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Renteria CA, Park J, Zhang C, Sorrells JE, Iyer RR, Tehrani KF, De la Cadena A, Boppart SA. Large field-of-view metabolic profiling of murine brain tissue following morphine incubation using label-free multiphoton microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 408:110171. [PMID: 38777156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effects on neural activation and glucose consumption caused by opiates such as morphine are known, the metabolic machinery underlying opioid use and misuse is not fully explored. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) techniques have been developed for optical imaging at high spatial resolution. Despite the increased use of MPM for neural imaging, the use of intrinsic optical contrast has seen minimal use in neuroscience. NEW METHOD We present a label-free, multimodal microscopy technique for metabolic profiling of murine brain tissue following incubation with morphine sulfate (MSO4). We evaluate two- and three-photon excited autofluorescence, and second and third harmonic generation to determine meaningful intrinsic contrast mechanisms in brain tissue using simultaneous label-free, autofluorescence multi-harmonic (SLAM) microscopy. RESULTS Regional differences quantified in the cortex, caudate, and thalamus of the brain demonstrate region-specific changes to metabolic profiles measured from FAD intensity, along with brain-wide quantification. While the overall intensity of FAD signal significantly decreased after morphine incubation, this metabolic molecule accumulated near the nucleus accumbens. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Histopathology requires tissue fixation and staining to determine cell type and morphology, lacking information about cellular metabolism. Tools such as fMRI or PET imaging have been widely used, but lack cellular resolution. SLAM microscopy obviates the need for tissue preparation, permitting immediate use and imaging of tissue with subcellular resolution in its native environment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the utility of SLAM microscopy for label-free investigations of neural metabolism, especially the intensity changes in FAD autofluorescence and structural morphology from third-harmonic generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Renteria
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Janet E Sorrells
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rishyashring R Iyer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kayvan F Tehrani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alejandro De la Cadena
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; NIH/NIBIB P41 Center for Label-free Imaging and Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Chamaa F, Magistretti PJ, Fiumelli H. Astrocyte-derived lactate in stress disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106417. [PMID: 38296112 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress disorders are psychiatric disorders arising following stressful or traumatic events. They could deleteriously affect an individual's health because they often co-occur with mental illnesses. Considerable attention has been focused on neurons when considering the neurobiology of stress disorders. However, like other mental health conditions, recent studies have highlighted the importance of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. In addition to their structural and homeostatic support role, astrocytes actively serve several functions in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, protecting neurons from toxic compounds, and providing metabolic support for neurons. The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle model sets forth the importance of astrocytes in providing lactate for the metabolic supply of neurons under intense activity. Lactate also plays a role as a signaling molecule and has been recently studied regarding its antidepressant activity. This review discusses the involvement of astrocytes and brain energy metabolism in stress and further reflects on the importance of lactate as an energy supply in the brain and its emerging antidepressant role in stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Chamaa
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hubert Fiumelli
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Kita A, Araki R, Yabe T. Chronic Corticosterone Treatment Decreases Extracellular pH and Increases Lactate Release via PDK4 Upregulation in Cultured Astrocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1542-1549. [PMID: 39313390 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of stress-related disorders involves aberrant glucocorticoid secretion, and decreased pH and increased lactate in the brain are common phenotypes in several psychiatric disorders. Mice treated with glucocorticoids develop these phenotypes, but it is unclear how glucocorticoids affect brain pH. Therefore, we investigated the effect of corticosterone (CORT), the main glucocorticoid in rodents, on extracellular pH and lactate release in cultured astrocytes, which are the main glial cells that produce lactate in the brain. CORT treatment for one week decreased the extracellular pH and increased the extracellular lactate level via glucocorticoid receptors. CORT also increased the intracellular pyruvate level and upregulated pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), while PDK4 overexpression increased extracellular lactate and decreased the extracellular pH. Furthermore, PDK4 inhibition suppressed the increase in extracellular lactate and the decrease in extracellular pH induced by CORT. These results suggest that increased lactate release via accumulation of intracellular pyruvate in astrocytes by chronic glucocorticoid exposure contributes to decreased brain pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Kita
- Laboratory of Functional Biomolecules and Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
| | - Ryota Araki
- Laboratory of Functional Biomolecules and Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
| | - Takeshi Yabe
- Laboratory of Functional Biomolecules and Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
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4
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Luarte A, Nardocci G, Chakraborty A, Batiz LF, Pino-Lagos K, Wyneken Ú. Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in stress-associated mood disorders. Does the immune system get astrocytic? Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106833. [PMID: 37348692 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Life stressors can wreak havoc on our health, contributing to mood disorders like major depressive disorder (MDD), a widespread and debilitating condition. Unfortunately, current treatments and diagnostic strategies fall short of addressing these disorders, highlighting the need for new approaches. In this regard, the relationship between MDD, brain inflammation (neuroinflammation), and systemic inflammation in the body may offer novel insights. Recent research has uncovered the crucial role of astrocytes in coordinating the inflammatory response through the release of extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) during different neuroinflammatory conditions. While the contribution of ADEVs to stress and MDD remains largely unexplored, their potential to modulate immune cells and contribute to MDD pathogenesis is significant. In this article, we delve into the immunomodulatory role of ADEVs, their potential impact on peripheral immune cells, and how their microRNA (miRNA) landscape may hold the key to controlling immune cell activity. Together, these mechanisms may constitute an opportunity to develop novel therapeutic pharmacological approaches to tackle mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Luarte
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile; Program in Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile; Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab, Program in Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile; IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Ankush Chakraborty
- Program in Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Luis Federico Batiz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile; Program in Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile; IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Karina Pino-Lagos
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile; Program in Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Úrsula Wyneken
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile; Program in Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile; IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620001, Chile.
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Muheim CM, Ford K, Medina E, Singletary K, Peixoto L, Frank MG. Ontogenesis of the molecular response to sleep loss. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2023; 14:100092. [PMID: 37020466 PMCID: PMC10068260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2023.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) results in profound cellular and molecular changes in the adult mammalian brain. Some of these changes may result in, or aggravate, brain disease. However, little is known about how SD impacts gene expression in developing animals. We examined the transcriptional response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to SD across postnatal development in male mice. We used RNA sequencing to identify functional gene categories that were specifically impacted by SD. We find that SD has dramatically different effects on PFC genes depending on developmental age. Gene expression differences after SD fall into 3 categories: present at all ages (conserved), present when mature sleep homeostasis is first emerging, and those unique to certain ages. Developmentally conserved gene expression was limited to a few functional categories, including Wnt-signaling which suggests that this pathway is a core mechanism regulated by sleep. In younger ages, genes primarily related to growth and development are affected while changes in genes related to metabolism are specific to the effect of SD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Muheim
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
- WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Ford
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Medina
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Kristan Singletary
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
- WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - Marcos G. Frank
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
- WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
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Overnight Corticosterone and Gene Expression in Mouse Hippocampus: Time Course during Resting Period. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032828. [PMID: 36769150 PMCID: PMC9917930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to test the effect of an elevated level of glucocorticoids on the mouse hippocampal transcriptome after 12 h of treatment with corticosterone that was administered during an active phase of the circadian cycle. Additionally, we also tested the circadian changes in gene expression and the decay time of transcriptomic response to corticosterone. Gene expression was analyzed using microarrays. Obtained results show that transcriptomic responses to glucocorticoids are heterogeneous in terms of the decay time with some genes displaying persistent changes in expression during 9 h of rest. We have also found a considerable overlap between genes regulated by corticosterone and genes implicated previously in stress response. The examples of such genes are Acer2, Agt, Apod, Aqp4, Etnppl, Fabp7, Fam107a, Fjx1, Fmo2, Galnt15, Gjc2, Heph, Hes5, Htra1, Jdp2, Kif5a, Lfng, Lrg1, Mgp, Mt1, Pglyrp1, Pla2g3, Plin4, Pllp, Ptgds, Ptn, Slc2a1, Slco1c1, Sult1a1, Thbd and Txnip. This indicates that the applied model is a useful tool for the investigation of mechanisms underlying the stress response.
