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Regan P, Hole KL, Sero J, Williams RJ. Epigallocatechin Gallate Modulates Microglia Phenotype to Suppress Pro-inflammatory Signalling Cues and Inhibit Phagocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4441-4453. [PMID: 38095777 PMCID: PMC11236853 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are crucial players in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), with evidence for both deleterious and beneficial effects. Identifying interventions to modulate microglial responsiveness, promote amyloid β (Aβ) clearance, disrupt plaque formation, or dampen excessive inflammation has therapeutic potential. Bioavailable flavonoids, such as the flavan 3-ols, are of interest due to their antioxidant, metal chelating, signalling, and anti-inflammatory potential. Primary microglia were treated with a series of structurally related flavanol 3-ols to assess effects on phagocytosis, cytokine release, and transcriptional responses by RNA sequencing. Data indicated that the extent of hydroxylation and the presence of the galloyl moiety were strong determinants of flavan 3-ol activity. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was the most effective flavan-3-ol tested and strongly inhibited phagocytosis of Aβ independent of any metal chelating properties, suggesting a more direct modulation of microglia responsiveness. EGCG was broadly anti-inflammatory, reducing cytokine release and downregulating transcription, particularly of components of the microglia extracellular matrix such as MMP3 and SerpinB2. Collectively, this brings new insight into the actions of flavonoids on microglial responsiveness with potential implications for the therapeutic use of EGCG and structurally related flavanol-3-ols in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Regan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Julia Sero
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Arfaei R, Mikaeili N, Daj F, Boroumand A, Kheyri A, Yaraghi P, Shirzad Z, Keshavarz M, Hassanshahi G, Jafarzadeh A, Shahrokhi VM, Khorramdelazad H. Decoding the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in Alzheimer's disease and innovating therapeutic approaches: Keeping All options open. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112328. [PMID: 38796962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, distresses the elderly in large numbers and is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, elevated tau protein levels, and chronic inflammation. The brain's immune system is aided by microglia and astrocytes, which produce chemokines and cytokines. Nevertheless, dysregulated expression can cause hyperinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration. CCL2/CCR2 chemokines are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases exacerbating. Inflicting damage on nerves and central nervous system (CNS) cells is the function of this axis, which recruits and migrates immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. It has been shown that targeting the CCL2/CCR2 axis may be a therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Using the current knowledge about the involvement of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the immunopathogenesis of AD, this comprehensive review synthesizes existing information. It also explores potential therapeutic options, including modulation of the CCL2/CCR2 axis as a possible strategy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Arfaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Mikaeili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daj
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Armin Boroumand
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kheyri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Pegah Yaraghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Shirzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keshavarz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammadi Shahrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Du Y, Guo T, Hao Y, Li C, Tang L, Li X, Zhang X, Li L, Yao D, Xu X, Si H, Zhang J, Zhao N, Yu T, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Xu H. PKCδ serves as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38938161 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the role of a novel type of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) in the neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We analyzed PKCδ and inflammatory cytokines levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD and normal controls, as well as their correlations. The cellular expression pattern of PKCδ and the effects of PKCδ modulation on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS PKCδ levels were increased dramatically in the CSF of AD patients and positively correlated with cytokines. PKCδ is expressed mainly in microglia in the brain. Amyloid beta (Aβ) stimulation increased PKCδ expression and secretion, which led to upregulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. Downregulation or inhibition of PKCδ attenuated Aβ-induced microglial responses and improved cognitive function in an AD mouse model. DISCUSSION Our study identifies PKCδ as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in AD. HIGHLIGHTS Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) levels increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and positively correlate with elevated inflammatory cytokines in human subjects. PKCδ is expressed mainly in microglia in vivo, whereas amyloid beta (Aβ) stimulation increases PKCδ expression and secretion, causing upregulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and production of inflammatory cytokines. Downregulation or inhibition of PKCδ attenuates Aβ-enhanced NF-κB signaling and cytokine production in microglia and improves cognitive function in AD mice. PKCδ serves as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Center for Brain Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yunfeng Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linghui Tang
- Center for Brain Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Center for Brain Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huaxing Si
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinghan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nana Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Center for Brain Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Center for Brain Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Wang N, Cai L, Pei X, Lin Z, Huang L, Liang C, Wei M, Shao L, Guo T, Huang F, Luo H, Zheng H, Chen XF, Leng L, Zhang YW, Wang X, Zhang J, Guo K, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Xu H. Microglial apolipoprotein E particles contribute to neuronal senescence and synaptotoxicity. iScience 2024; 27:110006. [PMID: 38868202 PMCID: PMC11167441 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia exhibit a substantial upregulation of apoE in AD-associated circumstances, despite astrocytes being the primary source of apoE expression and secretion in the brain. Although the role of astrocytic apoE in the brain has been extensively investigated, it remains unclear that whether and how apoE particles generated from astrocytes and microglia differ in biological characteristic and function. Here, we demonstrate the differences in size between apoE particles generated from microglia and astrocytes. Microglial apoE particles impair neurite growth and synapses, and promote neuronal senescence, whereas depletion of GPNMB (glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B) in microglial apoE particles mitigated these deleterious effects. In addition, human APOE4-expressing microglia are more neurotoxic than APOE3-bearing microglia. For the first time, these results offer concrete evidence that apoE particles produced by microglia are involved in neuronal senescence and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lujian Cai
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xinyu Pei
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhihao Lin
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chensi Liang
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Min Wei
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lin Shao
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Honghua Zheng
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiao-fen Chen
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lige Leng
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yun-wu Zhang
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Bharadwaj S, Groza Y, Mierzwicka JM, Malý P. Current understanding on TREM-2 molecular biology and physiopathological functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112042. [PMID: 38703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), a glycosylated receptor belonging to the immunoglobin superfamily and especially expressed in the myeloid cell lineage, is frequently explained as a reminiscent receptor for both adaptive and innate immunity regulation. TREM-2 is also acknowledged to influence NK cell differentiation via the PI3K and PLCγ signaling pathways, as well as the partial activation or direct inhibition of T cells. Additionally, TREM-2 overexpression is substantially linked to cell-specific functions, such as enhanced phagocytosis, reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory cytokine production, increased transcription of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaped T cell function. Whereas TREM-2-deficient cells exhibit diminished phagocytic function and enhanced proinflammatory cytokines production, proceeding to inflammatory injuries and an immunosuppressive environment for disease progression. Despite the growing literature supporting TREM-2+ cells in various diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, substantial facets of TREM-2-mediated signaling remain inadequately understood relevant to pathophysiology conditions. In this direction, herein, we have summarized the current knowledge on TREM-2 biology and cell-specific TREM-2 expression, particularly in the modulation of pivotal TREM-2-dependent functions under physiopathological conditions. Furthermore, molecular regulation and generic biological relevance of TREM-2 are also discussed, which might provide an alternative approach for preventing or reducing TREM-2-associated deformities. At last, we discussed the TREM-2 function in supporting an immunosuppressive cancer environment and as a potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Hence, summarized knowledge of TREM-2 might provide a window to overcome challenges in clinically effective therapies for TREM-2-induced diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Groza
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna M Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Lu HJ, Guo D, Wei QQ. Potential of Neuroinflammation-Modulating Strategies in Tuberculous Meningitis: Targeting Microglia. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1255-1276. [PMID: 37196131 PMCID: PMC11081169 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe complication of tuberculosis (TB) and is associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the infectious agent of TB, disseminates from the respiratory epithelium, breaks through the blood-brain barrier, and establishes a primary infection in the meninges. Microglia are the core of the immune network in the central nervous system (CNS) and interact with glial cells and neurons to fight against harmful pathogens and maintain homeostasis in the brain through pleiotropic functions. However, M. tb directly infects microglia and resides in them as the primary host for bacillus infections. Largely, microglial activation slows disease progression. The non-productive inflammatory response that initiates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines may be neurotoxic and aggravate tissue injuries based on damages caused by M. tb. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging strategy for modulating host immune responses against diverse diseases. Recent studies have shown that HDT can control neuroinflammation in TBM and act as an adjunct therapy to antibiotic treatment. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of microglia in TBM and potential host-directed TB therapies that target microglia to treat TBM. We also discuss the limitations of applying each HDT and suggest a course of action for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daji Guo
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Qi Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Xizang, China
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7
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Peddinti V, Avaghade MM, Suthar SU, Rout B, Gomte SS, Agnihotri TG, Jain A. Gut instincts: Unveiling the connection between gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:266-280. [PMID: 38479921 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by neuroinflammation and gradual cognitive decline. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the mechanism by which GM and microbial metabolites alter brain function is not clearly understood. GM dysbiosis increases the permeability of the intestine, alters the blood-brain barrier permeability, and elevates proinflammatory mediators causing neurodegeneration. This review article introduced us to the composition and functions of GM along with its repercussions of dysbiosis in relation to AD. We also discussed the importance of the gut-brain axis and its role in communication. Later we focused on the mechanism behind gut dysbiosis and the progression of AD including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in neurotransmitter levels. Furthermore, we highlighted recent developments in AD management, such as microbiota-based therapy, dietary interventions like prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Finally, we concluded with challenges and future directions in AD research based on GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Peddinti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Manoj Mohan Avaghade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunil Umedmal Suthar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Biswajit Rout
