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Won J, Kang HS, Kim NY, Dezhbord M, Marakkalage KG, Lee EH, Lee D, Park S, Kim DS, Kim KH. Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 is involved in IFN-γ-induced suppression of hepatitis B virus by regulating hepatocyte nuclear factors. J Virol 2024; 98:e0046824. [PMID: 38780244 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00468-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The antiviral role of the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) protein family , a member of the E3-ubiquitin ligase family, has recently been actively studied. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major contributor to liver diseases; however, the host factors regulated by cytokine-inducible TRIM21 to suppress HBV remain unclear. In this study, we showed the antiviral efficacy of TRIM21 against HBV in hepatoma cell lines, primary human hepatocytes isolated from patient liver tissues, and mouse model. Using TRIM21 knock-out cells, we confirmed that the antiviral effects of interferon-gamma, which suppress HBV replication, are diminished when TRIM21 is deficient. Northern blot analysis confirmed a reduction of HBV RNA levels by TRIM21. Using Luciferase reporter assay, we also discovered that TRIM21 decreases the activity of HBV enhancers, which play a crucial role in covalently closed circular DNA transcription. The participation of the RING domain and PRY-SPRY domain in the anti-HBV effect of TRIM21 was demonstrated through experiments using deletion mutants. We identified a novel interaction between TRIM21 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) through co-immunoprecipitation assay. More specifically, ubiquitination assay revealed that TRIM21 promotes ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of HNF4α. HNF1α transcription is down-regulated as a result of the degradation of HNF4α, an activator for the HNF1α promoter. Therefore, the reduction of key HBV enhancer activators, HNF4α and HNF1α, by TRIM21 resulted in a decline in HBV transcription, ultimately leading to the inhibition of HBV replication.IMPORTANCEDespite extensive research efforts, a definitive cure for chronic hepatitis B remains elusive, emphasizing the persistent importance of this viral infection as a substantial public health concern. Although the risks associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are well known, host factors capable of suppressing HBV are largely uncharacterized. This study elucidates that tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) suppresses HBV transcription and consequently inhibits HBV replication by downregulating the hepatocyte nuclear factors, which are host factors associated with the HBV enhancers. Our findings demonstrate a novel anti-HBV mechanism of TRIM21 in interferon-gamma-induced anti-HBV activity. These findings may contribute to new strategies to block HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Won
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mehrangiz Dezhbord
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eun-Hwi Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyo Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soree Park
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sik Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of HBP Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kalita S, Kalita MJ, Talukdar AJ, Das PP, Dutta K, Hazarika G, Dutta S, Das P, Idris G, Kaur H, Medhi S. Altered TLR7 Expression-Mediated Immune Modulation Is Supportive of Persistent Replication and Intrauterine Transmission of HBV. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:149-158. [PMID: 38573237 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is posing as a serious public health threat mainly due to its asymptomatic nature of infection in pregnancy and vertical transmission. Viral sensing toll-like receptors (TLR) and Interleukins (IL) are important molecules in providing an antiviral state. The study aimed to assess the role of TLR7-mediated immune modulation, which might have an impact in the intrauterine transmission of HBV leading to mother to child transmission of the virus. We investigated the expression pattern of TLR7, IL-3, and IL-6 by RT-PCR in the placentas of HBV-infected pregnant women to see their role in the intrauterine transmission of HBV. We further validated the expression of TLR7 in placentas using Immunohistochemistry. Expression analysis by RT-PCR of TLR7 revealed significant downregulation among the Cord blood (CB) HBV DNA positive and negative cases with mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 0.43 ± 0.22 (28) and 1.14 ± 0.57 (44) with p = 0.001. IL-3 and IL-6 expression revealed significant upregulation in the CB HBV DNA-positive cases with p = 0.001. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that TLR7 and IL-3 fold change and mother HBeAg status are important predictors for HBV mother to child transmission. Immunohistochemistry revealed the decreased expression of TLR7 in CB HBV DNA-positive cases. This study reveals that the downregulation of TLR7 in the placenta along with CB HBV DNA-positive status may lead to intrauterine transmission of HBV, which may lead to vertical transmission of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanta Kalita
- Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati India
| | - Manash Jyoti Kalita
- Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati India
| | | | - Partha Pratim Das
- Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati India
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital, Barpeta, India
| | - Kalpajit Dutta
- Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati India
| | - Gautam Hazarika
- Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati India
| | - Sangit Dutta
- Department of Medicine, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Panchanan Das
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Ghaznavi Idris
- Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Medhi
- Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati India
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Ide M, Tabata N, Yonemura Y, Murai K, Wang Y, Ishida A, Honda M, Kaneko S, Ito S, Yanagawa H. Hepatitis B virus evades the immune system by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway with DENND2A. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0378523. [PMID: 38240571 PMCID: PMC10913737 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03785-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a challenging problem because HBV deceives the host immune system. We have found that DENN domain-containing 2A (DENND2A) was essential for HBV maintenance, although its role remains unclear. In this study, we elucidate its function by screening a novel DENND2A-binding peptide, DENP4-3S. DENP4-3S exhibits homology to SAM and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 (SASH1), a scaffold protein involved in Toll-like receptor signaling that promotes proinflammatory cytokine production. We confirmed that DENND2A interacts with SASH1 specifically. Overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that overexpression of DENND2A suppressed the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, and the knockdown of DENND2A promoted it and the production of cytokines and interferons. Here, we constructed a fusion protein (10M-DEN3SN) consisting of an anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor antibody and DENP4-3S to deliver the peptide to hepatocytes specifically. 10M-DEN3SN inhibited the interaction between DENND2A and SASH1, and rescued SASH1 trapped by DENND2A, leading to the upregulation of NF-κB and its downstream signaling. In addition, 10M-DEN3SN suppressed HBV proliferation in PXB chimeric mice. These results with the DENND2A-binding peptide delivered into hepatocytes suggested the involvement of DENND2A, SASH, and NF-κB signaling pathway in the HBV infection and onset of hepatitis. In conclusion, this study indicates that HBV utilizes DENND2A and SASH1 to evade the immune system.IMPORTANCEHepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious liver infection with no established cure, causing an abnormal host immune response. Here, we identified a novel peptide that interacts with DENN domain-containing 2A (DENND2A), a host factor essential for HBV maintenance. The resulting peptide showed sequence homology, revealing an interaction between DENND2A and the immune system regulator SASH1. This study suggests that DENND2A contributes to HBV infection by suppressing the cellular immune system by inhibiting SASH1. The DENND2A-binding peptide, incorporated into our hepatocyte-specific peptide delivery system, inhibited the DENND2A-SASH1 interaction and promoted the production of cytokines and interferons in cultured hepatocytes. As a consequence, the peptide suppressed HBV proliferation in humanized mice. We report new insights into the role of DENND2A and SASH1 in HBV maintenance and highlight the importance of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Ide
- Research Department, Purotech Bio Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Tabata
- Research Department, Purotech Bio Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Yonemura
- Research Department, Purotech Bio Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Murai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Health Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Health Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Atsuya Ishida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Health Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Health Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Ito
- Research Department, Purotech Bio Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yanagawa
- Research Department, Purotech Bio Inc, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Zhang Y, Wu D, Tian X, Chen B. From hepatitis B virus infection to acute-on-chronic liver failure: The dynamic role of hepatic macrophages. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13349. [PMID: 38441398 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a progressive disease that is associated with rapid worsening of clinical symptoms and high mortality. A multicentre prospective study from China demonstrated that patients with hepatitis B virus-related ACLF (HBV-ACLF) exhibited worse clinical characteristics and higher mortality rates compared to non-HBV-ACLF patients. Immune dysregulation is closely linked to the potential mechanisms of initiation and progression of ACLF. Innate immune response, which is represented by monocytes/macrophages, is up-regulated across ACLF development. This suggests that monocytes/macrophages play an essential role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of ACLF. Information that has been published in recent years shows that the immune status and function of monocytes/macrophages vary in ACLF precipitated by different chronic liver diseases. Monocytes/macrophages have an immune activation effect in hepatitis B-precipitated-ACLF, but they exhibit an immune suppression in cirrhosis-precipitated-ACLF. Therefore, this review aims to explain whether this difference affects the clinical outcome in HBV-ACLF patients as well as the mechanisms involved. We summarize the novel findings that highlight the dynamic polarization phenotype and functional status of hepatic macrophages from the stage of HBV infection to ACLF development. Moreover, we discuss how different HBV-related liver disease tissue microenvironments affect the phenotype and function of hepatic macrophages. In summary, increasing developments in understanding the differences in immune phenotype and functional status of hepatic macrophages in ACLF patients will provide new perspectives towards the effective restoration of ACLF immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Wu
- Department of Anorectal Surgical, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Tian
