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Donders Z, Skorupska IJ, Willems E, Mussen F, Broeckhoven JV, Carlier A, Schepers M, Vanmierlo T. Beyond PDE4 inhibition: A comprehensive review on downstream cAMP signaling in the central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117009. [PMID: 38908196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger that regulates signal transduction pathways pivotal for numerous biological functions. Intracellular cAMP levels are spatiotemporally regulated by their hydrolyzing enzymes called phosphodiesterases (PDEs). It has been shown that increased cAMP levels in the central nervous system (CNS) promote neuroplasticity, neurotransmission, neuronal survival, and myelination while suppressing neuroinflammation. Thus, elevating cAMP levels through PDE inhibition provides a therapeutic approach for multiple CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease. In particular, inhibition of the cAMP-specific PDE4 subfamily is widely studied because of its high expression in the CNS. So far, the clinical translation of full PDE4 inhibitors has been hampered because of dose-limiting side effects. Hence, focusing on signaling cascades downstream activated upon PDE4 inhibition presents a promising strategy, offering novel and pharmacologically safe targets for treating CNS disorders. Yet, the underlying downstream signaling pathways activated upon PDE(4) inhibition remain partially elusive. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge regarding downstream mediators of cAMP signaling induced by PDE4 inhibition or cAMP stimulators. Furthermore, we highlight existing gaps and future perspectives that may incentivize additional downstream research concerning PDE(4) inhibition, thereby providing novel therapeutic approaches for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Donders
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Iga Joanna Skorupska
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht 6629ER, the Netherlands
| | - Emily Willems
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Femke Mussen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; University MS Centre (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht 6629ER, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; University MS Centre (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229ER, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium; University MS Centre (UMSC) Hasselt - Pelt, Belgium.
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Huang Y, Hu R, Wu L, He K, Ma R. Immunoregulation of Glia after spinal cord injury: a bibliometric analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402349. [PMID: 38938572 PMCID: PMC11208308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Immunoregulation is a complex and critical process in the pathological process of spinal cord injury (SCI), which is regulated by various factors and plays an important role in the functional repair of SCI. This study aimed to explore the research hotspots and trends of glial cell immunoregulation after SCI from a bibliometric perspective. Methods Data on publications related to glial cell immunoregulation after SCI, published from 2004 to 2023, were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. Countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords in the topic were quantitatively analyzed using the R package "bibliometrix", VOSviewer, Citespace, and the Bibliometrics Online Analysis Platform. Results A total of 613 papers were included, with an average annual growth rate of 9.39%. The papers came from 36 countries, with the United States having the highest output, initiating collaborations with 27 countries. Nantong University was the most influential institution. We identified 3,177 authors, of whom Schwartz, m, of the Weizmann Institute of Science, was ranked first regarding both field-specific H-index (18) and average number of citations per document (151.44). Glia ranked first among journals with 2,574 total citations. The keywords "microglia," "activation," "macrophages," "astrocytes," and "neuroinflammation" represented recent hot topics and are expected to remain a focus of future research. Conclusion These findings strongly suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of microglia, astrocytes, and glial cell interactions may be critical in promoting nerve regeneration and repair after SCI. Research on the immunoregulation of glial cells after SCI is emerging, and there should be greater cooperation and communication between countries and institutions to promote the development of this field and benefit more SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelin He
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Lymperopoulos A, Borges JI, Stoicovy RA. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Cardiac and Sympathoadrenal GLP-1 Receptor Signaling: Focus on Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:693. [PMID: 38931817 PMCID: PMC11206770 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifunctional incretin hormone with various physiological effects beyond its well-characterized effect of stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion in the pancreas. An emerging role for GLP-1 and its receptor, GLP-1R, in brain neuroprotection and in the suppression of inflammation, has been documented in recent years. GLP-1R is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples to Gs proteins that stimulate the production of the second messenger cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP, acting through its two main effectors, protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), exerts several anti-inflammatory (and some pro-inflammatory) effects in cells, depending on the cell type. The present review discusses the cAMP-dependent molecular signaling pathways elicited by the GLP-1R in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, central neurons, and even in adrenal chromaffin cells, with a particular focus on those that lead to anti-inflammatory effects by the GLP-1R. Fully elucidating the role cAMP plays in GLP-1R's anti-inflammatory properties can lead to new and more precise targets for drug development and/or provide the foundation for novel therapeutic combinations of the GLP-1R agonist medications currently on the market with other classes of drugs for additive anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA; (J.I.B.); (R.A.S.)
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Lu HJ, Guo D, Wei QQ. Potential of Neuroinflammation-Modulating Strategies in Tuberculous Meningitis: Targeting Microglia. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1255-1276. [PMID: 37196131 PMCID: PMC11081169 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe complication of tuberculosis (TB) and is associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the infectious agent of TB, disseminates from the respiratory epithelium, breaks through the blood-brain barrier, and establishes a primary infection in the meninges. Microglia are the core of the immune network in the central nervous system (CNS) and interact with glial cells and neurons to fight against harmful pathogens and maintain homeostasis in the brain through pleiotropic functions. However, M. tb directly infects microglia and resides in them as the primary host for bacillus infections. Largely, microglial activation slows disease progression. The non-productive inflammatory response that initiates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines may be neurotoxic and aggravate tissue injuries based on damages caused by M. tb. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging strategy for modulating host immune responses against diverse diseases. Recent studies have shown that HDT can control neuroinflammation in TBM and act as an adjunct therapy to antibiotic treatment. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of microglia in TBM and potential host-directed TB therapies that target microglia to treat TBM. We also discuss the limitations of applying each HDT and suggest a course of action for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daji Guo
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Qi Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Xizang, China
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Nongthombam PD, Haobam R. Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 as a potential therapy for Parkinson's disease: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:510. [PMID: 38622307 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have become a promising therapeutic target for various disorders. PDEs are a vast and diversified family of enzymes that degrade cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which have several biochemical and physiological functions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is the most abundant PDE in the central nervous system (CNS) and is extensively expressed in the mammalian brain, where it catalyzes the hydrolysis of intracellular cAMP. An alteration in the balance of PDE4 and cAMP results in the dysregulation of different biological mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases. By inhibiting PDE4 with drugs, the levels of cAMP inside the cells could be stabilized, which may improve the symptoms of mental and neurological disorders such as memory loss, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Though numerous studies have shown that phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) are beneficial in PD, there are presently no approved PDE4I drugs for PD. This review presents an overview of PDE4Is and their effects on PD, their possible underlying mechanism in the restoration/protection of dopaminergic cell death, which holds promise for developing PDE4Is as a treatment strategy for PD. Methods on how these drugs could be effectively delivered to develop as a promising treatment for PD have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reena Haobam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795003, India.
