0853-20-2198 (A.N.)
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5
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Liu Y, Wei X, Wu M, Zhang K, Liu Y, Wei W. Inhibition of mGluR5/PI3K-AKT Pathway Alleviates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology Through the Activation of Autophagy in 5XFAD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1197-1214. [PMID: 36565127 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is widely expressed in postsynaptic neurons and plays a vital role in the synaptic plasticity of the central nervous system. mGluR5 is a coreceptor for amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer, and downregulation or pharmacological blockade of mGluR5 presents the therapeutic potential of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the abnormality of mGluR5 in the pathogenesis of AD and its mechanism of pathology is not clear. OBJECTIVE In this study, we would like to investigate the expression of mGluR5 in the process of AD and explore the effects and the underlying mechanisms of antagonizing mGluR5 on cognitive function, synaptic structure, and inflammation in 5xFAD mice. METHODS mGluR5 expression and interactions with PrPc in 5XFAD mice were detected using western blot and co-immunoprecipitation. The selective mGluR5 antagonist MPEP was infused into 4-month-old 5XFAD mice for 60 consecutive days. Then, cognitive function, AD-like pathology and synaptic structure were measured. Further observations were made in mGluR5 knockdown 5XFAD mice. RESULTS mGluR5 expression was increased with Aβ levels at 6 months in 5XFAD mice. mGluR5 antagonist rescued cognitive disorders, promoted synaptic recovery, and alleviated both the Aβ plaque load and abnormal hyperphosphorylation in 6-month-old 5XFAD mice. Meanwhile, the results were validated in mGluR5 knockdown mice. Blockade of mGluR5 efficiently alleviates AD-like pathologies by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and activates autophagy in 5XFAD mice. Furthermore, antagonism of mGluR5 attenuated neuroinflammation by inactivating the IKK/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that mGluR5 may be an effective drug target for AD treatment, and inhibition of the mGluR5/PI3K-AKT pathway alleviates AD-like pathology by activating autophagy and anti-neuroinflammation in 5XFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Wei
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meijian Wu
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Municipaland Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target &Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Filippini A, Salvi V, Dattilo V, Magri C, Castrezzati S, Veerhuis R, Bosisio D, Gennarelli M, Russo I. LRRK2 Kinase Inhibition Attenuates Astrocytic Activation in Response to Amyloid β 1-42 Fibrils. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020307. [PMID: 36830676 PMCID: PMC9953366 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral accumulation of amyloid-β in the extracellular plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains represents the main cause of reactive astrogliosis and neuroinflammatory response. Of relevance, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a kinase linked to genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), has been identified as a positive mediator of neuroinflammation upon different inflammatory stimuli, however its pathogenicity in AD remains mainly unexplored. In this study, by using pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 and murine primary astrocytes, we explored whether LRRK2 regulates astrocytic activation in response to amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42). Our results showed that murine primary astrocytes become reactive and recruit serine 935 phosphorylated LRRK2 upon Aβ1-42 fibril exposure. Moreover, we found that pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2, with two different kinase inhibitors, can attenuate Aβ1-42-mediated inflammation and favor the clearance of Aβ1-42 fibrils in astrocytes. Overall, our findings report that LRRK2 kinase activity modulates astrocytic reactivity and functions in the presence of Aβ1-42 deposits and indicate that PD-linked LRRK2 might contribute to AD-related neuroinflammation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Filippini
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Oncology and Experimental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Dattilo
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Magri
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Castrezzati
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Amsterdam UMC, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Oncology and Experimental Immunology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-371-7461; Fax: +39-030-370-1157
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Chen H, Deng Y, Li S, Jin L. Recent Advances in the Roles of MicroRNA and MicroRNA-Based Diagnosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1074. [PMID: 36551041 PMCID: PMC9776063 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases manifest as progressive loss of neuronal structures and their myelin sheaths and lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in the elderly. Despite extensive research, there are few effective treatment options for the diseases. MicroRNAs have been shown to be involved in the developmental processes of the central nervous system. Mounting evidence suggest they play an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, there are few reviews regarding the roles of miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the recent developments in the roles of microRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases and presents the application of microRNA-based methods in the early diagnosis of these diseases.
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Khonsari F, Heydari M, Sharifzadeh M, Valizadeh H, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F. Transferrin decorated-nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are a promising delivery system for rapamycin in Alzheimer's disease: An in vivo study. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212827. [PMID: 35929260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and memory loss. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway could regulate learning and memory. The effect of rapamycin (Rapa) on mTOR activity could slow or prevent the progression of AD by affecting various essential cellular processes. Previously, we prepared transferrin (Tf) decorated-nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for rapamycin (150 ± 9 nm) to protect the drug from chemical and enzymatic degradation and for brain targeted delivery of rapamycin. Herein, the effect of Tf-NLCs compared to untargeted anionic-NLCs and free rapamycin, were studied in amyloid beta (Aβ) induced rat model of AD. Behavioral test revealed that the Rapa Tf-NLCs were able to significantly improve the impaired spatial memory induced by Aβ. Histopathological studies of hippocampus also showed neural survival in Rapa Tf-NLCs treated group. The immunosuppressive, and delayed wound healing adverse effects in the rapamycin solution treated group were abolished by incorporating the drug into NLCs. The Aβ induced oxidative stress was also reduced by Rapa Tf-NLCs. Molecular studies on the level of Aβ, autophagy (LC3) and apoptotic (caspase-3) markers, and mTOR activity revealed that the Rapa Tf-NLCs decreased the Aβ level and suppressed the toxic effects of Aβ plaques by modulating the mTOR activity and autophagy, and decreasing the apoptosis level. As a conclusion, the designed Tf-NLCs could be an appropriate and a safe brain delivery system for rapamycin and make this drug more efficient in AD for improving memory and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khonsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Heydari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, De Mont Fort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Mielcarska MB, Skowrońska K, Wyżewski Z, Toka FN. Disrupting Neurons and Glial Cells Oneness in the Brain-The Possible Causal Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010242. [PMID: 35008671 PMCID: PMC8745046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data strongly suggest herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the brain as a contributing factor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The consequences of HSV-1 brain infection are multilateral, not only are neurons and glial cells damaged, but modifications also occur in their environment, preventing the transmission of signals and fulfillment of homeostatic and immune functions, which can greatly contribute to the development of disease. In this review, we discuss the pathological alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) cells that occur, following HSV-1 infection. We describe the changes in neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes related to the production of inflammatory factors, transition of glial cells into a reactive state, oxidative damage, Aβ secretion, tau hyperphosphorylation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Further, HSV-1 infection can affect processes observed during brain aging, and advanced age favors HSV-1 reactivation as well as the entry of the virus into the brain. The host activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for an effective antiviral response during HSV-1 brain infection, which primarily engages type I interferons (IFNs). Future studies regarding the influence of innate immune deficits on AD development, as well as supporting the neuroprotective properties of glial cells, would reveal valuable information on how to harness cytotoxic inflammatory milieu to counter AD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-59-36063
| | - Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 42123, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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10
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miRNAs as Therapeutic Tools in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313012. [PMID: 34884818 PMCID: PMC8657443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an age-dependent, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 50–70% of all dementia cases. Due to the increasing incidence and corresponding socioeconomic burden of dementia, it has rapidly emerged as a challenge to public health worldwide. The characteristics of AD include the development of extracellular amyloid-beta plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, vascular changes, neuronal inflammation, and progressive brain atrophy. However, the complexity of the biology of AD has hindered progress in elucidating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, and the development of effective treatments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, which are endogenous, noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides that function as posttranscriptional regulators of various genes) are attracting attention as powerful tools for studying the mechanisms of diseases, as they are involved in several biological processes and diseases, including AD. AD is a multifactorial disease, and several reports have suggested that miRNAs play an important role in the pathological processes of AD. In this review, the basic biology of miRNAs is described, and the function and physiology of miRNAs in the pathological processes of AD are highlighted. In addition, the limitations of current pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of AD and the development of miRNA-based next-generation therapies are discussed.
