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Howell J, Combo T, Binks P, Bragg K, Bukulatjpi S, Campbell K, Clark PJ, Carroll M, Davies J, de Santis T, Muller KR, Nguyen B, Olynyk JK, Shackel N, Valery PC, Wigg AJ, George J, Roberts SK. Overcoming disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma outcomes in First Nations Australians: a strategic plan for action. Med J Aust 2024; 221:230-235. [PMID: 39107943 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Howell
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| | | | | | - Kylie Bragg
- Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA
| | - Sarah Bukulatjpi
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT
- Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation, Nhulunbuy, NT
| | | | - Paul J Clark
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD
| | | | - Jane Davies
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT
- Royal Darwin and Palmerston Hospitals, Darwin, NT
| | | | - Kate R Muller
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA
| | - Bella Nguyen
- Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospital Group, Perth, WA
| | - John K Olynyk
- Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospital Group, Perth, WA
- Curtin University, Perth, WA
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA
| | | | | | - Alan J Wigg
- Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millenium Institute, Sydney, NSW
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
- Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
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2
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Cumming J, Scott N, Howell J, Flores JE, Pavlyshyn D, Hellard ME, Winata LSH, Ryan M, Sutherland T, Thompson AJ, Doyle JS, Sacks-Davis R. Improving Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Outcomes in Patients with Cirrhosis after Hepatitis C Cure: A Modelling Study. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2745. [PMID: 39123472 PMCID: PMC11312194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a significant global health challenge, particularly among individuals with liver cirrhosis, with hepatitis C (HCV) a major cause. In people with HCV-related cirrhosis, an increased risk of HCC remains after cure. HCC surveillance with six monthly ultrasounds has been shown to improve survival. However, adherence to biannual screening is currently suboptimal. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increased HCC surveillance uptake and improved ultrasound sensitivity on mortality among people with HCV-related cirrhosis post HCV cure. METHODS This study utilized mathematical modelling to assess HCC progression, surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment among individuals with cirrhosis who had successfully been treated for HCV. The deterministic compartmental model incorporated Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages to simulate disease progression and diagnosis probabilities in 100 people with cirrhosis who had successfully been treated for hepatitis C over 10 years. Four interventions were modelled to assess their potential for improving life expectancy: realistic improvements to surveillance adherence, optimistic improvements to surveillance adherence, diagnosis sensitivity enhancements, and improved treatment efficacy Results: Realistic adherence improvements resulted in 9.8 (95% CI 7.9, 11.6) life years gained per cohort of 100 over a 10-year intervention period; 17.2 (13.9, 20.3) life years were achieved in optimistic adherence improvements. Diagnosis sensitivity improvements led to a 7.0 (3.6, 13.8) year gain in life years, and treatment improvements improved life years by 9.0 (7.5, 10.3) years. CONCLUSIONS Regular HCC ultrasound surveillance remains crucial to reduce mortality among people with cured hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Our study highlights that even minor enhancements to adherence to ultrasound surveillance can significantly boost life expectancy across populations more effectively than strategies that increase surveillance sensitivity or treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Cumming
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (J.S.D.); (R.S.-D.)
- Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nick Scott
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (J.S.D.); (R.S.-D.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jessica Howell
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (J.S.D.); (R.S.-D.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joan Ericka Flores
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Damian Pavlyshyn
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (J.S.D.); (R.S.-D.)
| | - Margaret E. Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (J.S.D.); (R.S.-D.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Doherty Institute and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Leon Shin-han Winata
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Marno Ryan
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Tom Sutherland
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Alexander J. Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph S. Doyle
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (J.S.D.); (R.S.-D.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Rachel Sacks-Davis
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (J.S.D.); (R.S.-D.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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3
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Sharma R, Abbastabar H, Abdulah DM, Abidi H, Abolhassani H, Abrehdari-Tafreshi Z, Absalan A, Ali HA, Abu-Gharbieh E, Acuna JM, Adib N, Sakilah Adnani QE, Aghaei A, Ahmad A, Ahmad S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi S, Ahmed LA, Ajami M, Al Hamad H, Al Hasan SM, Alanezi FM, Saeed Al-Gheethi AA, Al-Hanawi MK, Ali A, Ali BA, Alimohamadi Y, Aljunid SM, Ali Al-Maweri SA, Alqahatni SA, AlQudah M, Al-Raddadi RM, Al-Tammemi AB, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anwar SL, Anwer R, Aqeel M, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Ariffin H, Artaman A, Arulappan J, Ashraf T, Askari E, Athar M, Wahbi Atout MM, Azadnajafabad S, Badar M, Badiye AD, Baghcheghi N, Bagherieh S, Bai R, Bajbouj K, Baliga S, Bardhan M, Bashiri A, Baskaran P, Basu S, Belgaumi UI, Nazer C Bermudez A, Bhandari B, Bhardwaj N, Bhat AN, Bitaraf S, Boloor A, Hashemi MB, Butt ZA, Chadwick J, Kai Chan JS, Chattu VK, Chaturvedi P, Cho WC, Darwesh AM, Dash NR, Dehghan A, Dhali A, Dianatinasab M, Dibas M, Dixit A, Dixit SG, Dorostkar F, Dsouza HL, Elbarazi I, Elemam NM, El-Huneidi W, Elkord E, Abdou Elmeligy OA, Emamian MH, Erkhembayar R, Ezzeddini R, Fadoo Z, Faiz R, Fakhradiyev IR, Fallahzadeh A, Faris MEM, Farrokhpour H, Fatehizadeh A, Fattahi H, Fekadu G, Fukumoto T, Gaidhane AM, Galehdar N, Garg P, Ghadirian F, Ghafourifard M, Ghasemi M, Nour MG, Ghassemi F, Gholamalizadeh M, Gholamian A, Ghotbi E, Golechha