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Yudhawati R, Wicaksono NF. Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluoroquinolones in Community-Acquired Pneumonia-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Biomedicines 2024; 12:761. [PMID: 38672119 PMCID: PMC11048665 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia is reported as one of the infectious diseases that leads to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The innate immune system is the first line of defence against microbial invasion; however, its dysregulation during infection, resulting in an increased pathogen load, stimulates the over-secretion of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This phenomenon causes damage to the epithelial-endothelial barrier of the pulmonary alveoli and the leakage of the intravascular protein into the alveolar lumen. Fluoroquinolones are synthetic antimicrobial agents with immunomodulatory properties that can inhibit bacterial proliferation as well as exhibit anti-inflammatory activities. It has been demonstrated that the structure of fluoroquinolones, particularly those with a cyclopropyl group, exerts immunomodulatory effects. Its capability to inhibit phosphodiesterase activity leads to the accumulation of intracellular cAMP, which subsequently enhances PKA activity, resulting in the inhibition of transcriptional factor NF-κB and the activation of CREB. Another mechanism reported is the inhibition of TLR and ERK signalling pathways. Although the sequence of events has not been completely understood, significant progress has been made in comprehending the specific mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of fluoroquinolones. Here, we review the indirect immunomodulatory effects of FQs as an alternative to empirical therapy in patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resti Yudhawati
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital, Surabaya 60015, Indonesia
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
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Delhaye S, Jarjat M, Boulksibat A, Sanchez C, Tempio A, Turtoi A, Giorgi M, Lacas-Gervais S, Baj G, Rovere C, Trezza V, Pellegrini M, Maurin T, Lalli E, Bardoni B. Defects in AMPAR trafficking and microglia activation underlie socio-cognitive deficits associated to decreased expression of phosphodiesterase 2 a. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 191:106393. [PMID: 38154608 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 2 A (PDE2A) is an enzyme involved in the homeostasis of cAMP and cGMP and is the most highly expressed PDE in human brain regions critical for socio-cognitive behavior. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, PDE2A expression level is upregulated in Fmr1-KO mice, a model of the Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Indeed, PDE2A translation is negatively modulated by FMRP, whose functional absence causes FXS. While the pharmacological inhibition of PDE2A has been associated to its pro-cognitive role in normal animals and in models of ID and ASD, homozygous PDE2A mutations have been identified in patients affected by ID, ASD and epilepsy. To clarify this apparent paradox about the role of PDE2A in brain development, we characterized here Pde2a+/- mice (homozygote animals being not viable) at the behavioral, cellular, molecular and electrophysiological levels. Pde2a+/- females display a milder form of the disorder with reduced cognitive performance in adulthood, conversely males show severe socio-cognitive deficits throughout their life. In males, these phenotypes are associated with microglia activation, elevated glutathione levels and increased externalization of Glutamate receptor (GluR1) in CA1, producing reduced mGluR-dependent Long-term Depression. Overall, our results reveal molecular targets of the PDE2A-dependent pathway underlying socio-cognitive performance. These results clarify the mechanism of action of pro-cognitive drugs based on PDE2A inactivation, which have been shown to be promising therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, FXS as well as other forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Delhaye
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Marielle Jarjat
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Asma Boulksibat
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Clara Sanchez
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Alessandra Tempio
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mauro Giorgi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, DAHFMO, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Gabriele Baj
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carole Rovere
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, DAHFMO, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Maurin
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Enzo Lalli
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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Yan C, Chen J, Tang H, Deng C, Zhang Q, Wang X. IgG immune complex-induced acute lung injury is ameliorated by cAMP via down-regulation of C/EBP- and AP-1-mediated transcriptions. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:34. [PMID: 37864223 PMCID: PMC10588139 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are life threatening pulmonary diseases, and we are now lack of effective therapeutic methods. Inflammatory responses are essential for initiating ALI/ARDS. Thus, ameliorating inflammatory reaction might be beneficial for treatment of the disease. There are increasing data that phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4)-selective inhibitors, which may elevate cellular cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) level, could suppress inflammation. However, whether they could be used to treat IgG immune complex (IgG-IC)-associated ALI has not been determined. METHODS ALI is induced by treating mice with airway deposition of IgG immune complexes. Cellular cAMP concentrations are elevated by treating mice or macrophages with Rolipram/Roflumilast. The degree of pulmonary injury is reflected by lung permeability, leukocyte accumulation, histological change and expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators. 6-Bnz-cAMP and H-89 are used to regulate protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP is applied to activate exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac). Gene expressions are analyzed by real-time PCR, ELISA or Western blot. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) and activation protein 1 (AP-1) transcription activities are estimated by measuring the luciferase productions. RESULTS IgG-IC-induced ALI is attenuated by the PDE4-selective inhibitor, which is due to reduced expressions of cytokine and chemokines. Interestingly, we find that cAMP downstream effector molecule PKA but not Epac is involved in negative regulation of IgG-IC-mediated pro-inflammatory mediators' productions. Mechanistically, activation of cAMP-PKA signal axis leads to inactivation of MAPK pathway, resulting in a decrease in C/EBP- and AP-1-mediated transcriptions of pro-inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that cAMP-PKA signal is involved in down-regulation of IgG-IC-associated inflammatory responses via down-regulating MAPK activation, which is critical for transcriptional activities of C/EBP and AP-1. Collectively, our experiments provide theoretical base for the potential application of PDE4-selective inhibitor to clinic for treatment of IgG-IC-related acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300100, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Huifang Tang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of the State Food and Drug Administration of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunmin Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215153, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Ximo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300100, China.
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Kang DH, Ahn S, Chae JW, Song JS. Differential effects of two phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in mice. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:39. [PMID: 37525115 PMCID: PMC10391911 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have emerged as potential therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of two selective PDE4 inhibitors, roflumilast and zatolmilast, against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. RESULTS In BV-2 cells, the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast reduced the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation. Moreover, mice administered roflumilast had significantly reduced TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 levels in plasma and brain tissues. By contrast, zatolmilast, a PDE4D inhibitor, showed no anti-neuroinflammatory effects in vitro or in vivo. Next, in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds in the brain were performed. The apparent permeability coefficients of 3 µM roflumilast and zatolmilast were high (> 23 × 10-6 cm/s) and moderate (3.72-7.18 × 10-6 cm/s), respectively, and increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the MDR1-MDCK monolayer. The efflux ratios were < 1.92, suggesting that these compounds are not P-glycoprotein substrates. Following oral administration, both roflumilast and zatolmilast were slowly absorbed and eliminated, with time-to-peak drug concentrations of 2-2.3 h and terminal half-lives of 7-20 h. Assessment of their brain dispositions revealed the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficients of roflumilast and zatolmilast to be 0.17 and 0.18, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that roflumilast, but not zatolmilast, has the potential for use as a therapeutic agent against neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ho Kang
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Korea.
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Mussen F, Broeckhoven JV, Hellings N, Schepers M, Vanmierlo T. Unleashing Spinal Cord Repair: The Role of cAMP-Specific PDE Inhibition in Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Boosting Regeneration after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098135. [PMID: 37175842 PMCID: PMC10179671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by severe neuroinflammation and hampered neuroregeneration, which often leads to permanent neurological deficits. Current therapies include decompression surgery, rehabilitation, and in some instances, the use of corticosteroids. However, the golden standard of corticosteroids still achieves minimal improvements in functional outcomes. Therefore, new strategies tackling the initial inflammatory reactions and stimulating endogenous repair in later stages are crucial to achieving functional repair in SCI patients. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important second messenger in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulates these processes. A sustained drop in cAMP levels is observed during SCI, and elevating cAMP is associated with improved functional outcomes in experimental models. cAMP is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by its hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE). Growing evidence suggests that inhibition of cAMP-specific PDEs (PDE4, PDE7, and PDE8) is an important strategy to orchestrate neuroinflammation and regeneration in the CNS. Therefore, this review focuses on the current evidence related to the immunomodulatory and neuroregenerative role of cAMP-specific PDE inhibition in the SCI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mussen
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Roy D, Balasubramanian S, Krishnamurthy PT, Sola P, Rymbai E. Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibition in Parkinson's Disease: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01349-1. [PMID: 37074485 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians and researchers are exploring safer and novel treatment strategies for treating the ever-prevalent Parkinson's disease (PD) across the globe. Several therapeutic strategies are used clinically for PD, including dopamine replacement therapy, DA agonists, MAO-B blockers, COMT blockers, and anticholinergics. Surgical interventions such as pallidotomy, particularly deep brain stimulation (DBS), are also employed. However, they only provide temporal and symptomatic relief. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is one of the secondary messengers involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) regulates cAMP and cGMP intracellular levels. PDE enzymes are subdivided into families and subtypes which are expressed throughout the human body. PDE4 isoenzyme- PDE4B subtype is overexpressed in the substantia nigra of the brain. Various studies have implicated multiple cAMP-mediated signaling cascades in PD, and PDE4 is a common link that can emerge as a neuroprotective and/or disease-modifying target. Furthermore, a mechanistic understanding of the PDE4 subtypes has provided perceptivity into the molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (PDE4Is). The repositioning and development of efficacious PDE4Is for PD have gained much attention. This review critically assesses the existing literature on PDE4 and its expression. Specifically, this review provides insights into the interrelated neurological cAMP-mediated signaling cascades involving PDE4s and the potential role of PDE4Is in PD. In addition, we discuss existing challenges and possible strategies for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shivaramakrishnan Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Piyong Sola
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Emdormi Rymbai
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, The Nilgiris, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Wang L, Li M, Zhu C, Qin A, Wang J, Wei X. The protective effect of Palmatine on depressive like behavior by modulating microglia polarization in LPS-induced mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3178-3191. [PMID: 35917005 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of Palmatine on LPS-induced depressive like behavior and explore its potential mechanism. The mice were intragastrically treated with Fluoxetine or Palmatine once daily for 1 week. After the last drug administration, the mice were intraperitoneally challenged with LPS and suffered for Sucrose preference test, Tail suspension test, Forced swimming test and Open field test. The pro-inflammatory biomarkers were measured by ELISA, qPCR, WB and immunofluorescence. As a result, the administration of Palmatine effectively lessened depressive-like behavior. Palmatine could decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, the expressions of CD68, iNOS mRNA, as well as increase the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, the expressions of CD206, Arg1 mRNA, Ym1 mRNA both in LPS-induced mice and in LPS-induced BV2 cells. The beneficial effect of Palmatine might be attributed to the suppression of M1 microglia polarization and the promotion of M2 microglia polarization via PDE4B/KLF4 signaling. The similar results were observed in CUMS-induced depressive mice. The transfection with PDE4B SiRNA or KLF4 SiRNA indicated that PDE4B and KLF4 were both involved in the Palmatine-mediated microglia polarization. Molecular docking indicated that Palmatine could interact with PDE4B. In conclusion, this research demonstrated that Palmatine attenuated depressive like behavior by modulating microglia polarization via PDE4B/KLF4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, No.69, Huangshanling Road, 211800, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369, Jingshi Road, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Cuiping Zhu
- Pukou branch of Jiangsu Province Hospital, No.166, Shanghe street, 211800, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, No.69, Huangshanling Road, 211800, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinchun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, No.69, Huangshanling Road, 211800, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xianni Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Haicang Hospital, No. 89, Haiyu Road, 361026, Xiamen, China.
