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Liston A, Pasciuto E, Fitzgerald DC, Yshii L. Brain regulatory T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:326-337. [PMID: 38040953 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain, long thought to be isolated from the peripheral immune system, is increasingly recognized to be integrated into a systemic immunological network. These conduits of immune-brain interaction and immunosurveillance processes necessitate the presence of complementary immunoregulatory mechanisms, of which brain regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are likely a key facet. Treg cells represent a dynamic population in the brain, with continual influx, specialization to a brain-residency phenotype and relatively rapid displacement by newly incoming cells. In addition to their functions in suppressing adaptive immunity, an emerging view is that Treg cells in the brain dampen down glial reactivity in response to a range of neurological insults, and directly assist in multiple regenerative and reparative processes during tissue pathology. The utility and malleability of the brain Treg cell population make it an attractive therapeutic target across the full spectrum of neurological conditions, ranging from neuroinflammatory to neurodegenerative and even psychiatric diseases. Therapeutic modalities currently under intense development include Treg cell therapy, IL-2 therapy to boost Treg cell numbers and multiple innovative approaches to couple these therapeutics to brain delivery mechanisms for enhanced potency. Here we review the state of the art of brain Treg cell knowledge together with the potential avenues for future integration into medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Emanuela Pasciuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Lidia Yshii
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Xiong Y, Guo X, Gao W, Ke C, Huang X, Pan Z, Chen C, Zheng H, Hu W, Zheng F, Yao H. Efficacy and safety of stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37414. [PMID: 38518043 PMCID: PMC10956950 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapy on ischemic stroke has long been studied using animal experiments. The efficacy and safety of this treatment in ischemic stroke patients remain uncertain. METHODS We searched for all clinical randomized controlled trials published before October 2023, on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library using predetermined search terms, and performed a meta-analysis of the efficacy of stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke patients. RESULTS 13 studies that included 592 ischemic stroke patients were reviewed. The mRS (MD -0.32, 95% CI -0.64 to 0.00, I2 = 63%, P = .05), NIHSS (MD -1.63, 95% CI -2.69 to -0.57, I2 = 58%, P = .003), and BI (MD 14.22, 95% CI 3.95-24.48, I2 = 43%, P = .007) showed effective stem cell therapy. The mortality (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.23-0.79, I2 = 0%, P = .007) showed improved prognosis and reduce mortality with stem cell therapy. CONCLUSION Stem cell therapy reduces mortality and improves the neurological prognosis of ischemic stroke patients. However, due to the different types of stem cells used and the limited data in the reported studies, the safety of clinical applications of stem cells in patients with ischemic stroke must be carefully evaluated. Future randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes from controlled cell sources are warranted to validate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Chuhan Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hanlin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hao Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Quanzhou, China
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Gržeta Krpan N, Harej Hrkać A, Janković T, Dolenec P, Bekyarova E, Parpura V, Pilipović K. Chemically Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Prevent the Reduction in Plasmalemmal Glutamate Transporter EAAT1 Expression in, and Increase the Release of Selected Cytokines from, Stretch-Injured Astrocytes in Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:225. [PMID: 38334617 PMCID: PMC10854924 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We tested the effects of water-soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes, chemically functionalized with polyethylene glycol (SWCNT-PEG), on primary mouse astrocytes exposed to a severe in vitro simulated traumatic brain injury (TBI). The application of SWCNT-PEG in the culture media of injured astrocytes did not affect cell damage levels, when compared to those obtained from injured, functionalization agent (PEG)-treated cells. Furthermore, SWCNT-PEG did not change the levels of oxidatively damaged proteins in astrocytes. However, this nanomaterial prevented the reduction in plasmalemmal glutamate transporter EAAT1 expression caused by the injury, rendering the level of EAAT1 on par with that of control, uninjured PEG-treated astrocytes; in parallel, there was no significant change in the levels of GFAP. Additionally, SWCNT-PEG increased the release of selected cytokines that are generally considered to be involved in recovery processes following injuries. As a loss of EAATs has been implicated as a culprit in the suffering of human patients from TBI, the application of SWCNT-PEG could have valuable effects at the injury site, by preventing the loss of astrocytic EAAT1 and consequently allowing for a much-needed uptake of glutamate from the extracellular space, the accumulation of which leads to unwanted excitotoxicity. Additional potential therapeutic benefits could be reaped from the fact that SWCNT-PEG stimulated the release of selected cytokines from injured astrocytes, which would promote recovery after injury and thus counteract the excess of proinflammatory cytokines present in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Gržeta Krpan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Anja Harej Hrkać
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Tamara Janković
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Petra Dolenec
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- International Translational Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Wang H, Pei Z, Zhao S. Molecular biomarkers of diffuse axonal injury: recent advances and future perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:39-47. [PMID: 38183228 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2303319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), with high mortality and morbidity both in children and adults, is one of the most severe pathological consequences of traumatic brain injury. Currently, clinical diagnosis, disease assessment, disability identification, and postmortem diagnosis of DAI is mainly limited by the absent of specific molecular biomarkers. AREAS COVERED In this review, we first introduce the pathophysiology of DAI, summarized the reported biomarkers in previous animal and human studies, and then the molecular biomarkers such as β-Amyloid precursor protein, neurofilaments, S-100β, myelin basic protein, tau protein, neuron-specific enolase, Peripherin and Hemopexin for DAI diagnosis is summarized. Finally, we put forward valuable views on the future research direction of diagnostic biomarkers of DAI. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, the advanced technology has ultimately changed the research of DAI, and the numbers of potential molecular biomarkers was introduced in related studies. We summarized the latest updated information in such studies to provide references for future research and explore the potential pathophysiological mechanism on diffuse axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Linfen People's Hosiptal, the Seventh Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Pei
- Linfen People's Hosiptal, the Seventh Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuquan Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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5
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Wang M, Thomson AW, Yu F, Hazra R, Junagade A, Hu X. Regulatory T lymphocytes as a therapy for ischemic stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:329-346. [PMID: 36469056 PMCID: PMC10239790 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Unrestrained excessive inflammatory responses exacerbate ischemic brain injury and impede post-stroke brain recovery. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play important immunosuppressive roles to curtail inflammatory responses and regain immune homeostasis after stroke. Accumulating evidence confirms that Treg cells are neuroprotective at the acute stage after stroke and promote brain repair at the chronic phases. The beneficial effects of Treg cells are mediated by diverse mechanisms involving cell-cell interactions and soluble factor release. Multiple types of cells, including both immune cells and non-immune CNS cells, have been identified to be cellular targets of Treg cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the function of Treg cells in ischemic stroke and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The protective and reparative properties of Treg cells endorse them as good candidates for immune therapy. Strategies that boost the numbers and functions of Treg cells have been actively developing in the fields of transplantation and autoimmune diseases. We discuss the approaches for Treg cell expansion that have been tested in stroke models. The application of these approaches to stroke patients may bring new hope for stroke treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, SBST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, SBST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rimi Hazra
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Aditi Junagade
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, SBST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, SBST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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6
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3D culture of the spinal cord with roots as an ex vivo model for comparative studies of motor and sensory nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2023; 362:114322. [PMID: 36652972 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Motor and sensory nerves exhibit tissue-specific structural and functional features. However, in vitro models designed to reflect tissue-specific differences between motor and sensory nerve regeneration have rarely been reported. Here, by embedding the spinal cord with roots (SCWR) in a 3D hydrogel environment, we compared the nerve regeneration processes between the ventral and dorsal roots. The 3D hydrogel environment induced an outward migration of neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord, which allowed the long-term survival of motor neurons. Tuj1 immunofluorescence labeling confirmed the regeneration of neurites from both the ventral and dorsal roots. Next, we detected asymmetric ventral and dorsal root regeneration in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and we observed motor and sensory Schwann cell phenotypes in the regenerated ventral and dorsal roots, respectively. Moreover, based on the SCWR model, we identified a targeted effect of collagen VI on sensory nerve fasciculation and characterized the protein expression profiles correlating to motor/sensory-specific nerve regeneration. These results suggest that the SCWR model can serve as a valuable ex vivo model for comparative study of motor and sensory nerve regeneration and for pharmacodynamic evaluations.