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11
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Hollinger KR, Zhu X, Khoury ES, Thomas AG, Liaw K, Tallon C, Wu Y, Prchalova E, Kamiya A, Rojas C, Kannan S, Slusher BS. Glutamine Antagonist JHU-083 Normalizes Aberrant Hippocampal Glutaminase Activity and Improves Cognition in APOE4 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:437-447. [PMID: 32675407 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the emergent aging population, the identification of effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is critical. OBJECTIVE We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of JHU-083, a brain-penetrable glutamine antagonist, in treating AD using the humanized APOE4 knock-in mouse model. METHODS Cell culture studies were performed using BV2 cells and primary microglia isolated from hippocampi of adult APOE4 knock-in mice to evaluate the effect of JHU-083 treatment on LPS-induced glutaminase (GLS) activity and inflammatory markers. Six-month-old APOE4 knock-in mice were administered JHU-083 or vehicle via oral gavage 3x/week for 4-5 months and cognitive performance was assessed using the Barnes maze. Target engagement in the brain was confirmed using a radiolabeled GLS enzymatic activity assay, and electrophysiology, gastrointestinal histology, blood chemistry, and CBC analyses were conducted to evaluate the tolerability of JHU-083. RESULTS JHU-083 inhibited the LPS-mediated increases in GLS activity, nitic oxide release, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in cultured BV2 cells and primary microglia isolated from APOE4 knock-in AD mice. Chronic treatment with JHU-083 in APOE4 mice improved hippocampal-dependent Barnes maze performance. Consistent with the cell culture findings,postmortem analyses of APOE4 mice showed increased GLS activity in hippocampal CD11b+ enriched cells versus age-matched controls, which was completely normalized by JHU-083 treatment. JHU-083 was well-tolerated, showing no weight loss effect or overt behavioral changes. Peripheral nerve function, gastrointestinal histopathology, and CBC/clinical chemistry parameters were all unaffected by chronic JHU-083 treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the attenuation of upregulated hippocampal glutaminase by JHU-083 represents a new therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hollinger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Khoury
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Liaw
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn Tallon
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eva Prchalova
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Oncology, and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice by Reducing Apoptosis, Oxidative, and Inflammatory Effects. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1310-1322. [PMID: 34021860 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is reported to have a neuroprotective activity; however, the role of H2S in neuroinflammation-induced neuronal damage is ambiguous. Here, we aimed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms for the neuroprotective effect of NaHS, a known H2S donor, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory impairment (MI). All the treatments were administered for 28 days, and LPS (0.25 mg/kg i.p.) was co-administered intermittently for 7 days from days 15 to 21. Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze tests were performed to evaluate MI. Neurodegeneration was histopathologically examined, and the brain homogenates were characterized for reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, caspase-3, c-Jun, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by biochemical analysis. H2S administration significantly improved spatial and working memory in MWM and Y-maze tasks, respectively. Exogenous H2S significantly reversed LPS-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by improved GSH, MDA, and SOD levels. H2S pretreatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammation by decreasing c-Jun and caspase-3 levels and inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6, respectively. The decrease in these markers was supported by H&E and Nissl staining, which confirmed the anti-necrotic activity of H2S. However, there was no significant improvement in LPS-induced increase in AChE activity. These results indicate that chronic systemic inflammation leads to neurodegeneration and MI and H2S exerts its neuroprotective effect due to its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potential via modulation of JNK and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.
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13
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Butler L, Walker KA. The Role of Chronic Infection in Alzheimer’s Disease: Instigators, Co-conspirators, or Bystanders? CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 8:199-212. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-021-00168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Rehman IU, Ahmad R, Khan I, Lee HJ, Park J, Ullah R, Choi MJ, Kang HY, Kim MO. Nicotinamide Ameliorates Amyloid Beta-Induced Oxidative Stress-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Adult Mouse Brain. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040408. [PMID: 33920212 PMCID: PMC8070416 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most predominant age-related neurodegenerative disease, pathologically characterized by the accumulation of aggregates of amyloid beta Aβ1–42 and tau hyperphosphorylation in the brain. It is considered to be the primary cause of cognitive dysfunction. The aggregation of Aβ1–42 leads to neuronal inflammation and apoptosis. Since vitamins are basic dietary nutrients that organisms need for their growth, survival, and other metabolic functions, in this study, the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of nicotinamide (NAM) Vitamin B3 against Aβ1–42 -induced neurotoxicity was investigated in mouse brains. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) Aβ1–42 injection elicited neuronal dysfunctions that led to memory impairment and neurodegeneration in mouse brains. After 24 h after Aβ1–42 injection, the mice were treated with NAM (250 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for 1 week. For biochemical and Western blot studies, the mice were directly sacrificed, while for confocal and “immunohistochemical staining”, mice were perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde. Our biochemical, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical results showed that NAM can ameliorate neuronal inflammation and apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress through lowering malondialdehyde and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein levels in an Aβ1–42-injected mouse brains, where the regulation of p-JNK further regulated inflammatory marker proteins (TNF-α, IL-1β, transcription factor NF-kB) and apoptotic marker proteins (Bax, caspase 3, PARP1). Furthermore, NAM + Aβ treatment for 1 week increased the amount of survival neurons and reduced neuronal cell death in Nissl staining. We also analyzed memory dysfunction via behavioral studies and the analysis showed that NAM could prevent Aβ1–42 -induced memory deficits. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that NAM may be a potential preventive and therapeutic candidate for Aβ1–42 -induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurotoxicity in an adult mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inayat Ur Rehman
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Ibrahim Khan
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Hyeon Jin Lee
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Jungsung Park
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Rahat Ullah
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
| | - Myeong Jun Choi
- Research and Development Center, Axceso Bio-pharma co, Anyang 14056, Korea;
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 Four), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (I.U.R.); (R.A.); (I.K.); (H.J.L.); (J.P.); (R.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345; Fax: +82-55-772-2656
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15
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Post J, Kogel V, Schaffrath A, Lohmann P, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Willbold D, Willuweit A, Kutzsche J. A Novel Anti-Inflammatory d-Peptide Inhibits Disease Phenotype Progression in an ALS Mouse Model. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061590. [PMID: 33805709 PMCID: PMC7999518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterised by selective neuronal death in the brain stem and spinal cord. The cause is unknown, but an increasing amount of evidence has firmly certified that neuroinflammation plays a key role in ALS pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders and has been implicated as driver of disease progression. Here, we describe a treatment study demonstrating the therapeutic potential of a tandem version of the well-known all-d-peptide RD2 (RD2RD2) in a transgenic mouse model of ALS (SOD1*G93A). Mice were treated intraperitoneally for four weeks with RD2RD2 vs. placebo. SOD1*G93A mice were tested longitudinally during treatment in various behavioural and motor coordination tests. Brain and spinal cord samples were investigated immunohistochemically for gliosis and neurodegeneration. RD2RD2 treatment in SOD1*G93A mice resulted not only in a reduction of activated astrocytes and microglia in both the brain stem and lumbar spinal cord, but also in a rescue of neurons in the motor cortex. RD2RD2 treatment was able to slow progression of the disease phenotype, especially the motor deficits, to an extent that during the four weeks treatment duration, no significant progression was observed in any of the motor experiments. Based on the presented results, we conclude that RD2RD2 is a potential therapeutic candidate against ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Post
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (V.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Vanessa Kogel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (V.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anja Schaffrath
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (V.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Philipp Lohmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (P.L.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - N. Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (P.L.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM-11, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Brain-Translational Medicine, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (P.L.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (V.K.); (A.S.)