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13
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Yu X, Xiao H, Muqier M, Han S, Baigude H. Effect of the array of amines on the transfection efficiency of cationic peptidomimetic lipid molecules into neural cells. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21567-21573. [PMID: 35975061 PMCID: PMC9346625 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino groups in the head group of a cationic lipid play a determinative role regarding the nucleic acid delivery efficiency of the LNP formulated from lipids. Herein, we designed four types of lipid bearing different amine-containing branched head groups to investigate the influence of type and number of amines on the neural cell targeted nuclei acid delivery. Conjugation of an ethylamino group at selected positions of a lysine-based cationic lipid resulted in 4 distinct lipids with 3 (denoted N3 lipid), 4 (denoted N4 lipid), 5 (denoted N5 lipid) and 6 (denoted N6 lipid) amino groups, respectively. Comparative analysis by flow cytometry revealed that the N3 lipid had the highest nucleic acid (plasmid and siRNA) transfection efficiency to neural cell lines (BV2 cells and N2a cells). Furthermore, the N3 lipid mediated delivery of siRNA against Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) into oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated BV2 cells resulted in remarkable silencing of TLR4, inducing alternative polarization (M2) of the cells. Collectively, our data suggest that the N3 lipid is a promising siRNA delivery agent in neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Hai Xiao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Muqier Muqier
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Shuqin Han
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Huricha Baigude
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P.R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
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14
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Peptidomimetic Lipid-Nanoparticle-Mediated Knockdown of TLR4 in CNS Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122072. [PMID: 35745411 PMCID: PMC9228890 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, resulting in proinflammatory polarization of microglia and secondary neuronal damage. Herein, we report a novel lipid-nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated knockdown of TLR4 in microglia and amelioration of neuroinflammation in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). siRNA against TLR4 (siTLR4) complexed to the novel LNP (siTLR4/DoGo310), which was based on a dioleoyl-conjugated short peptidomimetic (denote DoGo310), was readily internalized by the oxygen–glucose-deprived (OGD) mouse primary microglia, knocked-down TLR4, and polarized the cell to the anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. Systemic administration of siTLR4/DoGo310 LNPs in the tMCAO mice model resulted in the accumulation of siRNA mainly in the Iba1 positive cells in the peri-infarct. Analysis of the peri-infarct brain tissue revealed that a single injection of siTLR4/DoGo310 LNPs led to significant knockdown of TLR4 gene expression, reversing the pattern of cytokines expression, and improving the neurological functions in tMCAO model mice. Our data demonstrate that DoGo310 LNPs could be a promising nanocarrier for CNS-targeted siRNA delivery for the treatment of CNS disorders.
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15
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Macks C, Jeong D, Lee JS. Therapeutic efficacy of rolipram delivered by PgP nanocarrier on secondary injury and motor function in a rat TBI model. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:431-445. [PMID: 35184609 PMCID: PMC8905552 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP) as a nanocarrier for the delivery of rolipram (Rm) and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Rm-loaded PgP (Rm-PgP) on secondary injury and motor function in a rat traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. Materials & methods: Rm-PgP was injected in the injured brain lesion immediately after TBI using a microinjection pump. Secondary injury pathologies such as inflammatory response, apoptosis and astrogliosis were assessed by histological analysis and functional recovery was assessed by assorted motor function tests. Results: Rm-PgP restored cyclic adenosine monophosphate level in the injured brain close to the sham level and Rm-PgP treatment reduced lesion volume, neuroinflammation and apoptosis and improved motor function at 7 days post-TBI. Conclusion: One single injection of Rm-PgP can be effective for acute mild TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Macks
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development, & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Daun Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development, & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development, & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA,Author for correspondence:
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16
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Zhou G, Wang Z, Han S, Chen X, Li Z, Hu X, Li Y, Gao J. Multifaceted Roles of cAMP Signaling in the Repair Process of Spinal Cord Injury and Related Combination Treatments. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:808510. [PMID: 35283731 PMCID: PMC8904388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.808510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in multiple pathophysiological processes, including blood–spinal cord barrier disruption, hemorrhage/ischemia, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, scar formation, and demyelination. These responses eventually lead to severe tissue destruction and an inhibitory environment for neural regeneration.cAMP signaling is vital for neurite outgrowth and axonal guidance. Stimulating intracellular cAMP activity significantly promotes neuronal survival and axonal regrowth after SCI.However, neuronal cAMP levels in adult CNS are relatively low and will further decrease after injury. Targeting cAMP signaling has become a promising strategy for neural regeneration over the past two decades. Furthermore, studies have revealed that cAMP signaling is involved in the regulation of glial cell function in the microenvironment of SCI, including macrophages/microglia, reactive astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. cAMP-elevating agents in the post-injury milieu increase the cAMP levels in both neurons and glial cells and facilitate injury repair through the interplay between neurons and glial cells and ultimately contribute to better morphological and functional outcomes. In recent years, combination treatments associated with cAMP signaling have been shown to exert synergistic effects on the recovery of SCI. Agents carried by nanoparticles exhibit increased water solubility and capacity to cross the blood–spinal cord barrier. Implanted bioscaffolds and injected hydrogels are potential carriers to release agents locally to avoid systemic side effects. Cell transplantation may provide permissive matrices to synergize with the cAMP-enhanced growth capacity of neurons. cAMP can also induce the oriented differentiation of transplanted neural stem/progenitor cells into neurons and increase the survival rate of cell grafts. Emerging progress focused on cAMP compartmentation provides researchers with new perspectives to understand the complexity of downstream signaling, which may facilitate the clinical translation of strategies targeting cAMP signaling for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyuan Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of International Medical Service, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Gao
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17
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Xiao H, Han S, Baigude H. Regulation of microglia polarization via mannose receptor-mediated delivery of siRNA by ligand-functionalized DoGo LNP. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32549-32558. [PMID: 35493551 PMCID: PMC9041768 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia after stroke is one of the major causes of secondary brain injury. Downregulation of the gene involved in canonical inflammatory pathways in glial cells can exert neuroprotective effects via inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory factors. In this study, we functionalized DoGo lipids with mannose, the ligand of the mannose receptor (MR) that is expressed in microglia, and evaluated the MR-mediated cellular internalization of DoGo lipid nanoparticles (denote M3) carrying siRNA against TLR4 in BV2 cells in vitro. We confirmed that siTLR4/M3 complexes were specifically internalized by BV2 cells in a MR-dependent manner, and the treatment of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated BV2 cells with siTLR4/M3 complexes resulted in remarkable silencing of TLR4, and induced downregulated M1 polarization and upregulated M2 polarization markers. Collectively, our data suggest that the M3 lipoplex is a promising microglia-targeting siRNA delivery agent. Mannose functionalized DoGo lipid nanoparticles (denote M3) can effectively deliver siRNA to microglia via receptor-mediated internalization, knockdown target gene and induce neuroprotective M2 polarization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xiao
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P. R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Shuqin Han
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P. R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
| | - Huricha Baigude
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010020 P. R. China +86 471 4992511 +86 471 4992511
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18
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Morris G, Walder K, Kloiber S, Amminger P, Berk M, Bortolasci CC, Maes M, Puri BK, Carvalho AF. The endocannabinoidome in neuropsychiatry: Opportunities and potential risks. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105729. [PMID: 34119623 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises two cognate endocannabinoid receptors referred to as CB1R and CB2R. ECS dysregulation is apparent in neurodegenerative/neuro-psychiatric disorders including but not limited to schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and potentially bipolar disorder. The aim of this paper is to review mechanisms whereby both receptors may interact with neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways, which play a pathophysiological role in these disorders. CB1R is located in the presynaptic terminals of GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons where it regulates the retrograde suppression of neurotransmission. CB1R plays a key role in long-term depression, and, to a lesser extent, long-term potentiation, thereby modulating synaptic transmission and mediating learning and memory. Optimal CB1R activity plays an essential neuroprotective role by providing a defense against the development of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, which is achieved, at least in part, by impeding AMPA-mediated increase in intracellular calcium overload and oxidative stress. Moreover, CB1R activity enables optimal neuron-glial communication and the function of the neurovascular unit. CB2R receptors are detected in peripheral immune cells and also in central nervous system regions including the striatum, basal ganglia, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala as well as the ventral tegmental area. CB2R upregulation inhibits the presynaptic release of glutamate in several brain regions. CB2R activation also decreases neuroinflammation partly by mediating the transition from a predominantly neurotoxic "M1" microglial phenotype to a more neuroprotective "M2" phenotype. CB1R and CB2R are thus novel drug targets for the treatment of neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative disorders including schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
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19