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Liu Y, Hong W, Gong P, Qi G, Wang X, Kang S, Tang H, Qin S. Specific knockout of Sox2 in astrocytes reduces reactive astrocyte formation and promotes recovery after early postnatal traumatic brain injury in mouse cortex. Glia 2023; 71:602-615. [PMID: 36353976 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In response to central nervous system (CNS) injury, astrocytes go through a series of alterations, referred to as reactive astrogliosis, ranging from changes in gene expression and cell hypertrophy to permanent astrocyte borders around stromal cell scars in CNS lesions. The mechanisms underlying injury-induced reactive astrocytes in the adult CNS have been extensively studied. However, little is known about injury-induced reactive astrocytes during early postnatal development. Astrocytes in the mouse cortex are mainly produced through local proliferation during the first 2 weeks after birth. Here we show that Sox2, a transcription factor critical for stem cells and brain development, is expressed in the early postnatal astrocytes and its expression level was increased in reactive astrocytes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) at postnatal day (P) 7 in the cortex. Using a tamoxifen-induced hGFAP-CreERT2; Sox2flox/flox ; Rosa-tdT mouse model, we found that specific knockout of Sox2 in astrocytes greatly inhibited the proliferation of reactive astrocytes, the formation of glia limitans borders and subsequently promoted the tissue recovery after postnatal TBI at P7 in the cortex. In addition, we found that injury-induced glia limitans borders were still formed at P2 in the wild-type mouse cortex, and knockout of Sox2 in astrocytes inhibited the reactivity of both astrocytes and microglia. Together, these findings provide evidence that Sox2 is essential for the reactivity of astrocytes in response to the cortical TBI during the early postnatal period and suggest that Sox2-dependent astrocyte reactivity is a potential target for therapeutic treatment after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentong Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pifang Gong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guibo Qi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siying Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Li GS, Chen GH, Wang KH, Wang XX, Hu XS, Wei B, Hu Y. Neurovascular Unit Compensation from Adjacent Level May Contribute to Spontaneous Functional Recovery in Experimental Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043408. [PMID: 36834841 PMCID: PMC9962900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression and remission of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) are quite unpredictable due to the ambiguous pathomechanisms. Spontaneous functional recovery (SFR) has been commonly implicated in the natural course of incomplete acute spinal cord injury (SCI), while the evidence and underlying pathomechanisms of neurovascular unit (NVU) compensation involved in SFR remains poorly understood in CSM. In this study, we investigate whether compensatory change of NVU, in particular in the adjacent level of the compressive epicenter, is involved in the natural course of SFR, using an established experimental CSM model. Chronic compression was created by an expandable water-absorbing polyurethane polymer at C5 level. Neurological function was dynamically assessed by BBB scoring and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) up to 2 months. (Ultra)pathological features of NVUs were presented by histopathological and TEM examination. Quantitative analysis of regional vascular profile area/number (RVPA/RVPN) and neuroglial cells numbers were based on the specific EBA immunoreactivity and neuroglial biomarkers, respectively. Functional integrity of blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) was detected by Evan blue extravasation test. Although destruction of the NVU, including disruption of the BSCB, neuronal degeneration and axon demyelination, as well as dramatic neuroglia reaction, were found in the compressive epicenter and spontaneous locomotor and sensory function recovery were verified in the modeling rats. In particular, restoration of BSCB permeability and an evident increase in RVPA with wrapping proliferated astrocytic endfeet in gray matter and neuron survival and synaptic plasticity were confirmed in the adjacent level. TEM findings also proved ultrastructural restoration of the NVU. Thus, NVU compensation changes in the adjacent level may be one of the essential pathomechanisms of SFR in CSM, which could be a promising endogenous target for neurorestoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Sheng Li
- Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Hua Chen
- Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China
- Correspondence: (G.-H.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kang-Heng Wang
- Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Wang
- Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China
| | - Xiao-Song Hu
- Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (G.-H.C.); (Y.H.)
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Kumosa LS. Commonly Overlooked Factors in Biocompatibility Studies of Neural Implants. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205095. [PMID: 36596702 PMCID: PMC9951391 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatibility of cutting-edge neural implants, surgical tools and techniques, and therapeutic technologies is a challenging concept that can be easily misjudged. For example, neural interfaces are routinely gauged on how effectively they determine active neurons near their recording sites. Tissue integration and toxicity of neural interfaces are frequently assessed histologically in animal models to determine tissue morphological and cellular changes in response to surgical implantation and chronic presence. A disconnect between histological and efficacious biocompatibility exists, however, as neuronal numbers frequently observed near electrodes do not match recorded neuronal spiking activity. The downstream effects of the myriad surgical and experimental factors involved in such studies are rarely examined when deciding whether a technology or surgical process is biocompatible. Such surgical factors as anesthesia, temperature excursions, bleed incidence, mechanical forces generated, and metabolic conditions are known to have strong systemic and thus local cellular and extracellular consequences. Many tissue markers are extremely sensitive to the physiological state of cells and tissues, thus significantly impacting histological accuracy. This review aims to shed light on commonly overlooked factors that can have a strong impact on the assessment of neural biocompatibility and to address the mismatch between results stemming from functional and histological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S. Kumosa
- Neuronano Research CenterDepartment of Experimental Medical ScienceMedical FacultyLund UniversityMedicon Village, Byggnad 404 A2, Scheelevägen 8Lund223 81Sweden
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10
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Rizk E, Madrid A, Koueik J, Sun D, Stewart K, Chen D, Luo S, Hong F, Papale LA, Hariharan N, Alisch RS, Iskandar BJ. Purified regenerating retinal neurons reveal regulatory role of DNA methylation-mediated Na+/K+-ATPase in murine axon regeneration. Commun Biol 2023; 6:120. [PMID: 36717618 PMCID: PMC9886953 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
While embryonic mammalian central nervous system (CNS) axons readily grow and differentiate, only a minority of fully differentiated mature CNS neurons are able to regenerate injured axons, leading to stunted functional recovery after injury and disease. To delineate DNA methylation changes specifically associated with axon regeneration, we used a Fluorescent-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based methodology in a rat optic nerve transection model to segregate the injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) into regenerating and non-regenerating cell populations. Whole-genome DNA methylation profiling of these purified neurons revealed genes and pathways linked to mammalian RGC regeneration. Moreover, whole-methylome sequencing of purified uninjured adult and embryonic RGCs identified embryonic molecular profiles reactivated after injury in mature neurons, and others that correlate specifically with embryonic or adult axon growth, but not both. The results highlight the contribution to both embryonic growth and adult axon regeneration of subunits encoding the Na+/K+-ATPase. In turn, both biochemical and genetic inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump significantly reduced RGC axon regeneration. These data provide critical molecular insights into mammalian CNS axon regeneration, pinpoint the Na+/K+-ATPase as a key regulator of regeneration of injured mature CNS axons, and suggest that successful regeneration requires, in part, reactivation of embryonic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Rizk
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA ,grid.240473.60000 0004 0543 9901Department of Neurological Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Andy Madrid
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Joyce Koueik
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Krista Stewart
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - David Chen
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Susan Luo
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Felissa Hong
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Ligia A. Papale
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Nithya Hariharan
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Reid S. Alisch
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Bermans J. Iskandar
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
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Sharifi A, Zandieh A, Behroozi Z, Hamblin MR, Mayahi S, Yousefifard M, Ramezani F. Sustained delivery of chABC improves functional recovery after a spine injury. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:60. [PMID: 36307768 PMCID: PMC9615228 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chondroitinase ABC (chABC) is an enzyme could improve regeneration and thereby improving functional recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodent models. Degradation of the active enzyme and diffusion away from the lesion are the causes of using hydrogels as a scaffold to deliver the chABC into the lesion site. In this meta-analysis, we investigated the effects of chABC embedded in a scaffold or hydrogel on the functional recovery after SCI. METHOD Databases were searched based on keywords related to chABC and spinal cord injury (SCI). Primary and secondary screening was performed to narrow down study objectives and inclusion criteria, and finally the data were included in the meta-analysis. The standard mean difference of the score of the functional recovery that measured by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) test after SCI was used to analyze the results of the reported studies. Subgroup analysis was performed based on SCI model, severity of SCI, transplantation type, and the follow-up time. Quality control of articles was also specified. RESULTS The results showed that embedding chABC within the scaffold increased significantly the efficiency of functional recovery after SCI in animal models (SMD = 1.95; 95% CI 0.71-3.2; p = 0.002) in 9 studies. SCI model, severity of SCI, injury location, transplantation type, and the follow-up time did not affect the overall results and in all cases scaffold effect could not be ignored. However, due to the small number of studies, this result is not conclusive and more studies are needed. CONCLUSION The results could pave the way for the use of chABC embedded in the scaffold for the treatment of SCI and show that this method of administration is superior to chABC injection alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Sharifi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zandieh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Behroozi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Sara Mayahi
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Wu J, Zhu ZY, Fan ZW, Chen Y, Yang RY, Li Y. Downregulation of EphB2 by RNA interference attenuates glial/fibrotic scar formation and promotes axon growth. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:362-369. [PMID: 34269211 PMCID: PMC8463997 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid formation of a glial/fibrotic scar is one of the main factors hampering axon growth after spinal cord injury. The bidirectional EphB2/ephrin-B2 signaling of the fibroblast-astrocyte contact-dependent interaction is a trigger for glial/fibrotic scar formation. In the present study, a new in vitro model was produced by coculture of fibroblasts and astrocytes wounded by scratching to mimic glial/fibrotic scar-like structures using an improved slide system. After treatment with RNAi to downregulate EphB2, changes in glial/fibrotic scar formation and the growth of VSC4.1 motoneuron axons were examined. Following RNAi treatment, fibroblasts and astrocytes dispersed without forming a glial/fibrotic scar-like structure. Furthermore, the expression levels of neurocan, NG2 and collagen I in the coculture were reduced, and the growth of VSC4.1 motoneuron axons was enhanced. These findings suggest that suppression of EphB2 expression by RNAi attenuates the formation of a glial/fibrotic scar and promotes axon growth. This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Province, China (approval No. 2019-0506-002) on May 6, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Fan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ri-Yun Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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13