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyam Sudhakar Gomte
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas Girish Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Ali M, Huarte OU, Heurtaux T, Garcia P, Rodriguez BP, Grzyb K, Halder R, Skupin A, Buttini M, Glaab E. Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling and Gene Regulatory Network Modeling in Tg2576 Mice Reveal Gender-Dependent Molecular Features Preceding Alzheimer-Like Pathologies. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:541-566. [PMID: 35980567 PMCID: PMC10861719 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and progression is influenced by a complex interplay of several environmental and genetic factors, one of them gender. Pronounced gender differences have been observed both in the relative risk of developing AD and in clinical disease manifestations. A molecular level understanding of these gender disparities is still missing, but could provide important clues on cellular mechanisms modulating the disease and reveal new targets for gender-oriented disease-modifying precision therapies. We therefore present here a comprehensive single-cell analysis of disease-associated molecular gender differences in transcriptomics data from the neocortex, one of the brain regions most susceptible to AD, in one of the most widely used AD mouse models, the Tg2576 model. Cortical areas are also most commonly used in studies of post-mortem AD brains. To identify disease-linked molecular processes that occur before the onset of detectable neuropathology, we focused our analyses on an age with no detectable plaques and microgliosis. Cell-type specific alterations were investigated at the level of individual genes, pathways, and gene regulatory networks. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was not large enough to build context-specific gene regulatory networks for each individual cell type, and thus, we focused on the study of cell types with dominant changes and included analyses of changes across the combination of cell types. We observed significant disease-associated gender differences in cellular processes related to synapse organization and reactive oxygen species metabolism, and identified a limited set of transcription factors, including Egr1 and Klf6, as key regulators of many of the disease-associated and gender-dependent gene expression changes in the model. Overall, our analyses revealed significant cell-type specific gene expression changes in individual genes, pathways and sub-networks, including gender-specific and gender-dimorphic changes in both upstream transcription factors and their downstream targets, in the Tg2576 AD model before the onset of overt disease. This opens a window into molecular events that could determine gender-susceptibility to AD, and uncovers tractable target candidates for potential gender-specific precision medicine for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, L‑4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Pierre Garcia
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Beatriz Pardo Rodriguez
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- University of the Basque Country, Cell Biology and Histology Department, 48940, Leioa, Vizcaya, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Kamil Grzyb
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rashi Halder
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a av. de la Faïencerie, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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9
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Ma Q, Chen J, Kong X, Zeng Y, Chen Z, Liu H, Liu L, Lu S, Wang X. Interactions between CNS and immune cells in tuberculous meningitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1326859. [PMID: 38361935 PMCID: PMC10867975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1326859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors its own special immune system composed of microglia in the parenchyma, CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs), dendritic cells, monocytes, and the barrier systems within the brain. Recently, advances in the immune cells in the CNS provided new insights to understand the development of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), which is the predominant form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in the CNS and accompanied with high mortality and disability. The development of the CNS requires the protection of immune cells, including macrophages and microglia, during embryogenesis to ensure the accurate development of the CNS and immune response following pathogenic invasion. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the CNS immune cells during the initiation and development of the TBM. We also explore the interactions of immune cells with the CNS in TBM. In the future, the combination of modern techniques should be applied to explore the role of immune cells of CNS in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuihua Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Neațu M, Covaliu A, Ioniță I, Jugurt A, Davidescu EI, Popescu BO. Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:60. [PMID: 38258071 PMCID: PMC11154277 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the progressive deterioration of cognitive abilities, memory impairment, and the accumulation of abnormal proteins, specifically beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles, within the brain. Despite extensive research efforts, Alzheimer's disease remains without a cure, presenting a significant global healthcare challenge. Recently, there has been an increased focus on antibody-based treatments as a potentially effective method for dealing with Alzheimer's disease. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the current status of research on antibody-based molecules as therapies for Alzheimer's disease. We will briefly mention their mechanisms of action, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profiles while addressing the challenges and limitations encountered during their development. We also highlight some crucial considerations in antibody-based treatment development, including patient selection criteria, dosing regimens, or safety concerns. In conclusion, antibody-based therapies present a hopeful outlook for addressing Alzheimer's disease. While challenges remain, the accumulating evidence suggests that these therapies may offer substantial promise in ameliorating or preventing the progression of this debilitating condition, thus potentially enhancing the quality of life for the millions of individuals and families affected by Alzheimer's disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neațu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Covaliu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia Ioniță
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Jugurt
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugenia Irene Davidescu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Gong Q, Wang Y, Wang X, Pan H, Yan C. Baicalein promotes the microglia M2 polarization and suppresses apoptosis by targeting HMOX1/PDE4D to alleviate Alzheimer's disease. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152761. [PMID: 38006681 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has quickly becoming one of the most expensive, lethal, and burdening diseases of this century. In the past twenty years, hundreds of drugs have been tested while only several have been authorized by FDA for AD treatment, hence, searching for candidate agent with therapeutic potential for AD is imminent. Controlling polarization direction of microglia is crucial in AD therapy. Recent research suggests that baicalein has potential to reduce neuroinflammation and prevent neurodegenerative diseases by affecting microglia, while the specific molecular mechanism of baicalein in regulating microglia in the treatment of AD is still unclear. In this study, we investigated how baicalein affected microglial polarization in AD and potential biological mechanisms. In cell experiments, it was verified that baicalein significantly shifted the BV-2 microglia phenotype from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, inhibited the microglial apoptosis and pro-inflammatory factors, promoted the microglial Aβ uptake and anti-inflammatory factors after LPS stimulated. In APP/PS1 mice, it was found that baicalein decreased the Aβ plaque deposition in brain, attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and neuronal apoptosis in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis and experiment validated that HMOX1 is a target of baicalein, and we elucidated that baicalein modulated the microglial polarization to inhibit neuroinflammation and neural injury through targeting on the HMOX1/PDE4D axis in AD. In conclusion, our findings indicate the therapeutic effect of baicalein for AD, and baicalein might serve a potential agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Gong
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310000, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310000, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310000, China
| | - Haiyan Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310000, China
| | - Ci Yan
- Departments of Psychiatry, Affiliated Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310000, China.
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12
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Son Y, Park HJ, Jeong YJ, Choi HD, Kim N, Lee HJ. Long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure attenuates cognitive dysfunction in 5×FAD mice by regulating microglial function. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2497-2503. [PMID: 37282482 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously found that long-term effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in 5×FAD mice with severe late-stage Alzheimer's disease reduced both amyloid-β deposition and glial activation, including microglia. To examine whether this therapeutic effect is due to the regulation of activated microglia, we analyzed microglial gene expression profiles and the existence of microglia in the brain in this study. 5×FAD mice at the age of 1.5 months were assigned to sham- and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed groups and then animals were exposed to 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at a specific absorption rate of 5 W/kg for 2 hours/day and 5 days/week for 6 months. We conducted behavioral tests including the object recognition and Y-maze tests and molecular and histopathological analysis of amyloid precursor protein/amyloid-beta metabolism in brain tissue. We confirmed that radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure for 6 months ameliorated cognitive impairment and amyloid-β deposition. The expression levels of Iba1 (pan-microglial marker) and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R; regulates microglial proliferation) in the hippocampus in 5×FAD mice treated with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields were significantly reduced compared with those of the sham-exposed group. Subsequently, we analyzed the expression levels of genes related to microgliosis and microglial function in the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed group compared to those of a CSF1R inhibitor (PLX3397)-treated group. Both radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and PLX3397 suppressed the levels of genes related to microgliosis (Csf1r, CD68, and Ccl6) and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Notably, the expression levels of genes related to microglial function, including Trem2, Fcgr1a, Ctss, and Spi1, were decreased after long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure, which was also observed in response to microglial suppression by PLX3397. These results showed that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields ameliorated amyloid-β pathology and cognitive impairment by suppressing amyloid-β deposition-induced microgliosis and their key regulator, CSF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghoon Son
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Ji Jeong
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Department of EMF Research Team, Radio and Broadcasting Technology Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejon, Korea
| | - Nam Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Weaver DF. Druggable targets for the immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1645-1661. [PMID: 37731705 PMCID: PMC10507808 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading threats to the health and socioeconomic well-being of humankind. Though research to develop disease modifying therapies for AD has traditionally focussed on the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, this approach has failed to yield a definitively curative agent. Accordingly, the search for additional or alternative approaches is a medicinal chemistry priority. Dysfunction of the brain's neuroimmune-neuroinflammation axis has emerged as a leading contender. Neuroimmunity however is mechanistically complex, rendering the recognition of candidate receptors a challenging task. Herein, a review of the role of neuroimmunity in the biomolecular pathogenesis of AD is presented with the identification of a 'druggable dozen' targets; in turn, each identified target represents one or more discrete receptors centred on a common biochemical mechanism. The druggable dozen is composed of both cellular and molecular messenger targets, with a 'targetable ten' microglial targets as well as two cytokine-based targets. For each target, the underlying molecular basis, with a consideration of strengths and weaknesses, is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 60 Leonard Avenue Toronto ON M5T 0S8 Canada