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Tang Y, Pan Y, Chen Y, Kong X, Chen J, Zhang H, Tang G, Wu J, Sun X. Metabolomic Profiling of Aqueous Humor and Plasma in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Patients Points Towards Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:621146. [PMID: 33935712 PMCID: PMC8080440 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.621146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness globally characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and irreversible visual deficiency. As the most common type of glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is currently an unmet medical need with limited therapy by lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). However, some patients continue to progress even though their IOP are controlled. Although early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in preventing irreversible visual impairment, there are currently no biomarkers for screening POAG. Metabolomics has the advantages of illustrating the final downstream products of the genome and establishing the closest link to the phenotype. So far, there is no study investigating the metabolomic profiles in both aqueous humor and plasma of POAG patients. Therefore, to explore diagnostic biomarkers, unveil underlying pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategies, a widely targeted metabolomic approach was applied using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry with C18 liquid chromatography to characterize the metabolomic profiles in both aqueous humor and plasma of 28 POAG patients and 25 controls in our study. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to determine differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between POAG and age-matched controls. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the prediction accuracy of the DEMs. The correlation of DEMs with the clinical parameters was determined by Pearson correlation, and the metabolic pathways were analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 4.0. PLS-DA significantly separated POAG from controls with 22 DEMs in the aqueous humor and 11 DEMs in the plasma. Additionally, univariate ROC analysis and correlation analysis with clinical parameters revealed cyclic AMP (AUC = 0.87), 2-methylbenzoic acid (AUC = 0.75), 3'-sialyllactose (AUC = 0.73) in the aqueous humor and N-lac-phe (AUC = 0.76) in the plasma as potential biomarkers for POAG. Moreover, the metabolic profiles pointed towards the alteration in the purine metabolism pathway. In conclusion, the study identified potential and novel biomarkers for POAG by crosslinking the metabolomic profiles in aqueous humor and plasma and correlating with the clinical parameters. These findings have important clinical implications given that no biomarkers are currently available for glaucoma in the clinic, and the study provided new insights in exploring diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies of POAG by targeting metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqiong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hengli Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang No. 1 Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Guangxian Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang No. 1 Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Saroj P, Bansal Y, Singh R, Akhtar A, Sodhi RK, Bishnoi M, Sah SP, Kuhad A. Neuroprotective effects of roflumilast against quinolinic acid-induced rat model of Huntington's disease through inhibition of NF-κB mediated neuroinflammatory markers and activation of cAMP/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:499-511. [PMID: 33517508 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative and hyperkinetic movement disorder. Decreased activity of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is thought to contribute to the death of striatal medium spiny neurons in HD. The present study has been designed to explore the possible role of roflumilast against qunilonic acid (QA) induced neurotoxicity in rats intending to investigate whether it inhibits the neuroinflammatory response through activation of the cAMP/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway. QA was microinjected (200 nmol/2 µl, bilaterally) through the intrastriatal route in the stereotaxic apparatus. Roflumilast (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, orally) once-daily treatment for 21 days significantly improved locomotor activity in actophotometer, motor coordination in rotarod, and impaired gait performance in narrow beam walk test. Moreover, roflumilast treatment significantly attenuated oxidative and nitrosative stress (p < 0.05) through attenuating lipid peroxidation nitrite concentration and enhancing reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels. Furthermore, roflumilast also significantly decreased elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), IFN-γ (p < 0.05), NF-κB (p < 0.05) and significantly increased BDNF(p < 0.05) in the striatum and cortex of rat brain. The results further demonstrated that roflumilast effectively increased the gene expression of cAMP(p < 0.05), CREB(p < 0.05) and decreased the gene expression of PDE4 (p < 0.05) in qRT-PCR. These results conclusively depicted that roflumilast could be a potential candidate as an effective therapeutic agent in the management of HD through the cAMP/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saroj
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Raghunath Singh
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ansab Akhtar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Sodhi
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institue (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Sangeeta Pilkhwal Sah
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
- Department of Physiology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (UIPS), UGC Center of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Jiang H, Zheng Y, Ni J, Xu Y. BAY 73-6691 Alters Neuron Plasticity and Phosphorylation of Tau Through Regulation of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate/Protein Kinase G/Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by cognitive and memory decline, accompanying with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and senile plaques (SP) accumulated by β-amyloid protein (Aβ).
BAY 73-6691, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-9 (PDE-9), can improve learning and memory of elderly rats. However, the effects of BAY 73-6691 on neuroapoptotic and neuroinflammatory events, as well as synaptic plasticity of differentiated PC12 cells are remain unclear. In this work, we screened
apoptotic cells induced by Aβ25-35 via flow cytometry. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 secreted by PC12 cells were estimated by ELISA kits. The levels of cGMP, PKG and CREB mediated by BAY 73-6691 were assessed. Moreover, we conducted western blots analysis
to evaluate the phosphorylation of tau and synaptic related proteins. Results showed that BAY 73-6691 could reduce Aβ25-35-triggered neuroapoptosis and neuroinflammation. Phosphorylation of tau was inhibited by BAY 73-6691, whereas sildenafil citrate (SC, an inhibitor
of cGMP) partially weakened the effect of BAY 73-6691. Additionally, synaptic plasticity restored by BAY 73-6691 was also suppressed via SC. Taken together, BAY 73-6691 exhibited neuro protective effects, and altered tau phosphorylation as well as synaptic related proteins through cGMP/PKG/CREB
pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
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Xu JZ, Gong C, Xie ZF, Zhao H. Development of an Oncogenic Driver Alteration Associated Immune-Related Prognostic Model for Stage I-II Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:593022. [PMID: 33585210 PMCID: PMC7876383 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.593022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) needs to be stratified for its heterogeneity. Oncogenic driver alterations such as EGFR mutation, ALK translocation, ROS1 translocation, and BRAF mutation predict response to treatment for LUAD. Since oncogenic driver alterations may modulate immune response in tumor microenvironment that may influence prognosis in LUAD, the effects of EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF alterations on tumor microenvironment remain unclear. Immune-related prognostic model associated with oncogenic driver alterations is needed. In this study, we performed the Cox-proportional Hazards Analysis based on the L1-penalized (LASSO) Analysis to establish an immune-related prognostic model (IPM) in stage I-II LUAD patients, which was based on 3 immune-related genes (PDE4B, RIPK2, and IFITM1) significantly enriched in patients without EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF alterations in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Then, patients were categorized into high-risk and low-risk groups individually according to the IPM defined risk score. The predicting ability of the IPM was validated in GSE31210 and GSE26939 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. High-risk was significantly associated with lower overall survival (OS) rates in 3 independent stage I-II LUAD cohorts (all P < 0.05). Moreover, the IPM defined risk independently predicted OS for patients in TCGA stage I-II LUAD cohort (P = 0.011). High-risk group had significantly higher proportions of macrophages M1 and activated mast cells but lower proportions of memory B cells, resting CD4 memory T cells and resting mast cells than low-risk group (all P < 0.05). In addition, the high-risk group had a significantly lower expression of CTLA-4, PDCD1, HAVCR2, and TIGIT than the low-risk group (all P < 0.05). In summary, we established a novel IPM that could provide new biomarkers for risk stratification of stage I-II LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhao Xu
- Geriatrics Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chen Gong
- Geriatrics Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zheng-Fu Xie
- Geriatrics Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Geriatrics Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Zhang L, Zhuang X, Kotitalo P, Keller T, Krzyczmonik A, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Forsback S, Grönroos TJ, Han C, López-Picón FR, Xia H. Intravenous transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells reduces neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury via interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1147-1161. [PMID: 33391526 PMCID: PMC7738890 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation has emerged as a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. In the present study, we explored the possible mechanisms of OECs transplantation underlying neuroinflammation modulation. Methods: Spinal cord inflammation after intravenous OEC transplantation was detected in vivo and ex vivo by translocator protein PET tracer [18F]F-DPA. To track transplanted cells, OECs were transduced with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and HSV1-39tk using lentiviral vector and were monitored by fluorescence imaging and [18F]FHBG study. Protein microarray analysis and ELISA studies were employed to analyze differential proteins in the injured spinal cord after OEC transplantation. The anti-inflammation function of the upregulated protein was also proved by in vitro gene knocking down experiments and OECs/microglia co-culture experiment. Results: The inflammation in the spinal cord was decreased after OEC intravenous transplantation. The HSV1-39tk-eGFP-transduced OECs showed no accumulation in major organs and were found at the injury site. After OEC transplantation, in the spinal cord tissues, the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was highly upregulated while many chemokines, including pro-inflammatory chemokines IL-1α, IL-1β were downregulated. In vitro studies confirmed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulus triggered OECs to secrete IL-1Ra. OECs significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated microglial activity, whereas IL-1Ra gene knockdown significantly reduced their ability to modulate microglial activity. Conclusion: The OECs that reached the lesion site were activated by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from activated microglia in the lesion site and secreted IL-1Ra to reduce neuroinflammation. Intravenous transplantation of OECs has high therapeutic effectiveness for the treatment of SCI via the secretion of IL-1Ra to reduce neuroinflammation.
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Roflupram, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory responses through activation of the AMPK/Sirt1 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107176. [PMID: 33243606 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Roflupram (ROF) is a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. We previously found that ROF suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory factors in microglial cells; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of ROF in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells and LPS-challenged mice. Treatment with ROF suppressed LPS-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in BV-2 microglia cell line. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis showed that ROF significantly inhibited the activation of microglia, as evidenced by decreased expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1). Similar results were obtained in primary cultured microglial cells. ROF induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the expression of Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1). Interestingly, the AMPK inhibitor, compound C, blocked the role of ROF in both the phosphorylation of AMPK and the expression of Sirt1 in BV-2 cells stimulated with LPS. More importantly, the Sirt1 inhibitor, EX527, abolished the inhibitory role of ROF on the production of pro-inflammatory factors, and reactivated BV-2 cells. In mice challenged with LPS, ROF improved cognition and decreased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in both the cortex and hippocampus. In contrast, EX527 weakened the effects of ROF on cognitive enhancement and reduction of pro-inflammatory factors in the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, EX527 blocked the inhibitory role of ROF in the activation of microglial cells in both the hippocampus and cortex. Taken together, our results indicated that ROF attenuated LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses in microglia, and the AMPK/Sirt1 pathway is essential for the anti-inflammatory effects of ROF.