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Sattar AA, Qaiser A, Kausar H, Aqil S, Mudassar R, Manzoor S, Ashraf J. The potential of IFN-λ, IL-32γ, IL-6, and IL-22 as safeguards against human viruses: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1303115. [PMID: 38420119 PMCID: PMC10899505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1303115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the antiviral activity of cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-22 (IL-22), interleukin-32 gamma (IL-32γ), and interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) in diverse populations. This study aims to evaluate the role of these cytokines in inhibition of various human and animal viruses when administered exogenously. A comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review were conducted on all the relevant studies from three databases. Standard mean differences (SMDs) of overall viral inhibition were used to generate the difference in the antiviral efficacy of these cytokines between control and experimental groups. A total of 4,618 abstracts for IL-6, 3,517 abstracts for IL-22, 2,160 abstracts for IL-32γ, and 1,026 abstracts for IFN-λ were identified, and 7, 4, 8, and 35 studies were included, respectively, for each cytokine. IFN-λ (SMD = 0.9540; 95% CI: 0.69-0.22) and IL-32γ (SMD = 0.459; 95% CI: 0.02-0.90) showed the highest influence followed by IL-6 (SMD = 0.456; CI: -0.04-0.95) and IL-22 (SMD = 0.244; 95% CI: -0.33-0.81). None of the cytokines represented heterogeneity (tau² > 0), but only IFN-λ indicated the funnel plot asymmetry (p = 0.0097). Results also indicated that IFN-λ and IL-32γ are more potent antivirals than IL-6 and IL-22. The collective findings of this study emphasize that exogenously administered pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically IFN-λ and IL-32, exhibit a significant antiviral activity, thereby underscoring them as potent antiviral agents. Nonetheless, additional research is required to ascertain their clinical utility and potential for integration into combinatorial therapeutic regimens against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej A Sattar
- Molecular Virology Lab, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ariba Qaiser
- Molecular Virology Lab, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hina Kausar
- Molecular Virology Lab, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Aqil
- Molecular Virology Lab, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rida Mudassar
- Molecular Virology Lab, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Molecular Virology Lab, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Ashraf
- Department of Community Dentistry, Islamabad Medical and Dental College (IMDC), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Kuopio, Finland
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6
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Dimitriadis K, Katelani S, Pappa M, Fragkoulis GE, Androutsakos T. The Role of Interleukins in HBV Infection: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1675. [PMID: 38138902 PMCID: PMC10744424 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide medical issue with significant morbidity and mortality, as it is the main cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a key role in HBV replication and suppression. Recently, the pathophysiological function of interleukins (IL) in the natural course of HBV has gained much attention as a result of the broad use of anti-interleukin agents for a variety of autoimmune diseases and the accompanying risk of HBV reactivation. We present a narrative review regarding the role of IL in HBV infection. Collectively, the pro-inflammatory ILs, namely IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-21, seem to play a critical role in the suppression of HBV replication. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-23 and IL-35 probably act as HBV replication enhancers, while IL-17 has been correlated with HBV-related liver injury. Interestingly enough, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-12 have been tried as therapeutic options against HBV infection with contradictory results. Lastly, the role of IL-22 remains largely ill defined, although preliminary data suggest that it may play a significant role in HBV replication, proliferation and subsequent liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Stamatia Katelani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Maria Pappa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
| | - George E. Fragkoulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
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Cheng T, Cheng Y, Jin DY. Oncostatin M for Anti-HBV Therapy: Can a Foe Be Turned Into a Friend? Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:309-310. [PMID: 38016648 PMCID: PMC10829518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Ye Y, Fu Y, Lin C, Shen Y, Yu Q, Yao X, Huang Q, Liu C, Zeng Y, Chen T, Wu S, Xun Z, Ou Q. Oncostatin M Induces IFITM1 Expression to Inhibit Hepatitis B Virus Replication Via JAK-STAT Signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:219-235. [PMID: 37879404 PMCID: PMC10760422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Functional cure is achieved by a limited number of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) after nucleotide analogue(s) and interferon treatment. It is urgent to develop therapies that can help a larger proportion of patients achieve functional cure. The present study was designed to explore the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) potency of interleukin-6 family cytokines and to characterize the underlying mechanisms of the cytokine displaying the highest anti-HBV potency. METHODS HBV-infected cells were used to screened the anti-HBV potency of interleukin-6 family cytokines. The concentration of oncostatin M (OSM) in patients with chronic HBV infection was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The underlying mechanism of OSM anti-HBV was explored through RNA-seq. C57BL/6 mice injected with rAAV8-1.3HBV were used to explore the suppression effect of OSM on HBV in vivo. RESULTS OSM is the most effective of the interleukin-6 family cytokines for suppression of HBV replication (percentage of average inhibition: hepatitis B surface antigen, 34.44%; hepatitis B e antigen, 32.52%; HBV DNA, 61.57%). Hepatitis B e antigen-positive CHB patients with high OSM levels had lower hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen than those with low levels. OSM activated JAK-STAT signaling pathway promoting the formation of STAT1-IRF9 transcription factor complex. Following this, OSM increased the expression of various genes with known functions in innate and adaptive immunity, which was higher expression in patients with CHB in immune clearance phase than in immune tolerance phase (data from GEO: GSE65359). Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1, one of the most differentially expressed genes, was identified as an HBV restriction factor involved in OSM-mediated anti-HBV effect. In vivo, we also found OSM significantly inhibited HBV replication and induced expression of antiviral effector interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that OSM remodels the immune response against HBV and exerts potent anti-HBV activity, supporting its further development as a potential therapy for treating CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ya Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Clinical Research Center for Clinical Immunology Laboratory Test, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reginal Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Caorui Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Clinical Research Center for Clinical Immunology Laboratory Test, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reginal Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Yu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaobao Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qunfang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Clinical Research Center for Clinical Immunology Laboratory Test, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reginal Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongbin Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Clinical Research Center for Clinical Immunology Laboratory Test, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reginal Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianbin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, The First Clinical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songhang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Xun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Clinical Research Center for Clinical Immunology Laboratory Test, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reginal Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Qishui Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Clinical Research Center for Clinical Immunology Laboratory Test, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reginal Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Katelani S, Fragoulis GE, Bakasis AD, Pouliakis A, Nikiphorou E, Atzeni F, Androutsakos T. HBV reactivation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-interleukin-6: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:SI252-SI259. [PMID: 37871924 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of HBV reactivation (HBVr) in patients with RA under anti-IL-6 treatment. METHODS Using PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE, we performed a systematic literature search for articles related to HBVr in RA patients under anti-IL-6 treatment. The search was performed with no date limits and was last updated 28 January 2023. The results from all the databases were combined and duplicates were excluded, as were non-English articles, case reports, position articles, comments, and paediatric studies. RESULTS Our initial search led to 427 articles; 28 were duplicates, 46 non-English, 169 reviews, 31 books/letters, 25 case reports, and 88 irrelevant to the meta-analysis aim; 21 were excluded due to inadequate information, leaving 19 articles, with a sum of 372 RA patients with chronic HBV (CHB) or resolved HBV infection, for further analysis. The overall risk for HBVr in RA patients with CHB was 6.7%, increasing to 37% when only RA patients with CHB and no antiviral prophylaxis were included. On the contrary, HBVr was close to 0% in RA patients with resolved HBV infection, irrespective of antiviral prophylaxis. All RA patients experiencing HBVr in these studies were successfully managed with antiviral treatment and/or drug withdrawal. CONCLUSION Overall, anti-IL-6 treatment comes with a significant risk of HBVr in RA patients with CHB; risk is diminished when antiviral prophylaxis is used. In contrast, in RA patients with resolved HBV infection, the risk of HBVr seems to be extremely low. Large, well-designed studies (either controlled trials or multicentre/international observational studies) are warranted to further validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Katelani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George E Fragoulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propedeutic Clinic, "Laiko" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Abraham Pouliakis
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Nikiphorou
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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10
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Qin B, Shen S, Lai J, Yang W, Feng L, Ding J. Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) replication and antigen expression by Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. oil emulsion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1193775. [PMID: 37560319 PMCID: PMC10408445 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The seeds of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (BJ) have been traditionally used to treat various types of cancers for many years in China. In this study, we systematically investigated a BJ oil emulsion (BJOE) produced from BJ seeds with the purpose of evaluating its antiviral effect against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods HepG2.215 (a wild-type HBV cell line), HepG2, and Huh7, transfected with wildtype (WT) or lamivudine-resistance mutant (LMV-MT) HBV replicon plasmids, were treated with different doses of BJOE and then used for pharmacodynamic evaluation. Cell viability was determined using CCK8 assay. The levels of HBsAg/HBeAg in cell cultured supernatant, HBcAg in cell lysis solution, and HBV DNA in both were evaluated. Results BJOE at ≤5 mg/ml was nontoxic to carcinoma cell lines, but could significantly inhibit WT/LMV-MT HBV replication and HBs/e/c antigen expression in a dose-dependent manner by upregulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), demonstrating that it possesses moderate anti-HBV activity. As one of the major components of BJOE, bruceine B was found to play a dominant role in IL-6 induction and HBV inhibition. Discussion Our results demonstrated that BJOE suppressed HBV replication by stimulating IL-6, indicating that it has promising clinical therapeutic potential for both WT and LMV-MT HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Clinical Laboratory, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Shu Shen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Gynecology, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Juan Lai
