1
|
Khamseh ME, Malek M, Jahangiri S, Nobarani S, Hekmatdoost A, Salavatizadeh M, Soltanieh S, Chehrehgosha H, Taheri H, Montazeri Z, Attaran F, Ismail-Beigi F, Alaei-Shahmiri F. Insulin Resistance/Sensitivity Measures as Screening Indicators of Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:1430-1443. [PMID: 38438774 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures of insulin resistance (IR)/sensitivity (IS) are emerging tools to identify metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, the comprehensive assessment of the performance of various indicators is limited. Moreover, the utility of measures of IR/IS in detecting liver fibrosis remains unclear. AIMS To evaluate the predictive ability of seventeen IR/IS and two beta cell function indices to identify MAFLD and liver fibrosis. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals aged 25-75 years. Transient elastography was used to estimate liver stiffness and controlled attenuation parameter. The following measures were computed: homeostatic model assessment (HOMA/HOMA2) for IR, IS, and beta cell function; QUICKI; Bennett index; glucose/insulin; FIRI; McAuley index; Reynaud index; SPISE index; TyG; TyG-BMI; TyG-WC; TyG-WHtR; TG/HDL; and METS-IR. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, gender, diabetes status, and body weight. RESULTS A total of 644 individuals were included in our analysis. MAFLD and significant liver fibrosis were detected in 320 (49.7%) and 80 (12.4%) of the participants, respectively. All measures of IR/IS identified MAFLD and liver fibrosis. However, TyG-WC, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WHtR were the top three indicators that identified MAFLD. Measures that include insulin level in their mathematical calculation, namely, Raynaud index, HOMA-IR, HOMA 2-IR, FIRI, and QUICKI had the best performance in identifying liver fibrosis in the entire population, as well as among the study subgroups. CONCLUSIONS TyG-WC, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WHtR were the best predictors of MAFLD. Insulin-based measures had better performances in the detection of advanced fibrosis. This was independent of age, gender, obesity, or diabetes status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad E Khamseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Malek
- Research Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodeh Jahangiri
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sohrab Nobarani
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marieh Salavatizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Soltanieh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Chehrehgosha
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Taheri
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Montazeri
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Attaran
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Fariba Alaei-Shahmiri
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao C, Koh HCE, Reeds DN, Patterson BW, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Critical Evaluation of Indices Used to Assess β-Cell Function. Diabetes 2024; 73:391-400. [PMID: 38015795 PMCID: PMC10882145 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of β-cell function, defined as the relationship between insulin secretion rate (ISR) and plasma glucose, is not standardized and often involves any of a number of β-cell function indices. We compared β-cell function by using popular indices obtained during basal conditions and after glucose ingestion, including the HOMA-B index, the basal ISR (or plasma insulin)-to-plasma glucose concentration ratio, the insulinogenic and ISRogenic indices, the ISR (or plasma insulin)-to-plasma glucose concentration areas (or incremental areas) under the curve ratio, and the disposition index, which integrates a specific β-cell function index value with an estimate of insulin sensitivity, between lean people with normal fasting glucose (NFG) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 50) and four groups of people with obesity (n = 188) with 1) NFG-NGT, 2) NFG and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 3) impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and IGT, and 4) type 2 diabetes. We also plotted the ISR-plasma glucose relationship before and after glucose ingestion and used a statistical mixed-effects model to evaluate group differences in this relationship (i.e., β-cell function). Index-based group differences in β-cell function produced contradicting results and did not reflect the group differences of the actual observed ISR-glucose relationship or, in the case of the disposition index, group differences in glycemic status. The discrepancy in results is likely due to incorrect mathematical assumptions that are involved in computing indices, which can be overcome by evaluating the relationship between ISR and plasma glucose with an appropriate statistical model. Data obtained with common β-cell function indices should be interpreted cautiously. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cao
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Han-Chow E. Koh
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Dominic N. Reeds
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bruce W. Patterson
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Imamori M, Hosooka T, Imi Y, Hosokawa Y, Yamaguchi K, Itoh Y, Ogawa W. Thrombospondin-1 promotes liver fibrosis by enhancing TGF-β action in hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 693:149369. [PMID: 38091840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Insulin resistance in adipose tissue is thought to be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH), but the mechanism underlying this contribution to MASLD/MASH has remained unknown. We previously showed that dysregulation of the PDK1-FoxO1 signaling axis in adipocytes plays a role in the development of MASLD/MASH by analysis of adipocyte-specific PDK1 knockout (A-PDK1KO) and adipocyte-specific PDK1/FoxO1 double-knockout (A-PDK1/FoxO1DKO) mice. We here focused on the role of the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) as a secreted factor whose expression in adipose tissue is increased in A-PDK1KO mice and normalized in A-PDK1/FoxO1DKO mice. Genetic ablation of TSP-1 markedly ameliorated liver fibrosis in A-PDK1KO mice fed a high-fat diet. With regard to the potential mechanism of this effect, TSP-1 augmented the expression of fibrosis-related genes induced by TGF-β in LX-2 human hepatic stellate cells. We also showed that TSP-1 expression and secretion were negatively regulated by insulin signaling via the PDK1-FoxO1 axis in cultured adipocytes. Our results thus indicate that TSP-1 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in MASH. Regulation of TSP-1 expression by PDK1-FoxO1 axis in adipocytes may provide a basis for targeted therapy of hepatic fibrosis in individuals with MASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Imamori
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hosooka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan; Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Imi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yusei Hosokawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kanji Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Division of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Ji G, Li M. Glucokinase regulatory protein: a balancing act between glucose and lipid metabolism in NAFLD. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1247611. [PMID: 37711901 PMCID: PMC10497960 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1247611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease worldwide, affected by both genetics and environment. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) stands as an independent environmental risk factor that precipitates the onset of hepatic steatosis and accelerates its progression to severe stages of liver damage. Furthermore, the coexistence of T2D and NAFLD magnifies the risk of cardiovascular disease synergistically. However, the association between genetic susceptibility and metabolic risk factors in NAFLD remains incompletely understood. The glucokinase regulator gene (GCKR), responsible for encoding the glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), acts as a regulator and protector of the glucose-metabolizing enzyme glucokinase (GK) in the liver. Two common variants (rs1260326 and rs780094) within the GCKR gene have been associated with a lower risk for T2D but a higher risk for NAFLD. Recent studies underscore that T2D presence significantly amplifies the effect of the GCKR gene, thereby increasing the risk of NASH and fibrosis in NAFLD patients. In this review, we focus on the critical roles of GKRP in T2D and NAFLD, drawing upon insights from genetic and biological studies. Notably, prior attempts at drug development targeting GK with glucokinase activators (GKAs) have shown potential risks of augmented plasma triglycerides or NAFLD. Conversely, overexpression of GKRP in diabetic rats improved glucose tolerance without causing NAFLD, suggesting the crucial regulatory role of GKRP in maintaining hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism balance. Collectively, this review sheds new light on the complex interaction between genes and environment in NAFLD, focusing on the GCKR gene. By integrating evidence from genetics, biology, and drug development, we reassess the therapeutic potential of targeting GK or GKRP for metabolic disease treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that selectively activating GK or enhancing GK-GKRP binding may represent a holistic strategy for restoring glucose and lipid metabolic balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meng Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Musso G, Saba F, Cassader M, Gambino R. Lipidomics in pathogenesis, progression and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): Recent advances. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101238. [PMID: 37244504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting up to 30% of the general adult population. NAFLD encompasses a histological spectrum ranging from pure steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH can progress to cirrhosis and is becoming the most common indication for liver transplantation, as a result of increasing disease prevalence and of the absence of approved treatments. Lipidomic readouts of liver blood and urine samples from experimental models and from NASH patients disclosed an abnormal lipid composition and metabolism. Collectively, these changes impair organelle function and promote cell damage, necro-inflammation and fibrosis, a condition termed lipotoxicity. We will discuss the lipid species and metabolic pathways leading to NASH development and progression to cirrhosis, as well as and those species that can contribute to inflammation resolution and fibrosis regression. We will also focus on emerging lipid-based therapeutic opportunities, including specialized proresolving lipid molecules and macrovesicles contributing to cell-to-cell communication and NASH pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Musso
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Francesca Saba
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cassader
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambino
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Imi Y, Ogawa W, Hosooka T. Insulin resistance in adipose tissue and metabolic diseases. Diabetol Int 2023; 14:119-124. [PMID: 37090134 PMCID: PMC10113413 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-022-00616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue regulates systemic energy metabolism through adipokine production as well as energy storage and energy supply to other organs in response to changes in energy status. Adipose tissue dysfunction is therefore thought to be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of a variety of metabolic disorders including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Given that insulin plays a central role in the regulation of many aspects of adipocyte function, insulin resistance in adipose tissue is implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders as a cause of adipose tissue dysfunction. The concept of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has recently been proposed for liver disease associated with metabolic disorders in both obese and nonobese individuals, with insulin resistance in adipose tissue likely being an important factor in its pathogenesis. This review outlines the relation between insulin resistance in adipose tissue and metabolic disorders, with a focus on the physiological relevance and mechanism of action of 3'-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), a key kinase in insulin signaling, and its downstream transcription factor FoxO1 in adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Imi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences/Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hosooka