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14
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Vaill M, Kawanishi K, Varki N, Gagneux P, Varki A. Comparative physiological anthropogeny: exploring molecular underpinnings of distinctly human phenotypes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2171-2229. [PMID: 36603157 PMCID: PMC10151058 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogeny is a classic term encompassing transdisciplinary investigations of the origins of the human species. Comparative anthropogeny is a systematic comparison of humans and other living nonhuman hominids (so-called "great apes"), aiming to identify distinctly human features in health and disease, with the overall goal of explaining human origins. We begin with a historical perspective, briefly describing how the field progressed from the earliest evolutionary insights to the current emphasis on in-depth molecular and genomic investigations of "human-specific" biology and an increased appreciation for cultural impacts on human biology. While many such genetic differences between humans and other hominids have been revealed over the last two decades, this information remains insufficient to explain the most distinctive phenotypic traits distinguishing humans from other living hominids. Here we undertake a complementary approach of "comparative physiological anthropogeny," along the lines of the preclinical medical curriculum, i.e., beginning with anatomy and considering each physiological system and in each case considering genetic and molecular components that are relevant. What is ultimately needed is a systematic comparative approach at all levels from molecular to physiological to sociocultural, building networks of related information, drawing inferences, and generating testable hypotheses. The concluding section will touch on distinctive considerations in the study of human evolution, including the importance of gene-culture interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaill
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nissi Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ajit Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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15
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Lyu S, Lan Z, Li C. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-apolipoprotein E signaling pathway in diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1291-1299. [PMID: 37130227 PMCID: PMC10309513 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a membrane receptor on myeloid cells and plays an important role in the body's immune defense. Recently, TREM2 has received extensive attention from researchers, and its activity has been found in Alzheimer's disease, neuroinflammation, and traumatic brain injury. The appearance of TREM2 is usually accompanied by changes in apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and there has been a lot of research into their structure, as well as the interaction mode and signal pathways involved in them. As two molecules with broad and important roles in the human body, understanding their correlation may provide therapeutic targets for certain diseases. In this article, we reviewed several diseases in which TREM2 and ApoE are synergistically involved in the development. We further discussed the positive or negative effects of the TREM2-ApoE pathway on nervous system immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukai Lyu
- Department of General Practice, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Zhuoqing Lan
- Department of General Practice, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of General Practice, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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16
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Lefterov I, Fitz NF, Lu Y, Koldamova R. APOEε4 and risk of Alzheimer's disease - time to move forward. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1195724. [PMID: 37274212 PMCID: PMC10235508 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1195724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of Apolipoprotein E4 (APOEε4) brings the highest genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), arguably the highest genetic risk in human pathology. Since the discovery of the association, APOE protein isoforms have been at the center of tens of thousands of studies and reports. While, without a doubt, our knowledge about the normal physiological function of APOE isoforms in the brain has increased tremendously, the questions of how the inheritance of the APOEε4 allele translates into a risk of AD, and the risk is materialized, remain unanswered. Moreover, the knowledge about the risk associated with APOEε4 has not helped design a meaningful preventative or therapeutic strategy. Animal models with targeted replacement of Apoe have been generated and, thanks to the recent NIH/NIA/Alzheimer's disease Association initiative, are now freely available to AD researchers. While helpful in many aspects, none of the available models recapitulates normal physiological transcriptional regulation of the human APOE gene cluster. Changes in epigenetic regulation of APOE alleles in animal models in response to external insults have rarely been if ever, addressed. However, these animal models provide a useful tool to handle questions and investigate protein-protein interactions with proteins expressed by other recently discovered genes and gene variants considered genetic risk factors of AD, like Triggering Receptor expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). In this review, we discuss genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms controlling and influencing APOE expression and focus on interactions of APOE and TREM2 in the context of microglia and astrocytes' role in AD-like pathology in animal models.
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17
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Xu Z, Zhang G, Zhang X, Lei Y, Sun Y, He Y, Yang F, Nan W, Xing X, Li Y, Lin J. Menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells inhibit neuroinflammation by regulating microglia through the TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3/Casp1 pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 157:106386. [PMID: 36754162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common response in various neurological disorders. Mesenchymal stem cell-based treatment has become a promising therapy for neuroinflammation-associated diseases. However, the effects of mesenchymal stem cells are controversial, and the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. In the present study, menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells were intravenously transplanted into a mouse model of neuroinflammation established by peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide. Microglial cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide were cultured with conditioned medium from endometrial stem cells. The levels of cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell proliferation and death were detected by Cell Counting Kit 8 and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase 1 (Casp1) were evaluated by western blotting. The results showed that intravenous transplantation of endometrial stem cells downregulated proinflammatory factors and upregulated anti-inflammatory factors in the brain of mice with neuroinflammation. Conditioned medium suppressed the inflammatory reaction and hyperactivation of microglial cells and protected microglial cells from cell death induced by lipopolysaccharide in vitro. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, NLRP3 and Casp1 in the brain of mice with neuroinflammation and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells was downregulated by endometrial stem cells and conditioned medium, respectively. These data suggested that menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells may suppress neuroinflammatory reactions partially by regulating microglia through the TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3/Casp1 signalling pathway. Our findings may be very useful for the development of an alternative stem cell-based therapy for neuroinflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Yuliang Sun
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Ya'nan He
- Zhongyuan Stem Cell Research Institute, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Fen Yang
- Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Wenbin Nan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xuekun Xing
- College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yonghai Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Juntang Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Stem Cells and Biotherapy Engineering and Technology Research Center of Henan, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, National Joint Engineering Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biotherapy, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
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18
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Shirbandi K, Khalafi M, J Bevelacqua J, Sadeghian N, Adiban S, Bahaeddini Zarandi F, Mortazavi SA, Mortazavi SH, Mortazavi SMJ, S Welsh J. Exposure to Low Levels of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Cell-phones as a Promising Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Review Study. J Biomed Phys Eng 2023; 13:3-16. [PMID: 36818013 PMCID: PMC9923247 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2109-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most significant public health concerns and tremendous economic challenges. Studies conducted over the past decades show that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) may relieve AD symptoms. OBJECTIVE To determine if exposure to RF-EMFs emitted by cellphones affect the risk of AD. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this review, all relevant published articles reporting an association of cell phone use with AD were studied. We systematically searched international datasets to identify relevant studies. Finally, 33 studies were included in the review. Our review discusses the effects of RF-EMFs on the amyloid β (Aβ), oxidative stress, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuronal death, and astrocyte responses. Moreover, the role of exposure parameters, including the type of exposure, its duration, and specific absorption rate (SAR), are discussed. RESULTS Progressive factors of AD such as Aβ, myelin basic protein (MBP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL) were decreased. While tau protein showed no change, factors affecting brain activity such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain temperature, and neuronal activity were increased. CONCLUSION Exposure to low levels of RF-EMFs can reduce the risk of AD by increasing MAPK and GFAP and decreasing MBP. Considering the role of apoptosis in AD and the effect of RF-EMF on the progression of the process, this review indicates the positive effect of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Shirbandi
- Department of International Affairs (IAD), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalafi
- Allied Health Science, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Najmeh Sadeghian
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saina Adiban
- Biotechnology Student, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - James S Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital Hines, Illinois, USA
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19
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L K, Ng TKS, Wee HN, Ching J. Gut-brain axis through the lens of gut microbiota and their relationships with Alzheimer's disease pathology: Review and recommendations. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111787. [PMID: 36736919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome (GM) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGB). Alterations in GM composition and diversity have been observed in both animal models and in human patients with AD. GM dysbiosis has been implicated in increased intestinal permeability, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, neuroinflammation and the development of hallmarks of AD. Further elucidation of the role of GM in AD could pave way for the development of holistic predictive methods for determining AD risk and progression of disease. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that GM modulation could alleviate adverse symptoms of AD or serve as a preventive measure. In addition, increasing evidence shows that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is often comorbid with AD, with common GM alterations and inflammatory response, which could chart the development of GM-related treatment interventions for both diseases. We conclude by exploring the therapeutic potential of GM in alleviating symptoms of AD and in reducing risk. Furthermore, we also propose future directions in AD research, namely fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishaa L
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ted Kheng Siang Ng
- Arizona State University, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, USA.