- GeneMind Biosciences Company Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Yang
- GeneMind Biosciences Company Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Feng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jiefeng Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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11
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Mahsoub HM, Heffron CL, Hassebroek AM, Sooryanarain H, Wang B, LeRoith T, Rodríguez GR, Tian D, Meng XJ. Fetal Loss in Pregnant Rabbits Infected with Genotype 3 Hepatitis E Virus Is Associated with Altered Inflammatory Responses, Enhanced Virus Replication, and Extrahepatic Virus Dissemination with Positive Correlations with Increased Estradiol Level. mBio 2023; 14:e0041823. [PMID: 36939322 PMCID: PMC10128027 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00418-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes adverse clinical outcomes in pregnant women, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To delineate the mechanisms of pregnancy-associated adverse effects during HEV infection, we utilized a genotype 3 HEV from rabbit (HEV-3ra) and its cognate host (rabbits) to systematically investigate the clinical consequences, viral replication dynamics, and host immune and hormonal responses of HEV infection during pregnancy. We found a significant fetal loss of 23% in HEV-infected pregnant rabbits, indicating an early-stage miscarriage. HEV infection in pregnant rabbits was characterized by higher viral loads in feces, intestinal contents, liver, and spleen tissues, as well as a longer and earlier onset of viremia than in infected nonpregnant rabbits. HEV infection altered the pattern of cytokine gene expressions in the liver of pregnant rabbits and caused a transient increase of serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) shortly after a notable increase in viral replication, which may contribute to early fetal loss. Histological lesions in the spleen were more pronounced in infected pregnant rabbits, although moderate liver lesions were seen in both infected pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits. Total bilirubin was elevated in infected pregnant rabbits. The serum levels of estradiol (E2) in HEV-infected pregnant rabbits were significantly higher than those in mock-infected pregnant rabbits at 14 days postinoculation (dpi) and correlated positively with higher viral loads in feces, liver, and spleen tissues at 28 dpi, suggesting that it may play a role in extrahepatic virus dissemination. The results have important implications for understanding the severe diseases associated with HEV infection during pregnancy. IMPORTANCE HEV causes adverse pregnancy outcomes, with a mortality rate of >30% in pregnant women, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we utilized HEV-3ra and its cognate host (pregnant rabbit) to delineate the potential underlying mechanisms of pregnancy-associated adverse outcomes during HEV infection. We found that infected pregnant rabbits had a fetal loss of 23%, which coincided with enhanced viral replication and an elevated systemic IFN-γ response, followed by longer viremia duration and extrahepatic viral dissemination. Estradiol levels were increased in infected pregnant rabbits and correlated positively with higher fecal viral shedding and higher viral loads in liver and spleen tissues. Infected pregnant rabbits had more pronounced splenic lesions, higher serum total bilirubin, and an altered cytokine gene expression profile in the liver. The results will contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of HEV-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M. Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - C. Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna M. Hassebroek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Guillermo Raimundi Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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12
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Wang J, Zhang X, Han J, Zhou P, Yu X, Shen Z, Mao R, Lu M, Huang Y, Zhang J. MicroRNA-124 expression in Kupffer cells modulates liver injury by targeting IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105510. [PMID: 36581048 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is related to liver injury due to chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF). However, the mechanism whereby miR-124 regulates liver inflammation remains unknown. In this study, we show that serum miR-124 serves as a compensatory predictive factor for organ failure and the 28-day prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF. Moreover, within a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury, miR-124 is highly expressed in Kupffer cells. Overexpression of miR-124 significantly decreases interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion, and relieves pathological liver necrosis to a great extent. Mechanistically, miR-124 directly targets the 3'-untranslated region of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and inhibits IL-6/STAT3 signaling, which reduces pro-inflammatory Kupffer cell polarization. Collectively, our findings suggest that miR-124 can potentially serve as a predictive biomarker for HBV-ACLF prognosis and may represent a promising therapeutic target for relieving severe liver injury resulting from cytokine storms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueping Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Richeng Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Yuxian Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Jing'An Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health (MOH&MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Reviewing the Potential Links between Viral Infections and TDP-43 Proteinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021581. [PMID: 36675095 PMCID: PMC9867397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) was discovered in 2001 as a cellular factor capable to inhibit HIV-1 gene expression. Successively, it was brought to new life as the most prevalent RNA-binding protein involved in several neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Despite the fact that these two research areas could be considered very distant from each other, in recent years an increasing number of publications pointed out the existence of a potentially important connection. Indeed, the ability of TDP-43 to act as an important regulator of all aspects of RNA metabolism makes this protein also a critical factor during expression of viral RNAs. Here, we summarize all recent observations regarding the involvement of TDP-43 in viral entry, replication and latency in several viruses that include enteroviruses (EVs), Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), West Nile virus (WNV), and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV). In particular, in this work, we aimed to highlight the presence of similarities with the most commonly studied TDP-43 related neuronal dysfunctions.
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14
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Zhang P, Li H, Peng B, Zhang Y, Liu K, Cheng K, Ming Y. Single-cell RNA transcriptomics reveals differences in the immune status of alcoholic and hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1132085. [PMID: 36817578 PMCID: PMC9932584 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1132085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver cirrhosis has placed a tremendous burden on the healthcare system with limited treatment options. This study explored the differences in the immune status of alcoholic and HBV-related liver cirrhosis. METHODS A total of 15 human liver samples from the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, including five healthy controls (HC group), five alcoholic cirrhosis patients (ALC group), and five HBV-related cirrhosis patients (HBV group) were used. Of these, eight samples, including 3 HC group, 2 ALC group and 3 HBV group, were randomly collected to do single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). The degree of steatosis was assessed by H&E staining and the presence of intrahepatic immune cells was evaluated by immunochemistry (IHC). RESULTS The immune status of alcoholic and HBV-related liver cirrhosis differed significantly. ScRNA-seq analysis identified a higher ratio of intrahepatic monocyte/macrophages and an obvious decreased ratio of T cells and B cells in the ALC group than in the HBV group. IHC staining of intrahepatic monocyte/macrophages, T and B cell exhibited similar results with scRNA-seq analysis. CD5L+ Kupffer cells, a cell type involved in lipid metabolism, were the major monocyte/macrophage subset in ALC liver tissue. H&E staining indicated that the level of steatosis was more severe in the ALC than in the HBV group. Ligand/receptor analysis showed that the T cell exhaustion observed in the ALC liver may be related to the expression of Galectin-9 on Kupffer cells. Fewer B cells were also found in the ALC group and most had higher lipid metabolism, reduced ribosomal activity, and a dysregulated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. Moreover, scRNA-seq showed a significantly lower ratio of plasma B cells, indicating that the humoral immune response in the ALC liver was similarly dysfunctional. Ligand/receptor analysis also discovered that Galectin-9 expressed on Kupffer cells may inhibit humoral immunity. CONCLUSION Patients with ALC have different immune characteristics than those with HBV-induced cirrhosis, including an increased ratio of intrahepatic monocyte/macrophages and a dysfunctional adaptive immune response in the liver. Galectin-9 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for ALC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Zhang
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Li
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Peng
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Liu
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Yingzi Ming,
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15
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Many Ways to Communicate-Crosstalk between the HBV-Infected Cell and Its Environment. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010029. [PMID: 36678377 PMCID: PMC9866324 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects an estimated 257 million people worldwide and can lead to liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Viral replication is generally considered not to be cytopathic, and although some HBV proteins may have direct carcinogenic effects, the majority of HBV infection-related disease is related to chronic inflammation resulting from disrupted antiviral responses and aberrant innate immune reactions. Like all cells, healthy and HBV-infected cells communicate with each other, as well as with other cell types, such as innate and adaptive immune cells. They do so by both interacting directly and by secreting factors into their environment. Such factors may be small molecules, such as metabolites, single viral proteins or host proteins, but can also be more complex, such as virions, protein complexes, and extracellular vesicles. The latter are small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that are exchanged between cells, and have recently gained a lot of attention for their potential to mediate complex communication and their potential for therapeutic repurposing. Here, we review how HBV infection affects the communication between HBV-infected cells and cells in their environment. We discuss the impact of these interactions on viral persistence in chronic infection, as well as their relation to HBV infection-related pathology.