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences/Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The association between visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and NAFLD in subjects with different degrees of adiposity. Hepatol Int 2023; 17:215-224. [PMID: 36071305 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-022-10409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between visceral adipocyte hypertrophy and the onset and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in subjects with different degrees of adiposity. METHODS Omental adipose tissue and liver biopsies were collected from obese subjects. NAFLD was defined according to the NASH Clinical Research Network scoring system. Adipocyte size was measured using pathological section analysis. Adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) was calculated as fasting insulin (pmol/L) × fasting free fatty acid concentration (mmol/L). RESULTS In total, 275 obese patients were enrolled, including 158 females and 58 males with NAFLD. In females, adipocyte size was significantly larger in NAFLD participants as compared to the controls (99.37 ± 14.18 vs. 84.14 ± 12.65 [Formula: see text]m, p < 0.001). Moreover, adipocyte size was larger in females with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as compared to those with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) (101.45 ± 12.77 vs. 95.79 ± 15.80 [Formula: see text]m, p = 0.015). Mediation analysis showed that adipocyte size impacted the NAFLD activity score through Adipo-IR (b = 0.007 [95% bootstrap CI 0.002, 0.013]). Furthermore, the females were divided into: Q1 (BMI < 32.5 kg/m2), Q2 (BMI 32.5-35.5 kg/m2), Q3 (BMI 35.5-38.8 kg/m2) and Q4 (BMI ≥ 38.8 kg/m2) according to BMI quartiles. Omental adipocyte size was larger in NAFLD subjects in Q1-Q3, but not in Q4. No similar results were observed in males. CONCLUSION For the first time, we reported that visceral adipocyte hypertrophy was associated with the onset and progression of NAFLD in mild to moderate adiposity but not in severe obesity, which may be mediated by adipose tissue insulin resistance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Maksymets T, Sorochka-Sirko M, Bondarenko O, Karpyshyn N, Bochar O, Bochar V, Sklyarov E. ANALYSIS THE METABOLIC STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE DEPENDING ON BODY MASS INDEX. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:41-45. [PMID: 36883488 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202301105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To analyze the metabolic status of patients with coronary artery disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease depending on body mass index. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The cohort of patients included 107 people with coronary artery disease (CAD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and over¬weight (n=56) or obesity (n=51). In all patients glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, hsCRP, transaminases, creatinine, urea, uric acid, lipid profile, anthropometric parameters and ultrasound elastography were measured. RESULTS Results: During the analysis of serum lipid spectrum in patients with obesity: lower levels of HDL and higher TG concentration compared with patients who had overweight. The insulin level was almost twice as high as in patients with overweight and the HOMA-IR index was 3.49 (2.13;5.78), where as in patients with overweight it was 1.85 (1.28;3,01), p<0.01. In patients with coronary artery disease and overweight, the of hsCRP was 1.92 (1.18;2.98) mg/l and was significantly different from the hsCRP level in obese patients, which was 3.15 (2.64;3.66) mg/l, p=0,004. CONCLUSION Conclusions: In patients with coronary artery disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity, the metabolic profile was characterized by a more unfa¬vorable lipid spectrum: lower levels of HDL and higher triglicerid concentration. Carbohydrate metabolism in obese patients included disorders such us impared glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. There was also a correlation between body mass index with insulin and glycated hemoglobin. Higher concentration hsCRP in obese compared with patients with overweight was observed. This confirms the role of obesity in the patogenesis of coronary artery disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olha Bondarenko
- DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, LVIV, UKRAINE
| | | | - Olesja Bochar
- DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, LVIV, UKRAINE
| | | | - Eugen Sklyarov
- DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, LVIV, UKRAINE
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tourkochristou E, Assimakopoulos SF, Thomopoulos K, Marangos M, Triantos C. NAFLD and HBV interplay - related mechanisms underlying liver disease progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965548. [PMID: 36544761 PMCID: PMC9760931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) constitute common chronic liver diseases with worldwide distribution. NAFLD burden is expected to grow in the coming decade, especially in western countries, considering the increased incidence of diabetes and obesity. Despite the organized HBV vaccinations and use of anti-viral therapies globally, HBV infection remains endemic and challenging public health issue. As both NAFLD and HBV have been associated with the development of progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the co-occurrence of both diseases has gained great research and clinical interest. The causative relationship between NAFLD and HBV infection has not been elucidated so far. Dysregulated fatty acid metabolism and lipotoxicity in NAFLD disease seems to initiate activation of signaling pathways that enhance pro-inflammatory responses and disrupt hepatocyte cell homeostasis, promoting progression of NAFLD disease to NASH, fibrosis and HCC and can affect HBV replication and immune encountering of HBV virus, which may further have impact on liver disease progression. Chronic HBV infection is suggested to have an influence on metabolic changes, which could lead to NAFLD development and the HBV-induced inflammatory responses and molecular pathways may constitute an aggravating factor in hepatic steatosis development. The observed altered immune homeostasis in both HBV infection and NAFLD could be associated with progression to HCC development. Elucidation of the possible mechanisms beyond HBV chronic infection and NAFLD diseases, which could lead to advanced liver disease or increase the risk for severe complications, in the case of HBV-NAFLD co-existence is of high clinical significance in the context of designing effective therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tourkochristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stelios F. Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece,*Correspondence: Stelios F. Assimakopoulos,
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paranjpe V, Galor A, Grambergs R, Mandal N. The role of sphingolipids in meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular surface inflammation. Ocul Surf 2022; 26:100-110. [PMID: 35973562 PMCID: PMC10259413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation occurs in response to tissue injury and invasion of microorganisms and is carried out by the innate and adaptive immune systems, which are regulated by numerous chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators. There are four major families of bioactive lipid mediators that play an integral role in inflammation - eicosanoids, sphingolipids (SPL), specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM), and endocannabinoids. SPL have been historically recognized as important structural components of cellular membranes; their roles as bioactive lipids and inflammatory mediators are recent additions. Major SPL metabolites, including sphingomyelin, ceramide, ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and their respective enzymes have been studied extensively, primarily in cell-culture and animal models, for their roles in cellular signaling and regulating inflammation and apoptosis. Less focus has been given to the involvement of SPL in eye diseases. As such, the aim of this review was to examine relationships between the SPL family and ocular surface diseases, focusing on their role in disease pathophysiology and discussing the potential of therapeutics that disrupt SPL pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Paranjpe
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Anat Galor
- Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th St, Miami, FL, 33125, USA; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Richard Grambergs
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Hamilton Eye Institute, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Nawajes Mandal
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Hamilton Eye Institute, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA; Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sharma N, Sircar A, Anders HJ, Gaikwad AB. Crosstalk between kidney and liver in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1024-1038. [PMID: 32223569 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1745851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver and kidney are vital organs that maintain homeostasis and injury to either of them triggers pathogenic pathways affecting the other. For example, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) promotes the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), vice versa acute kidney injury (AKI) endorses the induction and progression of liver dysfunction. Progress in clinical and basic research suggest a role of excessive fructose intake, insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines production, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, redox imbalance, and their impact on epigenetic regulation of gene expression in this context. Recent developments in experimental and clinical research have identified several biochemical and molecular pathways for AKI-liver interaction, including altered liver enzymes profile, metabolic acidosis, oxidative stress, activation of inflammatory and regulated cell death pathways. This review focuses on the current preclinical and clinical findings on kidney-liver crosstalk in NAFLD-CKD and AKI-liver dysfunction settings and highlights potential molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anannya Sircar
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Celecoxib-mediated attenuation of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is potentially relevant to redistributing the expression of adiponectin receptors in rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09872. [PMID: 35832345 PMCID: PMC9272346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity ameliorated the severity of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rats. It is not completely understood that the role of COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib on adiponectin receptors (Adipo-R1/R2) expression in different tissues in NASH rats. Sprague-Dawley male NASH rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) were administrated with or without celecoxib for 8 weeks. Biochemical parameters of liver function, glucose, and lipid metabolism, and the levels of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the serum or liver were collected according to the standard protocols. The mRNA and protein levels of Adipo-R1, Adipo-R2, and COX-2 in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat were performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that celecoxib ameliorated the various clinical indicators and pathological characteristics in the NASH rats, including body weight, liver function, liver index, and redox activities in serum and hepatic samples. The serum concentrations of adiponectin and TNF-α and PGE2 were negatively correlated. As expected, these ameliorative effects of celecoxib were associated with the gene and protein levels up-regulation of Adipo-R1, Adipo-R2 in the liver and visceral fat tissues, and seeming to be compensatory down-regulation expression in muscle tissues (P <0.05). Additionally, COX-2 protein expression was negatively correlated with serum adiponectin levels, protein expression of adiponectin receptors from the liver and visceral fat, conversely, positively correlated with those from the muscle. Our current study demonstrate that celecoxib might effectively alleviate NASH rats in a unique manner closely relevant to redistributing the expression of adiponectin receptors in the liver, visceral fat, and muscle. However, the precise molecular mechanism needs further study. NASH is a watershed in the progression of NAFLD. Finding a therapy for NASH is in urgent need. Pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 activity ameliorated the severity of NASH. Low-dose celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, can improve NASH by redistributing the expression of adiponectin receptors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ogresta D, Mrzljak A, Cigrovski Berkovic M, Bilic-Curcic I, Stojsavljevic-Shapeski S, Virovic-Jukic L. Coagulation and Endothelial Dysfunction Associated with NAFLD: Current Status and Therapeutic Implications. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:339-355. [PMID: 35528987 PMCID: PMC9039716 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. It is considered a multisystem disease and there is a strong association with cardiovascular disease and arterial hypertension, which interfere with changes in the coagulation system. Coagulation disorders are common in patients with hepatic impairment and are dependent on the degree of liver damage. Through a review of the literature, we consider and discuss possible disorders in the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction and platelet abnormalities in patients with NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Ogresta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medicine, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Cigrovski Berkovic