M, Goleij P, Goyal S, Mohialdeen Gubari MI, Gunasekera DS, Gunawardane DA, Gupta S, Habibzadeh P, Haeri Boroojeni HS, Halboub ES, Hamadeh RR, Hamoudi R, Harorani M, Hasanian M, Hassan TS, Hay SI, Heidari M, Heidari-Foroozan M, Hessami K, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Holla R, Hoseini M, Hossain MM, Hossain S, Hsieh VCR, Huang J, Hussein NR, Hwang BF, Iravanpour F, Ismail NE, Iwagami M, Merin J L, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jafarinia M, Jahani MA, Jahrami H, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Jalili M, Jamshidi E, Jayarajah U, Jayaram S, Jha SS, Jokar M, Joseph N, Kabir A, Kabir MA, Kadir DH, Kakodkar PV, Kalankesh LR, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kaliyadan F, Kamal VK, Kamal Z, Kamath A, Kar SS, Karimi H, Kaur N, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Keykhaei M, Khader YS, Khajuria H, Khan EA, Khan MN, Khan M, Khan MA, Khan YH, Khanmohammadi S, Khatatbeh MM, Khateri S, Khayamzadeh M, Khayat Kashani HR, Kim MS, Kompani F, Koohestani HR, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Krishan K, Kumar N, Kumar N, Kutluk T, Kuttikkattu A, Ching Lai DT, Lal DK, Lami FH, Lasrado S, Lee SW, Lee SW, Lee YY, Lee YH, Leong E, Li MC, Liu J, Madadizadeh F, Mafi AR, Mahjoub S, Malekzadeh R, Malik AA, Malik I, Mallhi TH, Mansournia MA, Martini S, Mathews E, Mathur MR, Meena JK, Menezes RG, Mirfakhraie R, Mirinezhad SK, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Mithra P, Mohamadkhani A, Mohammadi S, Mohammadzadeh M, Mohan S, Mokdad AH, Al Montasir A, Montazeri F, Moradi M, Sarabi MM, Moradpour F, Moradzadeh M, Moraga P, Mosapour A, Motaghinejad M, Mubarik S, Muhammad JS, Murray CJ, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi M, Nargus S, Natto ZS, Nayak BP, Nejadghaderi SA, Nguyen PT, Niazi RK, Noroozi N, Okati-Aliabad H, Okekunle AP, Ong S, Oommen AM, Padubidri JR, Pandey A, Park EK, Park S, Pati S, Patil S, Paudel R, Paudel U, Pirestani M, Podder I, Pourali G, Pourjafar M, Pourshams A, Syed ZQ, Radhakrishnan RA, Radhakrishnan V, Rahman M, Rahmani S, Rahmanian V, Ramesh PS, Rana J, Rao IR, Rao SJ, Rashedi S, Rashidi MM, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei S, Rezaeian M, Roshandel G, Chandan S, Saber-Ayad MM, Sabour S, Sabzmakan L, Saddik B, Saeed U, Safi SZ, Sharif-Askari FS, Sahebkar A, Sahoo H, Sajedi SA, Sajid MR, Salehi MA, Farrokhi AS, Sarasmita MA, Sargazi S, Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Semwal P, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou SG, Shafeghat M, Shahabi S, Shahbandi A, Shahraki-Sanavi F, Shaikh MA, Shannawaz M, Sheikhi RA, Shobeiri P, Shorofi SA, Shrestha S, Siabani S, Singh G, Singh P, Singh S, Sinha DN, Siwal SS, Sreeram S, Suleman M, Abdulkader RS, Sultan I, Sultana A, Tabish M, Tabuchi T, Taheri M, Talaat IM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temsah MH, Thangaraju P, Thomas N, Thomas NK, Tiyuri A, Tobe-Gai R, Toghroli R, Tovani-Palone MR, Ullah S, Unnikrishnan B, Upadhyay E, Tahbaz SV, Valizadeh R, Varthya SB, Waheed Y, Wang S, Wickramasinghe DP, Wickramasinghe ND, Xiao H, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zahir M, Zaki N, Zamanian M, Zhang ZJ, Zhao H, Zitoun OA, Zoladl M. Temporal patterns of cancer burden in Asia, 1990-2019: a systematic examination for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 21:100333. [PMID: 38361599 PMCID: PMC10866992 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Cancers represent a challenging public health threat in Asia. This study examines the temporal patterns of incidence, mortality, disability and risk factors of 29 cancers in Asia in the last three decades. Methods The age, sex and year-wise estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of 29 cancers for 49 Asian countries from 1990 through 2019 were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors 2019 study. Besides incidence, mortality and DALYs, we also examined the cancer burden measured in terms of DALYs and deaths attributable to risk factors, which had evidence of causation with different cancers. The development status of countries was measured using the socio-demographic index. Decomposition analysis was performed to gauge the change in cancer incidence between 1990 and 2019 due to population growth, aging and age-specific incidence rates. Findings All cancers combined claimed an estimated 5.6 million [95% uncertainty interval, 5.1-6.0 million] lives in Asia with 9.4 million [8.6-10.2 million] incident cases and 144.7 million [132.7-156.5 million] DALYs in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of all cancers combined in Asia was 197.6/100,000 [181.0-214.4] in 2019, varying from 99.2/100,000 [76.1-126.0] in Bangladesh to 330.5/100,000 [298.5-365.8] in Cyprus. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was 120.6/100,000 [110.1-130.7] in 2019, varying 4-folds across countries from 71.0/100,000 [59.9-83.5] in Kuwait to 284.2/100,000 [229.2-352.3] in Mongolia. The age-standardized DALYs rate was 2970.5/100,000 [2722.6-3206.5] in 2019, varying from 1578.0/100,000 [1341.2-1847.0] in Kuwait to 6574.4/100,000 [5141.7-8333.0] in Mongolia. Between 1990 and 2019, deaths due to 17 of the 29 cancers either doubled or more, and 20 of the 29 cancers underwent an increase of 150% or more in terms of new cases. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (both sexes), breast cancer (among females), colon and rectum cancer (both sexes), stomach cancer (both sexes) and prostate cancer (among males) were among top-5 cancers in most Asian countries in terms of ASIR and ASMR in 2019 and cancers of liver, stomach, hodgkin lymphoma and esophageal cancer posted the most significant decreases in age-standardized rates between 1990 and 2019. Among the modifiable risk factors, smoking, alcohol use, ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution and unsafe sex remained the dominant risk factors between 1990 and 2019. Cancer DALYs due to ambient PM pollution, high body mass index and fasting plasma glucose has increased most notably between 1990 and 2019. Interpretation With growing incidence, cancer has become more significant public health threat in Asia, demanding urgent policy attention and guidance. Its heightened risk calls for increased cancer awareness, preventive measures, affordable early-stage detection, and cost-effective therapeutics in Asia. The current study can serve as a useful resource for policymakers and researchers in Asia for devising interventions for cancer management and control. Funding The GBD study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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4