| | - Hai Ning Wee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jianhong Ching
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
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20
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Muto E, Okada T, Yamanaka T, Uchino H, Inazu M. Licochalcone E, a β-Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitor, Regulates Microglial M1/M2 Polarization via Inhibition of CTL1-Mediated Choline Uptake. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020191. [PMID: 36830561 PMCID: PMC9953043 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to be a series of neuroinflammatory diseases caused by abnormal deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein in the brain as part of its etiology. We focused on Aβ aggregation and M1 and M2 microglial polarity in microglia to search for novel therapeutic agents. It has been reported that the inhibition of choline uptake via choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) in microglia preferentially induces M2 microglial polarity. However, the role of the choline transport system on the regulation of microglial M1/M2 polarity in AD is not fully understood. Licochalcones (Licos) A-E, flavonoids extracted from licorice, have been reported to have immunological anti-inflammatory effects, and Lico A inhibits Aβ aggregation. In this study, we compared the efficacy of five Licos, from Lico A to E, at inhibiting Aβ1-42 aggregation. Among the five Licos, Lico E was selected to investigate the relationship between the inhibition of choline uptake and microglial M1/M2 polarization using the immortalized mouse microglial cell line SIM-A9. We newly found that Lico E inhibited choline uptake and Aβ1-42 aggregation in SIM-A9 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of Lico E on choline uptake is mediated by CTL1. The mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), a marker of M1 microglia, was increased by Aβ1-42, and its effect was inhibited by choline deprivation and Lico E in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, the mRNA expression of arginase-1 (Arg-1), a marker of M2 microglia, was increased by IL-4, and its effect was enhanced by choline deprivation and Lico E. We found that Lico E has an inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation and promotes polarity from M1 to M2 microglia via inhibition of the CTL1 function in microglia. Thus, Lico E may become a leading compound for a novel treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Muto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Toshio Okada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Masato Inazu
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3351-6141
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21
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Basha SKC, Ramaiah MJ, Kosagisharaf JR. Untangling the Role of TREM2 in Conjugation with Microglia in Neuronal Dysfunction: A Hypothesis on a Novel Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S319-S333. [PMID: 36683512 PMCID: PMC10473115 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder involving heterogenous pathophysiological characteristics, which has become a challenge to therapeutics. The major pathophysiology of AD comprises amyloid-β (Aβ), tau, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Recent studies indicate the significance of Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and its mutant variants in AD. TREM2 are the transmembrane receptors of microglial cells that performs a broad range of physiological cell processes. Phagocytosis of Aβ is one of the physiological roles of TREM2, which plays a pivotal role in AD progression. R47H, a mutant variant of TREM2, increases the risk of AD by impairing TREM2-Aβ binding. Inconclusive evidence regarding the TREM2 signaling cascade mechanism of Aβ phagocytosis motivates the current review to propose a new hypothesis. The review systematically assesses the cross talk between TREM2 and other AD pathological domains and the influence of TREM2 on amyloid and tau seeding. Disease associated microglia (DAM), a novel state of microglia with unique transcriptional and functional signatures reported in neurodegenerative conditions, also depend on the TREM2 pathway for its differentiation. DAM is suggested to have a neuroprotective role. We hypothesize that TREM2, along with its signaling adaptors and endogenous proteins, play a key role in ameliorating Aβ clearance. We indicate that TREM2 has the potential to ameliorate the Aβ burden, though with differential clearance ability and may act as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Chand Basha
- Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Mekala Janaki Ramaiah
- Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Jagannatha Rao Kosagisharaf
- Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
- National Science System (SENACYT), INDICASAT – AIP, Panama
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22
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Mudimela S, Vishwanath NK, Pillai A, Morales R, Marrelli SP, Barichello T, Giridharan VV. Clinical significance and potential role of trimethylamine N-oxide in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103334. [PMID: 35998800 PMCID: PMC10392962 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades, research on the gut microbiome and its metabolites, such as trimethylamines (TMA), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), bile acids, tryptophan and indole derivatives, has attracted the attention of many scientists and industrialists. Among these metabolites, TMAO is produced from dietary choline, phosphatidylcholine, carnitine,andbetaine. TMAO and other gut metabolites, such as TMA and SCFAs, reach the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are involved in brain development, neurogenesis, and behavior. Gut-microbiota composition is influenced by diet, lifestyle, antibiotics, and age. Several studies have confirmed that altered TMAO levels contribute to metabolic, vascular, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on how altered TMAO levels impact oxidative stress, microglial activation, and the apoptosis of neurons, and may lead to neuroinflammation, which can subsequently result in the development of psychiatric, cognitive, and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowjanya Mudimela
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PES University, HN-Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sean P Marrelli
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Translational Psychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Experimental Physiopathology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Translational Psychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
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23
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Wang S, Sudan R, Peng V, Zhou Y, Du S, Yuede CM, Lei T, Hou J, Cai Z, Cella M, Nguyen K, Poliani PL, Beatty WL, Chen Y, Cao S, Lin K, Rodrigues C, Ellebedy AH, Gilfillan S, Brown GD, Holtzman DM, Brioschi S, Colonna M. TREM2 drives microglia response to amyloid-β via SYK-dependent and -independent pathways. Cell 2022; 185:4153-4169.e19. [PMID: 36306735 PMCID: PMC9625082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have highlighted microglia as pivotal in orchestrating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia that adhere to Aβ plaques acquire a transcriptional signature, "disease-associated microglia" (DAM), which largely emanates from the TREM2-DAP12 receptor complex that transmits intracellular signals through the protein tyrosine kinase SYK. The human TREM2R47H variant associated with high AD risk fails to activate microglia via SYK. We found that SYK-deficient microglia cannot encase Aβ plaques, accelerating brain pathology and behavioral deficits. SYK deficiency impaired the PI3K-AKT-GSK-3β-mTOR pathway, incapacitating anabolic support required for attaining the DAM profile. However, SYK-deficient microglia proliferated and advanced to an Apoe-expressing prodromal stage of DAM; this pathway relied on the adapter DAP10, which also binds TREM2. Thus, microglial responses to Aβ involve non-redundant SYK- and DAP10-pathways. Systemic administration of an antibody against CLEC7A, a receptor that directly activates SYK, rescued microglia activation in mice expressing the TREM2R47H allele, unveiling new options for AD immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoutang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raki Sudan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vincent Peng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Siling Du
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Khai Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pietro L Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Molecular and Translational Medicine Department, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Wandy L Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Siyan Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kent Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cecilia Rodrigues
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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24
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Strohm L, Ubbens H, Münzel T, Daiber A, Daub S. Role of CD40(L)-TRAF signaling in inflammation and resolution—a double-edged sword. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995061. [PMID: 36267276 PMCID: PMC9577411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cardiovascular risk factors are the leading cause of death in the world today. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, hypertension together with ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases is responsible for approximately 40% of all deaths worldwide. The major pathomechanism underlying almost all CVD is atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disorder of the vascular system. Recent large-scale clinical trials demonstrated that inflammation itself is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Specific anti-inflammatory therapy could decrease cardiovascular mortality in patients with atherosclerosis (increased markers of inflammation). Inflammation, however, can also be beneficial by conferring so-called resolution, a process that contributes to clearing damaged tissue from cell debris upon cell death and thereby represents an essential step for recovery from, e.g., ischemia/reperfusion damage. Based on these considerations, the present review highlights features of the detrimental inflammatory reactions as well as of the beneficial process of immune cell-triggered resolution. In this context, we discuss the polarization of macrophages to either M1 or M2 phenotype and critically assess the role of the CD40L-CD40-TRAF signaling cascade in atherosclerosis and its potential link to resolution. As CD40L can bind to different cellular receptors, it can initiate a broad range of inflammatory processes that may be detrimental or beneficial. Likewise, the signaling of CD40L downstream of CD40 is mainly determined by activation of TRAF1-6 pathways that again can be detrimental or beneficial. Accordingly, CD40(L)-based therapies may be Janus-faced and require sophisticated fine-tuning in order to promote cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Strohm
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I—Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henning Ubbens
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I—Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I—Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I—Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Daiber, ; Steffen Daub,
| | - Steffen Daub
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I—Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Daiber, ; Steffen Daub,
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25
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Sodium propionate improves cognitive and memory function in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2022; 791:136887. [PMID: 36174844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore whether sodium propionate (SP) alleviates cognitive damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated behavioral and biochemical aspects in an animal model of AD made by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 peptide. Two-month-old ICR mice were treated with SP or normal saline for 21 days (control group, Aβ1-42 group, Aβ1-42+SP50 mg/kg group, Aβ1-42+SP100 mg/kg group, and Aβ1-42+SP200 mg/kg group). Behavioral tests showed that SP alleviated cognitive and memory impairments in AD mice. Moreover, SP treatment significantly suppressed the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the hippocampus. Concomitantly, the overexpression of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the hippocampus induced by Aβ1-42 was significantly reduced following treatment with SP. In addition, SP was able to increase the levels of synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic dense protein 95 (PSD95). Our study shows that SP could significantly improve Aβ1-42-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by reducing neuroinflammation via inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS activation and restoring synapse plasticity by increasing synaptically associated protein levels, suggesting that SP has a positive effect and potential for AD therapies.