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Pharmacology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Kinesiological Anthropology and Methodology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of JJ Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Bilic-Curcic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of JJ Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Lucija Virovic-Jukic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medicine, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence to: Lucija Virović-Jukić, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Medicine; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Vinogradska cesta 29, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-317X. Tel: +385-1-3787178, Fax: +385-1-3787448, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guerra S, Mocciaro G, Gastaldelli A. Adipose tissue insulin resistance and lipidome alterations as the characterizing factors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13695. [PMID: 34695228 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now 25% in the general population but increases to more than 55% in subjects with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. Simple steatosis (NAFL) can develop into more severe forms, that is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma leading to death. METHODS In this narrative review, we have discussed the current knowledge in the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease, including both metabolic and non-metabolic factors, insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, as well as the markers of liver damage, giving attention to the alterations in lipid metabolism and production of lipotoxic lipids. RESULTS Insulin resistance, particularly in the adipose tissue, is the main driver of NAFLD due to the excess release of fatty acids. Lipidome analyses have shown that several lipids, including DAGs and ceramides, and especially if they contain saturated lipids, act as bioactive compounds, toxic to the cells. Lipids can also affect mitochondrial function. Not only lipids, but also amino acid metabolism is impaired in NAFL/NASH, and some amino acids, as branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, glutamate, serine and glycine, have been linked to impaired metabolism, insulin resistance and severity of NAFLD and serine is a precursor of ceramides. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of lipotoxic species and adipose tissue dysfunction can help to identify individuals at risk of progression to NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerra
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mocciaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ismaiel A, Jaaouani A, Leucuta DC, Popa SL, Dumitrascu DL. The Visceral Adiposity Index in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1890. [PMID: 34944706 PMCID: PMC8698356 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In order to avoid a liver biopsy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), several noninvasive biomarkers have been studied lately. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the visceral adiposity index (VAI) in NAFLD and liver fibrosis, in addition to its accuracy in predicting NAFLD and NASH. (2) Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, identifying observational studies assessing the VAI in NAFLD and liver fibrosis. QUADAS-2 was used to evaluate the quality of included studies. The principal summary outcomes were mean difference (MD) and area under the curve (AUC). (3) Results: A total of 24 studies were included in our review. VAI levels were significantly increased in NAFLD (biopsy-proven and ultrasound-diagnosed), simple steatosis vs. controls, and severe steatosis vs. simple steatosis. However, no significant MD was found according to sex, liver fibrosis severity, simple vs. moderate and moderate vs. severe steatosis, pediatric NAFLD, and NASH patients. The VAI predicted NAFLD (AUC 0.767) and NASH (AUC 0.732). (4) Conclusions: The VAI has a predictive value in diagnosing NAFLD and NASH, with significantly increased values in adult NAFLD patients, simple steatosis compared to controls, and severe steatosis compared to simple steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Ismaiel
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.); (S.-L.P.); (D.L.D.)
| | - Ayman Jaaouani
- Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Daniel-Corneliu Leucuta
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan-Lucian Popa
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.); (S.-L.P.); (D.L.D.)
| | - Dan L. Dumitrascu
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.); (S.-L.P.); (D.L.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cheung A, Ahmed A. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of Links and Risks. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2021; 14:457-465. [PMID: 34819740 PMCID: PMC8607580 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s226130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease are both chronic conditions with rapidly increasing prevalence and incidence worldwide that have led to a significant burden on health-care systems. The association between these two disease entities is partly attributed to shared cardiometabolic comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. However, independent of these overlapping risks, there are increased rates and more severe CKD in NAFLD patients. Conversely, more progressive NAFLD is seen with advanced stages of kidney injury. In addition to overlapping risk factors, shared pathogenic mechanisms suggest these two disease entities may resemble different manifestations of a single underlying disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen X, Xiao J, Pang J, Chen S, Wang Q, Ling W. Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction Is Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093139. [PMID: 34579016 PMCID: PMC8468093 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity. However, the association between NAFLD and pancreatic β-cell function is still ambiguous. Here, we assessed whether pancreatic β-cell function is associated with NAFLD. Method: The data of NHANES III from 1988 to 1994 were used. NAFLD was diagnosed when subjects had ultrasonographically hepatic steatosis without other liver diseases. Disposition index (DI) was employed to assess pancreatic β-cell function. A total of 6168 participants were included in this study. Results: NAFLD participants had much higher HOMA2-%B (weighted mean, 124.1; standard error, 1.8) than the non-NAFLD participants (weighted mean, 100.7; standard error, 0.9). However, when evaluating the β-cell function in the context of insulin resistance by using DI index, DI levels were much lower in NAFLD subjects (weighted mean, 79.5; standard error, 1.0) compared to non-NAFLD (weighted mean, 95.0; standard error, 0.8). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that DI was inversely associated with NAFLD prevalence. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for quartile 1 versus quartile 4 was 1.81 (1.31–2.50) (p < 0.001 for trend). Moreover, DI was also inversely associated with the presence of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis. The multivariable-adjusted ORs across quartiles of DI were 2.47, 1.44, 0.96 and 1.00 for the presence of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis (p < 0.001 for trend). Conclusions: Pancreatic β-cell function might be a new predictor for the presence of NAFLD, and insufficient compensatory β-cell function is associated with NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinghe Xiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Han D, Chen J, Liu S, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Jin W, Xin Y. Serum Resistin Levels in Adult Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:484-493. [PMID: 34447677 PMCID: PMC8369026 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies reported that serum resistin levels were remarkably changed in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but the conclusions were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate accurate serum resistin levels in adult patients with NAFLD. METHODS A complete literature research was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, and all the available studies up to 7 May 2020 were reviewed. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) values were calculated to investigate the serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD and healthy controls. RESULTS A total of 28 studies were included to investigate the serum resistin levels in patients with NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD had higher serum resistin levels than controls (SMD=0.522, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.004-1.040, I 2=95.9%). Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) had lower serum resistin levels than the healthy controls (SMD=-0.44, 95% CI: -0.83-0.55, I 2=74.5%). In addition, no significant difference of serum resistin levels was observed between patients with NAFL and healthy controls (SMD=-0.34, 95% CI: -0.91-0.23, I 2=79.6%) and between patients with NAFL and NASH (SMD=0.15, 95% CI: -0.06-0.36, I 2=0.00%). Furthermore, subgroup and sensitivity analyses suggested that heterogeneity did not affect the results of meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis investigated the serum resistin levels in adult patients with NAFLD comprehensively. Patients with NAFLD had higher serum resistin levels and patients with NASH had lower serum resistin levels than healthy controls. Serum resistin could serve as a potential biomarker to predict the development risk of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Han
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Qingdao City Shinan District Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zengzhi Zhang
- Qingdao City Shinan District Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Correspondence to: Yongning Xin and Wenwen Jin, Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, China. Tel: +86-532-82789463, Fax: +86-532-85968434, E-mail: (YX) or (WJ)
| | - Yongning Xin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Correspondence to: Yongning Xin and Wenwen Jin, Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, China. Tel: +86-532-82789463, Fax: +86-532-85968434, E-mail: (YX) or (WJ)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ferguson D, Finck BN. Emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:484-495. [PMID: 34131333 PMCID: PMC8570106 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent liver disease in the world, yet there are still no approved pharmacological therapies to prevent or treat this condition. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of severity, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although NASH is linked to an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis and has now become the leading cause of liver failure-related transplantation, the majority of patients with NASH will ultimately die as a result of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic diseases. Importantly, NAFLD is closely linked to obesity and tightly interrelated with insulin resistance and T2DM. Thus, targeting these interconnected conditions and taking a holistic attitude to the treatment of metabolic disease could prove to be a very beneficial approach. This Review will explore the latest relevant literature and discuss the ongoing therapeutic options for NAFLD focused on targeting intermediary metabolism, insulin resistance and T2DM to remedy the global health burden of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferguson