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Hui S, Bell S, Le S, Dev A. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in Australia: current and future perspectives. Med J Aust 2023; 219:432-438. [PMID: 37803907 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and is increasing in incidence in Australia. For most people with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B, HCC screening and surveillance is recommended with 6-monthly ultrasound. However, most patients with HCC are still diagnosed outside of surveillance with incurable disease. While HCC surveillance almost certainly reduces cancer-related mortality, the potential harms of surveillance are incompletely understood. Surveillance uptake remains suboptimal in many contexts, and stems from a combination of patient, clinician and system level barriers. Improved case-finding strategies may be required to identify high risk individuals in need of surveillance, as cirrhosis and viral hepatitis are often asymptomatic. HCC prediction models and novel surveillance tools such as biomarker panels, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may have a future role in personalised HCC surveillance. Analyses suggest surveillance may be cost-effective, but Australian data remain limited. A centralised HCC surveillance program may ultimately have a role in delivering improved and more equitable care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hui
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Sally Bell
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Suong Le
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Anouk Dev
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC
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5
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Chong K, Maida J, Ong HI, Proud D, Lin J, Burgess A, Heriot A, Smart P, Mohan H. Cancer incidence and outcomes registries in an Australian context: a systematic review. ANZ J Surg 2023; 93:2314-2336. [PMID: 37668278 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple cancer registries in Australia are used to track the incidence of cancer and the outcomes of their treatment. These registries can be broadly classed into a few types with an increasing number of registries comes a greater potential for collaboration and linkage. This article aims to critically review cancer registry types in Australia and evaluate the Australian Cancer registry landscape to identify these areas. METHODS A systematic review was performed through MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library, updated to September 2022 using a predefined search strategy. Inclusion criteria were those that only analysed Australian and/or New Zealand based cancer registries, appraised the utility of cancer outcomes and/or incidence registries, and explored the utility of linked databases using cancer outcomes and/or incidence registries. The grey literature was searched for all operating cancer registries in Australia. Details of registry infrastructure was extracted for analysis and comparison. RESULTS Three thousand two hundred and sixteen articles identified from the three databases. Twelve met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight registries were identified using the grey literature. Strengths and weaknesses of Cancer Outcome Registries(COR) and Cancer Incidence Registries(CIR) were compared. Data linkage between registries or with other healthcare databases show great benefits in improving evidence for cancer research but are challenging to implement. Both registry types utilize differing modes of administration, influencing their accuracy and completeness. CONCLUSION Outcome registries provide detailed data but their weakness lies in incomplete data coverage. Incidence registries record a large dataset which contain inaccuracies. Improving coverage of quality outcome registries, and quality assurance of data in incidence registries is required to ensure collection of accurate, meaningful data. Areas for collaboration identified included establishment of defined definitions and outcomes, data linkage between registry types or with healthcare databases, and collaboration in logistical planning to improve clinical utility of cancer registries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Chong
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack Maida
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hwa Ian Ong
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Proud
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Lin
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adele Burgess
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Heriot
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Smart
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Mohan
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abasseri M, Hoque S, Slavica Kochovska BA, Caldwell K, Sheahan L, Zekry A. Barriers to palliative care in hepatocellular carcinoma: A review of the literature. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023. [PMID: 36634200 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly and burdensome form of liver cancer with an increasing global prevalence. Its course is unpredictable as it frequently occurs in the context of underlying end-stage liver disease, and the associated symptoms and adverse effects of treatment cause severe suffering for patients. Palliative care (PC) is a medical specialty that addresses the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of patients and their carers in the context of life-limiting illness. In other cancers, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that the early introduction of PC at diagnosis improves patient and carer outcomes. Despite this, the integration of palliative care at the diagnosis of HCC remains suboptimal, as patients usually receive PC only at the very terminal phase of their disease, even when diagnosed early. Significant barriers to the uptake of palliative care in the treatment algorithm of hepatocellular carcinoma fall under four main themes: data limitations, disease, clinician, and patient factors. Barriers relating to data limitations mainly encapsulated the risk of bias inherent in published work in the field of PC. Clinician-reported barriers related to negative attitudes towards PC and a lack of time for PC discussions. Barriers related to the disease align with prognostic uncertainty due to the unpredictable course of HCC. Significantly, there exists a paucity of evidence exploring patient-perceived barriers to timely PC implementation in HCC. Given that patients are often the underrepresented stakeholder in the delivery of PC, future research should explore the patient perspective in adequately designed qualitative studies as the first step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abasseri
- School of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shakira Hoque
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B A Slavica Kochovska
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,IMPACCT, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Caldwell
- Palliative Medicine, Calvary Hospital Kogarah, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linda Sheahan