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16
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Kawagishi N, Suda G, Sakamori R, Matsui T, Onozawa M, Yang Z, Yoshida S, Ohara M, Kimura M, Kubo A, Maehara O, Fu Q, Hosoda S, Tokuchi Y, Suzuki K, Nakai M, Sho T, Morikawa K, Natsuizaka M, Ogawa K, Sakai H, Ohnishi S, Baba M, Takehara T, Sakamoto N. Serum IL-1β predicts de novo hepatitis B virus reactivation during direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C, not during anti-cancer/immunosuppressive therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16800. [PMID: 36207368 PMCID: PMC9546937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation occurs during direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients with resolved HBV infection. We evaluated the predictive factors, mechanical insight, and differences of cytokine levels during anti-cancer/immunosuppressive and DAA. Eleven, 35, and 19 HCV-infected patients with previous HBV infection with HBV reactivation during DAA treatment, previous HBV infection without HBV reactivation during DAA treatment, and without HBV infection resolution receiving DAA treatment, respectively, were enrolled. Clinical data and baseline cytokine levels were analyzed. Low baseline serum interleukin (IL)-1β levels predicted de novo HBV reactivation during DAA treatment (odds ratio: 47.6, 95% confidence interval: 6.94-333.3). HCV-infected patients with the IL-1β gene single nucleotide polymorphism rs16944 AA allele had significantly higher IL-1β levels; no HCV-infected patient with the IL-1β AA allele experienced HBV reactivation during DAA treatment. Compared to HCV-infected patients with HBV infection resolution, non-HCV infected patients with or without HBV reactivation during anti-cancer/immunosuppressive therapy or bone marrow transplantation had remarkably lower baseline IL-1β levels. Low IL-1β levels were not associated with HBV reactivation. IL-1β levels before DAA for HCV-infected patients with resolved HBV infection could predict HBV reactivation during DAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kawagishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Goki Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onozawa
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Zijian Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sonoe Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ohara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Megumi Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akinori Kubo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Maehara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Qingjie Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shunichi Hosoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tokuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuya Sho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenichi Morikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Natsuizaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hajime Sakai
- Department of Hematology, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Baba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan Community Health Care Organization Hokkaido Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Wang X, Zhang S, Shang H, Wang C, Zhou F, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Gao P, Li N, Liu D, Shen M, Zhu R, Shi Y, Wei K. Evaluation of the antiviral effect of four plant polysaccharides against duck circovirus. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:446-457. [PMID: 36148714 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, outbreaks of duck circovirus (DuCV) are frequently occurring worldwide due to secondary infections caused by post infection-induced immunosuppression. Due to a lack of preventive drugs and vaccines, the waterfowl industry losses are ever increasing. In this study, we extracted Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), pine pollen polysaccharides (PPPS), Aloe vera polysaccharides (AVE), and Ficus carica polysaccharides (FCPS) from Astragalus, pine pollen, aloe, and F. carica leaves, respectively. We randomly divided 150 one-day-old Cherry Valley ducks into five groups, which were inoculated with the DuCV solution and orally administered APS, PPPS, AVE, FCPS, and phosphate buffer saline (PBS), respectively. We collected the duck immune organs and serum samples at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 days post-infection (dpi). Using clinical symptom analysis, molecular biology experiments, and serological experiments, we proved that plant polysaccharides could (a) improve the duck immunity, (b) reduce the viral load, and (c) mitigate DuCV-induced damage to immune organs, with both APS and PPPS having significant effects. Moreover, we detected viral load and cytokines within the first 8 dpi. Since the body's innate immunity could inhibit viral replication within five days of virus infection, 1-5 dpi was the best treatment time. Among the four polysaccharides showing in vitro anti-apoptotic activity, APS and PPPS significantly inhibited the DuCV infection-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Overall, since our findings show APS and PPPS having significant anti-DuCV effects both in vivo and in vitro, they can be promising candidates for preventing DuCV infection in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hongqi Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Shandong Feicheng Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Health Center, Taian, China
| | - Yunxuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Youfei Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| | - Kai Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
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18
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Du Y, Wu J, Liu J, Zheng X, Yang D, Lu M. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity orchestrates adaptive immune responses in HBV infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965018. [PMID: 35967443 PMCID: PMC9372436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains to be a substantial global burden, especially for end-stage liver diseases. It is well accepted that HBV-specific T and B cells are essential for controlling HBV infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent one of the major first-line antiviral defenses through intracellular signaling pathways that induce antiviral inflammatory cytokines and interferons, thereby shaping adaptive immunity. However, HBV has evolved strategies to counter TLR responses by suppressing the expression of TLRs and blocking the downstream signaling pathways, thus limiting HBV-specific adaptive immunity and facilitating viral persistence. Recent studies have stated that stimulation of the TLR signaling pathway by different TLR agonists strengthens host innate immune responses and results in suppression of HBV replication. In this review, we will discuss how TLR-mediated responses shape HBV-specific adaptive immunity as demonstrated in different experimental models. This information may provide important insight for HBV functional cure based on TLR agonists as immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mengji Lu,
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19
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Anti-rheumatic drug-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation and preventive strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106181. [PMID: 35301112 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, an estimated 3 million people worldwide have been infected with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). Although anti-HBV therapies have improved the long-term survival profile of chronic carriers, viral reactivation still poses a significant challenge for preventing HBV-related hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and death. Immuno-modulating drugs, which are widely applied in managing rheumatic conditions, are commonly associated with HBV reactivation (HBVr) as a result of drug-induced immune suppression. However, there are few reports on the risk of HBVr and the medication management plan for HBV carriers, especially rheumatic patients. In this review, we summarize immuno-modulating drug-induced HBVr during rheumatoid therapy and its preventive strategies for HBVr-induced liver diseases, especially cirrhosis and HCC. These findings will assist with developing treatments for rheumatic patients, and prevent HBV-related cirrhosis and HCC.
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20
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Abstract
The world has made significant progress in developing novel treatments for COVID-19 since the pandemic began. Some treatments target the patient's dysregulated inflammatory response during COVID-19 infection and may cause hepatitis B reactivation (HBVr) in patients with current or past hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This review summarizes the risk and management of HBVr due to different treatments of COVID-19 in patients who have current or past HBV infection. Abnormal liver function tests are common during COVID-19 infection. Current evidence suggests that current or past HBV infection is not associated with an increased risk of liver injury and severe disease in COVID-19 patients. Among patients who received high-dose corticosteroids, various immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors of Janus kinase, the risk of HBVr exists, especially among those without antiviral prophylaxis. Data, however, remain scarce regarding the specific use of immunosuppressive therapies in COVID-19 patients with HBV infection. Some results are mainly extrapolated from patients receiving the same agents in other diseases. HBVr is a potentially life-threatening event following profound immunosuppression by COVID-19 therapies. Future studies should explore the use of immunosuppressive therapies in COVID-19 patients with HBV infection and the impact of antiviral prophylaxis on the risk of HBVr.
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21
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Michelet M, Alfaiate D, Chardès B, Pons C, Faure-Dupuy S, Engleitner T, Farhat R, Riedl T, Legrand AF, Rad R, Rivoire M, Zoulim F, Heikenwälder M, Salvetti A, Durantel D, Lucifora J. Inducers of the NF-κB pathways impair hepatitis delta virus replication and strongly decrease progeny infectivity in vitro. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100415. [PMID: 35141510 PMCID: PMC8792426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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22
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Zaki MYW, Fathi AM, Samir S, Eldafashi N, William KY, Nazmy MH, Fathy M, Gill US, Shetty S. Innate and Adaptive Immunopathogeneses in Viral Hepatitis; Crucial Determinants of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1255. [PMID: 35267563 PMCID: PMC8909759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infections remain the most common risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and their heterogeneous distribution influences the global prevalence of this common type of liver cancer. Typical hepatitis infection elicits various immune responses within the liver microenvironment, and viral persistence induces chronic liver inflammation and carcinogenesis. HBV is directly mutagenic but can also cause low-grade liver inflammation characterized by episodes of intermittent high-grade liver inflammation, liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which can progress to decompensated liver disease and HCC. Equally, the absence of key innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic HCV infection dampens viral eradication and induces an exhausted and immunosuppressive liver niche that favors HCC development and progression. The objectives of this review are to (i) discuss the epidemiological pattern of HBV and HCV infections, (ii) understand the host immune response to acute and chronic viral hepatitis, and (iii) explore the link between this diseased immune environment and the development and progression of HCC in preclinical models and HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Y. W. Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ahmed M. Fathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Samara Samir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
| | - Nardeen Eldafashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Kerolis Y. William
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Maiiada Hassan Nazmy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Moustafa Fathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Upkar S. Gill
- Barts Liver Centre, Centre for Immunobiology, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Shishir Shetty
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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23
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Interaction between the Hepatitis B Virus and Cellular FLIP Variants in Viral Replication and the Innate Immune System. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020373. [PMID: 35215970 PMCID: PMC8874586 DOI: 10.3390/v14020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral evolution and adaptation, many viruses have utilized host cellular factors and machinery as their partners. HBx, as a multifunctional viral protein encoded by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), promotes HBV replication and greatly contributes to the development of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx interacts with several host factors in order to regulate HBV replication and evolve carcinogenesis. The cellular FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major factor that functions in a variety of cellular pathways and specifically in apoptosis. It has been shown that the interaction between HBx and c-FLIP determines HBV fate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of the interplay between c-FLIP and HBV in various environmental circumstances. We describe strategies adapted by HBV to establish its chronic infection. We also summarize the conventional roles of c-FLIP and highlight the functional outcome of the interaction between c-FLIP and HBV or other viruses in viral replication and the innate immune system.
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24
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Immunopathogenesis of Acute Flare of Chronic Hepatitis B: With Emphasis on the Role of Cytokines and Chemokines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031407. [PMID: 35163330 PMCID: PMC8835919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute flares (AFs) of chronic hepatitis B usually occur during the immune-active stage (both immune clearance phase and immune reactivation phase), as the host immune system tries to control the virus. Successful host immune control over viral replication is usually presented as hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance; however, 20–30% individuals with chronic hepatitis B may encounter repeated AFs with accumulative liver injuries, finally leading to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. AF can also develop in other clinical situations such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, and under treatment for chronic hepatitis B or treatment for chronic hepatitis C in patients with co-infected hepatitis B/hepatitis C. Understanding the natural history and immunopathogenesis of AF would help develop effective strategies to eradicate the virus and improve the clinical outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis B. In this review article, the immunopathogenesis of AF, and the involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses on the development of hepatitis B flare will be briefly reviewed, with the emphasis on the role of cytokines and chemokines.