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7
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Muheim CM, Ford K, Medina E, Singletary K, Peixoto L, Frank MG. Ontogenesis of the molecular response to sleep loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524266. [PMID: 36712085 PMCID: PMC9882159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) results in profound cellular and molecular changes in the adult mammalian brain. Some of these changes may result in, or aggravate, brain disease. However, little is known about how SD impacts gene expression in developing animals. We examined the transcriptional response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to SD across postnatal development in male mice. We used RNA sequencing to identify functional gene categories that were specifically impacted by SD. We find that SD has dramatically different effects on PFC genes depending on developmental age. Gene expression differences after SD fall into 3 categories: present at all ages (conserved), present when mature sleep homeostasis is first emerging, and those unique to certain ages in adults. Developmentally conserved gene expression was limited to a few functional categories, including Wnt-signaling which suggests that this pathway is a core mechanism regulated by sleep. In younger ages, genes primarily related to growth and development are affected while changes in genes related to metabolism are specific to the effect of SD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Muheim
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
- WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Ford
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Medina
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
| | - Kristan Singletary
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
- WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
| | - Marcos G. Frank
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
- WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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8
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Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase CAMKIγ in the Central Amygdala Controls Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012328. [PMID: 36293185 PMCID: PMC9604347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase I gamma (encoded by the Camk1g gene) depends on the activation of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and is strongly regulated by stress. Since Camk1g is primarily expressed in neuronal cells of the limbic system in the brain, we hypothesized that it could be involved in signaling mechanisms that underlie the adaptive or maladaptive responses to stress. Here, we find that restraint-induced stress and the GR agonist dexamethasone robustly increase the expression of Camk1g in neurons of the amygdalar nuclei in the mouse brain. To assess the functional role of Camk1g expression, we performed a virally induced knock-down of the transcript. Mice with bilateral amygdala-specific Camk1g knock-down showed increased anxiety-like behaviors in the light-dark box, and an increase in freezing behavior after fear-conditioning, but normal spatial working memory during exploration of a Y-maze. Thus, we confirm that Camk1g is a neuron-specific GR-regulated transcript, and show that it is specifically involved in behaviors related to anxiety, as well as responses conditioned by aversive stimuli.
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Tertil M, Skupio U, Kudla L, Wiktorowska L, Przewlocki R. Astroglial Knockout of Glucocorticoid Receptor Attenuates Morphine Withdrawal Symptoms, but Not Antinociception and Tolerance in Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:2423-2426. [PMID: 33821329 PMCID: PMC9418269 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The development of tolerance and drug dependence limit the clinical application of opioids for the treatment of severe pain. Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are among molecular substrates involved in these processes. Most studies focus on the role of neuronal GR, while the involvement of GR on glial cells is not fully understood. To address this issue, we used a transgenic model of conditional GR knockout mice, targeted to connexin 30-expressing astrocytes, treated with repeated doses of morphine. We observed no difference between control mice and astrocytic GR knockouts in the development of antinociceptive tolerance. Nevertheless, when animals were subjected to precipitated withdrawal, knockouts presented some attenuated symptoms, including jumping. Taken together, our data suggest that hippocampal and spinal astrocytic GRs appear to be involved in opioid withdrawal, and drugs targeting the GR may relieve some symptoms of morphine withdrawal without influencing its antinociceptive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Tertil
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Skupio
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucja Kudla
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucja Wiktorowska
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
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Duttke SH, Montilla-Perez P, Chang MW, Li H, Chen H, Carrette LLG, de Guglielmo G, George O, Palmer AA, Benner C, Telese F. Glucocorticoid Receptor-Regulated Enhancers Play a Central Role in the Gene Regulatory Networks Underlying Drug Addiction. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:858427. [PMID: 35651629 PMCID: PMC9149415 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.858427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance abuse and addiction represent a significant public health problem that impacts multiple dimensions of society, including healthcare, the economy, and the workforce. In 2021, over 100,000 drug overdose deaths were reported in the US, with an alarming increase in fatalities related to opioids and psychostimulants. Understanding the fundamental gene regulatory mechanisms underlying addiction and related behaviors could facilitate more effective treatments. To explore how repeated drug exposure alters gene regulatory networks in the brain, we combined capped small (cs)RNA-seq, which accurately captures nascent-like initiating transcripts from total RNA, with Hi-C and single nuclei (sn)ATAC-seq. We profiled initiating transcripts in two addiction-related brain regions, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), from rats that were never exposed to drugs or were subjected to prolonged abstinence after oxycodone or cocaine intravenous self-administration (IVSA). Interrogating over 100,000 active transcription start regions (TSRs) revealed that most TSRs had hallmarks of bonafide enhancers and highlighted the KLF/SP1, RFX, and AP1 transcription factors families as central to establishing brain-specific gene regulatory programs. Analysis of rats with addiction-like behaviors versus controls identified addiction-associated repression of transcription at regulatory enhancers recognized by nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C (NR3C) factors, including glucocorticoid receptors. Cell-type deconvolution analysis using snATAC-seq uncovered a potential role of glial cells in driving the gene regulatory programs associated with addiction-related phenotypes. These findings highlight the power of advanced transcriptomics methods to provide insight into how addiction perturbs gene regulatory programs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha H. Duttke
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | - Max W. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hairi Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Activation of Primary Ciliary Signaling Contributes to the Development of Morphine Tolerance. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:575-585. [PMID: 34417054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine is used extensively in the clinical setting owing to its beneficial effects, such as pain relief; its therapeutic utility is limited because the prolonged use of morphine often results in tolerance and addiction. Astrocytes in the brain are a direct target of morphine action and play an essential role in the development of morphine tolerance. Primary cilia and the cilia-mediated sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathways have been shown to play a role in drug resistance and morphine tolerance, respectively. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles as cargo-carrying vesicles mediating communication among cells and tissues. METHODS C57BL/6N mice were administered morphine for 8 days to develop tolerance, which was determined using the tail-flick and hot plate assays. EVs were separated from astrocyte-conditioned media using either size exclusion chromatography or ultracentrifugation approaches, followed by characterization of EVs using nanoparticle tracking analysis for EV size distribution and number, Western blotting for EV markers, and electron microscopy for EV morphology. Astrocytes were treated with EVs for 24 hours, followed by assessing primary cilia by fluorescent immunostaining for primary cilia markers (ARL13B and acetylated tubulin). RESULTS Morphine-tolerant mice exhibited an increase in primary cilia length and percentage of ciliated astrocytes. The levels of SHH protein were upregulated in morphine-stimulated astrocyte-derived EVs. SHH on morphine-stimulated astrocyte-derived EVs activated SHH signaling in astrocytes through primary cilia. Our in vivo study demonstrated that inhibition of either EV release or primary cilia prevents morphine tolerance in mice. CONCLUSIONS EV-mediated primary ciliogenesis contributes to the development of morphine tolerance.