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26
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Zhang H, Jiang W, Zhao Y, Song T, Xi Y, Han G, Jin Y, Song M, Bai K, Zhou J, Ding Y. Lipoprotein-Inspired Nanoscavenger for the Three-Pronged Modulation of Microglia-Derived Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2450-2460. [PMID: 35271279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory dysfunction of microglia from excess amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) disposal is an overlooked but pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we exploit a native high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-inspired nanoscavenger (pHDL/Cur-siBACE1) that combines the trinity of phosphatidic acid-functionalized HDL (pHDL), curcumin (Cur), and β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 targeted siRNA (siBACE1) to modulate microglial dysfunction. By mimicking the natural lipoprotein transport route, pHDL can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and sequentially target Aβ plaque, where Aβ catabolism is accelerated without microglial dysfunction. The benefit results are from a three-pronged modulation strategy, including promoted Aβ clearance with an antibody-like Aβ binding affinity, normalized microglial dysfunction by blocking the NF-κB pathway, and reduced Aβ production by gene silence (44%). After treatment, the memory deficit and neuroinflammation of APPswe/PSEN 1dE9 mice are reversed. Collectively, this study highlights the double-edged sword role of microglia and provides a promising tactic for modulating microglial dysfunction in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanpei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yilong Xi
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guochen Han
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingjie Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kaiwen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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27
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Kulkarni B, Cruz-Martins N, Kumar D. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: An Unprecedented Opportunity as Prospective Drug Target. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2678-2693. [PMID: 35149973 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an ever more common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly, characterized by recurrent neuroinflammation and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain parenchyma. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown a distinct role for the innate immune system in AD, with microglia playing a key role. The function of microglial cells is stringently regulated by the neighboring microenvironment in the brain. Upon interruption in diseases, like AD, it demonstrates neurotoxic and neuroprotective action by M1 (neurotoxic) and M2 (neuroprotective) microglial phenotypes, respectively, in the brain. Microglial cells on activation by complement factors, toll-like receptors, and genetic variants result in Aβ' phagocytosis, synaptic pruning, and reactivation of complement pathway. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of potential therapeutic targets in microglial cells. Immune receptors revealed on microglia as potential drug targets can be paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor (PILR), CD3358, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), as they can have impact on late-onset AD occurrence and progression. Thus, targeting these receptors can accentuate the beneficial effects of microglial cells required to decelerate the progression of AD. This review emphasizes the microglial phenotypes, its function in AD brain, and potential immunological and therapeutic targets to fight this highly progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Kulkarni
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University) Erandawane, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Institute of Research and Advanced, Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University) Erandawane, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India.
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28
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Zhou K, Han J, Lund H, Boggavarapu NR, Lauschke VM, Goto S, Cheng H, Wang Y, Tachi A, Xie C, Zhu K, Sun Y, Osman AM, Liang D, Han W, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Betsholtz C, Zhang XM, Zhu C, Enge M, Joseph B, Harris RA, Blomgren K. An overlooked subset of Cx3cr1wt/wt microglia in the Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse has a repopulation advantage over Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt microglia following microglial depletion. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:20. [PMID: 35062962 PMCID: PMC8783445 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fluorescent reporter labeling and promoter-driven Cre-recombinant technologies have facilitated cellular investigations of physiological and pathological processes, including the widespread use of the Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse strain for studies of microglia. Methods Immunohistochemistry, Flow Cytometry, RNA sequencing and whole-genome sequencing were used to identify the subpopulation of microglia in Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse brains. Genetically mediated microglia depletion using Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wtRosa26DTA/wt mice and CSF1 receptor inhibitor PLX3397 were used to deplete microglia. Primary microglia proliferation and migration assay were used for in vitro studies. Results We unexpectedly identified a subpopulation of microglia devoid of genetic modification, exhibiting higher Cx3cr1 and CX3CR1 expression than Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wtCre+Eyfp+ microglia in Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse brains, thus termed Cx3cr1highCre−Eyfp− microglia. This subpopulation constituted less than 1% of all microglia under homeostatic conditions, but after Cre-driven DTA-mediated microglial depletion, Cx3cr1highCre−Eyfp− microglia escaped depletion and proliferated extensively, eventually occupying one-third of the total microglial pool. We further demonstrated that the Cx3cr1highCre−Eyfp− microglia had lost their genetic heterozygosity and become homozygous for wild-type Cx3cr1. Therefore, Cx3cr1highCre−Eyfp− microglia are Cx3cr1wt/wtCre−Eyfp−. Finally, we demonstrated that CX3CL1–CX3CR1 signaling regulates microglial repopulation both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Our results raise a cautionary note regarding the use of Cx3cr1CreER-Eyfp/wt mouse strains, particularly when interpreting the results of fate mapping, and microglial depletion and repopulation studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02381-6.
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Lopez-Lee C, Kodama L, Gan L. Sex Differences in Neurodegeneration: The Role of the Immune System in Humans. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:72-80. [PMID: 33715827 PMCID: PMC8263798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports significant involvement of immune dysfunction in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, several of which also display prominent sex differences across prevalence, pathology, and symptomology. In this review, we summarize evidence from human studies of established and recent findings of sex differences in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and discuss how sex-specific central nervous system innate immune activity could contribute to downstream sex differences in these diseases. We examine human genomic and transcriptomics studies in each neurodegenerative disease through the lens of sex differences in the neuroimmune system and highlight the importance of stratifying sex in clinical and translational research studies. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the existing studies and outline recommendations for further advancing sex-based analyses to uncover novel disease mechanisms that could ultimately help treat both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Lopez-Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lay Kodama
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Medical Scientist Training Program and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Li Gan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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Sanjay, Kim JY. Anti-inflammatory effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid on β-amyloid treated human microglial cells. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221143651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that abolishes cognitive and analytical abilities to perform basic day-to-day tasks. Microglia are involved in AD-associated neuroinflammation in response to amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ). This study focused on observing the immunomodulatory effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-Cis-RA) the active metabolite of vitamin A, on Aβ-treated human microglial HMO6 cells. Methods: HMO6 cells were treated with Aβ42 in the absence or presence of 9-cis-RA, and the expression of M1-and M2-associated molecules, Toll like receptors (TLRs), and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) were examined. Results: The levels of M1-markers [cluster of differentiation (CD86) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)] and -cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β], inflammatory receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), and reactive oxygen species increased significantly in Aβ-treated HMO6 cells. In contrast, the levels of M2-markers (CD206 and arginase-1) and -cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 17) the anti-inflammatory receptor TLR10 was significantly suppressed. However, 9-cis-RA treatment reversed the Aβ-induced upregulation of expression of M1-associated molecules and upregulated the expression of M2-associated molecules. Moreover, 9-cis-RA treatment augmented Aβ uptake by HMO6 cells, possibly by increasing the cell surface protein levels of TREM2, which is a receptor of Aβ that promotes Aβ phagocytosis by microglia. Conclusion: Our results suggest that 9-cis-RA is a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
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31
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Zhang X, Zou M, Wu Y, Jiang D, Wu T, Zhao Y, Wu D, Cui J, Li G. Regulation of the Late Onset alzheimer's Disease Associated HLA-DQA1/DRB1 Expression. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175221085066. [PMID: 35341343 PMCID: PMC10581112 DOI: 10.1177/15333175221085066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(Genome-wide Association Studies) GWAS have identified ∼42 late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD)-associated loci, each of which contains multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in linkage disequilibrium (LD) and most of these SNPs are in the non-coding region of human genome. However, how these SNPs regulate risk gene expression remains unknown. In this work, by using a set of novel techniques, we identified 6 functional SNPs (fSNPs) rs9271198, rs9271200, rs9281945, rs9271243, and rs9271247 on the LOAD-associated HLA-DRB1/DQA1 locus and 42 proteins specifically binding to five of these 6 fSNPs. As a proof of evidence, we verified the allele-specific binding of GATA2 and GATA3, ELAVL1 and HNRNPA0, ILF2 and ILF3, NFIB and NFIC, as well as CUX1 to these five fSNPs, respectively. Moreover, we demonstrate that all these nine proteins regulate the expression of both HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DRB1 in human microglial cells. The contribution of HLA class II to the susceptibility of LOAD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meijaun Zou
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ting Wu
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Neuroimmune contributions to Alzheimer's disease: a focus on human data. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3164-3181. [PMID: 35668160 PMCID: PMC9168642 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the convergence of a series of new insights that arose from genetic and systems analyses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a wealth of epidemiological data from a variety of fields; this resulted in renewed interest in immune responses as important, potentially causal components of AD. Here, we focus primarily on a review of human data which has recently yielded a set of robust, reproducible results that exist in a much larger universe of conflicting reports stemming from small studies with important limitations in their study design. Thus, we are at an important crossroads in efforts to first understand at which step of the long, multiphasic course of AD a given immune response may play a causal role and then modulate this response to slow or block the pathophysiology of AD. We have a wealth of new experimental tools, analysis methods, and capacity to sample human participants at large scale longitudinally; these resources, when coupled to a foundation of reproducible results and novel study designs, will enable us to monitor human immune function in the CNS at the level of complexity that is required while simultaneously capturing the state of the peripheral immune system. This integration of peripheral and central perturbations in immune responses results in pathologic responses in the central nervous system parenchyma where specialized cellular microenvironments composed of multiple cell subtypes respond to these immune perturbations as well as to environmental exposures, comorbidities and the impact of the advancing life course. Here, we offer an overview that seeks to illustrate the large number of interconnecting factors that ultimately yield the neuroimmune component of AD.