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Dankovich TM, Kaushik R, Olsthoorn LHM, Petersen GC, Giro PE, Kluever V, Agüi-Gonzalez P, Grewe K, Bao G, Beuermann S, Hadi HA, Doeren J, Klöppner S, Cooper BH, Dityatev A, Rizzoli SO. Extracellular matrix remodeling through endocytosis and resurfacing of Tenascin-R. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7129. [PMID: 34880248 PMCID: PMC8654841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of extremely long-lived proteins that assemble around neurons and synapses, to stabilize them. The ECM is thought to change only rarely, in relation to neuronal plasticity, through ECM proteolysis and renewed protein synthesis. We report here an alternative ECM remodeling mechanism, based on the recycling of ECM molecules. Using multiple ECM labeling and imaging assays, from super-resolution optical imaging to nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, both in culture and in brain slices, we find that a key ECM protein, Tenascin-R, is frequently endocytosed, and later resurfaces, preferentially near synapses. The TNR molecules complete this cycle within ~3 days, in an activity-dependent fashion. Interfering with the recycling process perturbs severely neuronal function, strongly reducing synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis. We conclude that the neuronal ECM can be remodeled frequently through mechanisms that involve endocytosis and recycling of ECM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal M. Dankovich
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.4372.20000 0001 2105 1091International Max Planck Research School for Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany ,grid.418723.b0000 0001 2109 6265Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Linda H. M. Olsthoorn
- grid.4372.20000 0001 2105 1091International Max Planck Research School for Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.418140.80000 0001 2104 4211Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Emanuel Giro
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Verena Kluever
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paola Agüi-Gonzalez
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Grewe
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guobin Bao
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Beuermann
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Abdul Hadi
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jose Doeren
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon Klöppner
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin H. Cooper
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany ,grid.418723.b0000 0001 2109 6265Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany ,grid.5807.a0000 0001 1018 4307Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Excellence Cluster Multiscale Bioimaging, Göttingen, Germany ,Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN) Center, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Zou HJ, Guo SW, Zhu L, Xu X, Liu JB. Methylprednisolone Induces Neuro-Protective Effects via the Inhibition of A1 Astrocyte Activation in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Mouse Models. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628917. [PMID: 34135725 PMCID: PMC8200570 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) leads to pathological changes such as inflammation, edema, and neuronal apoptosis. Methylprednisolone (MP) is a glucocorticoid that has a variety of beneficial effects, including decreasing inflammation and ischemic reaction, as well as inhibiting lipid peroxidation. However, the efficacy and mechanism of MP in TSCI therapy is yet to be deciphered. In the present study, MP significantly attenuated the apoptotic effects of H2O2 in neuronal cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the levels of apoptotic related proteins, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, were reduced while levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 were increased. In vivo TUNEL assays further demonstrated that MP effectively protected neuronal cells from apoptosis after TSCI, and was consistent with in vitro studies. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MP could decrease expression levels of IBA1, Il-1α, TNFα, and C3 and suppress A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocyte activation in TSCI mouse models. Neurological function was evaluated using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and Footprint Test. Results demonstrated that the neurological function of MP-treated injured mice was significantly increased. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that MP could attenuate astrocyte cell death, decrease microglia activation, suppress A1 astrocytes activation, and promote functional recovery after acute TSCI in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Zou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
| | - Shi-Wu Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
| | - Jin-Bo Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
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15
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Xu L, Yao Y. Central Nervous System Fibroblast-Like Cells in Stroke and Other Neurological Disorders. Stroke 2021; 52:2456-2464. [PMID: 33940953 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.033431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of connective tissues. In the central nervous system (CNS), fibroblast-like cells are mainly located in the meninges and perivascular Virchow-Robin space. The origins of these fibroblast-like cells and their functions in both CNS development and pathological conditions remain largely unknown. In this review, we first introduce the anatomic location and molecular markers of CNS fibroblast-like cells. Next, the functions of fibroblast-like cells in CNS development and neurological disorders, including stroke, CNS traumatic injuries, and other neurological diseases, are discussed. Third, current challenges and future directions in the field are summarized. We hope to provide a synthetic review that stimulates future research on CNS fibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
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16
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Wei H, Wu X, You Y, Duran RCD, Zheng Y, Narayanan KL, Hai B, Li X, Tallapragada N, Prajapati TJ, Kim DH, Deneen B, Cao QL, Wu JQ. Systematic analysis of purified astrocytes after SCI unveils Zeb2os function during astrogliosis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108721. [PMID: 33535036 PMCID: PMC7920574 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating neural injuries without effective therapeutic solutions. Astrocytes are the predominant component of the scar. Understanding the complex contributions of reactive astrocytes to SCI pathophysiologies is fundamentally important for developing therapeutic strategies. We have studied the molecular changes in the injury environment and the astrocyte-specific responses by astrocyte purification from injured spinal cords from acute to chronic stages. In addition to protein-coding genes, we have systematically analyzed the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (>200 bp), which are regulatory RNAs that play important roles in the CNS. We have identified a highly conserved lncRNA, Zeb2os, and demonstrated using functional assays that it plays an important role in reactive astrogliosis through the Zeb2os/Zeb2/Stat3 axis. These studies provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of reactive astrogliosis and fill the knowledge gap regarding the function(s) of lncRNAs in astrogliosis and SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wei
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xizi Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yanan You
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, N.L. 64710, Mexico
| | - Yiyan Zheng
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - K Lakshmi Narayanan
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Hai
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Li
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Dong H Kim
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qi-Lin Cao
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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17
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Gao QS, Zhang YH, Xue H, Wu ZY, Li C, Zhao P. Brief inhalation of sevoflurane can reduce glial scar formation after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1052-1061. [PMID: 33269750 PMCID: PMC8224129 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that sevoflurane postconditioning can provide neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic injury and improve learning and memory function in developing rodent brains. The classical Rice-Vannucci model was used to induce hypoxic-ischemic injury, and newborn (postnatal day 7) rats were treated with 2.4% sevoflurane for 30 minutes after hypoxic-ischemic injury. Our results showed that sevoflurane postconditioning significantly improved the learning and memory function of rats, decreased astrogliosis and glial scar formation, increased numbers of dendritic spines, and protected the histomorphology of the hippocampus. Mechanistically, sevoflurane postconditioning decreased expression of von Hippel-Lindau of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and increased expression of DJ-1. Injection of 1.52 μg of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibitor YC-1 (Lificiguat) into the left lateral ventricle 30 minutes before hypoxic-ischemic injury reversed the neuroprotection induced by sevoflurane. This finding suggests that sevoflurane can effectively alleviate astrogliosis in the hippocampus and reduce learning and memory impairments caused by glial scar formation after hypoxic-ischemic injury. The underlying mechanism may be related to upregulated DJ-1 expression, reduced ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and stabilized hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression. This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Care Committee of China Medical University, China (approval No. 2016PS337K) on November 9, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ya-Han Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zi-Yi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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18
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Xu L, Tang YY, Ben XL, Cheng MH, Guo WX, Liu Y, Lu ZF, Deng JL. Ginsenoside Rg1-induced activation of astrocytes promotes functional recovery via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway following spinal cord injury. Life Sci 2020; 252:117642. [PMID: 32259600 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether ginsenoside Rg1 is involved in scratch wound healing through altered expression of related molecules in astrocytes and improved functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Astrocytes were isolated from rats, followed by Rg1 treatment. The wound healing test was performed to observe the scratch wound healing in different groups. The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and components of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway were detected by western blot. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure the altered expression of laminin (LN) and fibronectin (FN). A revised Allen's method for the SCI model was performed, followed by Rg1 treatment. Then, functional scoring was conducted to evaluate the functional recovery. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed changes in the void area. Finally, western blot assessed the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). KEY FINDINGS Rg1 mediated scratch wound healing through inducing an increased release of LN, FN, NGF, GDNF, and bFGF in vitro. Additionally, Rg1 activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and promoted the functional recovery of hindlimb movement in rats. Furthermore, Rg1 significantly reduced the void area and downregulated the expression of GFAP and CSPGs. SIGNIFICANCE Rg1 not only enhanced the scratch wound repair in vitro through the release of astroglial neurotrophic factors, adhesion factors, and inhibitory factors, but it also improved the functional recovery in vivo following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yin-Yao Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yixing Second People's Hospital, Yixing 214221, China
| | - Xing-Lei Ben
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Mao-Hua Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Jie-Lin Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, China.