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li W, Zeng H, Xu M, Huang C, Tao L, Li J, Zhang T, Chen H, Xia J, Li C, Li X. Oleanolic Acid Improves Obesity-Related Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by Regulating Macrophages Activation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:697483. [PMID: 34393781 PMCID: PMC8361479 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.697483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissues, primarily mediated by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), is the key pathogenic link between obesity and metabolic disorders. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural triterpenoid possessing anti-diabetic and anti-inflammation effects, but the machinery is poorly understood. This study investigated the detailed mechanisms of OA on adipose tissue inflammation in obese mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, then daily intragastric administrated with vehicle, 25 and 50 mg/kg OA for 4 weeks. Comparing with vehicle, OA administration in obese mice greatly improved insulin resistance, and reduced adipose tissue hypertrophy, ATM infiltration as well as the M1/M2 ratio. The pro-inflammatory markers were significantly down-regulated by OA in both adipose tissue of obese mice and RAW264.7 macrophages treated with interferon gamma/lipopolysaccharide (IFN-γ/LPS). Furthermore, it was found that OA suppressed activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome through decreasing voltage dependent anion channels (VDAC) expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This is the first report that oleanolic acid exerts its benefits by affecting mitochondrial function and macrophage activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunli Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang X, Liu D, Wang Z, Cai C, Jiang H, Yu G. Porphyran-derived oligosaccharides alleviate NAFLD and related cecal microbiota dysbiosis in mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21458. [PMID: 33948987 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000763rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyran and its derivatives possess a variety of biological activities, such as ameliorations of oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperlipemia, and immune deficiencies. In this study, we evaluated the potential efficacy of porphyran-derived oligosaccharides from Porphyra yezoensis (PYOs) in alleviating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and preliminarily clarified the underlying mechanism. NAFLD was induced by a high-fat diet for six months in C57BL/6J mice, followed by treatment with PYOs (100 or 300 mg/kg/d) for another six weeks. We found that PYOs reduced hepatic oxidative stress in mice with NAFLD, which plays a critical role in the occurrence and development of NAFLD. In addition, PYOs could markedly decrease lipid accumulation in liver by activating the IRS-1/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway and the AMPK signaling pathway in mice with NAFLD. PYOs also apparently relieved the hepatic fibrosis induced by oxidative stress via downregulation of TGF-β and its related proteins, so that liver injury was markedly alleviated. Furthermore, PYOs treatment relieved cecal microbiota dysbiosis (such as increasing the relative abundance of Akkermansia, while decreasing the Helicobacter abundance), which could alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism, and protect the liver to a certain degree. In summary, PYOs treatment remarkably improved NAFLD via a specific molecular mechanism and reshaped the cecal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Green Tea and Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) for the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases (NAFLD): Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Mechanism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071076. [PMID: 34356308 PMCID: PMC8301033 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) represent a set of liver disorders progressing from steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, which induce huge burden to human health. Many pathophysiological factors are considered to influence NAFLD in a parallel pattern, involving insulin resistance, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammatory cascades, fibrogenic reaction, etc. However, the underlying mechanisms, including those that induce NAFLD development, have not been fully understood. Specifically, oxidative stress, mainly mediated by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species, has participated in the multiple NAFLD-related signaling by serving as an accelerator. Ameliorating oxidative stress and maintaining redox homeostasis may be a promising approach for the management of NAFLD. Green tea is one of the most important dietary resources of natural antioxidants, above which epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) notably contributes to its antioxidative action. Accumulative evidence from randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis has revealed the beneficial functions of green tea and EGCG in preventing and managing NAFLD, with acceptable safety in the patients. Abundant animal and cellular studies have demonstrated that green tea and EGCG may protect against NAFLD initiation and development by alleviating oxidative stress and the related metabolism dysfunction, inflammation, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis. The targeted signaling pathways may include, but are not limited to, NRF2, AMPK, SIRT1, NF-κB, TLR4/MYD88, TGF-β/SMAD, and PI3K/Akt/FoxO1, etc. In this review, we thoroughly discuss the oxidative stress-related mechanisms involved in NAFLD development, as well as summarize the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of green tea and EGCG against NAFLD.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao S, Li X, Peng W, Wang L, Ye W, Zhao Y, Yin W, Chen WD, Li W, Wang YD. Ligand-based pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening and biological evaluation to identify novel TGR5 agonists. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9403-9409. [PMID: 35423434 PMCID: PMC8695346 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10168k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is emerging as an important and promising target for the development of anti-diabetic drugs. To understand the structural characteristics of TGR5 agonists, the common feature pharmacophore models were generated and molecular docking was performed. The ligand-based virtual screening combined with pharmacophore mapping and molecular docking was performed to identify novel nonsteroidal TGR5 agonists. Finally, 20 compounds were screened for in vitro TGR5 agonistic activity assay, and results showed most compounds exhibiting TGR5 agonistic activity at 40 μM. Among these compounds, V12 and V14 displayed obvious TGR5 agonist activity, with the EC50 values of 19.5 μM and 7.7 μM, respectively. Compounds V12 and V14 could be considered potential TGR5 agonist candidates and also may be used as initial hits for developing novel TGR5 agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Xinping Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University Hohhot China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu H, Zhan Q, Miao X, Xia X, Yang G, Peng X, Yan C. Punicalagin Prevents Hepatic Steatosis through Improving Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Liver and Adipose Tissue and Modulating Gut Microbiota in Western Diet-Fed Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001031. [PMID: 33369197 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Punicalagin (PU)-rich pomegranate peel extract has been shown before to exert protective effects against high fat-induced hepatic damage. The aim of this study is to explore whether and how PU antagonizes hepatic steatosis in Western diet-fed (WD) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice are fed either chow diet, WD (containing 42% fat, 15% protein, and 43% carbohydrates), or WD supplemented with PU (50 mg kg-1 body weight/day) for 13 weeks. Weight gain, hepatic fat content, and inflammation in the liver and adipose tissues are measured. Compared to the WD group, PU-treated mice have lower fat content, decreased levels of alanine transaminase, and inflammation in liver. PU also changed the transcriptional expression of important genes in fatty acid oxidation pathway and alleviated glucose intolerance. Furthermore, PU improved adiponectin signaling and lipid metabolism in visceral adipose tissue. Moreover, PU improved gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by WD and enhanced gut barrier function. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that PU improves hepatic steatosis induced by WD, in part through regulating lipid homeostasis and inflammation in liver and adipose tissue and restoring microbiota shift and impaired gut barrier function. Thus, PU can be potentially developed as a potential prevention strategy in combating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Qiuyao Zhan
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Xin Miao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| | - Gaoji Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunhong Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116034, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Toita R, Kang JH. Long-term profile of serological biomarkers, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:1-6. [PMID: 32579995 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be typically classified into two subgroups: non-alcoholic fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mouse models of NAFLD are useful tools for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD and for developing drugs for its treatment. Here, we investigated the time-dependent changes in serum lipids and biochemical markers of hepatic function, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in mice fed a normal diet (ND) or a NAFLD diet (choline deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet; CDAHFD) for 12 weeks. CDAHFD-fed mice showed significantly reduced serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol throughout the treatment period compared with ND-fed mice. The changes in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin showed an inverse U-shaped curve in the CDAHFD-fed mice. The serum alkaline phosphatase levels decreased in both ND- and CDAHFD-fed mice in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, CDAHFD-fed mice showed a significant increase in the number of inflammatory foci and hepatic fibrosis at 6-12 weeks, although inflammatory foci and hepatic fibrogenesis were observable at relatively early stages as well (1-4 weeks). In conclusion, the long-term profile of serological biomarkers, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in CDAHFD-fed mice identified in this study may provide a better understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riki Toita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan; AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Araki N, Takahashi H, Takamori A, Kitajima Y, Hyogo H, Sumida Y, Tanaka S, Anzai K, Aishima S, Chayama K, Fujimoto K, Eguchi Y. Decrease in fasting insulin secretory function correlates with significant liver fibrosis in Japanese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. JGH OPEN 2020; 4:929-936. [PMID: 33102766 PMCID: PMC7578285 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is typically associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes, and insulin resistance is involved in its pathogenesis. However, the relationship between insulin secretion and NAFLD is unclear. We aimed to characterize the relationship between fasting insulin secretory function (ISF), evaluated using the homeostatic model assessment‐beta cell function (HOMA‐β) and the severity of fibrosis during NAFLD. Methods A‐β was calculated in 188 patients with biopsy‐confirmed NAFLD, and the correlations between Log HOMA‐β and clinical parameters, including hepatic fibrosis, were calculated. Results Log HOMA‐β was significantly lower in NAFLD patients with significant fibrosis (stages 2–4) than in those in the early stages (stages 0–1) (median [interquartile range]) (2.1 [1.9–2.4] vs 2.0 [1.8–2.2], P = 0.04). The prevalence of significant fibrosis decreased with increasing Log HOMA‐β: it was 59.2% in participants with low ISF (Log HOMA‐β < 1.85), 43.6% in those with intermediate ISF (1.85 ≤ Log HOMA‐β < 2.25), and 68.0% in those with high ISF (Log HOMA‐β ≥ 2.25). Patients with lower Log HOMA‐β had lower current body mass index (BMI), BMI at 20 years of age, and peak lifetime BMI than patients with intermediate or high Log HOMA‐β. Conclusions Fasting ISF decreased alongside the development of liver fibrosis in NAFLD, suggesting that an impaired β cell function has a characteristic finding of significant liver fibrosis in relatively nonobese Japanese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Araki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Saga University Saga Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Saga University Saga Japan
| | - Ayako Takamori
- Clinical Research Center Saga University Hospital Saga Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kitajima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Saga University Saga Japan.,Liver Center Saga University Hospital Saga Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hyogo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology JA Hiroshima General Hospital Hatsukaichi Japan
| | - Yoshio Sumida
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University Aichi Japan
| | - Saiyu Tanaka
- Center for Digestive and Liver Disease Nara City Hospital Nara Japan
| | - Keizo Anzai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Saga University Saga Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Saga University Saga Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kazuma Fujimoto
- Faculty of Medicine International University of Health and Welfare Fukuoka Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Azzu V, Vacca M, Virtue S, Allison M, Vidal-Puig A. Adipose Tissue-Liver Cross Talk in the Control of Whole-Body Metabolism: Implications in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1899-1912. [PMID: 32061598 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and the liver play significant roles in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis, but they have not evolved to cope with the continuous, chronic, nutrient surplus seen in obesity. In this review, we detail how prolonged metabolic stress leads to adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and adipokine release that results in increased lipid flux to the liver. Overall, the upshot of hepatic fat accumulation alongside an insulin-resistant state is that hepatic lipid enzymatic pathways are modulated and overwhelmed, resulting in the selective buildup of toxic lipid species, which worsens the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic shift observed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vian Azzu
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital; The Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge.