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Martins-Macedo J, Salgado AJ, Gomes ED, Pinto L. Adult brain cytogenesis in the context of mood disorders: From neurogenesis to the emergent role of gliogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:411-428. [PMID: 34555383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders severely impact patients' lives. Motivational, cognitive and emotional deficits are the most common symptoms observed in these patients and no effective treatment is still available, either due to the adverse side effects or the low rate of efficacy of currently available drugs. Neurogenesis recovery has been one important focus in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, which undeniably contributes to the therapeutic action of antidepressants. However, glial plasticity is emerging as a new strategy to explore the deficits observed in mood disorders and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Thus, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind glio- and neurogenesis to better define treatments and preventive therapies, once adult cytogenesis is of pivotal importance to cognitive and emotional components of behavior, both in healthy and pathological contexts, including in psychiatric disorders. Here, we review the concepts and history of neuro- and gliogenesis, providing as well a reflection on the functional importance of cytogenesis in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Martins-Macedo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Liu B, Li N, He Z, Zhang X, Duan G. Emerging Role of Serum Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 1 in Pathological Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:683527. [PMID: 34093127 PMCID: PMC8177009 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.683527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the management of acute and chronic pain in clinical practice remains unsatisfactory due to the existence of limited effective treatments, and novel therapeutic strategies for pathological pain are urgently needed. In the past few decades, the role of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) in the development of pain and diurnal rhythms has been implicated in numerous studies. The expression levels of SGK1 mRNA and protein were found to be elevated in the spinal cord and brain in various pathological pain models. Blocking SGK1 significantly attenuated pain-like responses and the development of pathological pain. These studies provide strong evidence that SGK1 plays a role in the development of various types of pathological pain and that targeting SGK1 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for pain management. In this review article, we provide evidence from animal models for the potential role of SGK1 in the regulation of pathological pain caused by inflammation, nerve injury, psychiatric disorders, and chronic opioid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ningbo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Role of Non-Coding Regulatory Elements in the Control of GR-Dependent Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084258. [PMID: 33923915 PMCID: PMC8073421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, also known as NR3C1) coordinates molecular responses to stress. It is a potent transcription activator and repressor that influences hundreds of genes. Enhancers are non-coding DNA regions outside of the core promoters that increase transcriptional activity via long-distance interactions. Active GR binds to pre-existing enhancer sites and recruits further factors, including EP300, a known transcriptional coactivator. However, it is not known how the timing of GR-binding-induced enhancer remodeling relates to transcriptional changes. Here we analyze data from the ENCODE project that provides ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq data at distinct time points after dexamethasone exposure of human A549 epithelial-like cell line. This study aimed to investigate the temporal interplay between GR binding, enhancer remodeling, and gene expression. By investigating a single distal GR-binding site for each differentially upregulated gene, we show that transcriptional changes follow GR binding, and that the largest enhancer remodeling coincides in time with the highest gene expression changes. A detailed analysis of the time course showed that for upregulated genes, enhancer activation persists after gene expression changes settle. Moreover, genes with the largest change in EP300 binding showed the highest expression dynamics before the peak of EP300 recruitment. Overall, our results show that enhancer remodeling may not directly be driving gene expression dynamics but rather be a consequence of expression activation.
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Radlicka A, Kamińska K, Borczyk M, Piechota M, Korostyński M, Pera J, Lorenc-Koci E, Rodriguez Parkitna J. Effects of L-DOPA on Gene Expression in the Frontal Cortex of Rats with Unilateral Lesions of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0234-20.2020. [PMID: 33257528 PMCID: PMC7877460 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0234-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Parkinson's disease (PD) causes dysfunction of the frontal cortex, which contributes to the hallmark motor symptoms and is regarded as one of the primary causes of the affective and cognitive impairments observed in PD. Treatment with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) alleviates motor symptoms but has mixed efficacy in restoring normal cognitive functions, which is further complicated by the psychoactive effects of the drug. We investigated how L-DOPA affects gene expression in the frontal cortex in an animal model of unilateral PD. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of gene expression in the frontal cortex of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced unilateral dopaminergic lesions treated with L-DOPA, for two weeks. The analysis of variance identified 48 genes with a significantly altered transcript abundance after L-DOPA treatment. We also performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), which resulted in the detection of five modules consisting of genes with similar expression patterns. The analyses led to three primary observations. First, the changes in gene expression induced by L-DOPA were bilateral, although only one hemisphere was lesioned. Second, the changes were not restricted to neurons but also appeared to affect immune or endothelial cells. Finally, comparisons with databases of drug-induced gene expression signatures revealed multiple nonspecific effects, indicating that a part of the observed response is a common pattern activated by multiple types of drugs in different target tissues. Taken together, our results identify cellular mechanisms in the frontal cortex that are involved in the response to L-DOPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Radlicka
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Borczyk
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Michał Korostyński
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 31-503, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-343, Poland
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Nold V, Richter N, Hengerer B, Kolassa IT, Allers KA. FKBP5 polymorphisms induce differential glucocorticoid responsiveness in primary CNS cells - First insights from novel humanized mice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:402-415. [PMID: 33030232 PMCID: PMC7894319 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a central hub for integration of internal and external conditions and, thus, a regulator of the stress response. Glucocorticoids are the essential communicators of this response. Aberrations in glucocorticoid signaling are a common symptom in patients with psychiatric disorders. The gene FKBP5 encodes a chaperone protein that functionally inhibits glucocorticoid signaling and, thus, contributes to the regulation of stress. In the context of childhood trauma, differential expression of FKBP5 has been found in psychiatric patients compared to controls. These variations in expression levels of FKBP5 were reported to be associated with differences in stress responsiveness in human carriers of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1360780. Understanding the mechanisms underlying FKBP5 polymorphism‐associated glucocorticoid responsiveness in the CNS will lead to a better understanding of stress regulation or associated pathology. To study these mechanisms, two novel humanized mouse lines were generated. The lines carried either the risk (A/T) allele or the resilient (C/G) allele of rs1360780. Primary cells from CNS (astrocytes, microglia, and neurons) were analyzed for their basal expression levels of FKBP5 and their responsiveness to glucocorticoids. Differential expression of FKBP5 was found for these cell types and negatively correlated with the cellular glucocorticoid responsiveness. Astrocytes revealed the strongest transcriptional response, followed by microglia and neurons. Furthermore, the risk allele (A/T) was associated with greater induction of FKBP5 than the resilience allele. Novel FKBP5‐humanized mice display differential glucocorticoid responsiveness due to a single intronic SNP. The vulnerability to stress signaling in the shape of glucocorticoids in the brain correlated with FKBP5 expression levels. The strong responsiveness of astrocytes to glucocorticoids implies astrocytes play a prominent role in the stress response, and in FKBP5‐related differences in glucocorticoid signaling. The novel humanized mouse lines will allow for further study of the role that FKBP5 SNPs have in risk and resilience to stress pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Nold
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, CNSDR, Ingelheim, Germany.,Institute of Psychology & Education, Clinical & Biological Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nadine Richter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, CNSDR, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Bastian Hengerer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, CNSDR, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Institute of Psychology & Education, Clinical & Biological Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kelly Ann Allers
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, CNSDR, Ingelheim, Germany