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19
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Rigby MJ, Gomez TM, Puglielli L. Glial Cell-Axonal Growth Cone Interactions in Neurodevelopment and Regeneration. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:203. [PMID: 32210757 PMCID: PMC7076157 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing nervous system is a complex yet organized system of neurons, glial support cells, and extracellular matrix that arranges into an elegant, highly structured network. The extracellular and intracellular events that guide axons to their target locations have been well characterized in many regions of the developing nervous system. However, despite extensive work, we have a poor understanding of how axonal growth cones interact with surrounding glial cells to regulate network assembly. Glia-to-growth cone communication is either direct through cellular contacts or indirect through modulation of the local microenvironment via the secretion of factors or signaling molecules. Microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, Schwann cells, neural progenitor cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells have all been demonstrated to directly impact axon growth and guidance. Expanding our understanding of how different glial cell types directly interact with growing axons throughout neurodevelopment will inform basic and clinical neuroscientists. For example, identifying the key cellular players beyond the axonal growth cone itself may provide translational clues to develop therapeutic interventions to modulate neuron growth during development or regeneration following injury. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge about glial involvement in development of the nervous system, specifically focusing on how glia directly interact with growing and maturing axons to influence neuronal connectivity. This focus will be applied to the clinically-relevant field of regeneration following spinal cord injury, highlighting how a better understanding of the roles of glia in neurodevelopment can inform strategies to improve axon regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rigby
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Timothy M Gomez
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI, United States
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20
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Aravantinou-Fatorou K, Thomaidou D. In Vitro Direct Reprogramming of Mouse and Human Astrocytes to Induced Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2155:41-61. [PMID: 32474866 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0655-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct neuronal reprogramming, rewiring the epigenetic and transcriptional network of a differentiated cell type to neuron, apart from being a very promising approach for the treatment of brain injury and neurodegeneration, also offers a prime opportunity to investigate the molecular underpinnings of neuronal cell fate determination, as the precise molecular mechanisms that establish neuronal fate and diversity at the transcriptional and epigenetic level are incompletely understood. Recent studies from a number of groups, including ours, have shown that astrocytes can be directly reprogrammed into functional neurons in vitro and in vivo following ectopic overexpression of combinations of transcription factors, neurogenic proteins, miRNAs, and small chemical molecules.In this chapter we describe the protocols for in vitro converting primary cortical astrocytes of mouse and human origin to induced neurons, through forced expression of two neurogenic molecules, either each one alone or in combination: the master regulatory bHLH proneural transcription factor NEUROGENIN-2 (NEUROG2) and the neurogenic protein CEND1. Forced expression of each one of the two neurogenic proteins in primary astrocytes via retroviral gene transfer results in their direct conversion to subtype-specific induced neurons, while simultaneous coexpression of both molecules drives them predominantly toward acquisition of a neural precursor cell (NPC) state. Although mouse and human astrocytes exhibit differences in their reprogramming rate and particular characteristics, they can both get efficiently in vitro transdifferentiated to NPCs and induced neurons upon NEUROG2 or/and CEND1 forced expression using the reprogramming protocols described in the chapter, presenting valuable cellular platforms for mechanistic studies and in vivo applications to restore neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Aravantinou-Fatorou
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Thomaidou
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.
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Gilmour A, Poole-Warren L, Green RA. An Improved in vitro Model of Cortical Tissue. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1349. [PMID: 31920510 PMCID: PMC6928009 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracortical electrodes for brain-machine interfaces rely on intimate contact with tissues for recording signals and stimulating neurons. However, the long-term viability of intracortical electrodes in vivo is poor, with a major contributing factor being the development of a glial scar. In vivo approaches for evaluating responses to intracortical devices are resource intensive and complex, making statistically significant, high throughput data difficult to obtain. In vitro models provide an alternative to in vivo studies; however, existing approaches have limitations which restrict the translation of the cellular reactions to the implant scenario. Notably, there is no current robust model that includes astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and neurons, the four principle cell types, critical to the health, function and wound responses of the central nervous system (CNS). In previous research a co-culture of primary mouse mature mixed glial cells and immature neural precursor cells were shown to mimic several key properties of the CNS response to implanted electrode materials. However, the method was not robust and took up to 63 days, significantly affecting reproducibility and widespread use for assessing brain-material interactions. In the current research a new co-culture approach has been developed and evaluated using immunocytochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The resulting method reduced the time in culture significantly and the culture model was shown to have a genetic signature similar to that of healthy adult mouse brain. This new robust CNS culture model has the potential to significantly improve the capacity to translate in vitro data to the in vivo responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gilmour
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffiths University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rylie A Green
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Möllmert S, Kharlamova MA, Hoche T, Taubenberger AV, Abuhattum S, Kuscha V, Kurth T, Brand M, Guck J. Zebrafish Spinal Cord Repair Is Accompanied by Transient Tissue Stiffening. Biophys J 2019; 118:448-463. [PMID: 31870536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe injury to the mammalian spinal cord results in permanent loss of function due to the formation of a glial-fibrotic scar. Both the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of the scar tissue have been implicated to inhibit neuronal regrowth and functional recovery. By contrast, adult zebrafish are able to repair spinal cord tissue and restore motor function after complete spinal cord transection owing to a complex cellular response that includes axon regrowth and is accompanied by neurogenesis. The mechanical mechanisms contributing to successful spinal cord repair in adult zebrafish are, however, currently unknown. Here, we employ atomic force microscopy-enabled nanoindentation to determine the spatial distributions of apparent elastic moduli of living spinal cord tissue sections obtained from uninjured zebrafish and at distinct time points after complete spinal cord transection. In uninjured specimens, spinal gray matter regions were stiffer than white matter regions. During regeneration after transection, the spinal cord tissues displayed a significant increase of the respective apparent elastic moduli that transiently obliterated the mechanical difference between the two types of matter before returning to baseline values after the completion of repair. Tissue stiffness correlated variably with cell number density, oligodendrocyte interconnectivity, axonal orientation, and vascularization. This work constitutes the first quantitative mapping of the spatiotemporal changes of spinal cord tissue stiffness in regenerating adult zebrafish and provides the tissue mechanical basis for future studies into the role of mechanosensing in spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Hoche
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Shada Abuhattum
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; JPK Instruments, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institut for the Science of Light & Max-Planck Institut für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Kuscha
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institut for the Science of Light & Max-Planck Institut für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.
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Barros Ribeiro da Silva V, Porcionatto M, Toledo Ribas V. The Rise of Molecules Able To Regenerate the Central Nervous System. J Med Chem 2019; 63:490-511. [PMID: 31518122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) usually leads to permanent deficits of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor functions. The failure of axonal regeneration in the damaged CNS limits functional recovery. The lack of information concerning the biological mechanism of axonal regeneration and its complexity has delayed the process of drug discovery for many years compared to other drug classes. Starting in the early 2000s, the ability of many molecules to stimulate axonal regrowth was evaluated through automated screening techniques; many hits and some new mechanisms involved in axonal regeneration were identified. In this Perspective, we discuss the rise of the CNS regenerative drugs, the main biological techniques used to test these drug candidates, some of the most important screens performed so far, and the main challenges following the identification of a drug that is able to induce axonal regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departmento de Bioquímica , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - third floor, 04039-032 São Paulo , São Paolo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, room O3-245 , - Campus Pampulha, 31270-901 , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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24
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Anguita-Salinas C, Sánchez M, Morales RA, Ceci ML, Rojas-Benítez D, Allende ML. Cellular Dynamics during Spinal Cord Regeneration in Larval Zebrafish. Dev Neurosci 2019; 41:112-122. [PMID: 31390621 DOI: 10.1159/000500185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of spinal cord regeneration using diverse animal models, which range from null to robust regenerative capabilities, is imperative for understanding how regeneration evolved and, eventually, to treat spinal cord injury and paralysis in humans. In this study, we used electroablation to fully transect the spinal cord of zebrafish larvae (3 days postfertilization) and examined regeneration of the tissue over time. We used transgenic lines to follow immune cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons in vivo during the entire regenerative process. We observed that immune cells are recruited to the injury site, oligodendrocytes progenitor cells (olig2-expressing cells) invade, and axons cross the gap generated upon damage from anterior to reinnervate caudal structures. Together with the recovery of cell types and structures, a complete reversal of paralysis was observed in the lesioned larvae indicating functional regeneration. Finally, using transplantation to obtain mosaic larvae with single-labeled neurons, we show that severed spinal axons exhibited varying regenerative capabilities and plasticity depending on their original dorsoventral position in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Anguita-Salinas
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Sánchez
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Laura Ceci
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Rojas-Benítez
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L Allende
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile,
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Toll-like receptor 9 antagonism modulates astrocyte function and preserves proximal axons following spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:328-343. [PMID: 30953770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that innate immune receptors play important, yet controversial, roles in traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury. Despite many advances, the contributions of toll-like receptors (TLRs) to spinal cord injury (SCI) remain inadequately defined. We previously reported that a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) antagonist, oligodeoxynucleotide 2088 (ODN 2088), administered intrathecally, improves the functional and histopathological outcomes of SCI. However, the molecular and cellular changes that occur at the injury epicenter following ODN 2088 treatment are not completely understood. Following traumatic SCI, a glial scar, consisting primarily of proliferating reactive astrocytes, forms at the injury epicenter and assumes both beneficial and detrimental roles. Increased production of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) by reactive astrocytes inhibits the regeneration of injured axons. Astrocytes express TLR9, which can be activated by endogenous ligands released by damaged cells. It is not yet known how TLR9 antagonism modifies astrocyte function at the glial scar and how this affects axonal preservation or re-growth following SCI. The present studies were undertaken to address these issues. We report that in female mice sustaining a severe mid-thoracic (T8) contusion injury, the number of proliferating astrocytes in regions rostral and caudal to the lesion border increased significantly by 30- and 24-fold, respectively, compared to uninjured controls. Intrathecal ODN 2088 treatment significantly reduced the number of proliferating astrocytes by 60% in both regions. This effect appeared to be, at least partly, mediated through the direct actions of ODN 2088 on astrocytes, since the antagonist decreased proliferation in pure SC astrocyte cultures by preventing the activation of the Erk/MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, CSPG immunoreactivity at the lesion border was more pronounced in vehicle-treated injured mice compared to uninjured controls and was significantly reduced following administration of ODN 2088 to injured mice. Moreover, ODN 2088 significantly decreased astrocyte migration in an in vitro scratch-wound assay. Anterograde tracing and quantification of corticospinal tract (CST) axons in injured mice, indicated that ODN 2088 preserves proximal axons. Taken together, these findings suggest that ODN 2088 modifies the glial scar and creates a milieu that fosters axonal protection at the injury site.