| | - Michele Vacca
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital
| | - Michael Allison
- The Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li R, Li Y, Li C, Zheng D, Chen P. Gut Microbiota and Endocrine Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1238:143-164. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2385-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
29
|
Marjot T, Moolla A, Cobbold JF, Hodson L, Tomlinson JW. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: Current Concepts in Etiology, Outcomes, and Management. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5601173. [PMID: 31629366 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of disease, extending from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis with a significant risk for the development of cirrhosis. It is highly prevalent and is associated with significant adverse outcomes both through liver-specific morbidity and mortality but, perhaps more important, through adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. It is closely associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and both of these conditions drive progressive disease toward the more advanced stages. The mechanisms that govern hepatic lipid accumulation and the predisposition to inflammation and fibrosis are still not fully understood but reflect a complex interplay between metabolic target tissues including adipose and skeletal muscle, and immune and inflammatory cells. The ability to make an accurate assessment of disease stage (that relates to clinical outcome) can also be challenging. While liver biopsy is still regarded as the gold-standard investigative tool, there is an extensive literature on the search for novel noninvasive biomarkers and imaging modalities that aim to accurately reflect the stage of underlying disease. Finally, although no therapies are currently licensed for the treatment of NAFLD, there are interventions that appear to have proven efficacy in randomized controlled trials as well as an extensive emerging therapeutic landscape of new agents that target many of the fundamental pathophysiological processes that drive NAFLD. It is highly likely that over the next few years, new treatments with a specific license for the treatment of NAFLD will become available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marjot
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmad Moolla
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy F Cobbold
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lin YC, Wu CC, Ni YH. New Perspectives on Genetic Prediction for Pediatric Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:603654. [PMID: 33363067 PMCID: PMC7755886 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.603654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic or recently re-defined metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a spectrum of progressive hepatic disease, has become a public health issue in obese children and adolescents. MAFLD is a complex metabolic disease strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. It is not known why not every obese subject will develop MAFLD. Different ethnic/racial groups display differences in MAFLD prevalence, indicating genetic factor plays a role. In the past two decades, sequence variations in genetic loci, including PNPLA3, TM6SF2, GCKR, MBOAT7, HSD17B13, etc. have been shown to confer susceptibility to MAFLD in children and adults. This review article provides an updated viewpoint of genetic predictors related to pediatric MAFLD. We discuss whether these susceptible genes can be clinically used for risk stratification and personalized care. Understanding human genetics and molecular mechanisms can give important information not only for prediction of risk but also on how to design drugs. In view of current epidemic of MAFLD worldwide, it is necessary to identify which children with MAFLD progress rapidly and need earlier intervention. In the future, a comprehensive analysis of individualized genetic and environmental factors may help assess the risk of children with MAFLD and personalize their treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mo FF, Lv BH, An T, Miao JN, Liu JX, Zhang J, Zhang ZY, Ma MH, Yang XY, Zhao DD, Zhang DW, Gao SH, Jiang GJ. Protective mechanism of punicalagin against endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
32
|
Zsóri G, Illés D, Ivány E, Kosár K, Holzinger G, Tajti M, Pálinkás E, Szabovik G, Nagy A, Palkó A, Czakó L. In New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin Reduces Fat Accumulation in the Liver, But Not in the Pancreas or Pericardium. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2019; 17:289-295. [PMID: 31013454 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic fatty pancreas and liver disease (NAFPD and NAFLD) and pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) are often associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our aim was to evaluate the incidence rate of NAFLD and NAFPD, PAT size, and the effect of metformin treatment on NAFLD, NAFPD, and PAT in new-onset T2DM (NODM). Methods: Seventeen patients with NODM and 10 subjects used as a control group were involved in the study. Computed tomography (CT) and laboratory tests were performed before the beginning of metformin therapy and 4 months afterward. PAT and the amount of fat in the pancreas and liver were determined by X-ray attenuation during unenhanced CT examination and compared with the values for the control subjects. Results: Metabolic parameters improved significantly after metformin therapy. NAFLD was diagnosed in 64.7% of the patients with NODM and in 10% of the control subjects. The radiation absorption of the liver was significantly lower in the patients with NODM compared with the control group and significantly higher after metformin therapy compared with the baseline values. Only six patients (35.3%) had NAFLD after metformin therapy. NAFPD was diagnosed in 82.3% of the patients with NODM and in 20% of the control subjects. The radiation absorption of the pancreas was significantly lower in the patients with NODM compared with the control group but did not change significantly after treatment. PAT size was significantly larger in the patients with NODM and did not change significantly after metformin treatment. Conclusions: NAFLD, NAFPD, and increased PAT were detected in the majority of patients with NODM. Metformin therapy decreased the amount of fat in the liver in parallel with an improvement in the metabolic parameters and may, thus, be beneficial for preventing the late consequences of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Zsóri
- 1 First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Illés
- 1 First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Emese Ivány
- 1 First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klára Kosár
- 1 First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Holzinger
- 1 First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Tajti
- 1 First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pálinkás
- 1 First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Géza Szabovik
- 2 Department of Radiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Nagy
- 2 Department of Radiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Palkó
- 2 Department of Radiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Czakó
- 1 First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor rs5186 Gene Variant Predicts Incident NAFLD and Associated Hypertension: Role of Dietary Fat-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cell Activation. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114:607-619. [PMID: 30920415 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension has been linked to the presence and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through unclear mechanisms. The gain-of-function rs5186 A1166C variant in angtiotensin receptor type 1 (AGTR1) gene has been linked to hypertension, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. We assessed the impact of AGTR1 A1166C variant on NAFLD incidence and severity and on glucose and lipid metabolism and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We followed up 314 healthy nonobese, nondiabetic, nonhypertensive, insulin-sensitive participants in a population-based study, characterized for AGTR1 rs5186 A1166C variant, adipokine profile, inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers. An independent cohort of 78 biopsy-proven nondiabetic NAFLD patients and controls underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with Minimal Model analysis of glucose homeostasis, and an oral fat tolerance test with measurement of plasma lipoproteins, adipokines, MCP-1, calprotectin, and nuclear factor-κB activation in circulating mononuclear cells. RESULTS AGTR1 A1166C polymorphism predicted 9.8-year incident NAFLD (odds ratio: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.26-2.21) and hypertension (odds ratio: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.12-2.63) and 9-year increase in cardiovascular disease risk and endothelial dysfunction markers. In the cross-sectional cohort, AGTR1 C allele carriers had higher insulin resistance. Despite comparable fasting lipid profiles, AGTR1 C allele carriers showed postprandial triglyceride-rich and cholesterol-rich VLDL lipoprotein accumulation, higher resistin, MCP-1 and calprotectin responses and nuclear factor-κB activation in mononuclear cells, and a blunted postprandial adiponectin response to fat, which predicted liver histology, hepatocyte apoptosis activation, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction. DISCUSSION AGTR1 A1166C variant affects liver disease, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction in NAFLD, at least in part by modulating adipokine, chemokine, and pro-inflammatory cell activation in response to fat ingestion.