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (A.W.); (J.K.); Tel.: +49-2461-619496 (J.K.)
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (P.L.); (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (A.W.); (J.K.); Tel.: +49-2461-619496 (J.K.)
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry, IBI-7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (V.K.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (A.W.); (J.K.); Tel.: +49-2461-619496 (J.K.)
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16
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Ju Y, Tam KY. 9R, the cholinesterase and amyloid beta aggregation dual inhibitor, as a multifunctional agent to improve cognitive deficit and neuropathology in the triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Kwon S, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Taylor-Presse K, Edwards Iii G, Gamez N, Calderon O, Zhu B, Velasquez FC, Soto C, Sevick-Muraca EM. Impaired Peripheral Lymphatic Function and Cerebrospinal Fluid Outflow in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:585-593. [PMID: 31104026 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow from the brain occurs through absorption into the arachnoid villi and, more predominantly, through meningeal and olfactory lymphatics that ultimately drain into the peripheral lymphatics. Impaired CSF outflow has been postulated as a contributing mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein we conducted near-infrared fluorescence imaging of CSF outflow into the peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) and of peripheral lymphatic function in a transgenic mouse model of AD (5XFAD) and wild-type (WT) littermates. CSF outflow was assessed from change in fluorescence intensity in the submandibular LNs as a function of time following bolus, an intrathecal injection of indocyanine green (ICG). Peripheral lymphatic function was measured by assessing lymphangion contractile function in lymphatics draining into the popliteal LN following intradermal ICG injection in the dorsal aspect of the hind paw. The results show 1) significantly impaired CSF outflow into the submandibular LNs of 5XFAD mice and 2) reduced contractile frequency in the peripheral lymphatics as compared to WT mice. Impaired CSF clearance was also evidenced by reduction of fluorescence on ventral surfaces of extracted brains of 5XFAD mice at euthanasia. These results support the hypothesis that lymphatic congestion caused by reduced peripheral lymphatic function could limit CSF outflow and may contribute to the cause and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkuk Kwon
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen Taylor-Presse
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George Edwards Iii
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nazaret Gamez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olivia Calderon
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Banghe Zhu
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fred Christian Velasquez
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eva M Sevick-Muraca
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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In Vivo TSPO Signal and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091941. [PMID: 32839410 PMCID: PMC7565089 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in in vivo imaging has attempted to demonstrate the presence of neuroinflammatory reactions by measuring the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) expression in many diseases of the central nervous system. We focus on two pathological conditions for which neuropathological studies have shown the presence of neuroinflammation, which translates in opposite in vivo expression of TSPO. Alzheimer's disease has been the most widely assessed with more than forty preclinical and clinical studies, showing overall that TSPO is upregulated in this condition, despite differences in the topography of this increase, its time-course and the associated cell types. In the case of schizophrenia, a reduction of TSPO has instead been observed, though the evidence remains scarce and contradictory. This review focuses on the key characteristics of TSPO as a biomarker of neuroinflammation in vivo, namely, on the cellular origin of the variations in its expression, on its possible biological/pathological role and on its variations across disease phases.
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19
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Looking for a Treatment for the Early Stage of Alzheimer's Disease: Preclinical Evidence with Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113802. [PMID: 32471239 PMCID: PMC7312730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the earliest stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although patients are still asymptomatic, cerebral alterations have already been triggered. In addition to beta amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, both glial alterations and neuroinflammation have been documented at this stage. Starting treatment at this prodromal AD stage could be a valuable therapeutic strategy. AD requires long-term care; therefore, only compounds with a high safety profile can be used, such as the new formulation containing palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (co-ultra PEALut) already approved for human use. Therefore, we investigated it in an in vivo pharmacological study that focused on the prodromal stage of AD. METHODS We tested the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of co-ultra PEALut (5 mg/Kg) administered for 14 days in rats that received once, 5 µg Aβ(1-42) into the hippocampus. RESULTS Glial activation and elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators were observed in Aβ-infused rats. Early administration of co-ultra PEALut prevented the Aβ-induced astrogliosis and microgliosis, the upregulation in gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, as well as the reduction of mRNA levels BDNF and GDNF. Our findings also highlight an important neuroprotective effect of co-ultra PEALut treatment, which promoted neuronal survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the presence of cellular and molecular modifications in the prodromal stage of AD. Moreover, the data presented here demonstrate the ability of co-ultra PEALut to normalize such Aβ-induced alterations, suggesting it as a valuable therapeutic strategy.
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20
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Gutiérrez IL, González-Prieto M, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Madrigal JLM. Reboxetine Treatment Reduces Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Role of CCL2. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8628-8642. [PMID: 31297718 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of brain noradrenaline levels is associated to the initiation of Alzheimer's disease and contributes to its progression. This seems to be due mainly to the anti-neuroinflammatory actions of noradrenaline. The analysis of noradrenaline effects on brain cells demonstrates that it also regulates the production of the chemokine CCL2. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine, on the inflammatory and neurodegenerative alterations present in 5xFAD mice, and how the genetic removal of CCL2 affects reboxetine actions. We observed that the removal of CCL2 reduced the memory impairments in 5xFAD mice as well as the neuroinflammatory response, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, and the degeneration of neurons in the brain cortex. The administration of reboxetine with osmotic pumps for 28 days also resulted in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective changes in 5xFAD mice, even in the absence of CCL2. Yet, 6-month-old CCL2KO mice presented a significant degree of neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. These findings indicate that reboxetine treatment prevents the brain alterations caused by prolonged overproduction of amyloid beta, being these effects independent of CCL2, which is a mediator of the damage caused by amyloid beta in the brain cortex, but necessary for the prevention of the development of neurodegeneration in normal healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta González-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Li H, Liu CC, Zheng H, Huang TY. Amyloid, tau, pathogen infection and antimicrobial protection in Alzheimer's disease -conformist, nonconformist, and realistic prospects for AD pathogenesis. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:34. [PMID: 30603085 PMCID: PMC6306008 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal disease that threatens the quality of life of an aging population at a global scale. Various hypotheses on the etiology of AD have been developed over the years to guide efforts in search of therapeutic strategies. MAIN BODY In this review, we focus on four AD hypotheses currently relevant to AD onset: the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, the well-recognized tau hypothesis, the increasingly popular pathogen (viral infection) hypothesis, and the infection-related antimicrobial protection hypothesis. In briefly reviewing the main evidence supporting each hypothesis and discussing the questions that need to be addressed, we hope to gain a better understanding of the complicated multi-layered interactions in potential causal and/or risk factors in AD pathogenesis. As a defining feature of AD, the existence of amyloid deposits is likely fundamental to AD onset but is insufficient to wholly reproduce many complexities of the disorder. A similar belief is currently also applied to hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates within neurons, where tau has been postulated to drive neurodegeneration in the presence of pre-existing Aβ plaques in the brain. Although infection of the central nerve system by pathogens such as viruses may increase AD risk, it is yet to be determined whether this phenomenon is applicable to all cases of sporadic AD and whether it is a primary trigger for AD onset. Lastly, the antimicrobial protection hypothesis provides insight into a potential physiological role for Aβ peptides, but how Aβ/microbial interactions affect AD pathogenesis during aging awaits further validation. Nevertheless, this hypothesis cautions potential adverse effects in Aβ-targeting therapies by hindering potential roles for Aβ in anti-viral protection. CONCLUSION AD is a multi-factor complex disorder, which likely requires a combinatorial therapeutic approach to successfully slow or reduce symptomatic memory decline. A better understanding of how various causal and/or risk factors affecting disease onset and progression will enhance the likelihood of conceiving effective treatment paradigms, which may involve personalized treatment strategies for individual patients at varying stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Timothy Y. Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA USA