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Ballout N, Rochelle T, Brot S, Bonnet ML, Francheteau M, Prestoz L, Zibara K, Gaillard A. Characterization of Inflammation in Delayed Cortical Transplantation. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:160. [PMID: 31293384 PMCID: PMC6603085 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that embryonic motor cortical neurons transplanted 1-week after lesion in the adult mouse motor cortex significantly enhances graft vascularization, survival, and proliferation of grafted cells, the density of projections developed by grafted neurons and improves functional repair and recovery. The purpose of the present study is to understand the extent to which post-traumatic inflammation following cortical lesion could influence the survival of grafted neurons and the development of their projections to target brain regions and conversely how transplanted cells can modulate host inflammation. For this, embryonic motor cortical tissue was grafted either immediately or with a 1-week delay into the lesioned motor cortex of adult mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed to determine the density and cell morphology of resident and peripheral infiltrating immune cells. Then, in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed to analyze the distribution and temporal mRNA expression pattern of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines following cortical lesion. In parallel, we analyzed the protein expression of both M1- and M2-associated markers to study the M1/M2 balance switch. We have shown that 1-week after the lesion, the number of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and CD45+ cells were significantly increased along with characteristics of M2 microglia phenotype. Interestingly, the majority of microglia co-expressed transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, supporting the hypothesis that microglial activation is also neuroprotective. Our results suggest that the modulation of post-traumatic inflammation 1-week after cortical lesion might be implicated in the improvement of graft vascularization, survival, and density of projections developed by grafted neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissrine Ballout
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France.,Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSST, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tristan Rochelle
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Sebastien Brot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France.,CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Maureen Francheteau
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Laetitia Prestoz
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, DSST, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Afsaneh Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
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Cend1, a Story with Many Tales: From Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression/Exit of Neural Stem Cells to Brain Structure and Function. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2054783. [PMID: 31191667 PMCID: PMC6525816 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2054783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) generate the large variety of neuronal phenotypes comprising the adult brain. The high diversity and complexity of this organ have its origin in embryonic life, during which NPCs undergo symmetric and asymmetric divisions and then exit the cell cycle and differentiate to acquire neuronal identities. During these processes, coordinated regulation of cell cycle progression/exit and differentiation is essential for generation of the appropriate number of neurons and formation of the correct structural and functional neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Cend1 is a neuronal lineage-specific modulator involved in synchronization of cell cycle exit and differentiation of neuronal precursors. It is expressed all along the neuronal lineage, from neural stem/progenitor cells to mature neurons, and is associated with the dynamics of neuron-generating divisions. Functional studies showed that Cend1 has a critical role during neurogenesis in promoting cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation. Mechanistically, Cend1 acts via the p53-dependent/Cyclin D1/pRb signaling pathway as well as via a p53-independent route involving a tripartite interaction with RanBPM and Dyrk1B. Upon Cend1 function, Notch1 signaling is suppressed and proneural genes such as Mash1 and Neurogenins 1/2 are induced. Due to its neurogenic activity, Cend1 is a promising candidate therapeutic gene for brain repair, while the Cend1 minimal promoter is a valuable tool for neuron-specific gene delivery in the CNS. Mice with Cend1 genetic ablation display increased NPC proliferation, decreased migration, and higher levels of apoptosis during development. As a result, they show in the adult brain deficits in a range of motor and nonmotor behaviors arising from irregularities in cerebellar cortex lamination and impaired Purkinje cell differentiation as well as a paucity in GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Taken together, these studies highlight the necessity for Cend1 expression in the formation of a structurally and functionally normal brain.
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28
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Mobini S, Song YH, McCrary MW, Schmidt CE. Advances in ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2019; 198:146-166. [PMID: 29880219 PMCID: PMC6957334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The technologies related to ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for studying the regeneration of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve tissues are essential tools for neural tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research. The need for ex vivo systems, lab-on-a-chip technologies and disease models for neural tissue engineering applications are emerging to overcome the shortages and drawbacks of traditional in vitro systems and animal models. Ex vivo models have evolved from traditional 2D cell culture models to 3D tissue-engineered scaffold systems, bioreactors, and recently organoid test beds. In addition to ex vivo model systems, we discuss lab-on-a-chip devices and technologies specifically for neural tissue engineering applications. Finally, we review current commercial products that mimic diseased and normal neural tissues, and discuss the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahba Mobini
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Young Hye Song
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michaela W McCrary
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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29
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Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury. Physiol Rev 2018. [PMID: 29513146 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury (SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms following SCI that compromise regeneration or neuroplasticity is needed to develop new strategies to promote axonal regrowth and restore function. Physical trauma to the spinal cord results in vascular disruption that, in turn, causes blood-spinal cord barrier rupture leading to hemorrhage and ischemia, followed by rampant local cell death. As subsequent edema and inflammation occur, neuronal and glial necrosis and apoptosis spread well beyond the initial site of impact, ultimately resolving into a cavity surrounded by glial/fibrotic scarring. The glial scar, which stabilizes the spread of secondary injury, also acts as a chronic, physical, and chemo-entrapping barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. Understanding the formative events in glial scarring helps guide strategies towards the development of potential therapies to enhance axon regeneration and functional recovery at both acute and chronic stages following SCI. This review will also discuss the perineuronal net and how chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposited in both the glial scar and net impede axonal outgrowth at the level of the growth cone. We will end the review with a summary of current CSPG-targeting strategies that help to foster axonal regeneration, neuroplasticity/sprouting, and functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Mary Warren
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
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30
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He M, Shi X, Yang M, Yang T, Li T, Chen J. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived IL-6 activates AMPK/mTOR signaling to inhibit the proliferation of reactive astrocytes induced by hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:15-32. [PMID: 30213506 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) treatment is an effective strategy for the functional repair of central nervous system (CNS) insults through the production of bioactive molecules. We have previously demonstrated that the interleukin-6 (IL-6) secreted by MSCs plays an anti-apoptotic role in injured astrocytes and partly promotes functional recovery in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). However, the mechanisms of IL-6 underlying the proliferation of injured astrocytes have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of MSCs on astrocyte proliferation in neonatal rats subjected to HIBD. A HIBD model was established in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and MSCs were administered by intracerebroventricular injection 5 days after HIBD. Rat primary astrocytes were cultured, subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) injury and then immediately co-cultured with MSCs in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining, Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8, flow cytometry, Ca2+ imaging, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) were performed. We found that MSCs transplantation not only promoted the recovery of learning and memory function in HIBD rats but also significantly reduced the number of Ki67+/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ cells in the hippocampi 7-14 days after HIBD. In addition to increasing IL-6 expression in both the hippocampi of HIBD rats and astrocyte culture medium, MSCs treatment in vitro significantly increased the expression levels of glycoprotein (gp) 130 and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPKα) and decreased the expression levels of p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream targets. Furthermore, MSCs treatment induced a protein-protein interaction between gp130 and p-AMPKα. Suppression of IL-6 expression in MSCs reversed the above regulatory functions of MSCs in hippocampal astrocytes. The utilization of rapamycin further confirmed that mTOR participated in the proliferation of reactive astrocytes. These findings suggest that endogenous IL-6 produced by MSCs in the HIBD microenvironment provides therapeutic advantages by activating AMPK/mTOR signaling, thus reducing the proliferation of reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulan He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China; Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xia Shi
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China; Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China; Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China; Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
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31