Collapse
|
34
|
Finn PD, Rodriguez D, Kohler J, Jiang Z, Wan S, Blanco E, King AJ, Chen T, Bell N, Dragoli D, Jacobs JW, Jain R, Leadbetter M, Siegel M, Carreras CW, Koo-McCoy S, Shaw K, Le C, Vanegas S, Hsu IH, Kozuka K, Okamoto K, Caldwell JS, Lewis JG. Intestinal TGR5 agonism improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G412-G424. [PMID: 30605011 PMCID: PMC6459286 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists induce systemic release of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) from intestinal L cells, a potentially therapeutic action against metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and Type 2 diabetes. Historically, TGR5 agonist use has been hindered by side effects, including inhibition of gallbladder emptying. Here, we characterize RDX8940, a novel, orally administered TGR5 agonist designed to have minimal systemic effects and investigate its activity in mice fed a Western diet, a model of NAFLD and mild insulin resistance. Agonist activity, binding selectivity, toxicity, solubility, and permeability of RDX8940 were characterized in standard in vitro models. RDX8940 pharmacokinetics and effects on GLP secretion, insulin sensitivity, and liver steatosis were assessed in C57BL/6 mice fed normal or Western diet chow and given single or repeated doses of RDX8940 or vehicle, with or without dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors. Gallbladder effects were assessed in CD-1 mice fed normal chow and given RDX8940 or a systemic TGR5 agonist or vehicle. Our results showed that RDX8940 is minimally systemic, potent, and selective, and induces incretin (GLP-1, GLP-2, and peptide YY) secretion. RDX8940-induced increases in plasma active GLP-1 (aGLP-1) levels were enhanced by repeated dosing and by coadministration of DPP4 inhibitors. RDX8940 increased hepatic exposure to aGLP-1 without requiring coadministration of a DPP4 inhibitor. In mice fed a Western diet, RDX8940 improved liver steatosis and insulin sensitivity. Unlike systemic TGR5 agonists, RDX8940 did not inhibit gallbladder emptying. These results indicate that RDX8940 may have therapeutic potential in patients with NAFLD/NASH. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists have potential as a treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but have until now been associated with undesirable side effects associated with systemic TGR5 agonism, including blockade of gallbladder emptying. We demonstrate that RDX8940, a potent, selective, minimally systemic oral TGR5 agonist, improves liver steatosis and insulin sensitivity in a mouse model of NAFLD and does not inhibit gallbladder emptying in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sindy Wan
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | | | - Tao Chen
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | - Noah Bell
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen Shaw
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | - Cathy Le
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | - I-Hsin Hsu
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu Z, Xu J, Tan J, Song Y, Liu L, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Li X, Chi Y, Liu Y. Mesenteric adipose tissue B lymphocytes promote local and hepatic inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3375-3385. [PMID: 30772951 PMCID: PMC6484337 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) inflammation is associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and immune cells play pivotal roles in the inflammation of adipose tissue. Here, we investigated the roles of MAT B lymphocytes in NAFLD. Mice fed with high‐fat diet (HFD) and normal diet (ND) were killed in time gradients (4, 8 and 12 weeks). Compared with ND‐fed mice, intra‐hepatic CD45+CD19+ B lymphocytes increased after 4 weeks (P < 0.01) of HFD feeding, and lasted until the 12th week, infiltrated earlier than CD45+CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD45+F4/80+ macrophages. The mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐1 decreased in MAT of Bnull HFD‐fed mice compared to that in wild‐type HFD‐fed mice, along with lesser macrophages. Mesenteric adipose tissue B cells from HFD‐fed mice promoted macrophage differentiation to type‐Ι macrophages and expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Macrophages pre‐treated with MAT B cells from HFD‐fed mice showed elevated mRNA expression of IL‐6 and TNF‐α and declined IL‐10 levels in adipocytes compared to ND MAT B cell pre‐treated macrophages. Besides, internal near‐infrared scanning and external transwell assay showed that HFD MAT B cells migrated to the liver more than ND MAT B cells. High‐fat diet MAT B cells induced higher MCP‐1 and lower IL‐10 expression in primary hepatocytes compared to ND MAT B cells in co‐culture experiment. These data indicate that B lymphocytes infiltrate early in MAT during the development of NAFLD, which may not only promote MAT inflammation by regulating macrophages but also migrate to the liver and induce hepatocytes inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Tan
- Gerontology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Gerontology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Chi
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Danford CJ, Connelly MA, Shalaurova I, Kim M, Herman MA, Nasser I, Otvos JD, Afdhal NH, Jiang ZG, Lai M. A Pathophysiologic Approach Combining Genetics and Insulin Resistance to Predict the Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1467-1478. [PMID: 30556036 PMCID: PMC6287585 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disease dictated by both genetic and environmental factors. While insulin resistance (IR) is a key pathogenic driver, two common genetic variants in patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) also impart significant risk for disease progression. Traditional approaches to NAFLD risk stratification rely on biomarkers of fibrosis, an end result of disease progression. We hypothesized that by combining genetics and a novel measurement for IR we could predict disease progression by the NAFLD activity score (NAS) and histologic presence of significant fibrosis. A total of 177 patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. PNPLA3 I148M and TM6SF2 E167K genotypes were determined by TaqMan assays. The enhanced lipoprotein IR index (eLP‐IR) was calculated from serum biomarkers using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Multivariate regression models were used to study the relationships between genetics, IR, and histologic features of NAFLD. In the multivariate analysis, the eLP‐IR was strongly associated with histologic features of NAFLD activity and hepatic fibrosis (P < 0.001 to 0.02) after adjustment for potential confounders. PNPLA3 148M and TM6SF2 E167K genotypes were significantly associated with steatosis (P = 0.003 and P = 0.02, respectively). A combination of the eLP‐IR and genetic score was able to predict the presence of NAS ≥3 with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.74. Adding age to this model predicted stages 3‐4 liver fibrosis with an AUROC of 0.82. Conclusion: This proof‐of‐concept study supports the hypothesis that genetics and IR are major determinants of NAFLD severity and demonstrates the feasibility of a new risk stratification paradigm using exclusively pathogenic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Danford
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | | | - Irina Shalaurova
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp) Morrisville NC
| | - Misung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology Duke University Medical Center Durham NC
| | - Imad Nasser
- Department of Pathology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - James D Otvos
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp) Morrisville NC
| | - Nezam H Afdhal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Michelle Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu Z, Tan J, Chi Y, Zhang F, Xu J, Song Y, Cong X, Wu N, Liu Y. Mesenteric adipose tissue contributes to intestinal barrier integrity and protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G659-G670. [PMID: 29902065 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00079.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the role of mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT), part of the VAT, in NAFLD is unclear. In the present study, we monitored the liver and four depots of the VAT in high-fat diet (HFD)-feeding mice at multiple time points (4, 8, and 12 wk). The MAT had become inflamed by the eighth week of HFD feeding, earlier than other depots of VAT. Furthermore, MAT removal after 8 wk of HFD resulted in more severe steatosis and more foci of inflammation infiltration, as well as higher NAFLD activity scores. Consistent with these findings, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and lipid anabolism genes was increased in the livers of inflamed MAT-removal mice. MAT removal also injured the intestinal barrier and promoted intestinal inflammation. The bacterial load translocated to the liver and circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide were also evaluated in inflamed MAT-removal mice. In a coculture experiment involving adipocytes and intestinal epithelial cells, mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin in CT-26 cells was upregulated and permeability of monolayer Caco-2 cells was elevated under stimulation from adipocytes or inflamed adipocytes. Taken together, these results demonstrated that MAT removal damaged the intestinal barrier and aggravated NAFLD and that MAT inflammation may be a compensatory response to protect the liver by maintaining the intestinal barrier. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) lies between the gut and liver and plays a critical role in hepatic metabolic diseases. In the present study, we found that the MAT was prone to inflammation in high-fat diet-fed mice. Removal of the inflamed MAT resulted in more hepatic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and decreased glucose tolerance. Furthermore, we showed that the MAT contributed to intestinal barrier integrity, thus clarifying why MAT removal aggravated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Chi
- Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Cong
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wu
- Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen T, Reich NW, Bell N, Finn PD, Rodriguez D, Kohler J, Kozuka K, He L, Spencer AG, Charmot D, Navre M, Carreras CW, Koo-McCoy S, Tabora J, Caldwell JS, Jacobs JW, Lewis JG. Design of Gut-Restricted Thiazolidine Agonists of G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7589-7613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | - Noah Bell
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Patricia D. Finn
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - David Rodriguez
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jill Kohler
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Kenji Kozuka
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Limin He
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Andrew G. Spencer
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Dominique Charmot
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Marc Navre
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | - Samantha Koo-McCoy
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jocelyn Tabora
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jeremy S. Caldwell
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Jacobs
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jason Gustaf Lewis