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25
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Lee HW, Choi Y, Lee AR, Yoon CH, Kim KH, Choi BS, Park YK. Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Dependent Antiviral Activity of Activated cdc42-Associated Kinase 1 Against Hepatitis B Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:800935. [PMID: 35003030 PMCID: PMC8733702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.800935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1) is a well-known non-receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell proliferation and growth through activation of cellular signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, the anti-HBV activity of ACK1 has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role of ACK1 in the HBV life cycle and the mechanism underlying the anti-HBV activity of ACK1. To examine the antiviral activity of ACK1, we established HepG2-ACK1 cells stably overexpressing ACK1. The HBV life cycle, including HBeAg/HBsAg secretion, HBV DNA/transcription, and enhancer activity, was analyzed in HepG2 and HepG2-ACK1 cells with HBV replication-competent HBV 1.2mer (HBV 1.2). Finally, the anti-HBV activity of ACK1 was examined in an HBV infection system. ACK1 suppressed HBV gene expression and transcription in HepG2 and HepG2-ACK1 cells. Furthermore, ACK1 inhibited HBV replication by decreasing viral enhancer activity. ACK1 exhibited its anti-HBV activity via activation of Erk1/2, which consequently downregulated the expression of HNF4α binding to HBV enhancers. Furthermore, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induced ACK1 expression at an early stage. Finally, ACK1 mediated the antiviral effect of HGF in the HBV infection system. These results indicated that ACK1 induced by HGF inhibited HBV replication at the transcriptional level by activating the MAPK-HNF signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that ACK1 is a potentially novel upstream molecule of MAPK-mediated anti-HBV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Division of Chronic Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yongwook Choi
- Division of Chronic Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ah Ram Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Division of Chronic Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of Chronic Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yong Kwang Park
- Division of Chronic Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, South Korea
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26
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Altstetter SM, Quitt O, Pinci F, Hornung V, Lucko AM, Wisskirchen K, Jung S, Protzer U. Hepatitis-D Virus Infection Is Not Impaired by Innate Immunity but Increases Cytotoxic T-Cell Activity. Cells 2021; 10:3253. [PMID: 34831475 PMCID: PMC8619298 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70 million humans worldwide are affected by chronic hepatitis D, which rapidly leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic inflammation. The triggers and consequences of this chronic inflammation, induced by co-infection with the hepatitis D virus (HDV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV), are poorly understood. Using CRISPR technology, we characterized the recognition of HDV mono- and co-infection by intracellular innate immunity and determined its influence on the viral life cycle and effector T-cell responses using different HBV and HDV permissive hepatoma cell lines. We showed that HDV infection is detected by MDA5 and -after a lag phase -induces a profound type I interferon response in the infected cells. The type I interferon response, however, was not able to suppress HDV replication or spread, thus providing a persistent trigger. Using engineered T-cells directed against the envelope proteins commonly used by HBV and HDV, we found that HDV immune recognition enhanced T-cell cytotoxicity. Interestingly, the T-cell effector function was enhanced independently of antigen presentation. These findings help to explain immune mediated tissue damage in chronic hepatitis D patients and indicate that combining innate triggers with T-cell activating therapies might allow for a curative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Maximilian Altstetter
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.M.A.); (O.Q.); (A.M.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Oliver Quitt
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.M.A.); (O.Q.); (A.M.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Francesca Pinci
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians—University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (F.P.); (V.H.)
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians—University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (F.P.); (V.H.)
| | - Aaron Michael Lucko
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.M.A.); (O.Q.); (A.M.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Karin Wisskirchen
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.M.A.); (O.Q.); (A.M.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Stephanie Jung
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.M.A.); (O.Q.); (A.M.L.); (K.W.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.M.A.); (O.Q.); (A.M.L.); (K.W.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany
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27
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Knolle PA, Huang LR, Kosinska A, Wohlleber D, Protzer U. Improving Therapeutic Vaccination against Hepatitis B-Insights from Preclinical Models of Immune Therapy against Persistent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1333. [PMID: 34835264 PMCID: PMC8623083 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B affects more than 250 million individuals worldwide, putting them at risk of developing liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. While antiviral immune responses are key to eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, insufficient antiviral immunity characterized by failure to eliminate HBV-infected hepatocytes is associated with chronic hepatitis B. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B successfully established protective immunity against infection with the hepatitis B virus and has been instrumental in controlling hepatitis B. However, prophylactic vaccination schemes have not been successful in mounting protective immunity to eliminate HBV infections in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the development and efficacy of therapeutic vaccination strategies against chronic hepatitis B with particular emphasis on the pathogenetic understanding of dysfunctional anti-viral immunity. We explore the development of additional immune stimulation measures within tissues, in particular activation of immunogenic myeloid cell populations, and their use for combination with therapeutic vaccination strategies to improve the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy A. Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli City 350, Taiwan;
| | - Anna Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Center for infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
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28
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Lin J, Li J, Xie P, Han Y, Yu D, Chen J, Zhang X. Hepatitis B virus middle surface antigen loss promotes clinical variant persistence in mouse models. Virulence 2021; 12:2868-2882. [PMID: 34738866 PMCID: PMC8632123 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1999130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) middle surface antigen (MHBs) mutation or deletion occurs in patients with chronic HBV infection. However, the functional role of MHBs in HBV infection is still an enigma. Here, we reported that 7.33% (11/150) isolates of CHB patients had MHBs start codon mutations compared with 0.00% (0/146) in acute hepatitis B (AHB) patients. Interestingly, MHBs loss accounted for 11.88% (126/1061) isolates from NCBI GenBank, compared with 0.09% (1/1061) and 0.00% (0/1061) for HBV large surface antigen (LHBs) loss and HBV small surface antigen (SHBs) loss, respectively. One persistent HBV clone of genotype B (B56, MHBs loss) from a CHB patient was hydrodynamically injected into BALB/c mice. B56 persisted for >70 weeks in BALB/c mice, whereas B56 with restored MHBs (B56M+) was quickly cleared within 28 days. Serum cytokine assays demonstrated that CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-6 and IL-33 were significantly increased during rapid HBV clearance in B56M+ mice. Furthermore, the enhancers and promoters of B56 were proved to be required for B56 persistence in mice. Ablating MHBs expression improved the persistence of a new clone (HBV1.3, genotype B) which was recreated by using enhancers and promoters of B56. These data demonstrated that MHBs deletion can promote the persistence of specific HBV variants in a hydrodynamic mouse model. MHBs re-expression restored a rapid clearance of HBV, which was accompanied by cytokine responses including the elevation of CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-6 and IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peilin Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Demin Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xie X, Lv H, Liu C, Su X, Yu Z, Song S, Bian H, Tian M, Qin C, Qi J, Zhu Q. HBeAg mediates inflammatory functions of macrophages by TLR2 contributing to hepatic fibrosis. BMC Med 2021; 19:247. [PMID: 34649530 PMCID: PMC8518250 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We and others have confirmed activation of macrophages plays a critical role in liver injury and fibrogenesis during HBV infection. And we have also proved HBeAg can obviously induce the production of macrophage inflammatory cytokines compared with HBsAg and HBcAg. However, the receptor and functional domain of HBeAg in macrophage activation and its effects and mechanisms on hepatic fibrosis remain elusive. METHODS The potentially direct binding receptors of HBeAg were screened and verified by Co-IP assay. Meanwhile, the function domain and accessible peptides of HBeAg for macrophage activation were analyzed by prediction of surface accessible peptide, construction, and synthesis of truncated fragments. Furthermore, effects and mechanisms of the activation of hepatic stellate cells induced by HBeAg-treated macrophages were investigated by Transwell, CCK-8, Gel contraction assay, Phospho Explorer antibody microarray, and Luminex assay. Finally, the effect of HBeAg in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis was evaluated in both human and murine tissues by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and detection of liver enzymes. RESULTS Herein, we verified TLR-2 was the direct binding receptor of HBeAg. Meanwhile, C-terminal peptide (122-143 aa.) of core domain in HBeAg was critical for macrophage activation. But arginine-rich domain of HBcAg hided this function, although HBcAg and HBeAg shared the same core domain. Furthermore, HBeAg promoted the proliferation, motility, and contraction of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in a macrophage-dependent manner, but not alone. PI3K-AKT-mTOR and p38 MAPK signaling pathway were responsible for motility phenotype of HSCs, while the Smad-dependent TGF-β signaling pathway for proliferation and contraction of them. Additionally, multiple chemokines and cytokines, such as CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, and TNF-α, might be key mediators of HSC activation. Consistently, HBeAg induced transient inflammation response and promoted early fibrogenesis via TLR-2 in mice. Finally, clinical investigations suggested that the level of HBeAg is associated with inflammation and fibrosis degrees in patients infected with HBV. CONCLUSIONS HBeAg activated macrophages via the TLR-2/NF-κB signal pathway and further exacerbated hepatic fibrosis by facilitating motility, proliferation, and contraction of HSCs with the help of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xie
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanran Lv
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Su
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyang Song
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People's Republic of China.