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Abd-El-Basset EM, Rao MS. Dibutyryl Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Rescues the Neurons From Degeneration in Stab Wound and Excitotoxic Injury Models. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:546. [PMID: 30135639 PMCID: PMC6092510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dBcAMP), a cell-permeable synthetic analog of cAMP, has been shown to induce astrogliosis in culture. However, the exact mechanism underlying how dBcAMP exerts its function in situ is not clear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dBcAMP on astrogliosis and survival of neurons in stab wound and kainic acid models of brain injury. Stab wound was done in cerebral cortex of BALB/c male mice. Kainic acid lesion was induced in hippocampus by injecting 1μl kainic acid into the lateral ventricle. Animals in both models of injury were divided into L+dBcAMP and L+PBS groups and treated with dBcAMP or PBS for 3, 5, and 7 days respectively. The brain sections were stained for Cresyl violet and Fluro jade-B to assess the degenerating neurons. Immunostaining for GFAP and Iba-1 was done for assessing the astrogliosis and microglial response respectively. Expression of GFAP and BDNF levels in the tissue were estimated by Western blotting and ELISA respectively. The results showed a gradual increase in the number of both astrocytes and microglia in both injuries with a significant increase in dBcAMP-treated groups. The number of degenerating neurons significantly decreased in dBcAMP treated groups. In addition, it was found that dBcAMP stimulated the expression of GFAP and BDNF in both stab wound and kainic acid injuries. Treatment with BDNF receptor inhibitor AZ-23, showed an increase in the degenerating neurons suggesting the role of BDNF in neuroprotection. This study indicates that dBcAMP protects neurons from degeneration by enhancing the production of BDNF and may be considered for use as therapeutic agent for treatment of brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muddanna S Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Mattugini N, Merl-Pham J, Petrozziello E, Schindler L, Bernhagen J, Hauck SM, Götz M. Influence of white matter injury on gray matter reactive gliosis upon stab wound in the adult murine cerebral cortex. Glia 2018; 66:1644-1662. [PMID: 29573353 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury frequently affects the cerebral cortex, yet little is known about the differential effects that occur if only the gray matter (GM) is damaged or if the injury also involves the white matter (WM). To tackle this important question and directly compare similarities and differences in reactive gliosis, we performed stab wound injury affecting GM and WM (GM+) and one restricted to the GM (GM-) in the adult murine cerebral cortex. First, we examined glial reactivity in the regions affected (WM and GM) and determined the influence of WM injury on reactive gliosis in the GM comparing the same area in the two injury paradigms. In the GM+ injury microglia proliferation is increased in the WM compared with GM, while proliferating astrocytes are more abundant in the GM than in the WM. Interestingly, WM lesion exerted a strong influence on the proliferation of the GM glial cells that was most pronounced at early stages, 3 days post lesion. While astrocyte proliferation was increased, NG2 glia proliferation was decreased in the GM+ compared with GM- lesion condition. Importantly, these differences were not observed when a lesion of the same size affected only the GM. Unbiased proteomic analyses further corroborate our findings in support of a profound difference in GM reactivity when WM is also injured and revealed MIF as a key regulator of NG2 glia proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mattugini
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Petrozziello
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhadernerstr. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Lisa Schindler
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany.,SyNergy Excellence Cluster, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,SyNergy Excellence Cluster, Munich, 81377, Germany
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Hong HN, Shim JH, Won YJ, Yoo JY, Hwang CH. Therapeutic time window for the effects of erythropoietin on astrogliosis and neurite outgrowth in an in vitro model of spinal cord injury. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9913. [PMID: 29489692 PMCID: PMC5851719 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic time window for preventing astrogliosis with erythropoietin (EPO) treatment after in vitro modeled spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Cultured rat spinal cord astrocytes were treated with kainate and scratching to generate an in vitro model of SCI. EPO (100U/mL or 300U/mL) was added immediately or 2, 4, or 8 hours after injury. Some cultures were also treated with AG490, an inhibitor of the EPO-EPO receptor (EpoR) pathway mediator Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). To evaluate neurite extension, rat embryonic spinal cord neurons were seeded onto astrocyte cultures and treated with EPO immediately after injury in the presence or absence of anti-EpoR antibody. RESULTS EPO treatment at up to 8 hours after injury reduced the expression of axonal growth inhibiting molecules (glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan), cytoskeletal regulatory proteins (Rho-associated protein kinase and ephephrin A4), and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, and phosphorylated-Smad3) in a dosedependent manner (P < .001). Most effects peaked with EPO treatment 2-4hours after injury. Additionally, EPO treatment up to 4 hours after injury promoted expression of the EpoR (>2-fold) and JAK2 (>3-fold) in a dose-dependent manner (P < .001), whereas co-treatment with AG490 precluded these effects (P < .001). EPO treatment up to 4hours after injury also enhanced axonal b-III tubulin-immunoreactivity (>12-fold), and this effect was precluded by co-treatment with an anti-EpoR antibody (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS EPO treatment within 8 hours after injury reduced astrogliosis, and EPO treatment within 4 hours promoted neurite outgrowth. EPO therapy immediately after spinal cord injury may regulate glia to generate an environment permissive of axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jong Yoon Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center
| | - Chang Ho Hwang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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Murta V, Schilrreff P, Rosciszewski G, Morilla MJ, Ramos AJ. G5G2.5 core-shell tecto-dendrimer specifically targets reactive glia in brain ischemia. J Neurochem 2018; 144:748-760. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Murta
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular; Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” IBCN UBA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Priscila Schilrreff
- Programa de Nanomedicinas; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal Argentina
| | - Gerardo Rosciszewski
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular; Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” IBCN UBA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Programa de Nanomedicinas; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Bernal Argentina
| | - Alberto Javier Ramos
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular; Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” IBCN UBA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
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Bose A, Basu R, Maulik M, Das Sarma J. Loss of Cx43-Mediated Functional Gap Junction Communication in Meningeal Fibroblasts Following Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6558-6571. [PMID: 29327203 PMCID: PMC7090783 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection causes meningoencephalitis by disrupting the neuro-glial and glial-pial homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that MHV infection alters gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43)-mediated intercellular communication in brain and primary cultured astrocytes. In addition to astrocytes, meningeal fibroblasts also express high levels of Cx43. Fibroblasts in the meninges together with the basal lamina and the astrocyte endfeet forms the glial limitans superficialis as part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Alteration of glial-pial gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in MHV infection has the potential to affect the integrity of BBB. Till date, it is not known if viral infection can modulate Cx43 expression and function in cells of the brain meninges and thus affect BBB permeability. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of MHV infection on Cx43 localization and function in mouse brain meningeal cells and primary meningeal fibroblasts. Our results show that MHV infection reduces total Cx43 levels and causes its intracellular retention in the perinuclear compartments reducing its surface expression. Reduced trafficking of Cx43 to the cell surface in MHV-infected cells is associated with loss functional GJIC. Together, these data suggest that MHV infection can directly affect expression and cellular distribution of Cx43 resulting in loss of Cx43-mediated GJIC in meningeal fibroblasts, which may be associated with altered BBB function observed in acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Rahul Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Mahua Maulik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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Ou-yang L, Liu Y, Wang BY, Cao P, Zhang JJ, Huang YY, Shen Y, Lyu JX. Carnosine suppresses oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery-induced proliferation and migration of reactive astrocytes of rats in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:24-34. [PMID: 28933425 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial scar formation resulted from excessive astrogliosis limits axonal regeneration and impairs recovery of function, thus an intervention to ameliorate excessive astrogliosis is crucial for the recovery of neurological function after cerebral ischemia. In this study we investigated the effects of carnosine, an endogenous water-soluble dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine), on astrogliosis of cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R) in vitro. Primary cultured rat astrocytes exhibited a significant increase in proliferation at 24 h recovery after OGD for 2 h. Pretreatment with carnosine (5 mmol/L) caused G1 arrest of reactive astrocytes, significantly attenuated OGD/R-induced increase in cyclin D1 protein expression and suppressed OGD/R-induced proliferation of reactive astrocytes. Carnosine treatment also reversed glycolysis and ATP production, which was elevated at 24 h recovery after OGD. A marked increase in migration of reactive astrocytes was observed at 24 h after OGD, whereas carnosine treatment reversed the expression levels of MMP-9 and suppressed the migration of astrocytes. Furthermore, carnosine also improved neurite growth of cortical neurons co-cultured with astrocytes under ischemic conditions. These results demonstrate that carnosine may be a promising candidate for inhibiting astrogliosis and promoting neurological function recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant problem causing high mortality globally. Methods to increase possibilities for treatment and prevention of secondary injuries resulting from the initial physical insult are thus much needed. TBI affects the central nervous system (CNS) and the neurovascular unit as a whole in numerous ways but one of the primarily compromised components is the blood-brain barrier (BBB).In this chapter, we present a detailed procedure on how stretch injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) are applied to brain microvascular endothelial cells of the BBB in order to replicate the actual impact they receive during TBI.