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25
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Bhat A, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tuladhar S, Nandakumar DN, Srinivasan M, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB, Guillemin GJ, Sakharkar MK. Phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme as a therapeutic target in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105078. [PMID: 32673703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are a diverse family of enzymes (11 isoforms so far identified) responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which are involved in several cellular and biochemical functions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is the major isoform within this group and is highly expressed in the mammalian brain. An inverse association between PDE4 and cAMP levels is the key mechanism in various pathophysiological conditions like airway inflammatory diseases-chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurological disorders etc. In 2011, roflumilast, a PDE4 inhibitor (PDE4I) was approved for the treatment of COPD. Subsequently, other PDE4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) like apremilast and crisaborole were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for psoriasis, atopic dermatitis etc. Due to the adverse effects like unbearable nausea and vomiting, dose intolerance and diarrhoea, PDE4 inhibitors have very less clinical compliance. Efforts are being made to develop allosteric modulation with high specificity to PDE4 isoforms having better efficacy and lesser adverse effects. Interestingly, repositioning PDE4Is towards neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and sleep disorders, is gaining attention. This review is an attempt to summarize the data on the effects of PDE4 overexpression in neurological disorders and the use of PDE4Is and newer allosteric modulators as therapeutic options. We have also compiled a list of on-going clinical trials on PDE4 inhibitors in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Bhat
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - D N Nandakumar
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107, Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
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Liu XQ, Jin J, Li Z, Jiang L, Dong YH, Cai YT, Wu MF, Wang JN, Ma TT, Wen JG, Liu MM, Li J, Wu YG, Meng XM. Rutaecarpine derivative Cpd-6c alleviates acute kidney injury by targeting PDE4B, a key enzyme mediating inflammation in cisplatin nephropathy. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114132. [PMID: 32622666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), characterized by a rapid decline in renal function, is triggered by an acute inflammatory response that leads to kidney damage. An effective treatment for AKI is lacking. Using in vitro and in vivo AKI models, our laboratory has identified a series of anti-inflammatory molecules and their derivatives. In the current study, we identified the protective role of rutaecarpine (Ru) on renal tubules. We obtained a series of 3-aromatic sulphonamide-substituted Ru derivatives exhibiting enhanced renoprotective and anti-inflammatory function. We identified Compound-6c(Cpd-6c) as having the best activity and examined its protective effect against cisplatin nephropathy both in vivo and in vitro in cisplatin-stimulated tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Our results showed that Cpd-6c restored renal function more effectively than Ru, as evidenced by reduced blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels in mice. Cpd-6c alleviated tubular injury, as shown by PAS staining and molecular analysis of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), with both prevention and treatment protocols in cisplatin-treated mice. Moreover, Cpd-6c decreased kidney inflammation, oxidative stress and programmed cell death. These results have also been confirmed in cisplatin-treated TECs. Using web-prediction algorithms, molecular docking, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), we identified phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) as a Cpd-6c target. In addition, we firstly found that PDE4B was up-regulated significantly in the serum of AKI patients. After identifying the function of PDE4B in cisplatin-treated tubular epithelial cells by siRNA transfection or PDE4 inhibitor rolipram, we showed that Cpd-6c treatment did not protect against cisplatin-induced injury in PDE4B knockdown TECs, thus indicating that Cpd-6c exerts its renoprotective and anti-oxidative effects via the PDE4B-dependent pathway. Collectively, Cpd-6c might serve as a potential therapeutic agent for AKI and PDE4B may be highly involved in the initiation and progression of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qi Liu
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Juan Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Zeng Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yu-Hang Dong
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yu-Ting Cai
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Fei Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tao-Tao Ma
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia-Gen Wen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Ming Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yong-Gui Wu
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; The Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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Activation of SIK1 by phanginin A inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis by increasing PDE4 activity and suppressing the cAMP signaling pathway. Mol Metab 2020; 41:101045. [PMID: 32599076 PMCID: PMC7381706 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Salt-induced kinase 1 (SIK1) acts as a key modulator in many physiological processes. However, the effects of SIK1 on gluconeogenesis and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that a natural compound phanginin A could activate SIK1 and further inhibit gluconeogenesis. The mechanisms by which phanginin A activates SIK1 and inhibits gluconeogenesis were explored in primary mouse hepatocytes, and the effects of phanginin A on glucose homeostasis were investigated in ob/ob mice. Methods The effects of phanginin A on gluconeogenesis and SIK1 phosphorylation were examined in primary mouse hepatocytes. Pan-SIK inhibitor and siRNA-mediated knockdown were used to elucidate the involvement of SIK1 activation in phanginin A-reduced gluconeogenesis. LKB1 knockdown was used to explore how phanginin A activated SIK1. SIK1 overexpression was used to evaluate its effect on gluconeogenesis, PDE4 activity, and the cAMP pathway. The acute and chronic effects of phanginin A on metabolic abnormalities were observed in ob/ob mice. Results Phanginin A significantly increased SIK1 phosphorylation through LKB1 and further suppressed gluconeogenesis by increasing PDE4 activity and inhibiting the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in primary mouse hepatocytes, and this effect was blocked by pan-SIK inhibitor HG-9-91-01 or siRNA-mediated knockdown of SIK1. Overexpression of SIK1 in hepatocytes increased PDE4 activity, reduced cAMP accumulation, and thereby inhibited gluconeogenesis. Acute treatment with phanginin A reduced gluconeogenesis in vivo, accompanied by increased SIK1 phosphorylation and PDE4 activity in the liver. Long-term treatment of phanginin A profoundly reduced blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia in ob/ob mice. Conclusion We discovered an unrecognized effect of phanginin A in suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and revealed a novel mechanism that activation of SIK1 by phanginin A could inhibit gluconeogenesis by increasing PDE4 activity and suppressing the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in the liver. We also highlighted the potential value of phanginin A as a lead compound for treating type 2 diabetes. Phanginin A inhibits gluconeogenesis in primary mouse hepatocytes. Phanginin A increases hepatic SIK1 phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo. Activation of SIK1 increases PDE4 activity and suppresses the cAMP signaling pathway. Activation of SIK1 inhibits gluconeogenesis by regulating the PDE4/cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Phanginin A improves metabolic disorders in ob/ob mice.
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Tavares LP, Negreiros-Lima GL, Lima KM, E Silva PMR, Pinho V, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. Blame the signaling: Role of cAMP for the resolution of inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105030. [PMID: 32562817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A complex intracellular signaling governs different cellular responses in inflammation. Extracellular stimuli are sensed, amplified, and transduced through a dynamic cellular network of messengers converting the first signal into a proper response: production of specific mediators, cell activation, survival, or death. Several overlapping pathways are coordinated to ensure specific and timely induction of inflammation to neutralize potential harms to the tissue. Ideally, the inflammatory response must be controlled and self-limited. Resolution of inflammation is an active process that culminates with termination of inflammation and restoration of tissue homeostasis. Comparably to the onset of inflammation, resolution responses are triggered by coordinated intracellular signaling pathways that transduce the message to the nucleus. However, the key messengers and pathways involved in signaling transduction for resolution are still poorly understood in comparison to the inflammatory network. cAMP has long been recognized as an inducer of anti-inflammatory responses and cAMP-dependent pathways have been extensively exploited pharmacologically to treat inflammatory diseases. Recently, cAMP has been pointed out as coordinator of key steps of resolution of inflammation. Here, we summarize the evidence for the role of cAMP at inducing important features of resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Tavares
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA..
| | - Graziele L Negreiros-Lima
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Kátia M Lima
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia M R E Silva
- Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Tibbo AJ, Baillie GS. Phosphodiesterase 4B: Master Regulator of Brain Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051254. [PMID: 32438615 PMCID: PMC7291338 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the only superfamily of enzymes that have the ability to break down cyclic nucleotides and, as such, they have a pivotal role in neurological disease and brain development. PDEs have a modular structure that allows targeting of individual isoforms to discrete brain locations and it is often the location of a PDE that shapes its cellular function. Many of the eleven different families of PDEs have been associated with specific diseases. However, we evaluate the evidence, which suggests the activity from a sub-family of the PDE4 family, namely PDE4B, underpins a range of important functions in the brain that positions the PDE4B enzymes as a therapeutic target for a diverse collection of indications, such as, schizophrenia, neuroinflammation, and cognitive function.