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Yuan G, Chen B, Meng Y, Lu J, Shi X, Hu A, Hu Y, Wang D. Role of the CXCR3‑mediated TLRs/MyD88 signaling pathway in promoting the development of hepatitis B into cirrhosis and liver cancer. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:738. [PMID: 34435646 PMCID: PMC8404096 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B can lead to liver cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study aimed to investigate whether C‑X‑C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) regulates the genes in Toll‑like receptors (TLRs)/myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway in the development of hepatitis B into cirrhosis and liver cancer in vitro. A hepatitis B virus (HBV) overexpression lentivirus was constructed and infected into a LX‑2 cell line to obtain stable HBV‑overexpressing cells (named HBV‑LX‑2 cells). The CXCR3 gene was knocked down using small interfering RNA in HBV‑LX‑2 cells. Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays, cell scratch tests and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, respectively. The levels of IL‑1β and IL‑6 in serum samples of patients with liver cancer were measured via ELISA, and the collagen content in liver cancer tissues was detected using Masson staining. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of proteins in the TLRs/MyD88 signaling pathway. Excessive fibrosis was identified in the liver cancer tissues, and the serum levels of IL‑6 and IL‑1β were abnormally increased in patients with liver cancer. It was found that interfering with CXCR3 inhibited cell proliferation and migration, as well as promoted the apoptosis of HBV‑LX‑2 cells. Moreover, interfering with CXCR3 inhibited the expression levels of collagen type I α 1 chain and the proteins in the TLRs/MyD88 pathway. In conclusion, CXCR3 knockdown could inhibit the expression levels of proteins in the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway, decrease cell proliferation and migration, and promote cell apoptosis, thus inhibiting the development of liver cirrhosis to liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yuan
- Department of Acute Infection, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Hepatology Center, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Yina Meng
- Institute of Hepatology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Lu
- Institute of Hepatology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Department of Hepato-Oncology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Airong Hu
- Institute of Hepatology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Yaoren Hu
- Institute of Hepatology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Department of Acute Infection, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Campbell C, Andersson MI, Ansari MA, Moswela O, Misbah SA, Klenerman P, Matthews PC. Risk of Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Tuberculosis (TB) and Complications of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Following Tocilizumab Therapy: A Systematic Review to Inform Risk Assessment in the COVID-19 Era. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:706482. [PMID: 34490299 PMCID: PMC8417527 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.706482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Tocilizumab (TCZ), an IL-6 receptor antagonist, is used in the treatment of severe COVID-19 caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. However, unintended consequences of TCZ therapy include reactivation of tuberculosis (TB) or hepatitis B virus (HBV), and worsening of hepatitis C virus (HCV). We set out to assimilate existing data for these complications, in order to help inform evidence-based risk assessments for the use of TCZ, and thus to reduce the risk of serious but preventable complications. Methods: We searched the global WHO database of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) ("VigiBase") and undertook a systematic literature review, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We generated mean cumulative incidence estimates for infection complications. Results: Mean cumulative incidence of HBV and TB were 3.3 and 4.3%, respectively, in patients receiving TCZ. Insufficient data were available to generate estimates for HCV. These estimates derive from heterogeneous studies pre-dating SARS-CoV-2, with differing epidemiology and varied approaches to screening and prophylaxis, so formal meta-analysis was not possible. Conclusions: We underline the need for careful individual risk assessment prior to TCZ prescription, and present an algorithm to guide clinical stratification. There is an urgent need for ongoing collation of safety data as TCZ therapy is used in COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cori Campbell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Monique I. Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Azim Ansari
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Moswela
- Pharmacy Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siraj A. Misbah
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hirschenberger M, Hunszinger V, Sparrer KMJ. Implications of Innate Immunity in Post-Acute Sequelae of Non-Persistent Viral Infections. Cells 2021; 10:2134. [PMID: 34440903 PMCID: PMC8391718 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-persistent viruses classically cause transient, acute infections triggering immune responses aimed at the elimination of the pathogen. Successful viruses evolved strategies to manipulate and evade these anti-viral defenses. Symptoms during the acute phase are often linked to dysregulated immune responses that disappear once the patient recovers. In some patients, however, symptoms persist or new symptoms emerge beyond the acute phase. Conditions resulting from previous transient infection are termed post-acute sequelae (PAS) and were reported for a wide range of non-persistent viruses such as rota-, influenza- or polioviruses. Here we provide an overview of non-persistent viral pathogens reported to be associated with diverse PAS, among them chronic fatigue, auto-immune disorders, or neurological complications and highlight known mechanistic details. Recently, the emergence of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID highlighted the impact of PAS. Notably, PAS of non-persistent infections often resemble symptoms of persistent viral infections, defined by chronic inflammation. Inflammation maintained after the acute phase may be a key driver of PAS of non-persistent viruses. Therefore, we explore current insights into aberrant activation of innate immune signaling pathways in the post-acute phase of non-persistent viruses. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future perspectives for treatment and prevention of PAS are discussed.
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Wu LL, Huang TS, Shyu YC, Wang CL, Wang HY, Chen PJ. Gut microbiota in the innate immunity against hepatitis B virus - implication in age-dependent HBV clearance. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:194-202. [PMID: 34242953 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects 257 million people and is one of the most important liver diseases worldwide. A unique feature of HBV infection in humans is that viral clearance heavily depends on the age at exposure. Recent studies demonstrated that the virus takes advantage of immature innate immunity, especially hepatic macrophages, and not-yet-stabilized gut microbiota in early life to establish a chronic infection. The liver contains resident and infiltrating myeloid cells involved in immune responses to pathogens. They influence both innate and adaptive sectors of the immune system and their interplay with HBV has only been noticed recently. Here, we discuss how interactions between gut microbiota and hepatic macrophages influence the outcomes of HBV infection. Understanding the underlying mechanism would pave the way for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Wu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shuo Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiau Shyu
- Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hurng-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Roohani S, Tacke F. Liver Injury and the Macrophage Issue: Molecular and Mechanistic Facts and Their Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147249. [PMID: 34298870 PMCID: PMC8306699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is an essential immunological organ due to its gatekeeper position to bypassing antigens from the intestinal blood flow and microbial products from the intestinal commensals. The tissue-resident liver macrophages, termed Kupffer cells, represent key phagocytes that closely interact with local parenchymal, interstitial and other immunological cells in the liver to maintain homeostasis and tolerance against harmless antigens. Upon liver injury, the pool of hepatic macrophages expands dramatically by infiltrating bone marrow-/monocyte-derived macrophages. The interplay of the injured microenvironment and altered macrophage pool skews the subsequent course of liver injuries. It may range from complete recovery to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular cancer. This review summarizes current knowledge on the classification and role of hepatic macrophages in the healthy and injured liver.
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Campos-Valdez M, Monroy-Ramírez HC, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Sánchez-Orozco LV. Molecular Mechanisms during Hepatitis B Infection and the Effects of the Virus Variability. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061167. [PMID: 34207116 PMCID: PMC8235420 DOI: 10.3390/v13061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved during a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have made the approaches for research complex, especially concerning the patients’ responses in the course of the early acute stage. The study of molecular bases involved in the viral clearance or persistence of the infection is complicated due to the difficulty to detect patients at the most adequate points of the disease, especially in the time lapse between the onset of the infection and the viral emergence. Despite this, there is valuable data obtained from animal and in vitro models, which have helped to clarify some aspects of the early immune response against HBV infection. The diversity of the HBV (genotypes and variants) has been proven to be associated not only with the development and outcome of the disease but also with the response to treatments. That is why factors involved in the virus evolution need to be considered while studying hepatitis B infection. This review brings together some of the published data to try to explain the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in the different stages of the infection, clinical outcomes, viral persistence, and the impact of the variants of HBV in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Campos-Valdez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Hugo C. Monroy-Ramírez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Juan Armendáriz-Borunda
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, México
| | - Laura V. Sánchez-Orozco
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-3954-5677
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36
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Banerjee I, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): A key driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Adv Cancer Res 2021; 152:329-381. [PMID: 34353442 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An array of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), overexpress the oncogene Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). It is now firmly established that AEG-1 is a key driver of carcinogenesis, and enhanced expression of AEG-1 is a marker of poor prognosis in cancer patients. In-depth studies have revealed that AEG-1 positively regulates different hallmarks of HCC progression including growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, migration, metastasis and resistance to therapeutic intervention. By interacting with a plethora of proteins as well as mRNAs, AEG-1 regulates gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels, and modulates numerous pro-tumorigenic and tumor-suppressive signal transduction pathways. Even though extensive research over the last two decades using various in vitro and in vivo models has established the pivotal role of AEG-1 in HCC, effective targeting of AEG-1 as a therapeutic intervention for HCC is yet to be achieved in the clinic. Targeted delivery of AEG-1 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) has demonstrated desired therapeutic effects in mouse models of HCC. Peptidomimetic inhibitors based on protein-protein interaction studies has also been developed recently. Continuous unraveling of novel mechanisms in the regulation of HCC by AEG-1 will generate valuable knowledge facilitating development of specific AEG-1 inhibitory strategies. The present review describes the current status of AEG-1 in HCC gleaned from patient-focused and bench-top studies as well as transgenic and knockout mouse models. We also address the challenges that need to be overcome and discuss future perspectives on this exciting molecule to transform it from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Ligat G, Verrier ER, Nassal M, Baumert TF. Hepatitis B virus-host interactions and novel targets for viral cure. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:41-51. [PMID: 34029994 PMCID: PMC7613419 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with HBV is a major cause of advanced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucleos(t)ide analogues effectively control HBV replication but viral cure is rare. Hence treatment has often to be administered for an indefinite duration, increasing the risk for selection of drug resistant virus variants. PEG-interferon-α-based therapies can sometimes cure infection but suffer from a low response rate and severe side-effects. CHB is characterized by the persistence of a nuclear covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is not targeted by approved drugs. Targeting host factors which contribute to the viral life cycle provides new opportunities for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies aiming at HBV cure. An improved understanding of the host immune system has resulted in new potentially curative candidate approaches. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding HBV–host interactions and highlight how this knowledge contributes to exploiting host-targeting strategies for a viral cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Ligat