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Zhang Z, Wu H, Liu Y, Gu X, Zhang W, Ma Z. The GCs-SGK1-ATP Signaling Pathway in Spinal Astrocytes Underlied Presurgical Anxiety-Induced Postsurgical Hyperalgesia. Anesth Analg 2020; 129:1163-1169. [PMID: 30113397 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing surgery often feel anxious. Accumulating evidence indicated that presurgical anxiety was related to the more severe postsurgical pain. An animal model was established that exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to a single-prolonged stress (SPS) procedure to induce presurgical anxiety-like behaviors. The experiment revealed that presurgical anxiety not only aggravated but also prolonged postsurgical pain. However, the underlying mechanisms were unknown. METHODS The rats in group C + Cort, group I + Cort, group A + Cort, and group AI + Cort were injected with corticosterone. The rats in group C + RU486, group I + RU486, group A + RU486, and group AI + RU486 were injected with mifepristone (RU486). The rats in group C + GSK650394 and group AI + GSK650394 were injected with GSK650394. The rats in group C + FC1 and group AI + FC1 were injected with fluorocitrate (FC) 30 minutes before SPS, 30 minutes before incision, and on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The rats in group C + FC2 and group AI + FC2 were injected with FC on postoperative days 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. The paw withdrawal mechanical threshold was assessed 24 hours before SPS and from postoperative days 1 to 28. The level of corticosterone was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α was visualized by Western blot. The concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured by ATP assay kit. RESULTS This study showed SPS elevated plasma glucocorticoids and ATP release from astrocytes, which meant the mechanical pain hypersensitivity in presurgical anxiety-induced postsurgical hyperalgesia was dependent on GCs-SGK1-ATP signaling pathway. SGK1 protein level in astrocytes was increased in response to the glucocorticoid stimuli and enhanced the extracellular release of ATP. Furthermore, spinal astrocytes played a key role in the maintenance. Targeting spinal astrocytes in maintenance phase prevented the pathological progression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested an important signaling pathway that affected the pain sensitivity after operation caused by presurgical anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZuoXia Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Skupio U, Tertil M, Bilecki W, Barut J, Korostynski M, Golda S, Kudla L, Wiktorowska L, Sowa JE, Siwiec M, Bobula B, Pels K, Tokarski K, Hess G, Ruszczycki B, Wilczynski G, Przewlocki R. Astrocytes determine conditioned response to morphine via glucocorticoid receptor-dependent regulation of lactate release. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:404-415. [PMID: 31254970 PMCID: PMC6901448 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, neurons have been the primary focus of research on the role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of brain function and pathological behaviors, such as addiction. Astrocytes, which are also glucocorticoid-responsive, have been recently implicated in the development of drug abuse, albeit through as yet undefined mechanisms. Here, using a spectrum of tools (whole-transcriptome profiling, viral-mediated RNA interference in vitro and in vivo, behavioral pharmacology and electrophysiology), we demonstrate that astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are an important locus of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent transcriptional changes that regulate rewarding effects of morphine. Specifically, we show that targeted knockdown of the GR in the NAc astrocytes enhanced conditioned responses to morphine, with a concomitant inhibition of morphine-induced neuronal excitability and plasticity. Interestingly, GR knockdown did not influence sensitivity to cocaine. Further analyses revealed GR-dependent regulation of astroglial metabolism. Notably, GR knockdown inhibited induced by glucocorticoids lactate release in astrocytes. Finally, lactate administration outbalanced conditioned responses to morphine in astroglial GR knockdown mice. These findings demonstrate a role of GR-dependent regulation of astrocytic metabolism in the NAc and a key role of GR-expressing astrocytes in opioid reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Skupio
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tertil
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bilecki
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Barut
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Golda
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucja Kudla
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucja Wiktorowska
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna E. Sowa
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bobula
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pels
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland ,0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Blazej Ruszczycki
- 0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wilczynski
- 0000 0001 1943 2944grid.419305.aDepartment of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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Avey D, Sankararaman S, Yim AKY, Barve R, Milbrandt J, Mitra RD. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Uncovers a Robust Transcriptional Response to Morphine by Glia. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3619-3629.e4. [PMID: 30257220 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and behavioral responses to opioids are thought to be primarily mediated by neurons, although there is accumulating evidence that other cell types play a prominent role in drug addiction. To investigate cell-type-specific opioid responses, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the nucleus accumbens of mice following acute morphine treatment. Differential expression analysis uncovered unique morphine-dependent transcriptional responses by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. We examined the expression of selected genes, including Cdkn1a and Sgk1, by FISH, confirming their induction by morphine in oligodendrocytes. Further analysis using RNA-seq of FACS-purified oligodendrocytes revealed a large cohort of morphine-regulated genes. The affected genes are enriched for roles in cellular pathways intimately linked to oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, including the unfolded protein response. Altogether, our data illuminate the morphine-dependent transcriptional response by oligodendrocytes and offer mechanistic insights into myelination defects associated with opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Avey
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sumithra Sankararaman
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aldrin K Y Yim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ruteja Barve
- Genome Technology Access Center, Department of Genetics. Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Translational Molecular Approaches in Substance Abuse Research. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 258:31-60. [PMID: 31628598 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive abuse of psychoactive substances is one of the leading contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this book chapter, we review translational research strategies that are applied in the pursuit of new and more effective therapeutics for substance use disorder (SUD). The complex, multidimensional nature of psychiatric disorders like SUD presents difficult challenges to investigators. While animal models are critical for outlining the mechanistic relationships between defined behaviors and genetic and/or molecular changes, the heterogeneous pathophysiology of brain diseases is uniquely human, necessitating the use of human studies and translational research schemes. Translational research describes a cross-species approach in which findings from human patient-based data can be used to guide molecular genetic investigations in preclinical animal models in order to delineate the mechanisms of reward circuitry changes in the addicted state. Results from animal studies can then inform clinical investigations toward the development of novel treatments for SUD. Here we describe the strategies that are used to identify and functionally validate genetic variants in the human genome which may contribute to increased risk for SUD, starting from early candidate gene approaches to more recent genome-wide association studies. We will next examine studies aimed at understanding how transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation in SUD can persistently alter cellular function in the disease state. In our discussion, we then focus on examples from the literature illustrating molecular genetic methodologies that have been applied to studies of different substances of abuse - from alcohol and nicotine to stimulants and opioids - in order to exemplify how these approaches can both delineate the underlying molecular systems driving drug addiction and provide insights into the genetic basis of SUD.
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Xiao L, Han X, Wang XE, Li Q, Shen P, Liu Z, Cui Y, Chen Y. Spinal Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 1 (SGK1) Signaling Contributes to Morphine-Induced Analgesic Tolerance in Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 413:206-218. [PMID: 31220544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that phosphorylated serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is associated with spinal nociceptive sensitization by modulating glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). In this study, we determined whether spinal SGK1 signaling contributes to the development of morphine analgesic tolerance. Chronic morphine administration markedly induced phosphorylation of SGK1 in the spinal dorsal horn neurons. Intrathecal injection of SGK1 inhibitor GSK-650394 reduced the development of morphine tolerance with a significant leftward shift in morphine dose-effect curve. Furthermore, spinal inhibition of SGK1 suppressed morphine-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and upregulation of NMDAR NR1 and NR2B expression in the spinal dorsal horn. In contrast, intrathecal administration of NMDAR antagonist MK-801 had no effect on the phosphorylation of SGK1 in morphine-treated rats. In addition, morphine-induced upregulation of NR2B, but not NR1, was significantly abolished by intrathecal pretreatment with PDTC, a specific NF-κB activation inhibitor. Finally, spinal delivery of SGK1 small interfering RNA exhibited similar inhibitory effects on morphine-induced tolerance, phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, as well as upregulation of NR1 and NR2B expression. Our findings demonstrate that spinal SGK1 contributes to the development of morphine tolerance by enhancing NF-κB p65/NMDAR signaling. Interfering spinal SGK1 signaling pathway could be a potential strategy for prevention of morphine tolerance in chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-E Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pu Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Emery MA, Eitan S. Members of the same pharmacological family are not alike: Different opioids, different consequences, hope for the opioid crisis? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:428-449. [PMID: 30790677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pain management is the specialized medical practice of modulating pain perception and thus easing the suffering and improving the life quality of individuals suffering from painful conditions. Since this requires the modulation of the activity of endogenous systems involved in pain perception, and given the large role that the opioidergic system plays in pain perception, opioids are currently the most effective pain treatment available and are likely to remain relevant for the foreseeable future. This contributes to the rise in opioid use, misuse, and overdose death, which is currently characterized by public health officials in the United States as an epidemic. Historically, the majority of preclinical rodent studies were focused on morphine. This has resulted in our understanding of opioids in general being highly biased by our knowledge of morphine specifically. However, recent in vitro studies suggest that direct extrapolation of research findings from morphine to other opioids is likely to be flawed. Notably, these studies suggest that different opioid analgesics (opioid agonists) engage different downstream signaling effects within the cell, despite binding to and activating the same receptors. This recognition implies that, in contrast to the historical status quo, different opioids cannot be made equivalent by merely dose adjustment. Notably, even at equianalgesic doses, different opioids could result in different beneficial and risk outcomes. In order to foster further translational research regarding drug-specific differences among opioids, here we review basic research elucidating differences among opioids in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, their capacity for second messenger pathway activation, and their interactions with the immune system and the dopamine D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Emery
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shoshana Eitan
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), College Station, TX, USA.