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Danford CJ, Yao ZM, Jiang ZG. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a narrative review of genetics. J Biomed Res 2018; 32:389-400. [PMID: 30355853 PMCID: PMC6283828 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20180045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. It encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from isolated hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the key challenges in NAFLD is identifying which patients will progress. Epidemiological and genetic studies indicate a strong pattern of heritability that may explain some of the variability in NAFLD phenotype and risk of progression. To date, at least three common genetic variants in the PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and GCKR genes have been robustly linked to NAFLD in the population. The function of these genes revealed novel pathways implicated in both the development and progression of NAFLD. In addition, candidate genes previously implicated in NAFLD pathogenesis have also been identified as determinants or modulators of NAFLD phenotype including genes involved in hepatocellular lipid handling, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. This article will review the current understanding of the genetics underpinning the development of hepatic steatosis and the progression of NASH. These newly acquired insights may transform our strategy to risk-stratify patients with NAFLD and to identify new potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Danford
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ze-Min Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Musso G, Cassader M, Paschetta E, Gambino R. Bioactive Lipid Species and Metabolic Pathways in Progression and Resolution of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:282-302.e8. [PMID: 29906416 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is increasing worldwide, yet there are no effective treatments. A decade has passed since the initial lipidomics analyses of liver tissues from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We have learned that liver cells from patients with NASH have an abnormal lipid composition and that the accumulation of lipids leads to organelle dysfunction, cell injury and death, and chronic inflammation, called lipotoxicity. We review the lipid species and metabolic pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of NASH and potential therapeutic targets, including enzymes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, bioactive sphingolipids and polyunsaturated-derived eicosanoids, and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators. We discuss the concept that NASH is a disease that can resolve and the roles of lipid molecules in the resolution of inflammation and regression of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Cassader
- Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Gambino
- Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hanafi MY, Zaher ELM, El-Adely SEM, Sakr A, Ghobashi AHM, Hemly MH, Kazem AH, Kamel MA. The therapeutic effects of bee venom on some metabolic and antioxidant parameters associated with HFD-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5091-5099. [PMID: 29805535 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of bee venom (BV) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) in rats at different levels. Histological manifestations, hepatic lipid content, liver function tests, glucose homeostasis, lipid abnormalities, adipocytokines, lipid peroxidation, disturbed glutathione and antioxidant enzymes systems and dysregulation of Nrf2 transcription factor were assessed. In the present study, the NAFL rats were subcutaneously treated with BV with different doses (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg). The results indicated that BV treatment completely normalized the lipid profile values of NAFL rats. Fasting blood sugar, insulin level and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance significantly decreased. BV treated rats showed a significantly lower level of all liver enzymes and bilirubin. Moreover, BV treatment significantly increased the levels of active nuclear erythroid factor 2 like 2, glutathione (GSH) (total and reduced), GSH/glutathione disulphide ratio and activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase (total and Se-dependent). The level of tumor necrosis factor-α was reduced. Treatment showed correction of adiponectin level, and significant downregulation of hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol. At the histological level, BV improved the architecture of liver cells showing normal sinusoids. It may be concluded that BV may represent an interesting therapeutic alternative for the treatment of NAFL disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mervat Y Hanafi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Eman L M Zaher
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Soha E M El-Adely
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sakr
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H M Ghobashi
- Department of Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Madiha H Hemly
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Amani H Kazem
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Maher A Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhou X, Ren L, Yu Z, Huang X, Li Y, Wang C. The antipsychotics sulpiride induces fatty liver in rats via phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 at Serine 307-mediated adipose tissue insulin resistance. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 345:66-74. [PMID: 29551354 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has suggested that many antipsychotics cause metabolic abnormalities. Adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) contributes to the development and progress of metabolic abnormalities including fatty liver by inducing excessive free fatty acid release from adipose tissue. Sulpiride is an old antipsychotic still frequently used in many developing countries. However, its adverse metabolic effects remain poorly understood. Here, chronic administration of sulpiride (80 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily for 6 weeks) elevated fasting insulin concentration and the index of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in rats. More importantly, sulpiride increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation and Oil Red O-stained area, indicating the induction of fatty liver by sulpiride. Sulpiride also increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations at the baseline and during an oral glucose tolerance test, the Adipo-IR index, and adipocyte size. Adipose gene expression profile revealed that sulpiride decreased mRNA and protein expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, but not IRS-2. Furthermore, sulpiride increased phosphorylation of both Ser307 in IRS-1 and Ser473 in Akt at baseline. Co-treatment with bromocriptine (a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) attenuated sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia, but it was without effect on insulin resistance and fatty liver. Therefore, the present results suggest that sulpiride induces fatty liver in rats via phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser307-mediated adipose tissue insulin resistance, in which dopamine D2 receptor is possibly not involved. Our findings may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the steatotic effect of the old antipsychotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liying Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ratziu V. A critical review of endpoints for non-cirrhotic NASH therapeutic trials. J Hepatol 2018; 68:353-361. [PMID: 29223369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is a disease without a single, specific, diagnostic marker, hence multiple indicators are required to measure therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, drug candidates for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis target many distinct mechanisms that are believed to promote hepatic injury. Therefore, a wide range of endpoints must be reached, sequentially, as required by the drug development process. Some of these endpoints validate the mechanism of action, others are used to anticipate histological efficacy. Histological endpoints are still considered the best predictors of clinical outcome, but they can only be reliably tested in larger, late phase trials. Herein, we will review the rationale and clinical data supporting the use of specific endpoints at different stages of therapeutic trials. We will also discuss the validity and limitations of current phase IIb histological endpoints, particularly a one stage reduction in fibrosis, for their ability to predict progression to cirrhosis, which is the ultimate outcome measure in therapeutic trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Ratziu
- Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Insitute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shigiyama F, Kumashiro N, Furukawa Y, Funayama T, Takeno K, Wakui N, Ikehara T, Nagai H, Taka H, Fujimura T, Uchino H, Tamura Y, Watada H, Nemoto T, Shiraga N, Sumino Y, Hirose T. Characteristics of hepatic insulin-sensitive nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:634-647. [PMID: 29404483 PMCID: PMC5721442 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) plays a crucial role in type 2 diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma. The major underlying pathogenesis is hepatic insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to characterize patients with NAFLD with paradoxically normal hepatic insulin sensitivity relative to patients with NAFLD with hepatic insulin resistance. We recruited 26 patients with NAFLD and divided them into three groups ranked by the level of hepatic insulin sensitivity (HIS; high‐HIS, mid‐HIS, low‐HIS), as assessed by the hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp studies using stable isotope. Hepatic insulin sensitivity of the high‐HIS group was identical to that of the non‐NAFLD lean control (clamped percent suppression of endogenous glucose production, 91.1% ± 5.2% versus 91.0% ± 8.5%, respectively) and was significantly higher than that of the low‐HIS group (66.6% ± 7.5%; P < 0.01). Adiposity (subcutaneous, visceral, intrahepatic, and muscular lipid content), hepatic histopathology, and expression levels of various genes by using liver biopsies, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, plasma metabolites by metabolomics analysis, putative biomarkers, and lifestyles were assessed and compared between the high‐HIS and low‐HIS groups. Among these, adipose tissue insulin sensitivity assessed by clamped percent suppression of free fatty acid, serum high molecular weight adiponectin, and plasma tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, such as citric acid and cis‐aconitic acid, were significantly higher in the high‐HIS group compared to the low‐HIS group. In contrast, there were no differences in adiposity, including intrahepatic lipid content assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (28.3% ± 16.1% versus 20.4% ± 9.9%, respectively), hepatic histopathology, other putative biomarkers, and lifestyles. Conclusion: High levels of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, serum high molecular weight adiponectin, and plasma tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites are unique characteristics that define patients with hepatic insulin‐sensitive NAFLD regardless of intrahepatic lipid content. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:634–647)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Shigiyama
- Division of Diabetes Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Kumashiro
- Division of Diabetes Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Funayama
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kageumi Takeno
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Noritaka Wakui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Ikehara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hidenari Nagai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hikari Taka
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uchino
- Division of Diabetes Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,Sportology Center Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,Sportology Center Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nemoto
- Department of Surgical Pathology Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shiraga
- Department of Radiology Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasukiyo Sumino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahisa Hirose