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38
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Halford J, Shen S, Itamura K, Levine J, Chong AC, Czerwieniec G, Glenn TC, Hovda DA, Vespa P, Bullock R, Dietrich WD, Mondello S, Loo JA, Wanner IB. New astroglial injury-defined biomarkers for neurotrauma assessment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3278-3299. [PMID: 28816095 PMCID: PMC5624401 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17724681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an expanding public health epidemic with pathophysiology that is difficult to diagnose and thus treat. TBI biomarkers should assess patients across severities and reveal pathophysiology, but currently, their kinetics and specificity are unclear. No single ideal TBI biomarker exists. We identified new candidates from a TBI CSF proteome by selecting trauma-released, astrocyte-enriched proteins including aldolase C (ALDOC), its 38kD breakdown product (BDP), brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), astrocytic phosphoprotein (PEA15), glutamine synthetase (GS) and new 18-25kD-GFAP-BDPs. Their levels increased over four orders of magnitude in severe TBI CSF. First post-injury week, ALDOC levels were markedly high and stable. Short-lived BLBP and PEA15 related to injury progression. ALDOC, BLBP and PEA15 appeared hyper-acutely and were similarly robust in severe and mild TBI blood; 25kD-GFAP-BDP appeared overnight after TBI and was rarely present after mild TBI. Using a human culture trauma model, we investigated biomarker kinetics. Wounded (mechanoporated) astrocytes released ALDOC, BLBP and PEA15 acutely. Delayed cell death corresponded with GFAP release and proteolysis into small GFAP-BDPs. Associating biomarkers with cellular injury stages produced astroglial injury-defined (AID) biomarkers that facilitate TBI assessment, as neurological deficits are rooted not only in death of CNS cells, but also in their functional compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Halford
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyohei Itamura
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaclynn Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert C Chong
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregg Czerwieniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Glenn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - David A Hovda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Paul Vespa
- Department of Neurology, UCLA-David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ross Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ondacova K, Moravcikova L, Jurkovicova D, Lacinova L. Fibrotic scar model and TGF-β1 differently modulate action potential firing and voltage-dependent ion currents in hippocampal neurons in primary culture. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2161-2176. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Ondacova
- Center of Biosciences; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 Bratislava 84005 Slovakia
| | - Lucia Moravcikova
- Center of Biosciences; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 Bratislava 84005 Slovakia
| | - Dana Jurkovicova
- KRD Molecular Technologies s. r. o.; Bratislava Slovakia
- Biomedical Research Center; Cancer Research Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lubica Lacinova
- Center of Biosciences; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 Bratislava 84005 Slovakia
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Li Y, Chen Y, Tan L, Pan JY, Lin WW, Wu J, Hu W, Chen X, Wang XD. RNAi-mediated ephrin-B2 silencing attenuates astroglial-fibrotic scar formation and improves spinal cord axon growth. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:779-789. [PMID: 28834283 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Astroglial-fibrotic scar formation following central nervous system injury can help repair blood-brain barrier and seal the lesion, whereas it also represents a strong barrier for axonal regeneration. Intensive preclinical efforts have been made to eliminate/reduce the inhibitory part and, in the meantime, preserve the beneficial role of astroglial-fibrotic scar. METHODS In this study, we established an in vitro system, in which coculture of astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts was treated with exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to form astroglial-fibrotic scar-like cell clusters, and thereby evaluated the efficacy of RNAi targeting ephrin-B2 in preventing scar formation from the very beginning. We further tested the effect of RNAi-based mitigation of astroglial-fibrotic scar on spinal axon outgrowth on a custom-made microfluidic platform. RESULTS We found that siRNA targeting ephrin-B2 significantly reduced both the number and the diameter of cell clusters induced by TGF-β1 and diminished the expression of aggrecan and versican in the coculture, and allowed for significantly longer extension of outgrowing spinal cord axons into astroglial-fibrotic scar as assessed on the microfluidic platform. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that astroglial-fibrotic scar formation and particularly the expression of aggrecan and versican could be mitigated by ephrin-B2 specific siRNA, thus improving the microenvironment for spinal axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ling Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing-Ying Pan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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41
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Ziemba AM, Gilbert RJ. Biomaterials for Local, Controlled Drug Delivery to the Injured Spinal Cord. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:245. [PMID: 28539887 PMCID: PMC5423911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Affecting approximately 17,000 new people each year, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating injury that leads to permanent paraplegia or tetraplegia. Current pharmacological approaches are limited in their ability to ameliorate this injury pathophysiology, as many are not delivered locally, for a sustained duration, or at the correct injury time point. With this review, we aim to communicate the importance of combinatorial biomaterial and pharmacological approaches that target certain aspects of the dynamically changing pathophysiology of SCI. After reviewing the pathophysiology timeline, we present experimental biomaterial approaches to provide local sustained doses of drug. In this review, we present studies using a variety of biomaterials, including hydrogels, particles, and fibers/conduits for drug delivery. Subsequently, we discuss how each may be manipulated to optimize drug release during a specific time frame following SCI. Developing polymer biomaterials that can effectively release drug to target specific aspects of SCI pathophysiology will result in more efficacious approaches leading to better regeneration and recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan J. Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, TroyNY, USA
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Hao DJ, Liu C, Zhang L, Chen B, Zhang Q, Zhang R, An J, Zhao J, Wu M, Wang Y, Simental A, He B, Yang H. Lipopolysaccharide and Curcumin Co-Stimulation Potentiates Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Phagocytosis Via Enhancing Their Activation. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:502-518. [PMID: 27743319 PMCID: PMC5398976 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gradual deterioration following central nervous system (CNS) injuries or neurodegenerative disorders is usually accompanied by infiltration of degenerated and apoptotic neural tissue debris. A rapid and efficient clearance of these deteriorated cell products is of pivotal importance in creating a permissive environment for regeneration of those damaged neurons. Our recent report revealed that the phagocytic activity of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) can make a substantial contribution to neuronal growth in such a hostile environment. However, little is known about how to further increase the ability of OECs in phagocytosing deleterious products. Here, we used an in vitro model of primary cells to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and curcumin (CCM) co-stimulation on phagocytic activity of OECs and the possible underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that co-stimulation using LPS and CCM can significantly enhance the activation of OECs, displaying a remarkable up-regulation in chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Toll-like receptor 4, increased OEC proliferative activity, and improved phagocytic capacity compared with normal and LPS- or CCM-treated OECs. More importantly, this potentiated phagocytosis activity greatly facilitated neuronal growth under hostile culture conditions. Moreover, the up-regulation of transglutaminase-2 and phosphatidylserine receptor in OECs activated by LPS and CCM co-stimulation are likely responsible for mechanisms underlying the observed cellular events, because cystamine (a specific inhibitor of transglutaminase-2) and neutrophil elastase (a cleavage enzyme of phosphatidylserine receptor) can effectively abrogate all the positive effects of OECs, including phagocytic capacity and promotive effects on neuronal growth. This study provides an alternative strategy for the repair of traumatic nerve injury and neurologic diseases with the application of OECs in combination with LPS and CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Jun Hao
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Jing An
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Mingmei Wu
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Alfred Simental
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Baorong He
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
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43
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Parker K, Berretta A, Saenger S, Sivaramakrishnan M, Shirley SA, Metzger F, Clarkson AN. PEGylated insulin-like growth factor-I affords protection and facilitates recovery of lost functions post-focal ischemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:241. [PMID: 28325900 PMCID: PMC5428211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is involved in the maturation and maintenance of neurons, and impaired IGF-I signaling has been shown to play a role in various neurological diseases including stroke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of an optimized IGF-I variant by adding a 40 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain to IGF-I to form PEG-IGF-I. We show that PEG-IGF-I has a slower clearance which allows for twice-weekly dosing to maintain steady-state serum levels in mice. Using a photothrombotic model of focal stroke, dosing from 3 hrs post-stroke dose-dependently (0.3–1 mg/kg) decreases the volume of infarction and improves motor behavioural function in both young 3-month and aged 22–24 month old mice. Further, PEG-IGF-I treatment increases GFAP expression when given early (3 hrs post-stroke), increases Synaptophysin expression and increases neurogenesis in young and aged. Finally, neurons (P5–6) cultured in vitro on reactive astrocytes in the presence of PEG-IGF-I showed an increase in neurite length, indicating that PEG-IGF-I can aid in sprouting of new connections. This data suggests a modulatory role of IGF-I in both protective and regenerative processes, and indicates that therapeutic approaches using PEG-IGF-I should be given early and where the endogenous regenerative potential is still high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Parker
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Antonio Berretta
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Stefanie Saenger
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manaswini Sivaramakrishnan
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon A Shirley
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Friedrich Metzger
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. .,Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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44