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Urb M, Anier K, Matsalu T, Aonurm-Helm A, Tasa G, Koppel I, Zharkovsky A, Timmusk T, Kalda A. Glucocorticoid Receptor Stimulation Resulting from Early Life Stress Affects Expression of DNA Methyltransferases in Rat Prefrontal Cortex. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:99-110. [PMID: 30852742 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress initiates long-term neurobiological changes that affect stress resilience and increased susceptibility to psychopathology. Maternal separation (MS) is used to cause early life stress and it induces profound neurochemical and behavioral changes that last until adulthood. The molecular pathways of how MS affects the regulation of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt) in brain have not been entirely characterized. We evaluated MS effects on Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b expression, DNMT enzyme activity and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) recruitment to different Dnmt loci in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of Wistar rats. We found increased plasma corticosterone levels after MS that were associated with induced Dnmt expression and enzyme activity in rat PFC at post-natal day 15 (PND15). Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed increased binding of GR at the Dnmt3b promoter after MS, suggesting that genomic signaling of GR is an important regulatory mechanism for the induced Dnmt3b expression and DNMT activity. Although GR also binds to Dnmt3a promoter and a putative regulatory region in intron 3 in rat PFC, its expression after maternal separation may be influenced by other mechanisms. Therefore, GR could be a link between early life stress experience and long-term gene expression changes induced by aberrant DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Urb
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Terje Matsalu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Aonurm-Helm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gunnar Tasa
- Department of Human Biology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Koppel
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Timmusk
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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24
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Solecki WB, Kus N, Gralec K, Klasa A, Pradel K, Przewłocki R. Noradrenergic and corticosteroid receptors regulate somatic and motivational symptoms of morphine withdrawal. Behav Brain Res 2019; 360:146-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Lee SH, Suk K. Kinase-Based Taming of Brain Microglia Toward Disease-Modifying Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:474. [PMID: 30568577 PMCID: PMC6289980 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells residing in the central nervous system (CNS), where they play essential roles in the health and disease. Depending on the CNS inflammatory milieu, they exist in either resting or activated states. Chronic neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia is now considered to be a common characteristic shared by many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which currently pose a significant socioeconomic burden to the global healthcare system. Accumulating evidence has indicated protein kinases (PKs) as important drug targets for therapeutic interventions of these detrimental diseases. Here, we review recent findings suggesting that selected PKs potentially participate in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Taming microglial phenotypes by modulating the activity of these PKs holds great promise for the development of disease-modifying therapies for many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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26
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Tertil M, Skupio U, Barut J, Dubovyk V, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Soltys Z, Golda S, Kudla L, Wiktorowska L, Szklarczyk K, Korostynski M, Przewlocki R, Slezak M. Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in astrocytes is required for aversive memory formation. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:255. [PMID: 30487639 PMCID: PMC6261947 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress elicits the release of glucocorticoids (GCs) that regulate energy metabolism and play a role in emotional memory. Astrocytes express glucocorticoid receptors (GR), but their contribution to cognitive effects of GC's action in the brain is unknown. To address this question, we studied how astrocyte-specific elimination of GR affects animal behavior known to be regulated by stress. Mice with astrocyte-specific ablation of GR presented impaired aversive memory expression in two different paradigms of Pavlovian learning: contextual fear conditioning and conditioned place aversion. These mice also displayed compromised regulation of genes encoding key elements of the glucose metabolism pathway upon GR stimulation. In particular, we identified that the glial, but not the neuronal isoform of a crucial stress-response molecule, Sgk1, undergoes GR-dependent regulation in vivo and demonstrated the involvement of SGK1 in regulation of glucose uptake in astrocytes. Together, our results reveal astrocytes as a central element in GC-dependent formation of aversive memory and suggest their relevance for stress-induced alteration of brain glucose metabolism. Consequently, astrocytes should be considered as a cellular target of therapies of stress-induced brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Tertil
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Urszula Skupio
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Justyna Barut
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Valentyna Dubovyk
- Team Brain Microcircuits in Psychiatric Diseases, BioMed X Innovation Center, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Agnieszka Wawrzczak-Bargiela
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Zbigniew Soltys
- 0000 0001 2162 9631grid.5522.0Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, 30-387 Poland
| | - Slawomir Golda
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Lucja Kudla
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Lucja Wiktorowska
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Klaudia Szklarczyk
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- 0000 0001 1958 0162grid.413454.3Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343 Poland
| | - Michal Slezak
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 31-343, Poland. .,Team Brain Microcircuits in Psychiatric Diseases, BioMed X Innovation Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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27
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Zygmunt M, Piechota M, Rodriguez Parkitna J, Korostyński M. Decoding the transcriptional programs activated by psychotropic drugs in the brain. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12511. [PMID: 30084543 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of drug-induced gene expression in the brain has long held the promise of revealing the molecular mechanisms of drug actions as well as predicting their long-term clinical efficacy. However, despite some successes, this promise has yet to be fulfilled. Here, we present an overview of the current state of understanding of drug-induced gene expression in the brain and consider the obstacles to achieving a robust prediction of the properties of psychoactive compounds based on gene expression profiles. We begin with a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms controlling drug-inducible transcription and the complexity resulting from expression of noncoding RNAs and alternative gene isoforms. Particular interest is placed on studies that examine the associations within drug classes with regard to the effects on gene transcription, alterations in cell signaling and neuropharmacological drug properties. While the ability of gene expression signatures to distinguish specific clinical classes of psychotropic and addictive drugs remains unclear, some reports show that under specific constraints, drug properties can be predicted based on gene expression. Such signatures offer a simple and effective way to classify psychotropic drugs and screen novel psychoactive compounds. Finally, we note that the amount of data regarding molecular programs activated in the brain by drug treatment has grown exponentially in recent years and that future advances may therefore come in large part from integrating the currently available high-throughput data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zygmunt
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Korostyński
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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28
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Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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Morphine-Mediated Brain Region-Specific Astrocytosis Involves the ER Stress-Autophagy Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6713-6733. [PMID: 29344928 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A recent study from our lab has revealed a link between morphine-mediated autophagy and synaptic impairment. The current study was aimed at investigating whether morphine-mediated activation of astrocytes involved the ER stress/autophagy axis. Our in vitro findings demonstrated upregulation of GFAP indicating astrocyte activation with a concomitant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines in morphine-exposed human astrocytes. Using both pharmacological and gene-silencing approaches, it was demonstrated that morphine-mediated defective autophagy involved upstream activation of ER stress with subsequent downstream astrocyte activation via the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). In vivo validation demonstrated preferential activation of ER stress/autophagy axis in the areas of the brain not associated with pain such as the basal ganglia, frontal cortex, occipital cortex, and the cerebellum of morphine-dependent rhesus macaques, and this correlated with increased astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation. Interventions aimed at blocking either the MOR or ER stress could thus likely be developed as promising therapeutic targets for abrogating morphine-mediated astrocytosis.
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30
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Skupio U, Sikora M, Korostynski M, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Piechota M, Ficek J, Przewlocki R. Behavioral and transcriptional patterns of protracted opioid self-administration in mice. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1802-1816. [PMID: 27578564 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to opioids induces adaptations in brain function that lead to the formation of the behavioral and physiological symptoms of drug dependence and addiction. Animal models commonly used to test these symptoms typically last less than two weeks, which is presumably too short to observe the alterations in the brain that accompany drug addiction. Here, we analyzed the phenotypic and molecular effects of nearly lifelong morphine or saccharin intake in C57BL/6J mice. We used multiple paradigms to evaluate the symptoms of compulsive drug intake: a progressive ratio schedule, intermittent access and a schedule involving a risk of punishment were programmed into an automated IntelliCage system. Gene expression profiles were evaluated in the striatum using whole-genome microarrays and further validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the striatum and the prefrontal cortex. Mice voluntary self-administering morphine showed addiction-related behavioral pattern that included: higher motivation to work for a drug reward, increased reward seeking and increased craving. The analysis of molecular changes revealed a tolerance effect in the transcriptional response to morphine injection (20 mg/kg, ip), as well as some long-lasting alterations in gene expression profiles between the analyzed groups of animals. Interestingly, among the morphine-drinking animals, certain transcriptional profiles were found to be associated with alterations in behavior. In conclusion, our model represents a novel approach for investigating the behavioral and molecular mechanisms underlying opioid addiction. Prolonged morphine intake caused adaptive processes in the brain that manifested as altered behavior and transcriptional sensitivity to opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Skupio
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | - Magdalena Sikora