- Clinical Ethics Service, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Health Ethics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,UNSW Medicine & Health, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campus.,Palliative Medicine Department, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amany Zekry
- School of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,UNSW Medicine & Health, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campus
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Duberg A, Lybeck C, Fält A, Montgomery S, Aleman S. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by age and country of origin in people living in Sweden: A national register study. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2418-2430. [PMID: 35503810 PMCID: PMC9426385 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and surveillance is recommended for patients without cirrhosis when risk exceeds an incidence rate (IR) of 0.2%. Populations in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa have been associated with HCC at younger ages, but the risk after immigration to Western countries should be investigated. The aim of this study was to study HCC by age and country of origin in people with chronic HBV infection in Sweden. Through national registers, residents with chronic HBV diagnosis (1990-2015) were identified with information on country of origin, immigration/emigration, death, coinfections, antiviral therapy, and HCC. Observation time started at HBV diagnosis, and IR and hazard ratios for HCC were calculated by sex, age, and region of origin. Among 16,410 individuals (47% women), the origin and observation time (person years) were as follows: Western Europe, 2316 (25,415); Eastern Europe, 2349 (26,237); Middle East/North Africa, 4402 (47,320); sub-Saharan Africa, 3677 (30,565); Asia, 3537 (35,358); and other, 129 (1277). There were 232 individuals with HCC (82% in men). The IR increased with age and exceeded 0.2% for Asian men from age group 40-49 years (IR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-1.00), for men of other origins from age group 50-59 years, and for women aged ≥60 years originating from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Middle East/North Africa. After exclusion of patients with cirrhosis or HBV treatment, the IR still exceeded 0.2% in Asian men aged 40-49 years. This study demonstrates that HBV-infected men of Asian origin should be recommended HCC surveillance at younger ages, but there is a need for further studies of HCC incidence in African-born men without cirrhosis living in the Western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann‐Sofi Duberg
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Charlotte Lybeck
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Anna Fält
- Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Scott Montgomery
- Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden,Clinical Epidemiology DivisionKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden,Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Howell J, Traeger MW, Williams B, Layton C, Doyle JS, Latham N, Draper B, Bramwell F, Membrey D, McPherson M, Roney J, Stoové M, Thompson AJ, Hellard ME, Pedrana A. The impact of point-of-care hepatitis C testing in needle and syringe exchange programs on linkage to care and treatment uptake among people who inject drugs: An Australian pilot study. J Viral Hepat 2022; 29:375-384. [PMID: 35274403 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics overcome barriers to conventional hepatitis C (HCV) testing in people who inject drugs. This study assessed impact on hepatitis C treatment uptake of POC HCV testing in needle and syringe exchange programs (NSPs). Rapid EC was a single-arm interventional pilot study of HCV POC testing conducted in three inner-city community clinics with NSPs. Twelve months after the POC testing, a retrospective medical record and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme audit was performed to determine the number of HCV RNA-positive participants who were prescribed HCV treatment. 70 HCV RNA-positive Rapid EC study participants were included. 44 (63%) were prescribed DAAs; 26 (59%) completed treatment and 15 (34%) had SVR testing, all of whom were cured. Age ≥ 40 years (aOR 3.45, 95% CI 1.10-11.05, p = .03) and secondary school education (aOR 5.8, 95% CI 1.54-21.80, p = .009) had higher likelihood of being prescribed DAAs, whereas homelessness was inversely associated with prescription of DAAs (aOR 0.30, 95% CI 0.09-1.04, p = .057). Median time to receive a DAA script from date of diagnosis was seven days (IQR 0 to 14 days), and time to filling the DAA prescription was 2 days (IQR 0-12 days). In conclusion, provision of POC testing through NSPs was effective for linking new clients to HCV treatment and reduced the time to treatment. Further studies are needed to define the most cost-effective use of POC testing in models of care for people who inject drugs to increase HCV treatment uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Howell
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael W Traeger
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridget Williams
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chloe Layton
- Cohealth, General Practice, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph S Doyle
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ned Latham
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridget Draper
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Dean Membrey
- Cohealth, General Practice, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maggie McPherson
- North Richmond Community Health, General Practice, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janine Roney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Stoové
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander J Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret E Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cohealth, General Practice, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Doherty Institute and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alisa Pedrana