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García-Morales V, González-Acedo A, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Pardo-Moreno T, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Montiel-Troya M, Ramos-Rodríguez JJ. Current Understanding of the Physiopathology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1910. [PMID: 34944723 PMCID: PMC8698840 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. It is characterized by cognitive decline and progressive memory loss. The aim of this review was to update the state of knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approach to AD. Currently, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains the leading theory in the pathophysiology of AD. This hypothesis states that amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition triggers a chemical cascade of events leading to the development of AD dementia. The antemortem diagnosis of AD is still based on clinical parameters. Diagnostic procedures in AD include fluid-based biomarkers such as those present in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma or diagnostic imaging methods. Currently, the therapeutic armory available focuses on symptom control and is based on four pillars: pharmacological treatment where acetylcholinesterase inhibitors stand out; pharmacological treatment under investigation which includes drugs focused on the control of Aβ pathology and tau hyperphosphorylation; treatment focusing on risk factors such as diabetes; or nonpharmacological treatments aimed at preventing development of the disease or treating symptoms through occupational therapy or psychological help. AD remains a largely unknown disease. Further research is needed to identify new biomarkers and therapies that can prevent progression of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria García-Morales
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Physiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Anabel González-Acedo
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (V.J.C.-R.)
| | - Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (V.J.C.-R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Pardo-Moreno
- Instituto Nacional de Gestión Sanitaria (INGESA), Primary Health Care, 51003 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Víctor Javier Costela-Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (V.J.C.-R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - María Montiel-Troya
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Juan José Ramos-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain;
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Rapaka D, Bitra VR, Challa SR, Adiukwu PC. Potentiation of microglial endocannabinoid signaling alleviates neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2021; 90:102196. [PMID: 34508923 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) isaprogressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by chronic inflammation due to the presence of neurotoxic Aβ and tau proteins. Increased microglial activation and inflated immune response are the other factors to be considered in AD pathology. Microglial cells own biochemical machinery that synthesizes and release endocannabinoids. The exploitation of therapeutic actions of endocannabinoid system has newly emerged in the field of Alzheimer's disease. The activation of cannabinoid receptors/ cannabinoid system modulates inflammatory responses. This review assesses the association between the microglial endocannabinoid system and neuroinflammation in AD. The data supporting the anti-inflammatory role of pharmacological agents modulating cannabinoid system are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Rapaka
- A.U. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India.
| | | | - Siva Reddy Challa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61614, USA
| | - Paul C Adiukwu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, P/Bag-0022, Gaborone, Botswana
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35
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G N S HS, Marise VLP, Satish KS, Yergolkar AV, Krishnamurthy M, Ganesan Rajalekshmi S, Radhika K, Burri RR. Untangling huge literature to disinter genetic underpinnings of Alzheimer's Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101421. [PMID: 34371203 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is channeled towards unravelling key disease specific drug targets/genes to predict promising therapeutic candidates. Though enormous literature on AD genetics is available, there exists dearth in data pertinent to drug targets and crucial pathological pathways intertwined in disease progression. Further, the research findings revealing genetic associations failed to demonstrate consistency across different studies. This scenario prompted us to initiate a systematic review and meta-analysis with an aim of unearthing significant genetic hallmarks of AD. Initially, a Boolean search strategy was developed to retrieve case-control studies from PubMed, Cochrane, ProQuest, Europe PMC, grey literature and HuGE navigator. Subsequently, certain inclusion and exclusion criteria were framed to shortlist the relevant studies. These studies were later critically appraised using New Castle Ottawa Scale and Q-Genie followed by data extraction. Later, meta-analysis was performed only for those Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) which were evaluated in at least two different ethnicities from two different reports. Among, 204,351 studies retrieved, 820 met our eligibility criteria and 117 were processed for systematic review after critical appraisal. Ultimately, meta-analysis was performed for 23 SNPs associated with 15 genes which revealed significant associations of rs3865444 (CD33), rs7561528 (BIN1) and rs1801133 (MTHFR) with AD risk.
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36
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Ge X, Wang Y, Yu S, Cao X, Chen Y, Cheng Q, Ding F. Anti-inflammatory Activity of a Polypeptide Fraction From Achyranthes bidentate in Amyloid β Oligomers Induced Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:716177. [PMID: 34456729 PMCID: PMC8397449 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.716177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and anti-inflammation has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy. Achyranthes bidentate polypeptide fraction k (ABPPk) was shown to protect neurons from death and suppress microglia and astrocyte activation in PD model mice. However, how ABPPk regulates neuroinflammation to exert a neuroprotective role remains unclear. Toxic Aβ oligomers (AβOs) can trigger inflammatory response and play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present study, for the first time, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of ABPPk on neuroinflammation in AβOs-induced models of AD. In vitro, ABPPk pretreatment dose-dependently inhibited AβOs-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA levels in BV2 and primary microglia. ABPPk pretreatment also reduced the neurotoxicity of BV2 microglia-conditioned media on primary hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, ABPPk down-regulated the AβOs-induced phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB p65 as well as the expression of NLRP3 in BV2 microglia. In vivo, ABPPk pre-administration significantly improved locomotor activity, alleviated memory deficits, and rescued neuronal degeneration and loss in the hippocampus of AβOs-injected mice. ABPPk inhibited the activation of microglia in hippocampal CA3 region and suppressed the activation of NF-κB as well as the expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and ASC in the brain after AβOs injection. ABPPk hindered the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoted the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Notably, the polarization experiment on BV2 microglia demonstrated that ABPPk inhibited M1-phenotype polarization and promoted M2-phenotype polarization by activating the LPS- or AβOs-impaired autophagy in microglia. Taken together, our observations indicate that ABPPk can restore the autophagy of microglia damaged by AβOs, thereby promoting M2-phenotype polarization and inhibiting M1-phenotype polarization, thus playing a role in regulating neuroinflammation and alleviating neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuemin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yicong Chen
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong, China
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Liang X, Wu H, Colt M, Guo X, Pluimer B, Zeng J, Dong S, Zhao Z. Microglia and its Genetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:676-688. [PMID: 34749609 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211105140732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia across the world. While its discovery and pathological manifestations are centered on protein aggregations of amyloid- beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation has emerged in the last decade as a main component of the disease in terms of both pathogenesis and progression. As the main innate immune cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia play a very important role in regulating neuroinflammation, which occurs commonly in neurodegenerative conditions, including AD. Under inflammatory response, microglia undergo morphological changes and status transition from homeostatic to activated forms. Different microglia subtypes displaying distinct genetic profiles have been identified in AD, and these signatures often link to AD risk genes identified from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS), such as APOE and TREM2. Furthermore, many AD risk genes are highly enriched in microglia and specifically influence the functions of microglia in pathogenesis, e.g. releasing inflammatory cytokines and clearing Aβ. Therefore, building up a landscape of these risk genes in microglia, based on current preclinical studies and in the context of their pathogenic or protective effects, would largely help us to understand the complex etiology of AD and provide new insight into the unmet need for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Liang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Haijian Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Mark Colt
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Xinying Guo
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Brock Pluimer
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Shupeng Dong
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
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Satarker S, Maity S, Mudgal J, Nampoothiri M. In silico screening of neurokinin receptor antagonists as a therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Divers 2021; 26:443-466. [PMID: 34331670 PMCID: PMC8885547 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the detrimental factors leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The activation of microglial neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) by substance P (SP) enhances neuroinflammation which is mediated through pro-inflammatory pathways involving NFkB, ERK1/2, and P38 and thus projects the scope and importance of NK1R inhibitors. Emphasizing the inhibitory role of N Acetyl l Tryptophan (l-NAT) on NK1R, this is the first in silico screening of l-NAT mediated NK1R antagonism. In addition, FDA- approved ligands were screened for their potential NK1R antagonism. The l-NAT was docked in XP (Extra Precision) mode while FDA-approved ligands were screened in HTVS (High Throughput Virtual Screening), SP (Standard Precision), and XP mode onto NK1R (PDB:6HLO). The l-NAT and top 3 compounds FDA-approved ligands were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) studies of 100 ns simulation time. The XP docking of l-NAT, indacaterol, modafinil and alosetron showed good docking scores. Their 100 ns MD showed brief protein–ligand interactions with an acceptable root mean square deviation. The protein–ligand contacts depicted pi-pi stacking, pi-cation, hydrogen bonds, and water bridges with the amino acids necessary for NK1R inhibition. The variable colour band intensities on the protein–ligand contact map indicated their binding strength with amino acids. The molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) scores suggested favourable binding free energy of the complexes. Thus, our study predicted the ability of l-NAT, indacaterol, modafinil, and alosetron as capable NK1R inhibitors that can aid to curb neuroinflammation in conditions of AD which could be further ascertained in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Swastika Maity