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22
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Chaney A, Williams SR, Boutin H. In vivo molecular imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 149:438-451. [PMID: 30339715 PMCID: PMC6563454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Increased glial cell activation is consistently reported in both rodent models of AD and in AD patients. Moreover, recent genome wide association studies have revealed multiple genes associated with inflammation and immunity are significantly associated with an increased risk of AD development (e.g. TREM2). Non‐invasive in vivo detection and tracking of neuroinflammation is necessary to enhance our understanding of the contribution of neuroinflammation to the initiation and progression of AD. Importantly, accurate methods of quantifying neuroinflammation may aid early diagnosis and serve as an output for therapeutic monitoring and disease management. This review details current in vivo imaging biomarkers of neuroinflammation being explored and summarizes both pre‐clinical and clinical results from molecular imaging studies investigating the role of neuroinflammation in AD, with a focus on positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Chaney
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steve R Williams
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Informatics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Herve Boutin
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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23
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Farag AK, Roh EJ. Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family modulators: Current and future therapeutic outcomes. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:349-385. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Karam Farag
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School; University of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School; University of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
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24
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Neuroprotective Effects of Macrovipera lebetina Snake Venom in the Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Maione F, Piccolo M, De Vita S, Chini MG, Cristiano C, De Caro C, Lippiello P, Miniaci MC, Santamaria R, Irace C, De Feo V, Calignano A, Mascolo N, Bifulco G. Down regulation of pro-inflammatory pathways by tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in a non-genetic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:482-490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Scuderi C, Bronzuoli MR, Facchinetti R, Pace L, Ferraro L, Broad KD, Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Palombelli G, Carpinelli G, Canese R, Gaetani S, Steardo L, Steardo L, Cassano T. Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide rescues learning and memory impairments in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by exerting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:32. [PMID: 29382825 PMCID: PMC5802581 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In an aging society, Alzheimer's disease (AD) exerts an increasingly serious health and economic burden. Current treatments provide inadequate symptomatic relief as several distinct pathological processes are thought to underlie the decline of cognitive and neural function seen in AD. This suggests that the efficacy of treatment requires a multitargeted approach. In this context, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) provides a novel potential adjunct therapy that can be incorporated into a multitargeted treatment strategy. We used young (6-month-old) and adult (12-month-old) 3×Tg-AD mice that received ultramicronized PEA (um-PEA) for 3 months via a subcutaneous delivery system. Mice were tested with a range of cognitive and noncognitive tasks, scanned with magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRI/MRS), and neurochemical release was assessed by microdialysis. Potential neuropathological mechanisms were assessed postmortem by western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunofluorescence. Our data demonstrate that um-PEA improves learning and memory, and ameliorates both the depressive and anhedonia-like phenotype of 3×Tg-AD mice. Moreover, it reduces Aβ formation, the phosphorylation of tau proteins, and promotes neuronal survival in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus. Finally, um-PEA normalizes astrocytic function, rebalances glutamatergic transmission, and restrains neuroinflammation. The efficacy of um-PEA is particularly potent in younger mice, suggesting its potential as an early treatment. These data demonstrate that um-PEA is a novel and effective promising treatment for AD with the potential to be integrated into a multitargeted treatment strategy in combination with other drugs. Um-PEA is already registered for human use. This, in combination with our data, suggests the potential to rapidly proceed to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosanna Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Facchinetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kevin Donald Broad
- UCL Institute of Opthalmology, University College, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianmauro Palombelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Carpinelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Canese
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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27
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Wilkaniec A, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Strawski M, Adamczyk A, Czapski GA. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 affects early neuroinflammatory signalling in murine model of amyloid beta toxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:1. [PMID: 29301548 PMCID: PMC5753486 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) belongs to the family of proline-directed serine/threonine kinases and plays a critical role in neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptogenesis, plasticity, neurotransmission and apoptosis. The deregulation of Cdk5 activity was observed in post mortem analysis of brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, suggesting the involvement of Cdk5 in the pathomechanism of this neurodegenerative disease. However, our recent study demonstrated the important function of Cdk5 in regulating inflammatory reaction. METHODS Since the role of Cdk5 in regulation of inflammatory signalling in AD is unknown, we investigated the involvement of Cdk5 in neuroinflammation induced by single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) oligomers in mouse. The brain tissue was analysed up to 35 days post injection. Roscovitine (intraperitoneal administration) was used as a potent Cdk5 inhibitor. The experiments were also performed on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y as well as mouse BV2 cell lines treated with exogenous oligomeric Aβ. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that single injection of Aβ oligomers induces long-lasting activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus. We observed also profound, early inflammatory response in the mice hippocampus, leading to the significant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (e.g. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Moreover, Aβ oligomers elevated the formation of truncated protein p25 in mouse hippocampus and induced overactivation of Cdk5 in neuronal cells. Importantly, administration of roscovitine reduced the inflammatory processes evoked by Aβ in the hippocampus, leading to the significant decrease of cytokines level. CONCLUSIONS These studies clearly show the involvement of Cdk5 in modulation of brain inflammatory response induced by Aβ and may indicate this kinase as a novel target for pharmacological intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Strawski
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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Knoll B, Simonett J, Volpe NJ, Farsiu S, Ward M, Rademaker A, Weintraub S, Fawzi AA. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Case-control study and meta-analysis. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 4:85-93. [PMID: 27722194 PMCID: PMC5045947 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Retinal structural changes in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remain a subject of controversy. Methods We investigated the correlation between optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retinal sublayers, including the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and cognitive function in subjects with amnestic MCI and compared the OCT findings with matched controls. We also performed a meta-analysis of the world literature using a random-effects model. Results We found no statistically significant differences in OCT between amnestic MCI (aMCI) and controls. In aMCI subjects, we found an inverse relationship between RNFL thickness and two cognitive tests (delayed story recall and a word-list learning test and the word-list test). The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in RNFL thickness in MCI subjects. Discussion The inverse relationship between cognitive testing and RNFL thickness suggests that retinal involvement may include paradoxically increased thickness of the RNFL, which could suggest gliotic reactive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Knoll
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Simonett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Volpe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mallory Ward