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | | | - Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | - Joanna Ficek
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
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31
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Zhang L, Liang X, Li Y. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 inhibits cell growth of gliomas by targeting miR-93 and inactivating PI3K/AKT pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2408-2416. [PMID: 28791407 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common cancers in the brain, accompanied with high morbility, occurrence, disability and mortality. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed as promoter or inhibitor in many cancer processes. Previous findings have indicated that lncRNA-maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is involved in tumorigenesis of several cancers, including glioma. However, the underlying mechanism of MEG3 in glioma remains elusive. In our study, MEG3 was found downregulated in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues. Downregulated expression of MEG3 was also detected in two human glioma cell lines (U-251, M059J) compared with normal astrocyte cells. MEG3 was then overexpressed by ligating to a lentiviral vector. Overexpressed MEG3 inhibited the proliferation of U-251 cells, and restrained the expression of proliferation marker proteins Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). However, cell apoptosis rate of U-251 cells and the expression of apoptosis marker proteins (caspase-3 and caspase-9) were elevated by MEG3. Furthermore, miR-93 was predicted a direct target of lncRNA-MEG3 by bioinformatics analysis. Overexpressed MEG3 counteracted the role of miR-93 in facilitating proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis in U-251 cells. Moreover, MEG3 restained the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway by reducing cytomembrane translocation of AKT. Finally, the in vivo experiment revealed that MEG3 strongly reduced tumor growth, tumor volume and the expression of Ki67 and PCNA. lncRNA-MEG3 also inhibited the level of miR-93 and the expression of PI3K/AKT pathway related proteins in vivo. Taken together, our research indicated a MEG3-miR-93-PI3K-AKT pathway in regulating the growth of glioma, providing a promising therapy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yulin City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yulin City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yulin City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
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32
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Piechota M, Korostynski M, Golda S, Ficek J, Jantas D, Barbara Z, Przewlocki R. Transcriptional signatures of steroid hormones in the striatal neurons and astrocytes. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:37. [PMID: 28381250 PMCID: PMC5381047 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms of steroids actions in the brain mainly involve the binding and nuclear translocation of specific cytoplasmic receptors. These receptors can act as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. However, steroid-dependent transcriptional regulation in different types of neural cells is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare transcriptional alterations induced by various steroid receptor agonists in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons from mouse brain. Results We utilized whole-genome microarrays (Illumina Mouse WG-6) and quantitative PCR analyses to measure mRNA abundance levels. To stimulate gene expression we treated neuronal and astroglial cultures with dexamethasone (100 nM), aldosterone (200 nM), progesterone (200 nM), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (200 nM) and β-Estradiol (200 nM) for 4 h. Neurons were found to exhibit higher levels of expression of mineralocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor 2 than astrocytes. However, higher mRNA level of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA was observed in astrocytes. We identified 956 genes regulated by steroids. In astrocytes we found 381 genes altered by dexamethasone and 19 altered by aldosterone. Functional classification of the regulated genes indicated their putative involvement in multiple aspects of cell metabolism (up-regulated Slc2a1, Pdk4 and Slc45a3) and the inflammatory response (down-regulated Ccl3, Il1b and Tnf). Progesterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol did not change gene expression in astrocytes. We found no significant changes in gene expression in neurons. Conclusions The obtained results indicate that glial cells might be the primary targets of transcriptional action of steroids in the central nervous system. Substantial changes in gene expression driven by the glucocorticoid receptor imply an important role for the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the hormone-dependent regulation of brain physiology. This is an in vitro study. Hence, the model may not accurately reflect all the effects of steroids on gene expression in neurons in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-017-0352-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał Korostynski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Slawomir Golda
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Ficek
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Danuta Jantas
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ziolkowska Barbara
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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33
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Batiuk MY, de Vin F, Duqué SI, Li C, Saito T, Saido T, Fiers M, Belgard TG, Holt MG. An immunoaffinity-based method for isolating ultrapure adult astrocytes based on ATP1B2 targeting by the ACSA-2 antibody. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8874-8891. [PMID: 28373281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are a major cell type in the mammalian CNS. Astrocytes are now known to play a number of essential roles in processes including synapse formation and function, as well as blood-brain barrier formation and control of cerebral blood flow. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying astrocyte development and function is still rudimentary. This lack of knowledge is at least partly due to the lack of tools currently available for astrocyte biology. ACSA-2 is a commercially available antibody originally developed for the isolation of astrocytes from young postnatal mouse brain, using magnetic cell-sorting methods, but its utility in isolating cells from adult tissue has not yet been published. Using a modified protocol, we now show that this tool can also be used to isolate ultrapure astrocytes from the adult brain. Furthermore, using a variety of techniques (including single-cell sequencing, overexpression and knockdown assays, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry), we identify the ACSA-2 epitope for the first time as ATP1B2 and characterize its distribution in the CNS. Finally, we show that ATP1B2 is stably expressed in multiple models of CNS injury and disease. Hence, we show that the ACSA-2 antibody possesses the potential to be an extremely valuable tool for astrocyte research, allowing the purification and characterization of astrocytes (potentially including injury and disease models) without the need for any specialized and expensive equipment. In fact, our results suggest that ACSA-2 should be a first-choice method for astrocyte isolation and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Y Batiuk
- From the Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research.,the Laboratory of Glia Biology, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, and
| | - Filip de Vin
- From the Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research.,the Laboratory of Glia Biology, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, and
| | - Sandra I Duqué
- From the Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research.,the Laboratory of Glia Biology, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, and
| | - Chen Li
- From the Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research.,the Laboratory of Glia Biology, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, and
| | - Takashi Saito
- the Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0106, Japan, and
| | - Takaomi Saido
- the Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0106, Japan, and
| | - Mark Fiers
- the VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Grant Belgard
- the Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew G Holt
- From the Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, .,the Laboratory of Glia Biology, KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, and
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Koyanagi S, Kusunose N, Taniguchi M, Akamine T, Kanado Y, Ozono Y, Masuda T, Kohro Y, Matsunaga N, Tsuda M, Salter MW, Inoue K, Ohdo S. Glucocorticoid regulation of ATP release from spinal astrocytes underlies diurnal exacerbation of neuropathic mechanical allodynia. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13102. [PMID: 27739425 PMCID: PMC5067584 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal variations in pain hypersensitivity are common in chronic pain disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are enigmatic. Here, we report that mechanical pain hypersensitivity in sciatic nerve-injured mice shows pronounced diurnal alterations, which critically depend on diurnal variations in glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands. Diurnal enhancement of pain hypersensitivity is mediated by glucocorticoid-induced enhancement of the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. We identify serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) as the key molecule responsible for the glucocorticoid-enhanced release of ATP from astrocytes. SGK-1 protein levels in spinal astrocytes are increased in response to glucocorticoid stimuli and enhanced ATP release by opening the pannexin-1 hemichannels. Our findings reveal an unappreciated circadian machinery affecting pain hypersensitivity caused by peripheral nerve injury, thus opening up novel approaches to the management of chronic pain. Neuropathic pain hypersensitivity is known to undergo diurnal variations, although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Using a sciatic nerve-injury mouse model, the authors find such diurnal changes are mediated by glucocorticoid induced enhancement of ATP release from astrocytes via pannexin-1 hemichannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Koyanagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Glocal Healthcare, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Kusunose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Marie Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akamine
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yui Ozono
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Kohro
- Department of Life Innovation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Glocal Healthcare, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Michael W Salter
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1P8
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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35
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Endogenous opioids regulate glucocorticoid-dependent stress-coping strategies in mice. Neuroscience 2016; 330:121-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinases in microglia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:53-59. [PMID: 27457803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are derived from myelogenous cells and contribute to immunological and inflammatory responses in central nervous system. They play important roles not only in infectious diseases and inflammation after stroke, but also in psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. While recent studies suggest the significances of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinases (SGKs) in other immune cells such as macrophages, T cells and dendritic cells, their role in microglia remains unknown. Here we, for the first time, report that SGK1 and SGK3 are expressed in multiple microglial cell lines. An SGK inhibitor, gsk650394, inhibits cell viability. In addition, lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory regulators iNOS and TNFα was enhanced by gsk650394. Furthermore, translocation of NF-κB was enhanced by gsk650394. Taken together, these findings suggest that SGKs may play an important role in regulating microglial viability and inflammatory responses.