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Howell J, Majumdar A, Fink MA, Byrne M, McCaughan G, Strasser SI, Crawford M, Hodgkinson P, Stuart KA, Tallis C, Chen J, Wigg A, Jones R, Jaques B, Jeffrey G, Adams L, Wallace MC, Munn S, Gane E, Thompson AJ, Gow P. Turning the Tide on Hepatitis C Virus-Related Liver Transplantation: The Return on Investment in Hepatitis C Virus Treatment in Australia and New Zealand. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:236-246. [PMID: 34624175 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of universal access to direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Australia and New Zealand on March 1st , 2016, has had a major impact on the number of people with chronic HCV infection, but the impact on liver transplantation rates is unknown. We conducted a retrospective registry study including all adult liver transplantations from the Australia and New Zealand Liver and Intestinal Liver Transplant Registry (ANZLITR) data set. Interrupted time series analysis determined the impact of DAAs in 2016 on the number of HCV liver transplantations per year. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the impact of DAAs on post-liver transplantation survival. Between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2019 5318 adult liver transplantations were performed, and 29% (1531) were for HCV infection. Prior to the introduction of DAAs, there was a mean increase of 3.5 adult liver transplantations performed for HCV per annum, but between 2016 and 2019 there was a mean decrease of 7.9 adult liver transplantations per annum (P < 0.001). Similarly, the proportion of liver transplantations performed for HCV increased from 9% (1990) to 33% in 2016 and then fell to 23% in 2019 (P < 0.001). The number and proportion of patients with HCV added to the liver transplantation waiting list also fell in 2016 (P < 0.001) when compared with other indications. The introduction of DAAs was associated with a 31% reduction in death after liver transplantation, adjusted for age at transplant and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.99; P = 0.047). The number of adult liver transplantations performed for HCV-related liver cirrhosis and HCC has reduced since the introduction of universal access to DAAs in 2016 in Australia and New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Howell
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Disease Elimination Department, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Avik Majumdar
- Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,AW Morrow GE and Liver Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael A Fink
- Victorian Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mandy Byrne
- Victorian Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Geoff McCaughan
- Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,AW Morrow GE and Liver Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simone I Strasser
- Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,AW Morrow GE and Liver Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Crawford
- Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,AW Morrow GE and Liver Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Hodgkinson
- Queensland Liver Transplant Service, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katherine A Stuart
- Queensland Liver Transplant Service, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Caroline Tallis
- Queensland Liver Transplant Service, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Chen
- South Australian Liver Transplant Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alan Wigg
- South Australian Liver Transplant Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Jones
- Victorian Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryon Jaques
- WA Liver Transplant Service, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Gary Jeffrey
- WA Liver Transplant Service, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Leon Adams
- WA Liver Transplant Service, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael C Wallace
- WA Liver Transplant Service, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephen Munn
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Service, Auckland City Hospital and Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ed Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Service, Auckland City Hospital and Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alex J Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Gow
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Vo Quang E, Shimakawa Y, Nahon P. Epidemiological projections of viral-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in the perspective of WHO global hepatitis elimination. Liver Int 2021; 41:915-927. [PMID: 33641230 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is an eminent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, whereas hepatitis C is a key risk factor for HCC in Western Europe and North America. Increased awareness of the global burden of viral hepatitis resulted, in May 2016, in the adoption of the first global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis by the World Health Assembly, which calls for the elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Although the incidence of liver cancer resulting from viral infections has increased since the 1990s, the implementation of public health interventions, such as hepatitis B vaccination and antiviral therapies might have reduced the global burdens of HCC. Hepatitis B immunization in infancy has been associated with a reduction in the risk of infant fulminant hepatitis, chronic liver disease, and HCC in Taiwan. Achieving viral hepatitis elimination by 2030 can be accelerated by improving the access to HCC screening programs. HCC surveillance programs in developed countries must be refined to increase an access to personalized surveillance program, whereas the limited access to surveillance and treatment of HCC in developing countries remains a significant public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Vo Quang
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Service d'Hépatologie, Bobigny, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France.,Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, Paris, France
| | - Yusuke Shimakawa
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Nahon
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Service d'Hépatologie, Bobigny, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France.,Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, Paris, France
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11
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Huang DQ, El-Serag HB, Loomba R. Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:223-238. [PMID: 33349658 PMCID: PMC8016738 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 952] [Impact Index Per Article: 317.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One quarter of the global population is estimated to have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is projected to increase by up to 56% in the next 10 years. NAFLD is already the fastest growing cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the USA, France and the UK. Globally, the prevalence of NAFLD-related HCC is likely to increase concomitantly with the growing obesity epidemic. The estimated annual incidence of HCC ranges from 0.5% to 2.6% among patients with NASH cirrhosis. The incidence of HCC among patients with non-cirrhotic NAFLD is lower, approximately 0.1 to 1.3 per 1,000 patient-years. Although the incidence of NAFLD-related HCC is lower than that of HCC of other aetiologies such as hepatitis C, more people have NAFLD than other liver diseases. Urgent measures that increase global awareness and tackle the metabolic risk factors are necessary to reduce the impending burden of NAFLD-related HCC. Emerging evidence indicates that reduced immune surveillance, increased gut inflammation and gut dysbiosis are potential key steps in tumorigenesis. In this Review, we discuss the global epidemiology, projections and risk factors for NAFLD-related HCC, and propose preventive strategies to tackle this growing problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Q Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hashem B El-Serag