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfred Rademaker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amani A Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Solomonov Y, Hadad N, Levy R. Reduction of cytosolic phospholipase A2α upregulation delays the onset of symptoms in SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:134. [PMID: 27250836 PMCID: PMC4888471 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective death of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha (cPLA2α) upregulation and activation in the spinal cord of patients with sporadic ALS and in the spinal cord of human mutant SOD1G93A (hmSOD1) transgenic mice were recently reported. METHODS cPLA2α upregulation in the brainstem and spinal cord was reduced by brain infusion of a specific antisense oligonucleotide against cPLA2α (AS), and the effect was evaluated on disease progression and brain cell activation. RESULTS We found that the elevation of cPLA2α protein expression in the spinal cord was first detected at 6-week-old hmSOD1 mice and remained elevated during their whole life span. Reduction of the elevated expression of cPLA2α in the spinal cord of hmSOD1 mice by brain infusion of an AS at week 15 (shortly before the appearance of the disease symptoms), for a duration of 6 weeks, delayed the loss of motor neuron function in comparison with hmSOD1 mice and with sense brain-infused hmSOD1 mice. To characterize the effect of cPLA2α upregulation on different processes taking place at the appearance of the disease symptoms, mice were brain infused with AS or with sense at week 15 for 3-4 weeks. The AS treatment that reduced cPLA2α upregulation in the spinal cord of AS-treated hmSOD1 mice (as analyzed at week 18-19) prevented the reduction in the number of the neurons (detected by NeuN) and inhibited astrocyte activation (detected by GFAP) and microglia activation (detected by Iba-1 and by CD40). In addition, AS treatment blunted the upregulation of the proinflammatory enzyme-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) detected in hmSOD1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Since specific reduction of cPLA2α in the brainstem and spinal cord significantly attenuated the development of the disease, cPLA2α may offer an efficient target for treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Solomonov
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Hadad
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Levy
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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30
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Völgyi K, Háden K, Kis V, Gulyássy P, Badics K, Györffy BA, Simor A, Szabó Z, Janáky T, Drahos L, Dobolyi Á, Penke B, Juhász G, Kékesi KA. Mitochondrial Proteome Changes Correlating with β-Amyloid Accumulation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2060-2078. [PMID: 26910821 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease of wide clinical heterogenity. Overproduction of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins are important hallmarks of AD. The identification of early pathomechanisms of AD is critically important for discovery of early diagnosis markers. Decreased brain metabolism is one of the earliest clinical symptoms of AD that indicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. We performed the first comprehensive study integrating synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial proteome analysis (two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry) in correlation with Aβ progression in APP/PS1 mice (3, 6, and 9 months of age). We identified changes of 60 mitochondrial proteins that reflect the progressive effect of APP overproduction and Aβ accumulation on mitochondrial processes. Most of the significantly affected proteins play role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, oxidative stress, or apoptosis. Altered expression levels of Htra2 and Ethe1, which showed parallel changes in different age groups, were confirmed also by Western blot. The common regulator bioinformatical analysis suggests the regulatory role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in Aβ-mediated mitochondrial protein changes. Our results are in accordance with the previous postmortem human brain proteomic studies in AD in the case of many proteins. Our results could open a new path of research aiming early mitochondrial molecular mechanisms of Aβ accumulation as a prodromal stage of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Völgyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Háden
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gulyássy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Badics
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs András Györffy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Neuroimmunology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Simor
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Medical Chemistry Department, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Janáky
- Medical Chemistry Department, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Penke
- Medical Chemistry Department, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Adrienna Kékesi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Bachstetter AD, Zhou Z, Rowe RK, Xing B, Goulding DS, Conley AN, Sompol P, Meier S, Abisambra JF, Lifshitz J, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. MW151 Inhibited IL-1β Levels after Traumatic Brain Injury with No Effect on Microglia Physiological Responses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149451. [PMID: 26871438 PMCID: PMC4752278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A prevailing neuroinflammation hypothesis is that increased production of proinflammatory cytokines contributes to progressive neuropathology, secondary to the primary damage caused by a traumatic brain injury (TBI). In support of the hypothesis, post-injury interventions that inhibit the proinflammatory cytokine surge can attenuate the progressive pathology. However, other post-injury neuroinflammatory responses are key to endogenous recovery responses. Therefore, it is critical that pharmacological attenuation of detrimental or dysregulated neuroinflammatory processes avoid pan-suppression of inflammation. MW151 is a CNS-penetrant, small molecule experimental therapeutic that restores injury- or disease-induced overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines towards homeostasis without immunosuppression. Post-injury administration of MW151 in a closed head injury model of mild TBI suppressed acute cytokine up-regulation and downstream cognitive impairment. Here, we report results from a diffuse brain injury model in mice using midline fluid percussion. Low dose (0.5–5.0 mg/kg) administration of MW151 suppresses interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels in the cortex while sparing reactive microglia and astrocyte responses. To probe molecular mechanisms, we used live cell imaging of the BV-2 microglia cell line to demonstrate that MW151 does not affect proliferation, migration, or phagocytosis of the cells. Our results provide insight into the roles of glial responses to brain injury and indicate the feasibility of using appropriate dosing for selective therapeutic modulation of injurious IL-1β increases while sparing other glial responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhengqiu Zhou
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bin Xing
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Goulding
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Alyssa N. Conley
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shelby Meier
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jose F. Abisambra
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Arumugam S, Mizuno M, Nawa H, Suzuki K, Ko KM, Krishnamurthy P, Watanabe K, Konishi T. Schisandrin B Ameliorates ICV-Infused Amyloid β Induced Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Dysfunction through Inhibiting RAGE/NF-κB/MAPK and Up-Regulating HSP/Beclin Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142483. [PMID: 26556721 PMCID: PMC4640572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity is a major pathological mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our previous studies have demonstrated that schisandrin B (Sch B), an antioxidant lignan from Schisandra chinensis, could protect mouse brain against scopolamine- and cisplatin-induced neuronal dysfunction. In the present study, we examined the protective effect of Sch B against intracerebroventricular (ICV)-infused Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunction in rat cortex and explored the potential mechanism of its action. Our results showed that 26 days co-administration of Sch B significantly improved the behavioral performance of Aβ (1–40)-infused rats in step-through test. At the same time, Sch B attenuated Aβ-induced increases in oxidative and nitrosative stresses, inflammatory markers such as inducible nitric oxide syntheses, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and DNA damage. Several proteins such as receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and apoptosis markers were over expressed in Aβ-infused rats but were significantly inhibited by Sch B treatment. Furthermore, Sch B negatively modulated the Aβ level with simultaneous up-regulation of HSP70 and beclin, autophagy markers in Aβ-infused rats. The aforementioned effects of Sch B suggest its protective role against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity through intervention in the negative cycle of RAGE-mediated Aβ accumulation during AD patho-physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajarajan A. Thandavarayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RAT); (TK)
| | - Somasundaram Arumugam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy & Applied Life Sciences (NUPALS), Niigata City, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Division of Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Division of Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kam M. Ko
- Section of Biochemistry and Cell biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy & Applied Life Sciences (NUPALS), Niigata City, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Konishi
- Basic studies on second generation functional foods, NUPALS, NUPALS Liaison R/D promotion division, Niigata, Japan, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, RP China
- * E-mail: (RAT); (TK)