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Zhou M, Xu R, Kaelber DC, Gurney ME. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blocking agents are associated with lower risk for Alzheimer's disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229819. [PMID: 32203525 PMCID: PMC7089534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This large, retrospective case-control study of electronic health records from 56 million unique adult patients examined whether or not treatment with a Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blocking agent is associated with lower risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, and other inflammatory diseases which are mediated in part by TNF and for which a TNF blocker is an approved treatment. The analysis compared the diagnosis of AD as an outcome measure in patients receiving at least one prescription for a TNF blocking agent (etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab) or for methotrexate. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were estimated using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values. RA was associated with a higher risk for AD (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.06, 95% Confidence Interval: (2.02–2.10), P-value <0.0001) as did psoriasis (AOR = 1.37 (1.31–1.42), P <0.0001), ankylosing spondylitis (AOR = 1.57 (1.39–1.77), P <0.0001), inflammatory bowel disease (AOR = 2.46 (2.33–2.59), P < 0.0001), ulcerative colitis (AOR = 1.82 (1.74–1.91), P <0.0001), and Crohn’s disease (AOR = 2.33 (2.22–2.43), P <0.0001). The risk for AD in patients with RA was lower among patients treated with etanercept (AOR = 0.34 (0.25–0.47), P <0.0001), adalimumab (AOR = 0.28 (0.19–0.39), P < 0.0001), or infliximab (AOR = 0.52 (0.39–0.69), P <0.0001). Methotrexate was also associated with a lower risk for AD (AOR = 0.64 (0.61–0.68), P <0.0001), while lower risk was found in patients with a prescription history for both a TNF blocker and methotrexate. Etanercept and adalimumab also were associated with lower risk for AD in patients with psoriasis: AOR = 0.47 (0.30–0.73 and 0.41 (0.20–0.76), respectively. There was no effect of gender or race, while younger patients showed greater benefit from a TNF blocker than did older patients. This study identifies a subset of patients in whom systemic inflammation contributes to risk for AD through a pathological mechanism involving TNF and who therefore may benefit from treatment with a TNF blocking agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Zhou
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Rong Xu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (R.X.); (M.E.G.)
| | - David C. Kaelber
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics and the Center for Clinical Informatics Research and Education, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Gurney
- Tetra Therapeutics, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail: (R.X.); (M.E.G.)
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Ganbold T, Bao Q, Zandan J, Hasi A, Baigude H. Modulation of Microglia Polarization through Silencing of NF-κB p65 by Functionalized Curdlan Nanoparticle-Mediated RNAi. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11363-11374. [PMID: 32073249 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia polarization plays an important role in poststroke recovery. Inhibition of proinflammatory (M1) polarization and promotion of anti-inflammatory (M2) polarization of microglia are potential therapeutic strategies for inflammation reduction and neuronal recovery after stroke. Here, we evaluated the central nervous system (CNS)-targeted short interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery ability of functionalized curdlan nanoparticles (CMI) and investigated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 silencing efficiency of CMI-mediated siRNA in microglia, as well as the resulting neuroprotective effect of microglia polarization and neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. The systemic delivery of NF-κB p65 siRNA (sip65) complexed to CMI nanoparticles in the mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) resulted in the distribution of siRNA in microglia and significant silencing in NF-κB p65 in the peri-infarct region. Knockdown of NF-κB p65 resulted in M1 to M2 phenotypic transition of microglia, evidenced by the change in the expression pattern of signature cytokines as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD206. Moreover, the CMI-mediated silencing of p65 increased the density of neurons and decreased pyknosis and edema in the peri-infarct region. Assessment of the neurological deficit score on the Bederson scale revealed a significantly reduced score in the mouse model of tMCAO treated with the sip65/CMI complex. Collectively, our data suggest that CMI nanoparticles are a promising CNS-targeting siRNA delivery system, and NF-κB p65 may be a potential therapeutic target for inflammation reduction and poststroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsogzolmaa Ganbold
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010020, PR China
| | - Qingming Bao
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P. R. China
| | - Jargalmaa Zandan
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P. R. China
| | - Agula Hasi
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010020, PR China
| | - Huricha Baigude
- Institute of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P. R. China
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Xu C, Diao YF, Wang J, Liang J, Xu HH, Zhao ML, Zheng B, Luan Z, Wang JJ, Yang XP, Wei MG, Duan JH, Wang KQ, Chen C, Chen F, Ming D, Zhang S, Sun HT, Li XH. Intravenously Infusing the Secretome of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Neurological Functioning After Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:222-234. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun-Feng Diao
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Huan Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming-Liang Zhao
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuo Luan
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Surgery of Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi-Ping Yang
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng-Guang Wei
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Hao Duan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Tao Sun
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Cheng J, Liao Y, Dong Y, Hu H, Yang N, Kong X, Li S, Li X, Guo J, Qin L, Yu J, Ma C, Li J, Li M, Tang B, Yuan Z. Microglial autophagy defect causes parkinson disease-like symptoms by accelerating inflammasome activation in mice. Autophagy 2020; 16:2193-2205. [PMID: 32003282 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1719723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation-induced neuroinflammation is closely associated with the development of Parkinson disease (PD). Macroautophagy/autophagy regulates many biological processes, but the role of autophagy in microglial activation during PD development remains largely unclear. In this study, we showed that deletion of microglial Atg5 caused PD-like symptoms in mice, characterized by impairment in motor coordination and cognitive learning, loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons, enhancement of neuroinflammation and reduction in dopamine levels in the striatum. Mechanistically, we found that inhibition of autophagy led to NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome activation via PDE10A (phosphodiesterase 10A)-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in microglia, and the sequential upregulation of downstream IL1B/IL-1β in turn increased the expression of MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor [glycosylation-inhibiting factor]), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by administration of MCC950, a specific inhibitor for NLRP3, decreased MIF expression and neuroinflammatory levels, and rescued the loss of TH neurons in the substantial nigra (SN). Interestingly, we found that serum MIF levels in PD patients were significantly elevated. Taken together, our results reveal an important role of autophagy in microglial activation-driven PD-like symptoms, thus providing potential targets for the clinical treatment of PD. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cKO: conditional knockout; NOS2/INOS: nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; ITGAM/CD-11b: integrin alpha M/cluster of differentiation molecule 11B; MAP1LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor (glycosylation-inhibiting factor); NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PD: parkinson disease; PDE10A: phosphodiesterase 10A; SN: substantial nigra; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Cheng
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China.,Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China , Beijing, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China.,Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China , Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University , Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Han Hu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangxi Kong
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lixia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Taiyuan, China
| | - Cungen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianke Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Department of Pharmacology and the Proteomics Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Beijing, China
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Tasneem S, Saleem M, Saeed SA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as potential ecto-nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000318271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Tasneem
- University of Karachi, Pakistan; Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- University of Karachi, Pakistan; University of Education, Pakistan
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36
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Moawad H, El Awdan SA, Sallam NA, El-Eraky WI, Alkhawlani MA. Gastroprotective effect of cilostazol against ethanol- and pylorus ligation–induced gastric lesions in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1605-1616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cascade Signals of Papaverine Inhibiting LPS-Induced Retinal Microglial Activation. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:111-119. [PMID: 30852743 PMCID: PMC6453874 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that papaverine can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation. The retinal primary microglia of newborn SD rats were isolated and purified, and a LPS-induced microglia activation model was established. The protein phosphorylation level of the signaling pathway was detected by western blotting. The transcription and expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 were respectively detected by RT-PCR and ELISA to observe the abnormal activation of primary microglia. The cAMP inhibitor Rp-isomer, PKA inhibitor H89, and MEK inhibitor U0126 were separately added to further investigate the role of MEK/Erk in PAP inhibition of primary microglial activation and the relationship between cAMP/PKA and MEK/Erk. It was found that the level of MEK phosphorylation was upregulated after LPS stimulation, which was blocked by 10 μg/ml of papaverine.10μM U0126 significantly inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β and increased IL-10 transcription and expression in retinal microglia (P < 0.01). Both Rp-isomer and H89 upregulated the phosphorylation levels of MEK and Erk. Papaverine may inhibit inflammatory factors and promote the expression of anti-inflammatory factors through the cAMP/PKA and MEK/Erk pathway, thereby inhibiting LPS-induced activation of primary retinal microglia, and the MEK/Erk pathway may be partially regulated by cAMP/PKA, which can provide theoretical basis and experimental basis for its protection of the central nervous system.