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Anugwom CM, Allaire M, Akbar SMF, Sultan A, Bollipo S, Mattos AZ, Debes JD. Hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma: surveillance strategy directed by immune-epidemiology. HEPATOMA RESEARCH 2021; 7. [PMID: 33884303 PMCID: PMC8057710 DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2021.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B infection (HBV) is one of the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The age of occurrence, prognosis and incidence vary dramatically depending on the region of the world. This geographic variation is largely dependent on the contrasting incidence of HBV, age of transmission of the virus, the timing of integration into the human genome, and different HBV genotypes, as well as environmental factors. It results in a wide difference in viral interaction with the immune system, genomic modulation and the consequent development of HCC in an individual. In this review, we describe many factors implicated in HCC development, provide insight regarding at-risk populations and explain societal recommendations for HCC surveillance in persons living with HBV in different continents of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimaobi M Anugwom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | - Manon Allaire
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Paris 75103, France.,Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, France Faculté de Médecine, Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75108, France
| | - Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Japan
| | - Amir Sultan
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa 5657, Ethiopia
| | - Steven Bollipo
- Department of Gastroenterology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia & School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2310, Australia
| | - Angelo Z Mattos
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre 90020-090, Brazil
| | - Jose D Debes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015-CE, Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
Laos is a landlocked country in South East Asia, ranking fifth for primary liver cancer incidence worldwide. Risk factors that might explain this worrying situation are poorly known. We conducted a review of the literature concerning the etiologies of terminal liver diseases in Laos. A double infectious burden with hepatitis B and C viruses and the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini seems to be the main cause of the high liver cancer incidence. Moreover, it was also suggested that mutagenic substances frequently found in tobacco, alcoholic beverages, fermented fish, and mold-contaminated cereals or nuts, which are all substances heavily consumed by Lao people, lead to the accumulation of DNA mutations in the liver cell genome causing tumor processes. However, the respective proportions of liver cancer cases attributable to each category of infections and substances consumed, as well as the histological nature of the neoplasia are still not precisely documented in Laos. The international medical and scientific communities as well as public health stakeholders should urgently consider the alarming situation of liver health in Laos to stimulate both research and subsequent implementation of prevention policies.
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14
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Lubel JS, Roberts SK, Howell J, Ward J, Shackel NA. Current issues in the prevalence, diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Australia. Intern Med J 2021; 51:181-188. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Lubel
- Department of Gastroenterology Alfred Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Stuart K. Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology Alfred Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jessica Howell
- Department of Gastroenterology St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - James Ward
- School of Public Health University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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15
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Lubel JS, Roberts SK, Strasser SI, Thompson AJ, Philip J, Goodwin M, Clarke S, Crawford DH, Levy MT, Shackel N. Australian recommendations for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a consensus statement. Med J Aust 2020; 214:475-483. [PMID: 33314233 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths both globally and in Australia. Surveillance for HCC in at-risk populations allows diagnosis at an early stage, when potentially curable. However, most Australians diagnosed with HCC die of the cancer or of liver disease. In the changing landscape of HCC management, unique challenges may lead to clinical practice variation. As a result, there is a need to identify best practice management of HCC in an Australian context. This consensus statement has been developed for health professionals involved in the care of adult patients with HCC in Australia. It is applicable to specialists, general medical practitioners, nurses, health coordinators and hospital administrators. METHODS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This statement has been developed by specialists in hepatology, radiology, surgery, oncology, palliative care, and primary care, including medical practitioners and nurses. The statement addresses four main areas relevant to HCC management: epidemiology and incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and patient management. A modified Delphi process was used to reach consensus on 31 recommendations. Principal recommendations include the adoption of surveillance strategies, use of multidisciplinary meetings, diagnosis, treatment options and patient management. CHANGES IN MANAGEMENT AS A RESULT OF THIS STATEMENT This consensus statement will simplify HCC patient management and reduce clinical variation. Ultimately, this should result in better outcomes for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lubel
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC.,Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| | | | - Simone I Strasser
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW.,University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - Jennifer Philip
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC.,Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
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16