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Zhang ZG, Li Y, Ng CT, Song YQ. Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease and Molecular Genetics: Recent Update. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:333-44. [PMID: 26232392 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Since the first description of AD in 1907, many hypotheses have been established to explain its causes. The inflammation theory is one of them. Pathological and biochemical studies of brains from AD individuals have provided solid evidence of the activation of inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, people with long-term medication of anti-inflammatory drugs have shown a reduced risk to develop the disease. After three decades of genetic study in AD, dozens of loci harboring genetic variants influencing inflammatory pathways in AD patients has been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The most well-known GWAS risk factor that is responsible for immune response and inflammation in AD development should be APOE ε4 allele. However, a growing number of other GWAS risk AD candidate genes in inflammation have recently been discovered. In the present study, we try to review the inflammation in AD and immunity-associated GWAS risk genes like HLA-DRB5/DRB1, INPP5D, MEF2C, CR1, CLU and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheung Toa Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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Steardo L, Bronzuoli MR, Iacomino A, Esposito G, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Does neuroinflammation turn on the flame in Alzheimer's disease? Focus on astrocytes. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:259. [PMID: 26283900 PMCID: PMC4518161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from animal models and Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects provide clear evidence for an activation of inflammatory pathways during the pathogenetic course of such illness. Biochemical and neuropathological studies highlighted an important cause/effect relationship between inflammation and AD progression, revealing a wide range of genetic, cellular, and molecular changes associated with the pathology. In this context, glial cells have been proved to exert a crucial role. These cells, in fact, undergo important morphological and functional changes and are now considered to be involved in the onset and progression of AD. In particular, astrocytes respond quickly to pathology with changes that have been increasingly recognized as a continuum, with potentially beneficial and/or negative consequences. Although it is now clear that activated astrocytes trigger the neuroinflammatory process, however, the precise mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. Neuroinflammation is certainly a multi-faceted and complex phenomenon and, especially in the early stages, exerts a reparative intent. However, for reasons not yet all well known, this process goes beyond the physiologic control and contributes to the exacerbation of the damage. Here we scrutinize some evidence supporting the role of astrocytes in the neuroinflammatory process and the possibility that these cells could be considered a promising target for future AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUNNaples, Italy
| | - Maria R. Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Aniello Iacomino
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Rome “G. Marconi”Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
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S100B Inhibitor Pentamidine Attenuates Reactive Gliosis and Reduces Neuronal Loss in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:508342. [PMID: 26295040 PMCID: PMC4532807 DOI: 10.1155/2015/508342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the different signaling molecules released during reactive gliosis occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the astrocyte-derived S100B protein plays a key role in neuroinflammation, one of the hallmarks of the disease. The use of pharmacological tools targeting S100B may be crucial to embank its effects and some of the pathological features of AD. The antiprotozoal drug pentamidine is a good candidate since it directly blocks S100B activity by inhibiting its interaction with the tumor suppressor p53. We used a mouse model of amyloid beta- (Aβ-) induced AD, which is characterized by reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation in the brain, and we evaluated the effect of pentamidine on the main S100B-mediated events. Pentamidine caused the reduction of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100B, and RAGE protein expression, which are signs of reactive gliosis, and induced p53 expression in astrocytes. Pentamidine also reduced the expression of proinflammatory mediators and markers, thus reducing neuroinflammation in AD brain. In parallel, we observed a significant neuroprotection exerted by pentamidine on CA1 pyramidal neurons. We demonstrated that pentamidine inhibits Aβ-induced gliosis and neuroinflammation in an animal model of AD, thus playing a role in slowing down the course of the disease.
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Closed head injury in an age-related Alzheimer mouse model leads to an altered neuroinflammatory response and persistent cognitive impairment. J Neurosci 2015; 35:6554-69. [PMID: 25904805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0291-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related clinical symptoms with a medical history of head injury. Currently, little is known about pathophysiology mechanisms linked to this association. Persistent neuroinflammation is one outcome observed in patients after a single head injury. Neuroinflammation is also present early in relevant brain regions during AD pathology progression. In addition, previous mechanistic studies in animal models link neuroinflammation as a contributor to neuropathology and cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (TBI) or AD-related models. Therefore, we explored the potential interplay of neuroinflammatory responses in TBI and AD by analysis of the temporal neuroinflammatory changes after TBI in an AD model, the APP/PS1 knock-in (KI) mouse. Discrete temporal aspects of astrocyte, cytokine, and chemokine responses in the injured KI mice were delayed compared with the injured wild-type mice, with a peak neuroinflammatory response in the injured KI mice occurring at 7 d after injury. The neuroinflammatory responses were more persistent in the injured KI mice, leading to a chronic neuroinflammation. At late time points after injury, KI mice exhibited a significant impairment in radial arm water maze performance compared with sham KI mice or injured wild-type mice. Intervention with a small-molecule experimental therapeutic (MW151) that selectively attenuates proinflammatory cytokine production yielded improved cognitive behavior outcomes, consistent with a link between neuroinflammatory responses and altered risk for AD-associated pathology changes with head injury.
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Singh JCH, Kakalij RM, Kshirsagar RP, Kumar BH, Komakula SSB, Diwan PV. Cognitive effects of vanillic acid against streptozotocin-induced neurodegeneration in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:630-6. [PMID: 25472801 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.935866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vanillic acid (VA), a flavoring agent used in food and drug products, obtained naturally from the plant Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Apiaceae), used in the traditional Chinese medicine. It is reported to possess strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the pharmacological effects on oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration are not well investigated. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the neuroprotective effect of VA on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neurodegeneration in mice through behavioral and biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The behavioral effects were determined using the Y-maze and open-field habituation memory. In biochemical parameters, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), corticosterone, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase) were measured. Five groups of animals used were of control, negative control, and three separate groups treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of VA, respectively, for 28 d. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of STZ were performed for all groups except control on 14th and 16th of 28 d of VA treatment. RESULTS VA improved spatial learning and memory retention by preventing oxidative stress compared with control animals. VA at 50 and 100 mg/kg dose significantly (p < 0.001) improved the habituation memory, decreased the AChE, corticosterone, TNF-α, and increased the antioxidants (p < 0.001). VA (100 mg/kg) exhibited dose-dependent effect in all parameters with p < 0.001 except antioxidants in which VA showed the significance of p < 0.01. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION VA exhibited reduction in AChE, TNF-α, and corticosterone with improved antioxidants to contribute neuroprotection and could be an effective therapeutic agent for treating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Bachstetter AD, Webster SJ, Goulding DS, Morton JE, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Attenuation of traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive impairment in mice by targeting increased cytokine levels with a small molecule experimental therapeutic. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:69. [PMID: 25886256 PMCID: PMC4396836 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from clinical studies and preclinical animal models suggests that proinflammatory cytokine overproduction is a potential driving force for pathology progression in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This raises the possibility that selective targeting of the overactive cytokine response, a component of the neuroinflammation that contributes to neuronal dysfunction, may be a useful therapeutic approach. MW151 is a CNS-penetrant, small molecule experimental therapeutic that selectively restores injury- or disease-induced overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines towards homeostasis. We previously reported that MW151 administered post-injury (p.i.) is efficacious in a closed head injury (CHI) model of diffuse TBI in mice. Here we test dose dependence of MW151 to suppress the target mechanism (proinflammatory cytokine up-regulation), and explore the therapeutic window for MW151 efficacy. Methods We examined suppression of the acute cytokine surge when MW151 was administered at different times post-injury and the dose-dependence of cytokine suppression. We also tested a more prolonged treatment with MW151 over the first 7 days post-injury and measured the effects on cognitive impairment and glial activation. Results MW151 administered up to 6 h post-injury suppressed the acute cytokine surge, in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of MW151 over the first 7 days post-injury rescues the CHI-induced cognitive impairment and reduces glial activation in the focus area of the CHI. Conclusions Our results identify a clinically relevant time window post-CHI during which MW151 effectively restores cytokine production back towards normal, with a resultant attenuation of downstream cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Scott J Webster