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38
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Myers SA, Gobejishvili L, Saraswat Ohri S, Garrett Wilson C, Andres KR, Riegler AS, Donde H, Joshi-Barve S, Barve S, Whittemore SR. Following spinal cord injury, PDE4B drives an acute, local inflammatory response and a chronic, systemic response exacerbated by gut dysbiosis and endotoxemia. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:353-363. [PMID: 30557659 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence links changes in the gut microbiome and intestinal barrier function to alterations in CNS function. We examined the role of endotoxin-responsive, cAMP-specific, Pde4 subfamily b (Pde4b) enzyme in gut dysbiosis induced neuro-inflammation and white matter loss following spinal cord injury (SCI). Using a thoracic contusion model in C57Bl/6 wild type female mice, SCI led to significant shifts in the gut bacterial community including an increase in the phylum Proteobacteria, which consists of endotoxin-harboring, gram-negative bacteria. This was accompanied by increased systemic inflammatory marker, soluble CD14, along with markers of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) and inflammation in the SCI epicenter. Deletion of Pde4b reduced epicenter expression of markers for the ERSR and inflammation, at both acute and chronic time points post-SCI. Correspondingly, expression of oligodendrocyte mRNAs increased. Within the injury penumbra, inflammatory protein markers of activated astrocytes (GFAP), macrophage/microglia (CD11b, Iba1), and the proinflammatory mediator Cox2, were decreased in Pde4b-/- mice. The absence of Pde4b improved white matter sparing and recovery of hindlimb locomotion following injury. Importantly, SCI-induced gut dysbiosis, bacterial overgrowth and endotoxemia were also prevented in Pde4b-/- mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that PDE4B plays an important role in the development of acute and chronic inflammatory response and consequent recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Myers
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 515, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - C Garrett Wilson
- UAB School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Bevill Biomedical Research Building, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kariena R Andres
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Amberly S Riegler
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hridgandh Donde
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 515, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 515, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, CTR Building, Room 515, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Anatomical Science & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 616, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Borst K, Schwabenland M, Prinz M. Microglia metabolism in health and disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 130:104331. [PMID: 30423423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade tremendous progress has been made in understanding how the immune system reacts to insults. During this progress it became obvious that those immune responses are tightly regulated and cross-linked with distinct metabolic changes in immune cells. Extensive research has been conducted mainly on subtypes of T cells, which use different metabolic pathways during differentiation processes and activation states. In addition, it has also been established later, that the innate immune cell lineage of myeloid cells includes a variety of different subsets of bone marrow-derived as well as tissue-specific macrophages, which elicit much more functions than simply killing bacteria. To execute this high variety of functions, also macrophages use different metabolic pathways and are tightly regulated by key metabolic regulators, such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Upon activation, metabolic changes within the cell occur to meet the requirements of the phenotypic switch. In addition, metabolic changes correlate with the ability of innate immune cells to show hallmarks of adaptive immune responses. Little is known about specific metabolic changes of myeloid cells and specifically microglia in vivo. Microglia are key players in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and have become a major target of medical research. Here, we review the existing data on microglia metabolism and the connection of microglia phenotypes with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Lastly, we will discuss how our knowledge about the cellular metabolism might be used to develop new treatment options for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borst
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius Schwabenland
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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40
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Russo I, Di Benedetto G, Kaganovich A, Ding J, Mercatelli D, Morari M, Cookson MR, Bubacco L, Greggio E. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 controls protein kinase A activation state through phosphodiesterase 4. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:297. [PMID: 30368241 PMCID: PMC6204045 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates a cross-regulation between two kinases, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and protein kinase A (PKA). In neurons, LRRK2 negatively regulates PKA activity in spiny projecting neurons during synaptogenesis and in response to dopamine D1 receptor activation acting as an A-anchoring kinase protein (AKAP). In microglia cells, we showed that LRRK2 kinase activity negatively regulates PKA, impacting NF-κB p50 signaling and the inflammatory response. Here, we explore the molecular mechanism underlying the functional interaction between LRRK2 and PKA in microglia. METHODS To understand which step of PKA signaling is modulated by LRRK2, we used a combination of in vitro and ex vivo systems with hyperactive or inactive LRRK2 as well as different readouts of PKA signaling. RESULTS We confirmed that LRRK2 kinase activity acts as a negative regulator of PKA activation state in microglia. Specifically, we found that LRRK2 controls PKA by affecting phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activity, modulating cAMP degradation, content, and its dependent signaling. Moreover, we showed that LRRK2 carrying the G2019S pathological mutation downregulates PKA activation causing a reduction of PKA-mediated NF-κB inhibitory signaling, which results, in turn, in increased inflammation in LRRK2 G2019S primary microglia upon α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils priming. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings indicate that LRRK2 kinase activity is a key regulator of PKA signaling and suggest PDE4 as a putative LRRK2 effector in microglia. In addition, our observations suggest that LRRK2 G2019S may favor the transition of microglia toward an overactive state, which could widely contribute to the progression of the pathology in LRRK2-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Present Address: Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Alice Kaganovich
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Balasubramaniam A, Sheriff S, Friend LA, James JH. Phosphodiesterase 4B knockout prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in rats with burn injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R429-R433. [PMID: 29693432 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00042.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4)-cAMP pathway plays a predominant role in mediating skeletal muscle proteolysis in burn injury. The present investigations to determine the PDE4 isoform(s) involved in this action revealed that burn injury increased the expression of rat skeletal muscle PDE4B mRNA by sixfold but had little or no effect on expression of other PDE4 isoforms. These observations led us to study the effects of burn in PDE4B knockout (KO) rats. As reported by us previously, burn injury significantly increased extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle total and myofibrillar proteolysis in wild-type (WT) rats, but there were no significant effects on either total or myofibrillar protein breakdown in EDL muscle of PDE4B KO rats with burn injury. Moreover, burn injury increased PDE4 activity in the skeletal muscle of WT rats, but this was reduced by >80% in PDE4B KO rats. Also, burn injury decreased skeletal muscle cAMP concentration in WT rats but had no significant effects in the muscles of PDE4B KO rats. Incubation of the EDL muscle of burn-PDE4B KO rats with an inhibitor of the exchange factor directly activated by cAMP, but not with a protein kinase A inhibitor, eliminated the protective effects of PDE4B KO on EDL muscle proteolysis and increased muscle proteolysis to the same extent as in the EDL of burn-WT rats. These novel findings confirm a major role for PDE4B in skeletal muscle proteolysis in burn injury and suggest that an innovative therapy based on PDE4B-selective inhibitors could be developed to treat skeletal muscle cachexia in burn injury without the fear of causing emesis, which is associated with PDE4D inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambikaipakan Balasubramaniam
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio.,Shriner's Hospital for Children , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lou Ann Friend
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
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Blednov YA, Da Costa AJ, Tarbox T, Ponomareva O, Messing RO, Harris RA. Apremilast Alters Behavioral Responses to Ethanol in Mice: I. Reduced Consumption and Preference. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:926-938. [PMID: 29469962 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors produce widespread anti-inflammatory effects and reduce ethanol (EtOH) consumption in several rodent models. These drugs are potential treatments for several diseases, including central nervous system disorders, but clinical use is limited by their emetic activity. Apremilast is a selective PDE4 inhibitor with fewer gastrointestinal side effects that is FDA-approved for the treatment of psoriasis. METHODS We measured the acute and chronic effects of apremilast on EtOH consumption in male and female C57BL/6J mice using the continuous and intermittent 24-hour 2-bottle choice drinking models. We also studied the effects of apremilast on preference for sucrose or saccharin, spontaneous locomotor activity, and blood EtOH clearance. Finally, apremilast levels in plasma, liver, and brain were measured 1 or 2 hours after injection. RESULTS In the continuous and intermittent drinking tests, apremilast (15 to 50 mg/kg, p.o.) dose dependently reduced EtOH intake and preference in male and female mice. Higher doses of apremilast (30 to 50 mg/kg) also reduced total fluid intake in these mice. Chronic administration of apremilast (20 mg/kg) produced a stable reduction in EtOH consumption in both drinking tests with no effect on total fluid intake. The drinking effects were reversible after drug treatment was replaced with vehicle administration (saline) for 2 to 4 days. Six daily apremilast injections did not alter preference for saccharin or sucrose in male or female mice. Apremilast (20 mg/kg) transiently decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and did not alter blood EtOH clearance. The highest levels of apremilast were found in liver followed by plasma and brain. CONCLUSIONS Apremilast produced stable reductions in voluntary EtOH consumption and was rapidly distributed to plasma and tissues (including the brain), suggesting that it may be an improved PDE4 inhibitor for medication development and repurposing efforts to treat alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Adriana J Da Costa
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Tamara Tarbox
- Drug Dynamics Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Olga Ponomareva
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Robert O Messing
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Involvement of IL-17 in Secondary Brain Injury After a Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:541-554. [PMID: 28916896 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory activity of interleukin 17, which is produced by the IL-23/IL-17 axis, has been associated with the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study investigated the potential role of IL-17 in secondary brain injury of TBI in a rat model. Our data showed that the levels of IL-17 increased from 6 h to 7 days and peaked at 3 days, in both the CNS and serum, which were consistent with the severity of secondary brain injury. The IL-23 inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) treatment markedly decreased the expressions of IL-17 and apoptosis-associated proteins cleaved caspase-3 and increased the protein ratio of Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2)/Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein). Meanwhile, neuronal apoptosis was reduced, and neural function was improved after SAHA treatment. This study suggests that IL-17 is involved in secondary brain injury after TBI. Administering an IL-23 inhibitor and thereby blocking the IL-23/IL-17 axis may be beneficial in the treatment of TBI.