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Role of Matricellular Proteins in Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:858-875. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Yoo JY, Hwang CH, Hong HN. A Model of Glial Scarring Analogous to the Environment of a Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord Using Kainate. Ann Rehabil Med 2016; 40:757-768. [PMID: 27847705 PMCID: PMC5108702 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2016.40.5.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an in vitro model analogous to the environment of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), the authors evaluated change of astrogliosis following treatments with kainate and/or scratch, and degree of neurite outgrowth after treatment with a kainate inhibitor. METHODS Astrocytes were obtained from the rat spinal cord. Then, 99% of the cells were confirmed to be GFAP-positive astrocytes. For chemical injury, the cells were treated with kainate at different concentrations (10, 50 or 100 µM). For mechanical injury, two kinds of uniform scratches were made using a plastic pipette tip by removing strips of cells. For combined injury (S/K), scratch and kainate were provided. Cord neurons from rat embryos were plated onto culture plates immediately after the three kinds of injuries and some cultures were treated with a kainate inhibitor. RESULTS Astro-gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], vimentin, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan [CSPG], rho-associated protein kinase [ROCK], and ephrin type-A receptor 4 [EphA4]) was most prominent after treatment with 50 µM kainate and extensive scratch injury in terms of single arm (p<0.001) and in the S/K-induced injury model in view of single or combination (p<0.001). Neurite outgrowth in the seeded spinal cord (β-III tubulin) was the least in the S/K-induced injury model (p<0.001) and this inhibition was reversed by the kainate inhibitor (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The current in vitro model combining scratch and kainate induced glial scarring and inhibitory molecules and restricted neurite outgrowth very strongly than either the mechanically or chemically-induced injury model; hence, it may be a useful tool for research on SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yoon Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Hwang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hea Nam Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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46
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Ondáčová K, Jurkovičová D, Lacinová Ľ. Altered Sodium and Potassium, but not Calcium Currents in Cerebellar Granule Cells in an In Vitro Model of Neuronal Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:771-782. [PMID: 27517720 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute injury of central nervous system (CNS) starts a cascade of morphological, molecular, and functional changes including formation of a fibrotic scar, expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and expression of extracellular matrix proteins leading to arrested neurite outgrowth and failed regeneration. We assessed alteration of electrophysiological properties of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) in two in vitro models of neuronal injury: (i) model of fibrotic scar created from coculture of meningeal fibroblasts and cerebral astrocytes with addition of TGF-β1; (ii) a simplified model based on administration of TGF-β1 to CGCs culture. Both models reproduced suppression of neurite outgrowth caused by neuronal injury, which was equally restored by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), a key disruptor of fibrotic scar formation. Voltage-dependent calcium current was not affected in either injury model. However, intracellular calcium concentration could be altered as an expression of inositol trisphosphate receptor type 1 was suppressed by TGF-β1 and restored by ChABC. Voltage-dependent sodium current was significantly suppressed in CGCs cultured on a model of fibrotic scar and was only partly restored by ChABC. Administration of TGF-β1 significantly shifted current-voltage relation of sodium current toward more positive membrane potential without change to maximal current amplitude. Both transient and sustained potassium currents were significantly suppressed on a fibrotic scar and restored by ChABC to their control amplitudes. In contrast, TGF-β1 itself significantly upregulated transient and did not change sustained potassium current. Observed changes of voltage-dependent ion currents may contribute to known morphological and functional changes in injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Ondáčová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84005, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Jurkovičová
- KRD molecular technologies s. r. o, Saratovska 26, 84201, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Lacinová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84005, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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47
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Li Y, Xu XL, Zhao D, Pan LN, Huang CW, Guo LJ, Lu Q, Wang J. TLR3 ligand Poly IC Attenuates Reactive Astrogliosis and Improves Recovery of Rats after Focal Cerebral Ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 21:905-13. [PMID: 26494128 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Brain ischemia activates astrocytes in a process known as astrogliosis. Although this process has beneficial effects, excessive astrogliosis can impair neuronal recovery. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) has shown neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but whether it regulates reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation is not clear. METHODS We exposed cultured astrocytes to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and used a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion model to investigate the effects of Poly IC. Astrocyte proliferation and proliferation-related molecules were evaluated by immunostaining and Western blotting. Neurological deficit scores, infarct volumes and neuroplasticity were evaluated in rats after transient MCAO. RESULTS In vitro, Poly IC inhibited astrocyte proliferation, upregulated Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression, upregulated interferon-β, and downregulated interleukin-6 production. These changes were blocked by a neutralizing antibody against TLR3, suggesting that Poly IC function is TLR3-dependent. Moreover, in the MCAO model, Poly IC attenuated reactive astrogliosis, reduced brain infarction volume, and improved neurological function. In addition, Poly IC prevented MCAO-induced reductions in soma size, dendrite length, and number of dendritic bifurcations in cortical neurons of the infarct penumbra. CONCLUSIONS By ameliorating astrogliosis-related damage, Poly IC is a potential therapeutic agent for attenuating neuronal damage and promoting recovery after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Lin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Na Pan
- Medical Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian-Jun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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48
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Silver J. The glial scar is more than just astrocytes. Exp Neurol 2016; 286:147-149. [PMID: 27328838 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Silver
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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49
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Villarreal A, Rosciszewski G, Murta V, Cadena V, Usach V, Dodes-Traian MM, Setton-Avruj P, Barbeito LH, Ramos AJ. Isolation and Characterization of Ischemia-Derived Astrocytes (IDAs) with Ability to Transactivate Quiescent Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:139. [PMID: 27313509 PMCID: PMC4888624 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive gliosis involving activation and proliferation of astrocytes and microglia, is a widespread but largely complex and graded glial response to brain injury. Astroglial population has a previously underestimated high heterogeneity with cells differing in their morphology, gene expression profile, and response to injury. Here, we identified a subset of reactive astrocytes isolated from brain focal ischemic lesions that show several atypical characteristics. Ischemia-derived astrocytes (IDAs) were isolated from early ischemic penumbra and core. IDA did not originate from myeloid precursors, but rather from pre-existing local progenitors. Isolated IDA markedly differ from primary astrocytes, as they proliferate in vitro with high cell division rate, show increased migratory ability, have reduced replicative senescence and grow in the presence of macrophages within the limits imposed by the glial scar. Remarkably, IDA produce a conditioned medium that strongly induced activation on quiescent primary astrocytes and potentiated the neuronal death triggered by oxygen-glucose deprivation. When re-implanted into normal rat brains, eGFP-IDA migrated around the injection site and induced focal reactive gliosis. Inhibition of gamma secretases or culture on quiescent primary astrocytes monolayers facilitated IDA differentiation to astrocytes. We propose that IDA represent an undifferentiated, pro-inflammatory, highly replicative and migratory astroglial subtype emerging from the ischemic microenvironment that may contribute to the expansion of reactive gliosis. Main Points: Ischemia-derived astrocytes (IDA) were isolated from brain ischemic tissue IDA show reduced replicative senescence, increased cell division and spontaneous migration IDA potentiate death of oxygen-glucose deprived cortical neurons IDA propagate reactive gliosis on quiescent astrocytes in vitro and in vivo Inhibition of gamma secretases facilitates IDA differentiation to astrocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Rosciszewski
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Murta
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Cadena
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanina Usach
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica, CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin M Dodes-Traian
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica, CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Setton-Avruj
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica, CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alberto J Ramos
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
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50
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Taylor L, Arnér K, Ghosh F. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced neuronal cell death in a large animal model of retinal degeneration in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2016; 148:55-64. [PMID: 27237409 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) has been reported to induce photoreceptor-specific degeneration with minimal inner retinal impact in small animals in vivo. Pending its use within a retinal transplantation paradigm, we here explore the effects of MNU on outer and inner retinal neurons and glia in an in vitro large animal model of retinal degeneration. The previously described degenerative culture explant model of adult porcine retina was used and compared with explants receiving 10 or 100 μg/ml MNU (MNU10 and MNU100) supplementation. All explants were kept for 5 days in vitro, and examined for morphology as well as for glial and neuronal immunohistochemical markers. Rhodopsin-labeled photoreceptors were present in all explants. The number of cone photoreceptors (transducin), rod bipolar cells (PKC) and horizontal cells (calbindin) was significantly lower in MNU treated explants (p < 0.001). Gliosis was attenuated in MNU10 treated explants, with expression of vimentin, glial fibrillary protein (GFAP), glutamine synthetase (GS), and bFGF comparable to in vivo controls. In corresponding MNU100 counterparts, the expression of Müller cell proteins was almost extinguished. We here show that MNU causes degeneration of outer and inner retinal neurons and glia in the adult porcine retina in vitro. MNU10 explants display attenuation of gliosis, despite decreased neuronal survival compared with untreated controls. Our results have impact on the use of MNU as a large animal photoreceptor degeneration model, on tissue engineering related to retinal transplantation, and on our understanding of gliosis related neuronal degenerative cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University, SE 22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Karin Arnér
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University, SE 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University, SE 22184, Lund, Sweden
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