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Danielle S Goulding
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Morton
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Sagy-Bross C, Kasianov K, Solomonov Y, Braiman A, Friedman A, Hadad N, Levy R. The role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 α in amyloid precursor protein induction by amyloid beta1-42 : implication for neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2015; 132:559-71. [PMID: 25533654 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptides generated by proteolysis of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The present study aimed to determine whether cytosolic phospholipase A2 α (cPLA2 α) plays a role in elevated APP protein expression induced by aggregated amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ) in cortical neurons and to elucidate its specific role in signal events leading to APP induction. Elevated cPLA2 α and its activity determined by phosphorylation on serine 505 as well as elevated APP protein expression, were detected in primary rat cortical neuronal cultures exposed to Aβ for 24 h and in cortical neuron of human amyloid-β1-42 brain infused mice. Prevention of cPLA2 α up-regulation and its activity by oligonucleotide antisense against cPLA2 α (AS) prevented the elevation of APP protein in cortical neuronal cultures and in mouse neuronal cortex. To determine the role of cPLA2 α in the signals leading to APP induction, increased cPLA2 α expression and activity induced by Aβ was prevented by means of AS in neuronal cortical cultures. Under these conditions, the elevated cyclooxygenase-2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) were prevented. Addition of PGE2 or cyclic AMP analogue (dbcAMP) to neuronal cultures significantly increased the expression of APP protein, while the presence protein kinase A inhibitor (H-89) attenuated the elevation of APP induced by Aβ. Inhibition of elevated cPLA2 α by AS prevented the activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) as detected by its phosphorylated form, its translocation to the nucleus and its DNA binding induced by Aβ which coincided with cPLA2 α dependent activation of CREB in the cortex of Aβ brain infused mice. Our results show that accumulation of Aβ induced elevation of APP protein expression mediated by cPLA2 α, PGE2 release, and CREB activation via protein kinase A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sagy-Bross
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ksenia Kasianov
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Solomonov
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alex Braiman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Physiology and cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Hadad
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Levy
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Quetiapine reduces microglial number in the hippocampus of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2014; 25:870-874. [PMID: 24911389 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the cerebral microglia activation was associated with Aβ plaques, whereas quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, decreased Aβ levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of quetiapine on microglial activation in an amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 double transgenic mouse model of AD. Nontransgenic and transgenic mice were treated with quetiapine (0 or 5 mg/kg/day) in drinking water from the age of 2 months. After 10 months of continuous quetiapine administration, the mice were killed, and hippocampal microglial activation was measured by immunohistochemistry staining of CD11b-positive cells. The results showed that quetiapine significantly decreased the number of CD11b-positive cells and β-amyloid peptide levels in the hippocampus of transgenic mice. These suggest that quetiapine can attenuate microglia activation in an amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 transgenic mouse model of AD, and this may be related to quetiapine's beneficial effects in AD treatment.
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Scuderi C, Stecca C, Bronzuoli MR, Rotili D, Valente S, Mai A, Steardo L. Sirtuin modulators control reactive gliosis in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:89. [PMID: 24860504 PMCID: PMC4027795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Several genetic and environmental factors have been identified; however, aging represents the most important risk factor in the development of AD. To date, no effective treatments to prevent or slow this dementia are available. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a family of NAD+-dependent enzymes, implicated in the control of a variety of biological processes that have the potential to modulate neurodegeneration. Here we tested the hypothesis that activation of SIRT1 or inhibition of SIRT2 would prevent reactive gliosis which is considered one of the most important hallmark of AD. Primary rat astrocytes were activated with beta amyloid 1-42 (Aβ 1-42) and treated with resveratrol (RSV) or AGK-2, a SIRT1 activator and a SIRT2-selective inhibitor, respectively. Results showed that both RSV and AGK-2 were able to reduce astrocyte activation as well as the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. These data disclose novel findings about the therapeutic potential of SIRT modulators, and suggest novel strategies for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Scuderi
- Vittorio Erspamer School of Physiology and Pharmacology, SAPIENZA University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Stecca
- Vittorio Erspamer School of Physiology and Pharmacology, SAPIENZA University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Bronzuoli
- Vittorio Erspamer School of Physiology and Pharmacology, SAPIENZA University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, SAPIENZA University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, SAPIENZA University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, SAPIENZA University of Rome Rome, Italy ; Institute Pasteur - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, SAPIENZA University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Vittorio Erspamer School of Physiology and Pharmacology, SAPIENZA University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Liu L, Chan C. The role of inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:6-15. [PMID: 24561250 PMCID: PMC4029867 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease with clinical characteristics of memory loss, dementia and cognitive impairment. Although the pathophysiologic mechanism is not fully understood, inflammation has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by the activation of glial cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that inflammasomes, which cleave precursors of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 to generate their active forms, play an important role in the inflammatory response in the CNS and in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, modulating inflammasome complex assembly and activation could be a potential strategy for suppressing inflammation in the CNS. This review aims to provide insight into the role of inflammasomes in the CNS, with respect to the pathogenesis of AD, and may provide possible clues for devising novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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Apolipoprotein E, amyloid-beta, and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:317-30. [PMID: 24652457 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Neuroinflammation occurs in the AD brain and plays a critical role in the neurodegenerative pathology. Particularly, Aβ evokes an inflammatory response that leads to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and neurodegeneration. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) proteins are involved in cholesterol transport, Aβ binding and clearance, and synaptic functions in the brain. The ApoE4 isoform is a key risk factor for AD, while the ApoE2 isoform has a neuroprotective effect. However, studies have reached different conclusions about the roles of the isoforms; some show that both ApoE3 and ApoE4 have anti-inflammatory effects, while others show that ApoE4 causes a predisposition to inflammation or promotes an inflammatory response following lipopolysaccharide treatment. These discrepancies may result from the differences in models, cell types, experimental conditions, and inflammatory stimuli used. Further, little was known about the role of ApoE isoforms in the Aβ-induced inflammatory response and in the neuroinflammation of AD. Our recent work showed that ApoE isoforms differentially regulate and modify the Aβ-induced inflammatory response in neural cells, with ApoE2 suppressing and ApoE4 promoting the response. In this article, we review the roles, mechanisms, and interrelations among Aβ, ApoE, and neuroinflammation in AD.
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Structure of N-terminal sequence Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser of Aβ-peptide with phospholipase A2 from venom of Andaman Cobra sub-species Naja naja sagittifera at 2.0 Å resolution. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4221-36. [PMID: 24619194 PMCID: PMC3975393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most significant social and health burdens of the present century. Plaques formed by extracellular deposits of amyloid β (Aβ) are the prime player of AD’s neuropathology. Studies have implicated the varied role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in brain where it contributes to neuronal growth and inflammatory response. Overall contour and chemical nature of the substrate-binding channel in the low molecular weight PLA2s are similar. This study involves the reductionist fragment-based approach to understand the structure adopted by N-terminal fragment of Alzheimer’s Aβ peptide in its complex with PLA2. In the current communication, we report the structure determined by X-ray crystallography of N-terminal sequence Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser (DAEFRHDS) of Aβ-peptide with a Group I PLA2 purified from venom of Andaman Cobra sub-species Naja naja sagittifera at 2.0 Å resolution (Protein Data Bank (PDB) Code: 3JQ5). This is probably the first attempt to structurally establish interaction between amyloid-β peptide fragment and hydrophobic substrate binding site of PLA2 involving H bond and van der Waals interactions. We speculate that higher affinity between Aβ and PLA2 has the therapeutic potential of decreasing the Aβ–Aβ interaction, thereby reducing the amyloid aggregation and plaque formation in AD.