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Hanson J, Fox M, Anderson A, Fox P, Webster K, Williams C, Nield B, Bagshaw R, Hempenstall A, Smith S, Solomon N, Boyd P. Chronic hepatitis B in remote, tropical Australia; successes and challenges. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238719. [PMID: 32881958 PMCID: PMC7470305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians living in remote locations suffer disproportionately from chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Defining the temporospatial epidemiology of the disease—and assessing the ability of local clinicians to deliver optimal care—is crucial to improving patient outcomes in these settings. Methods The demographic, laboratory and radiology findings in all patients diagnosed with CHB after 1990, and presently residing in remote Far North Queensland (FNQ), tropical Australia, were correlated with their management and clinical course. Results Of the 602 patients, 514 (85%) identified as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 417 (69%) of whom had Torres Strait Islander heritage. Among the 514 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, there were only 61 (12%) born after universal postnatal vaccination was introduced in 1985. Community CHB prevalence varied significantly across the region from 7/1707 (0.4%) in western Cape York to 55/806 (6.8%) in the Eastern Torres Strait Islands. Although 240/602 (40%) are engaged in care, with 65 (27%) meeting criteria for antiviral therapy, only 43 (66%) were receiving this treatment. Among 537 with complete data, 32 (6%) were cirrhotic, of whom 15 (47%) were engaged in care and 10 (33%) were receiving antiviral therapy. Only 64/251 (26%) in whom national guidelines would recommend hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance are receiving screening, however, only 20 patients have been diagnosed with HCC since 1999. Conclusion Vaccination has had a dramatic effect on CHB prevalence in FNQ in only a generation. However, although engagement in care is the highest in Australia, this is not translating into initiation of antiviral therapy in all those that should be receiving it, increasing their risk of developing cirrhosis and HCC. New strategies are necessary to improve the care of Indigenous Australians living with CHB to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Hanson
- The Director’s Unit, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Melissa Fox
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam Anderson
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Fox
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Webster
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charlie Williams
- Department of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Blake Nield
- Department of Microbiology, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Bagshaw
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Simon Smith
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Norma Solomon
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Boyd
- Division of Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Adams LA, Roberts SK, Strasser SI, Mahady SE, Powell E, Estes C, Razavi H, George J. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease burden: Australia, 2019-2030. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:1628-1635. [PMID: 32048317 PMCID: PMC7540570 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) account for a large and growing proportion of liver disease burden globally. The burden of NAFLD/NASH manifests in increasing levels of advanced liver disease and primary liver cancer in Australia. A Markov model was used to forecast NAFLD burden in Australia through 2030. METHODS A model was used to estimate fibrosis progression, primary liver cancer, and liver deaths among the Australian NAFLD population, with changes in incident NAFLD cases based on long-term trends for changes in the prevalence of obesity. Published estimates and surveillance data were applied to build and validate the model projections, including surveillance data for the incidence of liver cancer. RESULTS Prevalent NAFLD cases were projected to increase 25% from the current burden (5 551 000 [4 748 000-6 306 000] cases in 2019) to 7 024 000 [5 838 000-7 886 000] cases in 2030. The projected increase in the number of NASH cases (40%) was greater than that of NAFLD cases. Incident cases of advanced liver disease are projected to increase up to 85% by 2030, and incident NAFLD liver deaths are estimated to increase 85% from 1900 (1100-3300) deaths in 2019 to 3500 (2100-6100) deaths in 2030. CONCLUSIONS Restraining growth of the obese and diabetic populations, along with potential therapeutic options, will be essential for mitigating disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Adams
- Medical SchoolThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- Department of GastroenterologyThe AlfredMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Simone I Strasser
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver CentreRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Suzanne E Mahady
- School of Public Health and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Department of GastroenterologyRoyal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Elizabeth Powell
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyPrincess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Chris Estes
- Center for Disease AnalysisLafayetteColoradoUSA
| | | | - Jacob George
- School of MedicineUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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18
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Moussavou-Boundzanga P, Mabika B, Itoudi Bignoumba PE, Marchio A, Mouinga-Ondeme A, Moussavou Kombila JP, Pineau P. Underestimation of hepatocellular carcinoma incidence resulting from a competition between modern and traditional medicine: the case of Gabon. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.29392/001c.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a major killer in sub-Saharan Africa. In this dreadful landscape, West and Central Africas are more particularly affected. However, a small country located on the equator, Gabon, is apparently not concerned by this adverse situation. Despite worrying prevalences of many bona fide risk factors of HCC, including high rates of chronic infections with hepatitis viruses and very high alcohol consumption, Gabon presents theoretically an amazingly low incidence of HCC when compared to other countries of the region. Reports from many places in the world have emphasized the widespread underreporting of HCC cases presumably attributable to the difficulties of proper diagnosis or to a lack of local cancer registry. In Gabon, the remarkably vivid tradition of religious initiation called Bwiti includes some therapeutic rituals exerted by healers or Ngangas. Those treatments are particularly popular in case of severe diseases generally associated with a supernatural etiology. In the present paper, we hypothesize that, in Gabon, the remarkably low incidence of HCC is primarily due to the diversion of patients from the modern medical system due to their preference for Ngangas. Promotion of a form of medical syncretism respecting both systems might be an efficient policy to increase the attractiveness of modern medicine and to ultimately promote public health in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Moussavou-Boundzanga