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eloi R Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Dept. of Internal Medicine 2/Molecular Biology, D79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS 1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Yeo ECF, Brown MP, Gargett T, Ebert LM. The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Shaping the Immune Microenvironment of Glioblastoma: Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030607. [PMID: 33803414 PMCID: PMC8001644 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumour in adults. For more than a decade, conventional treatment has produced a relatively modest improvement in the overall survival of glioblastoma patients. The immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells within the tumour can limit treatment efficacy, and this can include the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines. These factors can play a significant role in immune modulation, thus disabling anti-tumour responses and contributing to tumour progression. Here, we review the complex interplay between populations of immune and tumour cells together with defined contributions by key cytokines and chemokines to these intercellular interactions. Understanding how these tumour-derived factors facilitate the crosstalk between cells may identify molecular candidates for potential immunotherapeutic targeting, which may enable better tumour control and improved patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C. F. Yeo
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Michael P. Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Ebert
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Padberg F, Höper T, Henkel S, Driesch D, Luch A, Zellmer S. Novel indirect co-culture of immortalised hepatocytes with monocyte derived macrophages is characterised by pro-inflammatory cytokine networks. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105134. [PMID: 33662514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver is composed of different cell populations. Interactions of different cell populations can be investigated by a newly established indirect co-culture system consisting of immortalised primary human hepatocytes and human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). Using the time-dependent cytokine secretion of the co-cultures and single cultures, correlation networks (including the cytokines G-CSF, CCL3, MCP-1, CCL20, FGF, TGF-β1, GM-CSF, IL-8 IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18) were generated and the correlations were validated by application of IL-8 and TNF-α-neutralising antibodies. The data reveal that IL-8 is crucial for the interaction between hepatocytes and macrophages in vitro. In addition, transcriptome analyses showed that a change in the ratio between macrophages and hepatocytes may trigger pro-inflammatory signalling pathways of the acute phase response and the complement system (release of, e.g., certain cyto- and chemokines). Using diclofenac and LPS showed that the release of cytokines is increasing with higher ratios of MDMs. Altogether, we could demonstrate that the current co-culture system is better suited to mirror the in vivo situation when compared to previously established co-culture systems composed of HepG2 and differentiated THP-1 cells. Further, our data reveal that the cytokine IL-8 is crucial for the interaction between hepatocytes and macrophages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Padberg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tessa Höper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Driesch
- BioControl Jena GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Straße 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Deng F, Xu G, Cheng Z, Huang Y, Ma C, Luo C, Yu C, Wang J, Xu X, Liu S, Zhu Y. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Suppresses the Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway via Interaction With the TAK1-TAB2 Complex. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618196. [PMID: 33717111 PMCID: PMC7947203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is a major health problem worldwide, with more than 250 million chronic carriers. Hepatitis B virus interferes with the host innate immune system so as to evade elimination via almost all of its constituent proteins; nevertheless, the function of HBsAg with respect to immune escape remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role HBsAg plays in assisting HBV to escape from immune responses. We found that HBsAg suppressed the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) pathway, leading to downregulation of innate immune responses. HBsAg interacted with TAK1 and TAB2 specifically, inhibiting the phosphorylation and polyubiquitination of TAK1 and the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TAB2. Autophagy is a major catabolic process participating in many cellular processes, including the life cycle of HBV. We found that HBsAg promoted the autophagic degradation of TAK1 and TAB2 via the formation of complexes with TAK1 and TAB2, resulting in suppression of the NF-κB pathway. The expression of TAK1, TAB2, and the translocation of NF-κB inversely correlated with HBsAg levels in clinical liver tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which HBsAg interacts with TAK1-TAB2 complex and suppresses the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway via reduction of the post-translational modifications and autophagic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhikui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caijiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanjin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiupeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic, Huangshi, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Kuo MH, Tseng CW, Lu MC, Tung CH, Tseng KC, Huang KY, Lee CH, Lai NS. Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Undergoing Tocilizumab-Containing Treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:4026-4034. [PMID: 33387124 PMCID: PMC7775841 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To investigate the risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients undergoing long-term tocilizumab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. METHOD From January 2011 through August 2019, a total of 97 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Clinical data, comedications, and the occurrence of HBV reactivation were recorded. RESULTS Seven patients were HBsAg+ (7.2%), 64 were HBsAg-/HBcAb+ (65.9%), and 26 were HBsAg-/HBcAb- (26.8%). The median disease follow-up time was 9 years. TCZ was administered for a median of 29 months. Four patients (4.1%) experienced HBV reactivation after tocilizumab therapy. Of the 7 HBsAg+ patients, 4 received antiviral prophylaxis and had no HBV reactivation; the remaining 3 patients did not receive antiviral prophylaxis, and all 3 (100%) experienced HBV reactivation and hepatitis flare-up. Hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 2 of these 3 patients, with mild prothrombin time prolongation in one. After salvage entecavir treatment, all patients had a favorable outcome. Of the 64 HBsAg-/HBcAb+ patients, only one became positive for serum HBV DNA (2.5 × 107 IU/mL) after 18 months of tocilizumab treatment (1.6%; 1/64). This patient was immediately treated with entecavir, which prevented hepatitis flare-up. CONCLUSIONS Tocilizumab is widely used in treating rheumatoid arthritis and has the potential to reduce the mortality rate among severe COVID-19 patients. However, HBV reactivation needs to be considered. HBsAg+ patients have a high risk of HBV reactivation, which could be prevented by antiviral prophylaxis. Although the risk of reactivation is low in HBsAg-/HBcAb+ patients, strict monitoring is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hsuan Kuo
- grid.414692.c0000 0004 0572 899XDepartment of Pharmacy, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Tseng
- grid.411824.a0000 0004 0622 7222School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien, Taiwan ,grid.414692.c0000 0004 0572 899XDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 2, Minsheng Rd., Dalin Township, Chia-Yi County 62247 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lu
- grid.411824.a0000 0004 0622 7222School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien, Taiwan ,grid.414692.c0000 0004 0572 899XDivision of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsueh Tung
- grid.411824.a0000 0004 0622 7222School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien, Taiwan ,grid.414692.c0000 0004 0572 899XDivision of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chih Tseng
- grid.411824.a0000 0004 0622 7222School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien, Taiwan ,grid.414692.c0000 0004 0572 899XDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 2, Minsheng Rd., Dalin Township, Chia-Yi County 62247 Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yung Huang
- grid.411824.a0000 0004 0622 7222School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien, Taiwan ,grid.414692.c0000 0004 0572 899XDivision of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hui Lee
- grid.414692.c0000 0004 0572 899XDepartment of Pharmacy, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Sheng Lai
- grid.411824.a0000 0004 0622 7222School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien, Taiwan ,grid.414692.c0000 0004 0572 899XDivision of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
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Li Y, Li S, Duan X, Yang C, Xu M, Chen L. Macrophage Phenotypes and Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020; 8:424-431. [PMID: 33447526 PMCID: PMC7782119 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its related liver diseases account for 780,000 deaths every year. Outcomes of HBV infection depend on the interaction between the virus and host immune system. It is becoming increasingly apparent that Kupffer cells (KCs), the largest population of resident and monocyte-derived macrophages in the liver, contribute to HBV infection in various aspects. These cells play an important role not only in the anti-HBV immunity including virus recognition, cytokine production to directly inhibit viral replication and recruitment and activation of other immune cells involved in virus clearance but also in HBV outcome and progression, such as persistent infection and development of end-stage liver diseases. Since liver macrophages play multiple roles in HBV infection, they are directly targeted by HBV to benefit its life cycle. In the present review, we briefly outline the current advances of research of macrophages, especially the studies of their phenotypes, in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada
- Correspondence to: Limin Chen, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, China. Tel: +86-28-61648530, E-mail: or
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Cai Y, Yin W. The Multiple Functions of B Cells in Chronic HBV Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582292. [PMID: 33381113 PMCID: PMC7767983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the main causes of liver diseases, of which the natural history and clinical outcomes are associated with the role of B cells. As humoral immune cells, B cells play a critical role in the process of anti-HBV antibody production. In addition, some studies have also characterized other B cell subsets involved in antigen presentation and regulating the immune response beyond antibody secretion. However, not all B cell subsets play a positive role in the immune response to chronic HBV infection, and various B cell subsets jointly mediate persistent HBV infection, tolerance, and liver damage. Thus, we further sought to elucidate the multiple functions of B cells to gain novel insight into the understanding of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) pathogenesis. We also reviewed the current immunotherapies targeting B cells to explore novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenwei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Li M, Zhuo Y, Xu Y, Chen H, Cheng Z, Zhou L. Genetic Association of Interleukin-6 Polymorphism (rs1800796) with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chinese Han Population. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:267-272. [PMID: 33305999 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health care burden that can lead to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We conducted this study to identify the association between interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene rs1800796 (-572G/C) polymorphism and the risk of chronic HBV infection in adults. A total of 1,048 participants including 518 cases and 530 controls were recruited for this study. The Mass Array time-of-flight mass spectrometer was applied for single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1800796 genotyping. There was a significant correlation between genotype CG in rs1800796 and chronic HBV infection in the Chinese Han population (odds ratio [OR] = 0.759, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.586-0.983, p = 0.04), which was also observed at allele G (OR = 0.800, 95% CI: 0.657-0.975, p = 0.02). Furthermore, significant differences in the ≤45 years old group (CC vs. CG+GG, OR = 0.616, 95% CI: 0.413-0.918, p = 0.02) and in the male group (CC vs. CG+GG, OR = 0.666, 95% CI: 0.483-0.920, p = 0.01) were found in the subgroups analysis. Our data revealed a significant association of IL-6 rs1800796 with the risk of chronic HBV infection in the Chinese Han population; meanwhile, age and gender are two coordinative risk factors, which provides new clues for the study of susceptibility of chronic HBV infection in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhuo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Xu J, Zhan Q, Fan Y, Yu Y, Zeng Z. Human genetic susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104663. [PMID: 33278635 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a serious health threat worldwide. The outcomes of HBV infection consist of spontaneous HBV clearance and chronic HBV infection. Multiple factors contribute to the disparity of HBV infection outcomes, including host factors, viral factors and environmental factors. The present review comprehends the current researches mainly focusing on the relationships between genetic determinants, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes, and susceptibility of HBV infection, namely chronic (persistent) HBV infection and HBV clearance. A number of determinants in the chromosomes, including mutations in human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), cytokines genes, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and other genes are related to the human susceptibility to HBV infection. Among the above variants, some of those in HLAs have been studied and replicated in multiple-ethnic populations and came to consistent conclusions, while some others are novel and need to be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghang Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Qiao Zhan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yanan Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China.