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Papa M, De Luca C, Petta F, Alberghina L, Cirillo G. Astrocyte-neuron interplay in maladaptive plasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:35-54. [PMID: 24509064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of neuronal networks cannot only be explained by neuronal activity so neurobiological research in the last decade has focused on different components of the central nervous system: the glia. Glial cells are fundamental elements for development and maintenance of physiological brain work. New data confirm that glia significantly influences neuronal communication through specific molecules, named "gliotransmitters", and their related receptors. This new approach to the traditional model of the way synapses work is also supported by changes occurring in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases or toxic/traumatic injury to nervous system. Experimental models have revealed that glial cells are the starting point of damage progression that subsequently involves neurons. The "bedside to bench" approach has demonstrated that clinical phenotypes are strictly related to neuronal death, however it is conceivable that the disease begins earlier, years before clinical onset. This temporal gap is necessary to determine complex changes in the neuro-glial network organization and produce a "maladaptive plasticity". We review the function of glial cells in health and disease, pointing the putative mechanisms of maladaptive plasticity, suggesting that glial cells may represent a fascinating therapeutic target to prevent irreversible neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Petta
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Cheng Y, Dong Z, Liu S. �-Caryophyllene Ameliorates the Alzheimer-Like Phenotype in APP/PS1 Mice through CB2 Receptor Activation and the PPARγ Pathway. Pharmacology 2014; 94:1-12. [DOI: 10.1159/000362689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cai Z, Yan Y, Wang Y. Minocycline alleviates beta-amyloid protein and tau pathology via restraining neuroinflammation induced by diabetic metabolic disorder. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:1089-95. [PMID: 23983461 PMCID: PMC3749817 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s46536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compelling evidence has shown that diabetic metabolic disorder plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, including increased expression of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and tau protein. Evidence has supported that minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, protects against neuroinflammation induced by neurodegenerative disorders or cerebral ischemia. This study has evaluated minocycline influence on expression of Aβ protein, tau phosphorylation, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the brain of diabetic rats to clarify neuroprotection by minocycline under diabetic metabolic disorder. METHOD An animal model of diabetes was established by high fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin. In this study, we investigated the effect of minocycline on expression of Aβ protein, tau phosphorylation, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the hippocampus of diabetic rats via immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS These results showed that minocycline decreased expression of Aβ protein and lowered the phosphorylation of tau protein, and retarded the proinflammatory cytokines, but not amyloid precursor protein. CONCLUSION On the basis of the finding that minocycline had no influence on amyloid precursor protein and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 which determines the speed of Aβ generation, the decreases in Aβ production and tau hyperphosphorylation by minocycline are through inhibiting neuroinflammation, which contributes to Aβ production and tau hyperphosphorylation. Minocycline may also lower the self-perpetuating cycle between neuroinflammation and the pathogenesis of tau and Aβ to act as a neuroprotector. Therefore, the ability of minocycline to modulate inflammatory reactions may be of great importance in the selection of neuroprotective agents, especially in chronic conditions like diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, the Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an People's Hospital, Lu'an, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
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Kreisl WC, Lyoo CH, McGwier M, Snow J, Jenko KJ, Kimura N, Corona W, Morse CL, Zoghbi SS, Pike VW, McMahon FJ, Turner RS, Innis RB. In vivo radioligand binding to translocator protein correlates with severity of Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2228-38. [PMID: 23775979 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, but its role in cognitive impairment and its course of development during the disease are largely unknown. To address these unknowns, we used positron emission tomography with (11)C-PBR28 to measure translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a putative biomarker for inflammation. Patients with Alzheimer's disease, patients with mild cognitive impairment and older control subjects were also scanned with (11)C-Pittsburgh Compound B to measure amyloid burden. Twenty-nine amyloid-positive patients (19 Alzheimer's, 10 mild cognitive impairment) and 13 amyloid-negative control subjects were studied. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether TSPO binding is elevated in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and the secondary goal was to determine whether TSPO binding correlates with neuropsychological measures, grey matter volume, (11)C-Pittsburgh Compound B binding, or age of onset. Patients with Alzheimer's disease, but not those with mild cognitive impairment, had greater (11)C-PBR28 binding in cortical brain regions than controls. The largest differences were seen in the parietal and temporal cortices, with no difference in subcortical regions or cerebellum. (11)C-PBR28 binding inversely correlated with performance on Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes, Logical Memory Immediate (Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition), Trail Making part B and Block Design (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition) tasks, with the largest correlations observed in the inferior parietal lobule. (11)C-PBR28 binding also inversely correlated with grey matter volume. Early-onset (<65 years) patients had greater (11)C-PBR28 binding than late-onset patients, and in parietal cortex and striatum (11)C-PBR28 binding correlated with lower age of onset. Partial volume corrected and uncorrected results were generally in agreement; however, the correlation between (11)C-PBR28 and (11)C-Pittsburgh Compound B binding was seen only after partial volume correction. The results suggest that neuroinflammation, indicated by increased (11)C-PBR28 binding to TSPO, occurs after conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease and worsens with disease progression. Greater inflammation may contribute to the precipitous disease course typically seen in early-onset patients. (11)C-PBR28 may be useful in longitudinal studies to mark the conversion from mild cognitive impairment or to assess response to experimental treatments of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kreisl
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Yagnik RM, Benzeroual KE. Tigecycline prevents LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic mediators in neuronal cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Parker DC, Mielke MM, Yu Q, Rosenberg PB, Jain A, Lyketsos CG, Fedarko NS, Oh ES. Plasma neopterin level as a marker of peripheral immune activation in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:149-54. [PMID: 22539447 PMCID: PMC3505262 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations of the immune system play important roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The primary purpose of this study was to compare the plasma levels of neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activity, in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), early (mild to moderate) AD, and cognitively normal controls. In addition, the correlation of plasma neopterin with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was also examined. METHODS Plasma samples from patients with mild-to-moderate AD (N = 34), aMCI (N = 27), and cognitively normal controls (N = 30) were obtained from the Johns Hopkins Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Plasma neopterin, IFN-γ, and IL-6 levels were measured using commercially available ELISAs. Multiple linear regression was performed to study differences in the baseline neopterin levels between normal, aMCI, and AD patients. Pearson correlation coefficients were estimated for neopterin and IFN-γ and IL-6 levels. All analyses were conducted using SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and GraphPad Prism version 5.00 for Window (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). RESULTS AD subjects had significantly higher neopterin values compared with aMCI (β = 0.202, p = 0.004) and normal (β = 0.263, p = 0.0004) subjects. There was no statistically significant difference between normal and aMCI subjects. Significant associations between neopterin and IFN-γ (r = 0.41, p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (r = 0.35, p = 0.0006) levels were found. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that peripheral immune response may be stronger in later stages of AD pathophysiology, when dementia has developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Parker
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qilu Yu
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul B. Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alka Jain
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Constantine G. Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neal S. Fedarko
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esther S. Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Contact information of the corresponding author: Esther S. Oh: Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA,(tel) 410-550-1318 (fax) 410-550-8701
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