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Inoue K, Leng T, Yang T, Zeng Z, Ueki T, Xiong ZG. Role of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinases in stroke. J Neurochem 2016; 138:354-61. [PMID: 27123541 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) can be induced by stress and growth factors in mammals, and plays an important role in cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. A recent work suggested that SGK1 activity restores damage in a stroke model. To further investigate the role of SGKs in ischemic brain injury, we examined how SGK inhibitors influence stroke outcome in vivo and neurotoxicity in vitro. Infarct volumes were compared in adult mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 24 h reperfusion, in the absence or presence of SGK inhibitors. Neurotoxicity assay, electrophysiological recording, and fluorescence Ca(2+) imaging were carried out using cultured cortical neurons to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. Contrary to our expectation, infarct volume by stroke decreased significantly when SGK inhibitor, gsk650394, or EMD638683, was administrated 30 min before middle cerebral artery occlusion under normal and diabetic conditions. SGK inhibitors reduced neurotoxicity mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a leading factor responsible for cell death in stroke. SGK inhibitors also ameliorated Ca(2+) increase and peak amplitude of NMDA current in cultured neurons. In addition, SGK inhibitor gsk650394 decreased phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 and inhibited voltage-gated sodium currents. These observations suggest that SGK activity exacerbates stroke damage and that SGK inhibitors may be useful candidates for therapeutic intervention. To investigate the role of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinases (SGKs) in ischemic brain injury, we examined how SGK inhibitors influence stroke outcome. Infarct volumes induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion were decreased significantly by SGK inhibitors. The inhibitors also reduced glutamate toxicity, at least partly, by attenuation of NMDA and voltage-gated sodium currents. Thus, SGK inhibition attenuates stroke damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Integrative Anatomy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tiandong Leng
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhao Zeng
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Takatoshi Ueki
- Department of Integrative Anatomy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiong
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ficek J, Zygmunt M, Piechota M, Hoinkis D, Rodriguez Parkitna J, Przewlocki R, Korostynski M. Molecular profile of dissociative drug ketamine in relation to its rapid antidepressant action. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:362. [PMID: 27188165 PMCID: PMC4869301 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine was found to act as a fast-acting antidepressant. The effects of single treatment were reported to persist for days to weeks, even in otherwise treatment-refractory cases. Identification of the mechanisms underlying ketamine's antidepressant action may permit development of novel drugs, with similar clinical properties but lacking psychotomimetic, sedative and other side effects. METHODS We applied whole-genome microarray profiling to analyze detailed time-course (1, 2, 4 and 8 h) of transcriptome alterations in the striatum and hippocampus following acute administration of ketamine, memantine and phencyclidine in C57BL/6 J mice. The transcriptional effects of ketamine were further analyzed using next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR. Gene expression alterations induced by the NMDA antagonists were compared to the molecular profiles of psychotropic drugs: antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, psychostimulants and opioids. RESULTS We identified 52 transcripts (e.g. Dusp1, Per1 and Fkbp5) with altered expression (FDR < 1 %) in response to treatment with NMDA receptor antagonists. Functional links that connect expression of the regulated genes to the MAPK, IL-6 and insulin signaling pathways were indicated. Moreover, ketamine-regulated expression of specific gene isoforms was detected (e.g. Tsc22d3, Sgk1 and Hif3a). The comparison with other psychotropic drugs revealed that the molecular effects of ketamine are most similar to memantine and phencyclidine. Clustering based on expression profiles placed the NMDA antagonists among fluoxetine, tianeptine, as well as opioids and ethanol. CONCLUSIONS The identified patterns of gene expression alteration in the brain provided novel molecular classification of ketamine. The transcriptional profile of ketamine reflects its multi-target pharmacological nature. The results reveal similarities between the effects of ketamine and monoaminergic antidepressants that may explain the mechanisms of its rapid antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ficek
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Smetna 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zygmunt
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Smetna 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Smetna 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Dzesika Hoinkis
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Smetna 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Smetna 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Smetna 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Smetna 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland.
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Piechota M, Korostynski M, Ficek J, Tomski A, Przewlocki R. Seqinspector: position-based navigation through the ChIP-seq data landscape to identify gene expression regulators. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:85. [PMID: 26868127 PMCID: PMC4751710 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-0938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells is a complex process that involves epigenetic modifications and the interaction of DNA with multiple transcription factors. This process can be studied with unprecedented sensitivity using a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq). Available ChIP-seq data can be further utilized to interpret new gene expression profiling experiments. Results Here, we describe seqinspector, a tool that accepts any set of genomic coordinates from ChIP-seq or RNA-seq studies to identify shared transcriptional regulators. The presented web resource includes a large collection of publicly available ChIP-seq and RNA-seq experiments (>1300 tracks) performed on transcription factors, histone modifications, RNA polymerases, enhancers and insulators in humans and mice. Over-representation is calculated based on the coverage computed directly from indexed files storing ChIP-seq data (bigwig). Therefore, seqinspector is not limited to pre-computed sets of gene promoters. Conclusion The tool can be used to identify common gene expression regulators for sets of co-expressed transcripts (including miRNAs, lncRNAs or any novel unannotated RNAs) or for sets of ChIP-seq peaks to identify putative protein-protein interactions or transcriptional co-factors. The tool is available at http://seqinspector.cremag.org. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-016-0938-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, 31-344, Poland.
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, 31-344, Poland
| | - Joanna Ficek
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, 31-344, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tomski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, 31-344, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, 31-344, Poland
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40
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Matschke V, Theiss C, Hollmann M, Schulze-Bahr E, Lang F, Seebohm G, Strutz-Seebohm N. NDRG2 phosphorylation provides negative feedback for SGK1-dependent regulation of a kainate receptor in astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:387. [PMID: 26500492 PMCID: PMC4594022 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors play an important role in the function of astrocytes. Among their tasks is the regulation of gliotransmission, gene expression and exocytosis of the tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), which has an enhancing effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and thus prevent over-excitation of neighboring neurons. The kainate receptor GluK2, which is expressed in neurons and astrocytes, is under tight regulation of the PI3-kinase SGK pathway as shown in neurons. SGK1 targets include N-myc downstream-regulated genes (NDRGs) 1 and 2 (NDRG1, NDRG2), proteins with elusive function. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of SGK1, NDRG1, and NDRG2 on GluK2 current amplitude and plasma membrane localization in astrocytes and heterologous expression. We demonstrate that NDRG1 and NDRG2 themselves have no effect on GluK2 current amplitudes in heterologous expressed ion channels. However, when NDRG2 is coexpressed with GluK2 and SGK1, the stimulating effect of SGK1 on GluK2 is suppressed both in heterologous expression and in astrocytes. Here, we reveal a new negative feedback mechanism, whereby GluK2 stimulation by SGK1 is regulated by parallel phosphorylation of NDRG2. This regulation of GluK2 by SGK1 and NDRG2 in astrocytes may play an important role in gliotransmission, modulation of gene expression and regulation of exocytosis of tPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Matschke
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Muenster Muenster, Germany ; Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Hollmann
- Department of Biochemistry I - Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric Schulze-Bahr
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Muenster Muenster, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Muenster Muenster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Muenster Muenster, Germany
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41
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Piechota M, Golda S, Ficek J, Jantas D, Przewlocki R, Korostynski M. Regulation of alternative gene transcription in the striatum in response to antidepressant drugs. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:328-36. [PMID: 26254862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that control the selection of transcription initiation and termination sites in response to pharmacological stimulation of neuronal cells are poorly understood. We used next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics to construct a genome-wide inventory of protein-coding and non-coding transcripts altered by antidepressant treatment. We analyzed available ChIP-seq data to identify mechanisms that control drug-inducible expression of alternative gene variants in the brain. We identified 153 transcripts of various biotypes regulated in the mouse striatum in response to tranylcypromine or mianserin (at a 0.1% FDR threshold). Five drug-responsive gene patterns are enriched in protein-coding variants (77%), regulated by different sets of transcriptional factors (including SRF/CREB1 and GR/CTCF) and expressed in separate cellular compartments of the brain. We found that alterations mediated by proximal promoters in neurons are more specific in the selection of regulated transcriptional isoforms compared with enhancer-dependent alterations in glia. The change in transcriptional programs, from housekeeping to inducible, provides cells with the resource of functionally distinct proteins. We conclude that the regulation of drug-induced brain plasticity may occur at the level of transcripts rather than genes. The expression of specific isoforms in response to antidepressants may constitute a trigger that initiates the long-lasting effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Piechota
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Golda
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ficek
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewlocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland; Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, IPS, UJ, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Korostynski
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology PAS, Krakow, Poland.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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43
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Role of astrocytes in memory and psychiatric disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:240-51. [PMID: 25169821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the traditional description of astrocytes as being merely accessories to brain function has shifted to one in which their role has been pushed into the forefront of importance. Current views suggest that astrocytes:(1) are excitable through calcium fluctuations and respond to neurotransmitters released at synapses; (2) communicate with each other via calcium waves and release their own gliotransmitters which are essential for synaptic plasticity; (3) activate hundreds of synapses at once, thereby synchronizing neuronal activity and activating or inhibiting complete neuronal networks; (4) release vasoactive substances to the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels enabling the coupling of circulation (blood flow) to local brain activity; and (5) release lactate in an activity-dependent manner in order to supply neuronal metabolic demand. In consequence, the role of astrocytes and astrocytic gliotransmitters is now believed to be critical for higher brain function and recently, evidence begins to gather suggesting that astrocytes are pivotal for learning and memory. All of the above are reviewed here while focusing on the role of astrocytes in memory and psychiatric disorders.