- Division of Diabetes Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abdel Monem SM. Probiotic Therapy in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Zagazig University Hospitals. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2017; 7:101-106. [PMID: 29201787 PMCID: PMC5663789 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is probably the most common liver disorder in the world. A subgroup of NAFLD patients is characterized by injury to the hepatocytes and inflammation in addition to excessive fat (steatohepatitis), the latter condition is nominated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This work aimed to evaluate the role of probiotics on the outcome of NASH in patients admitted to the Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University (inpatients and outpatients). Materials and methods: This study was performed on 30 patients (17 males and 13 females), with body mass index from 30 to 35 and average age of 44 years with bright fatty liver in ultrasonography and raised alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) and positive liver biopsy findings. The patients were divided into group I (case group) that included 15 patients who received probiotics and group II of 15 patients as control group who did not receive probiotics; the study was conducted between November 2014 and April 2016. Clinical assessment, laboratory evaluation, pelvic-abdominal ultrasound, and liver biopsy of all cases were carried out. Results: In this study, there was significant decrease in liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and no statistically significant other laboratory findings. Also there was relief for dyspepsia in some patients. Conclusion: Probiotics treatment is effective, safe, well-tolerated, inexpensive, appropriate for long-term use, and optimally, works at multiple levels to downregulate inflammatory mediators, and therefore, probiotics could be an option in the treatment of NASH. How to cite this article: Monem SMA. Probiotic Therapy in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Zagazig University Hospitals. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2017;7(1):101-106.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh M Abdel Monem
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Musso G, Cassader M, De Michieli F, Paschetta E, Pinach S, Saba F, Bongiovanni D, Framarin L, Berrutti M, Leone N, Corvisieri S, Parente R, Molinaro F, Sircana A, Bo S, Gambino R. MERTK rs4374383 variant predicts incident nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes: role of mononuclear cell activation and adipokine response to dietary fat. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1747-1758. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
47
|
Ohmi S, Ono M, Takata H, Hirano S, Funakoshi S, Nishi Y, Yoshimura K, Amano E, Terada Y, Saibara T, Fujimoto S. Analysis of factors influencing glucose tolerance in Japanese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:65. [PMID: 28878826 PMCID: PMC5584018 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the association of the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with impaired glucose metabolism has been reported, the factors influencing glucose tolerance in NAFLD remain to be clarified. METHODS Glucose tolerance of 131 Japanese patients diagnosed as NAFLD by histological findings of liver biopsy specimen was examined using 75 g-OGTT. According to Matteoni's classification, patients were divided to 4 groups [M1 ~ 4, M1, 2: non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL); and M3, 4: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)]. Based on the OGTT data, insulinogenic index (IGI) and QUICKI were calculated as indices of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, respectively. Plasma glucose 120 min after glucose loading (G120) was used as the index for glucose intolerance. RESULTS Stepwise multiple regression analysis using G120 as a dependent variable and loge-IGI, QUICKI, sex, BMI, age, NAFL/NASH as independent variables revealed that loge-IGI (β = -0.595) and QUICKI (β = -0.323) are significant factors predicting glucose intolerance (R2 = 0.403), indicating an important role of insulin secretion in glucose tolerance. These findings accord with glucose intolerance as high as 89.7% in patients with impaired insulin secretion defined by ≤43.2 pmol/mmol (40 μU/mg) IGI. Stepwise multiple regression analysis using QUICKI as a dependent variable and NAFL/NAFLD, sex, BMI, and age as independent variables revealed that BMI (β = -0.469) and NAFL/NAFLD (β = -0.204) are significant factors predicting insulin sensitivity (R2 = 0.248). CONCLUSION Impairment of insulin secretion is the most important factor to predict glucose intolerance in NAFLD; severity of histological findings is associated with insulin sensitivity independent of adiposity in NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Ohmi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Masafumi Ono
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Seiki Hirano
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Shogo Funakoshi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Yuichi Nishi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimura
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Eri Amano
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Yoshio Terada
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Toshiji Saibara
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Shimpei Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shimomura Y, Takaki A, Wada N, Yasunaka T, Ikeda F, Maruyama T, Tamaki N, Uchida D, Onishi H, Kuwaki K, Nakamura S, Nouso K, Miyake Y, Koike K, Tomofuji T, Morita M, Yamamoto K, Okada H. The Serum Oxidative/Anti-oxidative Stress Balance Becomes Dysregulated in Patients with Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Intern Med 2017; 56:243-251. [PMID: 28154266 PMCID: PMC5348446 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Oxidative stress is associated with the progression of chronic liver disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also an oxidative stress-related disease. However, the oxidative/anti-oxidative balance has not been fully characterized in NAFLD. The objective of the present study was to investigate the balance between oxidative stress and the anti-oxidative activity in NAFLD, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients We recruited 69 patients with histologically proven NAFLD without HCC (NAFLD; n=58), and with NASH-related HCC (NASH-HCC; n=11). The 58 NAFLD patients included patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL; n=14) and NASH (n=44). Methods The serum levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and anti-oxidative markers (OXY) were determined and then used to calculate the oxidative index. The correlations among such factors as ROM, OXY, oxidative index, and clinical characteristics were investigated. Results In NAFLD, ROM positively correlated with the body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), and the histological grade or inflammatory scores, while only high HbA1c and CRP levels were significant factors that correlated with a higher ROM according to a multivariate analysis. OXY positively correlated with the platelet counts, albumin, and creatinine levels, while negatively correlating with age. However, it improved after treatment intervention. The oxidative index positively correlated with BMI, CRP, and HbA1c. The NASH-HCC patients exhibited a lower OXY than the NASH patients, probably due to the effects of aging. Conclusion Oxidative stress correlated with the levels of NASH activity markers, while the anti-oxidative function was preserved in younger patients as well as in patients with a well-preserved liver function. The NASH-HCC patients tended to be older and exhibited a diminished anti-oxidative function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Shimomura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gastaldelli A, Gaggini M, Daniele G, Ciociaro D, Cersosimo E, Tripathy D, Triplitt C, Fox P, Musi N, DeFronzo R, Iozzo P. Exenatide improves both hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance: A dynamic positron emission tomography study. Hepatology 2016; 64:2028-2037. [PMID: 27639082 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1-RAs) act on multiple tissues, in addition to the pancreas. Recent studies suggest that GLP-1-RAs act on liver and adipose tissue to reduce insulin resistance (IR). Thus, we evaluated the acute effects of exenatide (EX) on hepatic (Hep-IR) and adipose (Adipo-IR) insulin resistance and glucose uptake. Fifteen male subjects (age = 56 ± 8 years; body mass index = 29 ± 1 kg/m2 ; A1c = 5.7 ± 0.1%) were studied on two occasions, with a double-blind subcutaneous injection of EX (5 μg) or placebo (PLC) 30 minutes before a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). During OGTT, we measured hepatic (HGU) and adipose tissue (ATGU) glucose uptake with [18 F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose/positron emission tomography, lipolysis (RaGly) with [U-2 H5 ]-glycerol, oral glucose absorption (RaO) with [U-13 C6 ]-glucose, and hepatic glucose production (EGP) with [6,6-2 H2 ]-glucose. Adipo-IR and Hep-IR were calculated as (FFA0-120min ) × (Ins0-120min ) and (EGP0-120min ) × (Ins0-120min ), respectively. EX reduced RaO, resulting in reduced plasma glucose and insulin concentration from 0 to 120 minutes postglucose ingestion. EX decreased Hep-IR (197 ± 28 to 130 ± 37; P = 0.02) and increased HGU of orally administered glucose (23 ± 4 to 232 ± 89 [μmol/min/L]/[μmol/min/kg]; P = 0.003) despite lower insulin (23 ± 5 vs. 41 ± 5 mU/L; P < 0.02). EX enhanced insulin suppression of RaGly by decreasing Adipo-IR (23 ± 4 to 13 ± 3; P = 0.009). No significant effect of insulin was observed on ATGU (EX = 1.16 ± 0.15 vs. PLC = 1.36 ± 0.13 [μmol/min/L]/[μmol/min/kg]). CONCLUSION Acute EX administration (1) improves Hep-IR, decreases EGP, and enhances HGU and (2) reduces Adipo-IR, improves the antilipolytic effect of insulin, and reduces plasma free fatty acid levels during OGTT. (Hepatology 2016;64:2028-2037).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Gastaldelli
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Daniele
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Eugenio Cersosimo
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Curtis Triplitt
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Peter Fox
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Nicolas Musi
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ralph DeFronzo
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pramfalk C, Pavlides M, Banerjee R, McNeil CA, Neubauer S, Karpe F, Hodson L. Fasting Plasma Insulin Concentrations Are Associated With Changes in Hepatic Fatty Acid Synthesis and Partitioning Prior to Changes in Liver Fat Content in Healthy Adults. Diabetes 2016; 65:1858-67. [PMID: 27207513 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the action of insulin affects fatty acid delivery to the liver, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation within the liver, and triglyceride export from the liver. To understand the metabolic consequences of hepatic fatty acid synthesis, partitioning, oxidation, and net liver fat content in the fasted and postprandial states, we used stable-isotope tracer methodologies to study healthy men and women with varying degrees of insulin resistance before and after consumption of a mixed meal. Subjects were classified as being normoinsulinemic (NI) (fasting plasma insulin <11.2 mU/L, n = 18) or hyperinsulinemic (HI) (fasting plasma insulin >11.2 mU/L, n = 19). Liver fat content was similar between HI and NI individuals, despite HI subjects having marginally more visceral fat. However, de novo lipogenesis was higher and fatty acid oxidation was lower in HI individuals compared with NI subjects. These data suggest that metabolic pathways promoting fat accumulation are enhanced in HI but, paradoxically, without any significant effect on liver fat content when observed in healthy people. This is likely to be explained by increased triglyceride secretion as observed by hypertriglyceridemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pramfalk
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Michael Pavlides
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Rajarshi Banerjee
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Catriona A McNeil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, U.K
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|