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Chen H, He G, Chen Y, Zhang X. Hepatitis B Virus Might Be Sensed by STING-Dependent DNA Sensors and Attenuates the Response of STING-Dependent DNA Sensing Pathway in Humans with Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:642-651. [PMID: 33170089 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors (DAIs), interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16), DEAD-box polypeptide 41 (DDX41), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), meiotic recombination 11 homolog A (MRE11), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) have been identified as intracellular STING-dependent DNA sensors in recent years. Studies have shown that the DNA sensor-STING-interferon (IFN)-β pathway plays an important role in the defense against intracellular invasion of many DNA viruses. However, the intracellular recognition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA by DNA sensors is still largely unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the DNA sensor-STING pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be activated by acute and chronic HBV infections in humans. We first evaluated the expression of these DNA sensors in PBMCs of acute and chronic HBV-infected patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We next compared the expression of the upregulated DNA sensor between monocytes and nonmonocytes to find its cellular source. Finally, by in vitro stimulation, we analyzed the IFN-β response of the DNA sensor-STING pathway in PBMCs and monocytes from chronic HBV-infected patients. The results showed that IFI16, DDX41, MRE11, and the adaptor STING were upregulated in chronic HBV-infected patients, whereas only IFI16 was upregulated in acute HBV-infected patients. However, IFN-β expression was not changed in PBMCs from acute and chronic HBV-infected patients. We next found IFI16 was mainly expressed in monocytes of acute and chronic hepatitis B patients. Finally, by stimulation of monocytes with VACV ds 70mer, a ligand for IFI16, we confirmed the attenuated response of the IFI16-STING pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that HBV might be sensed by DNA sensors in PBMCs of acute and chronic HBV-infected patients, and meanwhile HBV infection attenuates the response of the DNA sensor-STING pathway in PBMCs and monocytes, which may facilitate the persistence of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guirong He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fergusson JR, Wallace Z, Connolly MM, Woon AP, Suckling RJ, Hine DW, Barber C, Bunjobpol W, Choi B, Crespillo S, Dembek M, Dieckmann N, Donoso J, Godinho LF, Grant T, Howe D, McCully ML, Perot C, Sarkar A, Seifert FU, Singh PK, Stegmann KA, Turner B, Verma A, Walker A, Leonard S, Maini MK, Wiederhold K, Dorrell L, Simmons R, Knox A. Immune-Mobilizing Monoclonal T Cell Receptors Mediate Specific and Rapid Elimination of Hepatitis B-Infected Cells. Hepatology 2020; 72:1528-1540. [PMID: 32770836 PMCID: PMC7702151 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are urgently needed because of viral integration, persistence of viral antigen expression, inadequate HBV-specific immune responses, and treatment regimens that require lifelong adherence to suppress the virus. Immune mobilizing monoclonal T Cell receptors against virus (ImmTAV) molecules represent a therapeutic strategy combining an affinity-enhanced T Cell receptor with an anti-CD3 T Cell-activating moiety. This bispecific fusion protein redirects T cells to specifically lyse infected cells expressing the target virus-derived peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA). APPROACH AND RESULTS ImmTAV molecules specific for HLA-A*02:01-restricted epitopes from HBV envelope, polymerase, and core antigens were engineered. The ability of ImmTAV-Env to activate and redirect polyclonal T cells toward cells containing integrated HBV and cells infected with HBV was assessed using cytokine secretion assays and imaging-based killing assays. Elimination of infected cells was further quantified using a modified fluorescent hybridization of viral RNA assay. Here, we demonstrate that picomolar concentrations of ImmTAV-Env can redirect T cells from healthy and HBV-infected donors toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells containing integrated HBV DNA resulting in cytokine release, which could be suppressed by the addition of a corticosteroid in vitro. Importantly, ImmTAV-Env redirection of T cells induced cytolysis of antigen-positive HCC cells and cells infected with HBV in vitro, causing a reduction of hepatitis B e antigen and specific loss of cells expressing viral RNA. CONCLUSIONS The ImmTAV platform has the potential to enable the elimination of infected cells by redirecting endogenous non-HBV-specific T cells, bypassing exhausted HBV-specific T cells. This represents a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, with our lead candidate now entering trials.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD3 Complex/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Hepatocytes
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/genetics
- Immunoconjugates/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dawn Howe
- Immunocore LtdAbingdonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kerstin A. Stegmann
- Division of Infection and ImmunityInstitute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and ImmunityInstitute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Lucy Dorrell
- Immunocore LtdAbingdonUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Ribeiro CRDA, Martinelli KG, de Mello VDM, Baptista BDS, Dias NST, Paiva IA, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Pinto LMDO, de Paula VS. Cytokine, Genotype, and Viral Load Profile in the Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:620-627. [PMID: 33090087 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several hepatitis B virus (HBV) factors, including viral load, genotype, genome mutations, and cytokine production, have been reported to be associated with different risks of progression of liver disease. The aim of this study was to verify if there is an association among the levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-35, IL-6, IL-17A, interferon [IFN]-γ) in the plasma, viral load, and the different genotypes of HBV in patients with acute or chronic hepatitis B. Methods: 49 serum samples, 20 from acute and 29 from chronic cases, were submitted to a real-time and nested-polymerase chain reaction to quantify, detect, and genotype HBV DNA. The cytokines IL-35, IL-6, IL-17A, and IFN-γ were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The median viral load was 3.15 log10 IU DNA/mL and 2.90 log10 IU DNA/mL for acute and chronic patients, respectively. Genotype A, D, E, and F were identified in chronic carriers of HBV infection, while only genotype A and F were identified in individuals with acute infection. IFN-γ (p = 0.024) and IL-17A (p = 0.046) levels were significantly increased in chronic patients and IL-6 and IL-35 were higher in patients with acute infection, however, without statistical difference. IL-17A and IFN-γ can be modulating proinflammatory effects and inducing hepatocellular damage, in chronic patients, and IL-6 and IL-35 may be involved in viral elimination and protection against chronicity during the acute phase of infection. These results can contribute to understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms of the host antiviral response related to cytokine production during acute and chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruna da Silva Baptista
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Spitz Toledo Dias
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iury Amancio Paiva
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lia Laura Lewis-Ximenez
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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49
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Rashidi S, Farhadi L, Ghasemi F, Sheikhesmaeili F, Mohammadi A. The potential role of HLA-G in the pathogenesis of HBV infection: Immunosuppressive or immunoprotective? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104580. [PMID: 33022425 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-classical human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-G could be generally considered as a potent tolerogenic molecule, which modulates immune responses. HLA-G due to the immunosuppressive properties may play an important role in the pathogenesis of infections related to the liver. HLA-G may display two distinct activities in the pathological conditions so that it could be protective in the autoimmune and inflammatory diseases or could be suppressive of the immune system in the infections or cancers. HLA-G might be used as a novel therapeutic target for liver diseases in the future. Indeed, new therapeutic agents targeting HLA-G expression or antibodies which block HLA-G activity are being developed and tested. However, further consideration of the HLA-G function in liver disease is required. This review aims to summarize the role of HLA-G in the liver of patients with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadyeh Rashidi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Leila Farhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sheikhesmaeili
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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50
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Zhang Z, Trippler M, Real CI, Werner M, Luo X, Schefczyk S, Kemper T, Anastasiou OE, Ladiges Y, Treckmann J, Paul A, Baba HA, Allweiss L, Dandri M, Gerken G, Wedemeyer H, Schlaak JF, Lu M, Broering R. Hepatitis B Virus Particles Activate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling Initially Upon Infection of Primary Human Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2020; 72:829-844. [PMID: 31925967 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To date, conflicting data exist as to whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) has the ability to induce innate immune responses. Here, we investigated cellular changes after the first contact between HBV and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) in vitro and in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS The exposure of PHH to HBV particles resulted in nuclear translocation of NFκB, followed by the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL [interleukin] 1B, IL6, and TNF [tumor necrosis factor]). Ultraviolet irradiation of viral particles suppressed HBV infectivity but not the induction of cytokines in PHH, suggesting that the inoculum contains the immune-inducing agent. Purified HBV particles on the whole, which were prepared from HBV DNA-positive and protein-rich fractions after heparin column separation, still had immune-inducing capacity in PHH. The HBV-induced gene expression profile was similar to that induced by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand Pam3Cys, but different from those induced by the viral sensors TLR3 or TLR7-9. Treatment of PHH with both HBV particles and Pam3Cys led to phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases as well as NFκB (nuclear factor kappa B). Finally, HBV-induced gene expression could be neutralized by TLR2-specific antibodies. Of note, pretreatment with an HBV entry inhibitor attenuated the TLR2-mediated response to HBV, suggesting a receptor binding-related mechanism. In liver-humanized uPA/severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)/beige mice challenged with HBV in vivo, immune induction could only marginally be seen. CONCLUSIONS PHHs are able to sense HBV particles through TLR2, leading to an activation of anti-HBV immune responses in vitro. These findings challenge the previously described stealth properties of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Trippler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Catherine I Real
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xufeng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schefczyk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thekla Kemper
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Olympia E Anastasiou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ladiges
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Treckmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lena Allweiss
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joerg F Schlaak
- Department of Internal medicine, Evangelisches Klinikum Niederrhein GmbH, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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