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Asadi-Ghalehni M, Motaghinejad O. Attenuation of morphine withdrawal signs, blood cortisol and glucose level with forced exercise in comparison with clonidine. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:171. [PMID: 25250285 PMCID: PMC4166059 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.139181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Morphine withdrawal usually results in undesired outcomes, despite partial benefits of alternative medication such as methadone, because of the lack of mental sedation during the withdrawal period, may not lead to the desired result. In this study, forced exercise by treadmill is used to manage morphine dependence in animal model. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male mice were divided into 5 groups, from which 4 groups became dependent by increasing daily doses of morphine for 6 days (20-45 mg/kg, SC). Afterwards, the animals were treated for 21 days by either of the following protocol: Positive control (dependent) received once daily 45 mg/kg of morphine sulfate (SC) for 21 day, group under treatment by clonidine (0.4 mg/kg, SC) for 21 day group under treatment by forced exercise by treadmill for 21 day, group under treatment by combination of clonidine (0.4 mg/kg, SC) and forced exercise by treadmill for 21day and the negative control group(independent) received saline injection like other groups. Each of this administration was injected at 8 AM. Finally, in the test day (day 28), all animals received a single dose of naloxone (3 mg/kg, SC) at 8 AM and then were observed for withdrawal signs, and Total Withdrawal Score (TWS) was determined as described previously. After withdrawal sign evaluation for evaluation of stress level of dependent mice, blood cortisol and glucose level were measured in non-fasting situations well. Results: This study showed that TWS significantly decreased in all treatment groups in comparison with positive control group (P < 0.001). Moreover, blood cortisol and glucose level significantly decreased in group under treatment by clonidine (0.4 mg/kg) and group under treatment by combination of clonidine (0.4 mg/kg) and forced exercise by treadmill groups in comparison with control positive (dependent) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggested that forced exercise can be useful as adjunct therapy in dependent people and can ameliorate side effects and stress situation of withdrawal syndrome periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Asadi-Ghalehni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozra Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Glial activation and midkine and pleiotrophin transcription in the ventral tegmental area are modulated by morphine administration. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:244-8. [PMID: 25108770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Opiates cause persistent restructuring in the mesolimbic reward system. Although a possible role for midkine and pleiotrophin cytokines in the field of synaptic plasticity has been proposed, it has not been assessed whether morphine administration regulates astrogliosis and midkine and pleiotrophin transcription. We observed that single morphine injection and chronic morphine increased glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Interestingly, single morphine injection and chronic morphine increased VTA midkine and pleiotrophin mRNA expression. Given these results, we hypothesize a role for these cytokines in mediating, at least in part, acute neuroprotective effects and chronic neurotrophic adaptations that contribute to drug dependence.
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Nakajima H, Koizumi K. Family with sequence similarity 107: A family of stress responsive small proteins with diverse functions in cancer and the nervous system (Review). Biomed Rep 2014; 2:321-325. [PMID: 24748967 PMCID: PMC3990222 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under conditions of acute stress, rapid adaptation is crucial for maximizing biological survival. The responses to environmental stress are often complex, involving numerous genes and integrating events at the cellular and organismal levels. The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of highly conserved proteins that play critical roles in maintaining cell homeostasis and protecting cells under chronic and acute stress conditions. The genes for these stress-responding proteins are widely distributed in organisms, tissues and cells. HSPs participate in a variety of physiological processes and are associated with various types of disease. In this review, we focused on family with sequence similarity 107 (FAM107), a novel unique protein family that exhibits functional similarity with HSPs during the cellular stress response. This review aimed to summarize the biological properties of FAM107 in cancer and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Nakajima
- Department of Oncology, Ageo Central General Hospital, Ageo, Saitama 362-8588, Japan ; Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Keita Koizumi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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Jenkins SI, Pickard MR, Khong M, Smith HL, Mann CL, Emes RD, Chari DM. Identifying the cellular targets of drug action in the central nervous system following corticosteroid therapy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:51-63. [PMID: 24147833 PMCID: PMC3894723 DOI: 10.1021/cn400167n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is used widely in the treatment of a range of pathologies, but can delay production of myelin, the insulating sheath around central nervous system nerve fibers. The cellular targets of CS action are not fully understood, that is, "direct" action on cells involved in myelin genesis [oligodendrocytes and their progenitors the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)] versus "indirect" action on other neural cells. We evaluated the effects of the widely used CS dexamethasone (DEX) on purified OPCs and oligodendrocytes, employing complementary histological and transcriptional analyses. Histological assessments showed no DEX effects on OPC proliferation or oligodendrocyte genesis/maturation (key processes underpinning myelin genesis). Immunostaining and RT-PCR analyses show that both cell types express glucocorticoid receptor (GR; the target for DEX action), ruling out receptor expression as a causal factor in the lack of DEX-responsiveness. GRs function as ligand-activated transcription factors, so we simultaneously analyzed DEX-induced transcriptional responses using microarray analyses; these substantiated the histological findings, with limited gene expression changes in DEX-treated OPCs and oligodendrocytes. With identical treatment, microglial cells showed profound and global changes post-DEX addition; an unexpected finding was the identification of the transcription factor Olig1, a master regulator of myelination, as a DEX responsive gene in microglia. Our data indicate that CS-induced myelination delays are unlikely to be due to direct drug action on OPCs or oligodendrocytes, and may occur secondary to alterations in other neural cells, such as the immune component. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative molecular and cellular analysis of CS effects in glial cells, to investigate the targets of this major class of anti-inflammatory drugs as a basis for myelination deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I. Jenkins
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Pickard
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Melinda Khong
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Heather L. Smith
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Carl L.A. Mann
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of North Staffordshire NHS Trust, City General, Newcastle Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 6QG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Emes
- School of Veterinary
Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Divya M. Chari
- Institute for Science
and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, David Weatherall building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5
5BG, United Kingdom
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48
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Carter BS, Hamilton DE, Thompson RC. Acute and chronic glucocorticoid treatments regulate astrocyte-enriched mRNAs in multiple brain regions in vivo. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:139. [PMID: 23966905 PMCID: PMC3736049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have primarily interpreted gene expression regulation by glucocorticoids in the brain in terms of impact on neurons; however, less is known about the corresponding impact of glucocorticoids on glia and specifically astrocytes in vivo. Recent microarray experiments have identified glucocorticoid-sensitive mRNAs in primary astrocyte cell culture, including a number of mRNAs that have reported astrocyte-enriched expression patterns relative to other brain cell types. Here, we have tested whether elevations of glucocorticoids regulate a subset of these mRNAs in vivo following acute and chronic corticosterone exposure in adult mice. Acute corticosterone exposure was achieved by a single injection of 10 mg/kg corticosterone, and tissue samples were harvested 2 h post-injection. Chronic corticosterone exposure was achieved by administering 10 mg/mL corticosterone via drinking water for 2 weeks. Gene expression was then assessed in two brain regions associated with glucocorticoid action (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) by qPCR and by in situ hybridization. The majority of measured mRNAs regulated by glucocorticoids in astrocytes in vitro were similarly regulated by acute and/or chronic glucocorticoid exposure in vivo. In addition, the expression levels for mRNAs regulated in at least one corticosterone exposure condition (acute/chronic) demonstrated moderate positive correlation between the two conditions by brain region. In situ hybridization analyses suggest that select mRNAs are regulated by chronic corticosterone exposure specifically in astroctyes based on (1) similar general expression patterns between corticosterone-treated and vehicle-treated animals and (2) similar expression patterns to the pan-astrocyte marker Aldh1l1. Our findings demonstrate that glucocorticoids regulate astrocyte-enriched mRNAs in vivo and suggest that glucocorticoids regulate gene expression in the brain in a cell type-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Carter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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