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Chen J, Dong G, Song L, Zhao X, Cao J, Luo X, Feng J, Zhao XM. Integration of Multimodal Data for Deciphering Brain Disorders. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2021; 4:43-56. [PMID: 34465176 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-092820-020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of vast amounts of multimodal data for the human brain, in both normal and disease conditions, has provided unprecedented opportunities for understanding why and how brain disorders arise. Compared with traditional analyses of single datasets, the integration of multimodal datasets covering different types of data (i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, imaging, etc.) has shed light on the mechanisms underlying brain disorders in greater detail across both the microscopic and macroscopic levels. In this review, we first briefly introduce the popular large datasets for the brain. Then, we discuss in detail how integration of multimodal human brain datasets can reveal the genetic predispositions and the abnormal molecular pathways of brain disorders. Finally, we present an outlook on how future data integration efforts may advance the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; , .,MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China.,Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guiying Dong
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; ,
| | - Liting Song
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; ,
| | - Xingzhong Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; ,
| | - Jixin Cao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; ,
| | - Xiaohui Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; ,
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; , .,MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China.,Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; , .,MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China.,Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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40
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Singh RK. Recent Trends in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Therapeutic Options and Drug Repurposing Approaches. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:868-882. [PMID: 31989900 PMCID: PMC7569317 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200128121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most progressive forms of dementia, ultimately leading to death in aged populations. The major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease include deposition of extracellular amyloid senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in brain neuronal cells. Although there are classical therapeutic options available for the treatment of the diseases, however, they provide only a symptomatic relief and do not modify the molecular pathophysiological course of the disease. Recent research advances in Alzheimer's disease have highlighted the potential role of anti-amyloid, anti-tau, and anti-inflammatory therapies. However, these therapies are still in different phases of pre-clinical/clinical development. In addition, drug repositioning/repurposing is another interesting and promising approach to explore rationalized options for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the different aspects of the pathophysiological mechanism involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease along with the limitations of current therapies. Furthermore, this review also highlights emerging investigational drugs along with recent drug repurposing approaches for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Manesar, Gurgaon-122413, Haryana, India,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Raebareli. Transit Campus, Bijnour-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow-226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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41
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Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Hennessy E, Murray CL, Nazmi A, Delaney HJ, Healy D, Fagan SG, Rooney M, Stewart E, Lewis A, de Barra N, Scarry P, Riggs-Miller L, Boche D, Cunningham MO, Cunningham C. Acute systemic inflammation exacerbates neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: IL-1β drives amplified responses in primed astrocytes and neuronal network dysfunction. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1735-1755. [PMID: 34080771 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Secondary inflammatory insults trigger delirium and can accelerate cognitive decline. Individual cellular contributors to this vulnerability require elucidation. Using APP/PS1 mice and AD brain, we studied secondary inflammatory insults to investigate hypersensitive responses in microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and human brain tissue. The NLRP3 inflammasome was assembled surrounding amyloid beta, and microglia were primed, facilitating exaggerated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) responses to subsequent LPS stimulation. Astrocytes were primed to produce exaggerated chemokine responses to intrahippocampal IL-1β. Systemic LPS triggered microglial IL-1β, astrocytic chemokines, IL-6, and acute cognitive dysfunction, whereas IL-1β disrupted hippocampal gamma rhythm, all selectively in APP/PS1 mice. Brains from AD patients with infection showed elevated IL-1β and IL-6 levels. Therefore, amyloid leaves the brain vulnerable to secondary inflammation at microglial, astrocytic, neuronal, and cognitive levels, and infection amplifies neuroinflammatory cytokine synthesis in humans. Exacerbation of neuroinflammation to produce deleterious outcomes like delirium and accelerated disease progression merits careful investigation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Edel Hennessy
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Carol L Murray
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Arshed Nazmi
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Hugh J Delaney
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Dáire Healy
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Steven G Fagan
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Michael Rooney
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Erika Stewart
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Anouchka Lewis
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Niamh de Barra
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Philip Scarry
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Louise Riggs-Miller
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark O Cunningham
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ma F, Wang X, Fu J. Andrographolide ameliorates neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107808. [PMID: 34162168 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, with no disease-modifying treatment available yet. There is increasing evidence that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Andrographolide (Andro), a labdane diterpene extracted from the herb Andrographis paniculata, has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective property in central nervous system diseases. However, its effects on Aβ and Aβ-induced neuroinflammation have not yet been studied. In the present study, we found that Andro administration significantly alleviated cognitive impairments, reduced amyloid-β deposition, inhibited microglial activation, and decreased the secretion of proinflammatory factors in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that Andro could significantly decrease the expression of Itgax, TLR2, CD14, CCL3, CCL4, TLR1, and C3ar1 in APP/PS1 mice, which was further validated by qRT-PCR. Our results suggest that Andro might be a potential therapeutic drug for AD by regulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaling Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaxuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lushi People's Hospital, Henan 472200, China
| | - Xiuzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Jianliang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
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The Potential of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Treat and Model Alzheimer's Disease. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5511630. [PMID: 34122554 PMCID: PMC8172295 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 6.2 million Americans aged 65 or older are currently living with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease that disrupts an individual's ability to function independently through the degeneration of key regions in the brain, including but not limited to the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, and the motor cortex. The cause of this degeneration is not known, but research has found two proteins that undergo posttranslational modifications: tau, a protein concentrated in the axons of neurons, and amyloid precursor protein (APP), a protein concentrated near the synapse. Through mechanisms that have yet to be elucidated, the accumulation of these two proteins in their abnormal aggregate forms leads to the neurodegeneration that is characteristic of AD. Until the invention of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006, the bulk of research was carried out using transgenic animal models that offered little promise in their ability to translate well from benchtop to bedside, creating a bottleneck in the development of therapeutics. However, with iPSC, patient-specific cell cultures can be utilized to create models based on human cells. These human cells have the potential to avoid issues in translatability that have plagued animal models by providing researchers with a model that closely resembles and mimics the neurons found in humans. By using human iPSC technology, researchers can create more accurate models of AD ex vivo while also focusing on regenerative medicine using iPSC in vivo. The following review focuses on the current uses of iPSC and how they have the potential to regenerate damaged neuronal tissue, in the hopes that these technologies can assist in getting through the bottleneck of AD therapeutic research.
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Nosi D, Lana D, Giovannini MG, Delfino G, Zecchi-Orlandini S. Neuroinflammation: Integrated Nervous Tissue Response through Intercellular Interactions at the "Whole System" Scale. Cells 2021; 10:1195. [PMID: 34068375 PMCID: PMC8153304 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cell populations in the nervous tissue establish numerous, heterotypic interactions and perform specific, frequently intersecting activities devoted to the maintenance of homeostasis. Microglia and astrocytes, respectively the immune and the "housekeeper" cells of nervous tissue, play a key role in neurodegenerative diseases. Alterations of tissue homeostasis trigger neuroinflammation, a collective dynamic response of glial cells. Reactive astrocytes and microglia express various functional phenotypes, ranging from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory. Chronic neuroinflammation is characterized by a gradual shift of astroglial and microglial phenotypes from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory, switching their activities from cytoprotective to cytotoxic. In this scenario, the different cell populations reciprocally modulate their phenotypes through intense, reverberating signaling. Current evidence suggests that heterotypic interactions are links in an intricate network of mutual influences and interdependencies connecting all cell types in the nervous system. In this view, activation, modulation, as well as outcomes of neuroinflammation, should be ascribed to the nervous tissue as a whole. While the need remains of identifying further links in this network, a step back to rethink our view of neuroinflammation in the light of the "whole system" scale, could help us to understand some of its most controversial and puzzling features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nosi
- Section of Histology anf Human Anatomy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Daniele Lana
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Delfino
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | - Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini
- Section of Histology anf Human Anatomy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
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Rawal P, Zhao L. Sialometabolism in Brain Health and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:648617. [PMID: 33867926 PMCID: PMC8044809 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids refer to a unique family of acidic sugars with a 9-carbon backbone that are mostly found as terminal residues in glycan structures of glycoconjugates including both glycoproteins and glycolipids. The highest levels of sialic acids are expressed in the brain where they regulate neuronal sprouting and plasticity, axon myelination and myelin stability, as well as remodeling of mature neuronal connections. Moreover, sialic acids are the sole ligands for microglial Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins), and sialic acid-Siglec interactions have been indicated to play a critical role in the regulation of microglial homeostasis in a healthy brain. The recent discovery of CD33, a microglial Siglec, as a novel genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), highlights the potential role of sialic acids in the development of microglial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in AD. Apart from microglia, sialic acids have been found to be involved in several other major changes associated with AD. Elevated levels of serum sialic acids have been reported in AD patients. Alterations in ganglioside (major sialic acid carrier) metabolism have been demonstrated as an aggravating factor in the formation of amyloid pathology in AD. Polysialic acids are linear homopolymers of sialic acids and have been implicated to be an important regulator of neurogenesis that contributes to neuronal repair and recovery from neurodegeneration such as in AD. In summary, this article reviews current understanding of neural functions of sialic acids and alterations of sialometabolism in aging and AD brains. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of looking at sialic acids as a promising novel therapeutic target for AD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Rawal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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46