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Avila DV, Myers SA, Zhang J, Kharebava G, McClain CJ, Kim HY, Whittemore SR, Gobejishvili L, Barve S. Phosphodiesterase 4b expression plays a major role in alcohol-induced neuro-inflammation. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:376-385. [PMID: 28807677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that alcohol-induced, gut-mediated peripheral endotoxemia plays a significant role in glial cell activation and neuro-inflammation. Using a mouse model of chronic alcohol feeding, we examined the causal role of endotoxin- and cytokine-responsive Pde4 subfamily b (Pde4b) expression in alcohol-induced neuro-inflammation. Both pharmacologic and genetic approaches were used to determine the regulatory role of Pde4b. In C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) alcohol fed (WT-AF) animals, alcohol significantly induced peripheral endotoxemia and Pde4b expression in brain tissue, accompanied by a decrease in cAMP levels. Further, along with Pde4b, there was a robust activation of astrocytes and microglia accompanied by significant increases in the inflammatory cytokines (Tnfα, Il-1β, Mcp-1 and Il-17) and the generalized inflammatory marker Cox-2. At the cellular level, alcohol and inflammatory mediators, particularly LPS, Tnfα and Hmgb1 significantly activated microglial cells (Iba-1 expression) and selectively induced Pde4b expression with a minimal to no change in Pde4a and d isoforms. In comparison, the alcohol-induced decrease in brain cAMP levels was completely inhibited in WT mice treated with the Pde4 specific pharmacologic inhibitor rolipram and in Pde4b-/- mice. Moreover, all the observed markers of alcohol-induced brain inflammation were markedly attenuated. Importantly, glial cell activation induced by systemic endotoxemia (LPS administration) was also markedly decreased in Pde4b-/- mice. Taken together, these findings strongly support the notion that Pde4b plays a critical role in coordinating alcohol-induced, peripheral endotoxemia mediated neuro-inflammation and could serve as a significant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Avila
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Scott A Myers
- Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - JingWen Zhang
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Giorgi Kharebava
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Shirish Barve
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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The isozyme selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, ABI-4, attenuates the effects of lipopolysaccharide in human cells and rodent models of peripheral and CNS inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:285-295. [PMID: 28438557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) have been approved for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, but are associated with dose-limiting nausea and vomiting. These side effects are hypothesized to be mediated by inhibition of the PDE4D isozyme. Here we demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of the novel brain penetrant PDE4D-sparing PDE4 inhibitor, ABI-4. ABI-4 was a potent (EC50∼14nM) inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TNF-α release from mouse microglia and human PBMCs. ABI-4 (0.32mg/kg) blocked LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in blood and brain of mice. In a rat model of endotoxin induced uveitis, ABI-4 (0.03-0.3mg/kg) demonstrated steroid-like efficacy in preventing leucocyte infiltration of the aqueous humor when administered 4h after LPS. LPS (0.32mg/kg×5days) caused a 30% upregulation of translocator protein (TSPO) binding which was prevented by co-administration of ABI-4 (0.32mg/kg). In a paradigm to assess motivation, LPS (0.32mg/kg) reduced the number of rewards received, whereas the effect was significantly blunted in mice dosed with ABI-4 (P<0.05) or in PDE4B-/- mice. PDE4B was also shown to modulate brain and plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in aged mice. Aged mice dosed chronically with ABI-4 (0.32mg/kg) as well as aged PDE4B-/- mice, had significantly lower levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in brain and plasma relative to vehicle treated or PDE4+/+ mice. Together these data demonstrate that the PDE4D sparing, PDE4 inhibitor, ABI-4 retains potency and efficacy in exerting anti-inflammatory effects. This mechanism warrants further investigation in human disorders involving neuroinflammation.
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Wilson NM, Gurney ME, Dietrich WD, Atkins CM. Therapeutic benefits of phosphodiesterase 4B inhibition after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178013. [PMID: 28542295 PMCID: PMC5438188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a deleterious inflammatory response that exacerbates pathology and worsens outcome. This inflammatory response is partially mediated by a reduction in cAMP and a concomitant upregulation of cAMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases (PDEs) acutely after TBI. The PDE4B subfamily, specifically PDE4B2, has been found to regulate cAMP in inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and microglia. To determine if PDE4B regulates inflammation and subsequent pathology after TBI, adult male Sprague Dawley rats received sham surgery or moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury (2 ± 0.2 atm) and were then treated with a PDE4B - selective inhibitor, A33, or vehicle for up to 3 days post-surgery. Treatment with A33 reduced markers of microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration at 3 and 24 hrs after TBI, respectively. A33 treatment also reduced cortical contusion volume at 3 days post-injury. To determine whether this treatment paradigm attenuated TBI-induced behavioral deficits, animals were evaluated over a period of 6 weeks after surgery for forelimb placement asymmetry, contextual fear conditioning, water maze performance and spatial working memory. A33 treatment significantly improved contextual fear conditioning and water maze retention at 24 hrs post-training. However, this treatment did not rescue sensorimotor or working memory deficits. At 2 months after surgery, atrophy and neuronal loss were measured. A33 treatment significantly reduced neuronal loss in the pericontusional cortex and hippocampal CA3 region. This treatment paradigm also reduced cortical, but not hippocampal, atrophy. Overall, these results suggest that acute PDE4B inhibition may be a viable treatment to reduce inflammation, pathology and memory deficits after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Wilson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Gurney
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Coleen M. Atkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Song GJ, Suk K. Pharmacological Modulation of Functional Phenotypes of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:139. [PMID: 28555105 PMCID: PMC5430023 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system that mediate brain homeostasis maintenance. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a hallmark shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Numerous studies have shown microglial activation phenotypes to be heterogeneous; however, these microglial phenotypes can largely be categorized as being either M1 or M2 type. Although the specific classification of M1 and M2 functionally polarized microglia remains a topic for debate, the use of functional modulators of microglial phenotypes as potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has garnered considerable attention. This review discusses M1 and M2 microglial phenotypes and their relevance in neurodegenerative disease models, as described in recent literature. The modulation of microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype may lead to development of future therapeutic and preventive strategies for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we focus on recent studies of microglial polarization modulators, with a particular emphasis on the small-molecule compounds and their intracellular target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyun Jee Song
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu, South Korea
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Zou ZQ, Chen JJ, Feng HF, Cheng YF, Wang HT, Zhou ZZ, Guo HB, Zheng W, Xu JP. Novel Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor FCPR03 Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation by Regulation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB Signaling Pathway and NF- κB Inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:67-77. [PMID: 28450469 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.239608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of microglia contributes to the induction of neuroinflammation, which is highly involved in the pathology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) represents a promising therapeutic target for anti-inflammation; however, the dose-limiting side effects, such as nausea and emesis, have impeded their clinic application. FCPR03, a novel selective PDE4 inhibitor synthesized in our laboratory, shows little or no emetic potency; however, the anti-inflammatory activities of FCPR03 in vitro and in vivo and the molecular mechanisms are still not clearly understood. This study was undertaken to delineate the anti-inflammatory effects of FCPR03 both in vitro and in vivo and explore whether these effects are regulated by PDE4-mediated signaling pathway. BV-2 microglial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mice injected i.p. with LPS were established as in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation. Our results showed that FCPR03 dose dependently suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and iinterleukin-6 in BV-2 microglial cells treated with LPS. The role of FCPR03 in the production of proinflammatory factors was reversed by pretreatment with protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89. In addition, FCPR03 reduced the levels of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus and cortex of mice injected with LPS. Our results further demonstrated that FCPR03 effectively increased the production of cAMP, promoted cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and inhibited nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that FCPR03 inhibits the neuroinflammatory response through the activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway and NF-κB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qiang Zou
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
| | - Jia-Jia Chen
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
| | - Hong-Fang Feng
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
| | - Yu-Fang Cheng
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
| | - Hai-Biao Guo
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
| | - Jiang-Ping Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University (Z.-Q.Z., J.-J.C., H.-F.F., H.-T.W., Z.-Z.Z., J.-P.X.), Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University (Y.-F.C., J.-P.X.), and Modern Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Bai Yunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, (H.-B.G.); and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau (W.Z.), China
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Decreased vasorelaxation induced by iloprost during acute inflammation in human internal mammary artery. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 804:31-37. [PMID: 28373136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction in human internal mammary arteries (IMA) under inflammatory conditions has been associated with attenuated norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction. This effect was associated with increased prostaglandin (PG) E2 and prostacyclin (PGI2) releases. The present study was designed to assess the role of these PG and their receptors (EP and IP, respectively) on the vascular reactivity during acute inflammation. Isolated IMA were cultured in the absence (Control conditions) or presence (Inflammatory conditions) of both interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The vasorelaxation and the increased content of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) induced by iloprost, a PGI2 analogue, were significantly reduced under inflammatory conditions and restored in preparations cultured with the IP antagonist (CAY10441). Decreased cAMP levels under inflammatory conditions are due to at least increased phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4B expression. On the other hand, PGE2, thromboxane analogues and EP agonists-induced vasoconstrictions were not affected under inflammatory conditions. No vasorelaxation was observed with PGD2, PGE2 or the EP2/4 agonists in pre-contracted IMA. Finally, using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, the COX-2, IP receptor and PGI2 synthase (PGIS) were detected. A significant increase of COX-2 and moderate increase of IP mRNA expression was observed under inflammatory conditions, whereas PGIS mRNA level was not affected. This study demonstrates that PGI2/IP receptor signalling and PGI2-induced relaxation are impaired in human IMA during acute inflammation, whereas the responses induced by other prostanoids are not affected. These results could explain some of the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction reported in inflammatory conditions.
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50
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Knott EP, Assi M, Rao SNR, Ghosh M, Pearse DD. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Approach to Neuroprotection and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E696. [PMID: 28338622 PMCID: PMC5412282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide diversity of perturbations of the central nervous system (CNS) result in structural damage to the neuroarchitecture and cellular defects, which in turn are accompanied by neurological dysfunction and abortive endogenous neurorepair. Altering intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammation and immune regulation, neural cell death, axon plasticity and remyelination has shown therapeutic benefit in experimental models of neurological disease and trauma. The second messengers, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP), are two such intracellular signaling targets, the elevation of which has produced beneficial cellular effects within a range of CNS pathologies. The only known negative regulators of cyclic nucleotides are a family of enzymes called phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or guanylate monophosphate (GMP). Herein, we discuss the structure and physiological function as well as the roles PDEs play in pathological processes of the diseased or injured CNS. Further we review the approaches that have been employed therapeutically in experimental paradigms to block PDE expression or activity and in turn elevate cyclic nucleotide levels to mediate neuroprotection or neurorepair as well as discuss both the translational pathway and current limitations in moving new PDE-targeted therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Knott
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Mazen Assi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Sudheendra N R Rao
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Neuroscience Program, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, The Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Bruce Wayne Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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