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Mi Y, Qi G, Brinton RD, Yin F. Mitochondria-Targeted Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: The Good, the Bad, the Potential. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:611-630. [PMID: 32143551 PMCID: PMC7891225 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. Thus far, 99.6% of clinical trials, including those targeting energy metabolism, have failed to exert disease-modifying efficacy. Altered mitochondrial function and disruption to the brain bioenergetic system have long-been documented as early events during the pathological progression of AD. Recent Advances: While therapeutic approaches that directly promote mitochondrial bioenergetic machinery or eliminate reactive oxygen species have exhibited limited translatability, emerging strategies targeting nonenergetic aspects of mitochondria provide novel therapeutic targets with the potential to modify AD risk and progression. Growing evidence also reveals a critical link between mitochondrial phenotype and neuroinflammation via metabolic reprogramming of glial cells. Critical Issues: Herein, we summarize major classes of mitochondrion-centered AD therapeutic strategies. In addition, the discrepancy in their efficacy when translated from preclinical models to clinical trials is addressed. Key factors that differentiate the responsiveness to bioenergetic interventions, including sex, apolipoprotein E genotype, and cellular diversity in the brain, are discussed. Future Directions: We propose that the future development of mitochondria-targeted AD therapeutics should consider the interactions between bioenergetics and other disease mechanisms, which may require cell-type-specific targeting to distinguish neurons and non-neuronal cells. Moreover, a successful strategy will likely include stratification by metabolic phenotype, which varies by sex and genetic risk profile and dynamically changes throughout the course of disease. As the network of mitochondrial integration expands across intracellular and systems level biology, assessment of intended, the good, versus unintended consequences, the bad, will be required to reach the potential of mitochondrial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashi Mi
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Guoyuan Qi
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Shin JH, Hwang YS, Jung BK, Seo SH, Ham DW, Shin EH. Reduction of Amyloid Burden by Proliferated Homeostatic Microglia in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052764. [PMID: 33803262 PMCID: PMC7975980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we confirmed that the number of resident homeostatic microglia increases during chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. Given that the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) worsens with the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, which are eliminated through microglial phagocytosis, we hypothesized that T. gondii-induced microglial proliferation would reduce AD progression. Therefore, we investigated the association between microglial proliferation and Aβ plaque burden using brain tissues isolated from 5XFAD AD mice (AD group) and T. gondii-infected AD mice (AD + Toxo group). In the AD + Toxo group, amyloid plaque burden significantly decreased compared with the AD group; conversely, homeostatic microglial proliferation, and number of plaque-associated microglia significantly increased. As most plaque-associated microglia shifted to the disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotype in both AD and AD + Toxo groups and underwent apoptosis after the lysosomal degradation of phagocytosed Aβ plaques, this indicates that a sustained supply of homeostatic microglia is required for alleviating Aβ plaque burden. Thus, chronic T. gondii infection can induce microglial proliferation in the brains of mice with progressed AD; a sustained supply of homeostatic microglia is a promising prospect for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Young Sang Hwang
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea;
| | - Seung-Hwan Seo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Do-Won Ham
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (Y.S.H.); (S.-H.S.); (D.-W.H.)
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-740-8344
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Inada M, Xu H, Takeuchi M, Ito M, Chen M. Microglia increase tight-junction permeability in coordination with Müller cells under hypoxic condition in an in vitro model of inner blood-retinal barrier. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108490. [PMID: 33607076 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and Müller cells (MCs) are believed to be critically involved in hypoxia-induced blood-retinal barrier (BRB) disruption, which is a major pathogenic factor of various retinopathies. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly defined. The inner BRB (iBRB) is primarily formed of microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) with tight junction (TJ), which are surrounded and supported by retinal glial cells. We developed a novel in vitro iBRB model sheet by sandwiching Transwell membrane with layered mouse brain microvascular ECs (bEnd.3) and mouse retinal MCs (QMMuC-1) on each side of the membrane. Using this model, we tested the hypothesis that under hypoxic condition, activated microglia produce inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, which may promote vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production from MCs, leading to TJ disruption. The iBRB model cell sheets were exposed to 1% oxygen for 6 h with or without mouse brain microglia (BV2) or IL-1β. TJ structure and function were examined by zonula occludens (ZO)-1 immunostaining and fluorescein isothiocyanate permeability assay, respectively. Relative gene expression of IL-1β in BV2 under normoxic and hypoxic conditions was examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. VEGF protein concentration in QMMuC-1 supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The bEnd.3 cell sheet incubated with BV2 in hypoxic condition or with IL-1β in normoxic condition showed abnormal localization of ZO-1 and aberrated barrier function. Under normoxic condition, EC-MC iBRB model cell sheet showed lower permeability than bEnd.3 cell sheet. Under hypoxic conditions, the barrier function of EC-MC iBRB model cell sheet was more deteriorated compared to bEnd.3 cell sheet. Under hypoxic condition, incubation of EC-MC iBRB model cell sheet with BV2 cells or IL-1β significantly increased barrier permeability, and hypoxia-treated BV2 cells expressed significantly higher levels of IL-1β mRNA. Incubation of QMMuC-1 with IL-1β increased VEGF production. These results suggest that under hypoxic condition, microglia are activated to release proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β that promote VEGF production from MCs, leading to disruption of iBRB function. Modulating microglia and MCs function may be a novel approach to treat hypoxia-induced retinal BRB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inada
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan; Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan
| | - Masataka Ito
- Department of Developmental Anatomy, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan.
| | - Mei Chen
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Carranza-Naval MJ, Vargas-Soria M, Hierro-Bujalance C, Baena-Nieto G, Garcia-Alloza M, Infante-Garcia C, del Marco A. Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes: Role of Diet, Microbiota and Inflammation in Preclinical Models. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020262. [PMID: 33578998 PMCID: PMC7916805 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Epidemiological studies show the association between AD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Dietary habits and lifestyle, that are risk factors in both diseases, strongly modulate gut microbiota composition. Also, the brain-gut axis plays a relevant role in AD, diabetes and inflammation, through products of bacterial metabolism, like short-chain fatty acids. We provide a comprehensive review of current literature on the relation between dysbiosis, altered inflammatory cytokines profile and microglia in preclinical models of AD, T2DM and models that reproduce both diseases as commonly observed in the clinic. Increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, are widely detected. Microbiome analysis shows alterations in Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes phyla, among others. Altered α- and β-diversity is observed in mice depending on genotype, gender and age; therefore, alterations in bacteria taxa highly depend on the models and approaches. We also review the use of pre- and probiotic supplements, that by favoring a healthy microbiome ameliorate AD and T2DM pathologies. Whereas extensive studies have been carried out, further research would be necessary to fully understand the relation between diet, microbiome and inflammation in AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Carranza-Naval
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Salus Infirmorum, Universidad de Cadiz, 11005 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria Vargas-Soria
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Carmen Hierro-Bujalance
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Gloria Baena-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Department of Endocrinology, Jerez Hospital, Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Carmen Infante-Garcia
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.I.-G.); (A.d.M.)
| | - Angel del Marco
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.I.-G.); (A.d.M.)
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Ibach M, Mathews M, Linnartz-Gerlach B, Theil S, Kumar S, Feederle R, Brüstle O, Neumann H, Walter J. A reporter cell system for the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 reveals differential effects of disease-associated variants on receptor signaling and activation by antibodies against the stalk region. Glia 2020; 69:1126-1139. [PMID: 33314333 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immune receptor expressed on myeloid-derived cell types. The extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain of TREM2 binds anionic ligands including Apolipoprotein E and Amyloid-β. The transmembrane domain interacts with its adaptor protein DAP12/TYROBP that is responsible for propagation of downstream signaling upon ligand interaction. Several sequence variants of TREM2 have been linked to different neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Here, we generated HEK 293 Flp-In cell lines stably expressing human TREM2 and DAP12 using a bicistronic construct with a T2A linker sequence allowing initial expression of both proteins in stoichiometric amounts. Cell biological and biochemical analyses revealed transport of TREM2 to the cell surface, and canonical sequential proteolytic processing and shedding of TREM2 (sTREM2). The functionality of this cell system was demonstrated by detection of phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) upon stimulation of TREM2 with the anionic membrane lipid phosphatidylserine or anti-TREM2 antibodies. Using this cell model, we demonstrated impaired signaling of disease associated TREM2 variants. We also identified a monoclonal antibody against the stalk region of TREM2 with agonistic activity. Activation of TREM2-DAP12 signaling with the monoclonal antibody and the partial loss of function of disease associated variants were recapitulated in induced pluripotent stem cell derived microglia. Thus, this reporter cell model represents a suitable experimental system to investigate signaling of TREM2 variants, and for the identification of ligands and compounds that modulate TREM2-DAP12 signaling. MAIN POINTS: Disease associated variants impair the signaling activity of TREM2 by distinct mechanisms. Targeting the stalk region of TREM2 with bivalent antibodies activates TREM2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ibach
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Linnartz-Gerlach
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Theil
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Core Facility Monoclonal Antibodies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Life and Brain GmbH, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Neural Regeneration, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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