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon; Unité Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Barthelemy Mabika
- Département d'Anatomie Pathologique , Faculté de Médecine, Université Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Agnès Marchio
- Unité Organisation nucléaire et oncogenèse, INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, France
| | - Augustin Mouinga-Ondeme
- Unité Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - JP Moussavou Kombila
- Service d'Hepato-Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Libreville, Gabon
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Unité Organisation nucléaire et oncogenèse, INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, France
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19
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Swain MG, Ramji A, Patel K, Sebastiani G, Shaheen AA, Tam E, Marotta P, Elkhashab M, Bajaj HS, Estes C, Razavi H. Burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Canada, 2019-2030: a modelling study. CMAJ Open 2020; 8:E429-E436. [PMID: 32518095 PMCID: PMC7286622 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20190212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) account for a growing proportion of liver disease cases, and there is a need to better understand future disease burden. We used a modelling framework to forecast the burden of disease of NAFLD and NASH for Canada. METHODS We used a Markov model to forecast fibrosis progression from stage F0 (no fibrosis) to stage F4 (compensated cirrhosis) and subsequent progression to decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation and liver-related death among Canadians with NAFLD from 2019 to 2030. We used historical trends for obesity prevalence among adults to estimate longitudinal changes in the number of incident NAFLD cases. RESULTS The model projected that the number of NAFLD cases would increase by 20% between 2019 and 2030, from an estimated 7 757 000 cases to 9 305 000 cases. Increases in advanced fibrosis cases were relatively greater, as the number of model-estimated prevalent stage F3 cases would increase by 65%, to 357 000, and that of prevalent stage F4 cases would increase by 95%, to 195 000. Estimated incident cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensated cirrhosis would increase by up to 95%, and the number of annual NAFLD-related deaths would double, to 5600. INTERPRETATION Increasing rates of obesity translate into increasing NAFLD-related cases of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and related mortality. Prevention efforts should be aimed at reducing the incidence of NAFLD and slowing fibrosis progression among those already affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Swain
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Alnoor Ramji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Keyur Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Abdel Aziz Shaheen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Edward Tam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Paul Marotta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Magdy Elkhashab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Harpreet S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
| | - Chris Estes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo.
| | - Homie Razavi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Swain, Shaheen), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Patel), University Hospital Network, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Sebastiani), McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; LAIR Centre (Tam), Vancouver, BC; Division of Gastroenterology (Marotta), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Toronto Liver Centre (Elkhashab), Toronto, Ont.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology Brampton (Bajaj), Brampton, Ont.; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Center for Disease Analysis Foundation (Estes, Razavi), Lafayette, Colo
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20
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Jeffrey GP, Gordon L, Ramm G. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in Australia: time to improve the diagnosis of cirrhosis and use liver ultrasound. Med J Aust 2020; 212:297-299.e1. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Jeffrey
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Perth WA
- University of Western Australia Perth WA
| | - Louisa Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD
- University of Queensland Brisbane QLD
| | - Grant Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD
- University of Queensland Brisbane QLD
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21
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Batyrbekova N, Aleman S, Lybeck C, Montgomery S, Duberg AS. Hepatitis C Virus Infection and the Temporal Trends in the Risk of Liver Cancer: A National Register-Based Cohort Study in Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 29:63-70. [PMID: 31719064 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many countries, including Sweden, the birth cohorts with the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have now reached the ages with high risk of primary liver cancer (PLC). The aims of this study were to investigate the temporal trends in PLC incidence and the relative risks of PLC among people diagnosed with HCV infection between 1990 and 2015. METHODS The HCV cohort (n = 52,853) was compared with a matched non-HCV comparison cohort (n = 523,649). Both the national Cancer Register (CR) and Cause of Death Register (DR) were used for follow-up. The crude and age-standardized PLC incidence rates were calculated. The relative risk was estimated as standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and as HRs using stratified Cox hazards regression. RESULTS There were 1,609 with PLC diagnosis in the HCV cohort; the annual number increased continuously with the crude incidence rate reaching 4.56 per 1,000 person-years in 2013 while remaining low and stable in the comparison cohort. In the HCV cohort, the age-standardized PLC incidence rates per 1,000 person-years remained relatively constant at 2.64 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.54-3.75] in 2000 and 3.31 (2.51-4.12) in 2014. The highest SIR was 73 (65.9-79.5) among those infected for 35 to 40 years; and the highest HR was 65.9 (55.9-77.6) for men and 62.2 (31.9-121.1) for women. CONCLUSIONS There was a considerable increase in PLC incidence over time and an extremely high relative risk in the population with HCV infection for more than 35 years. IMPACT The national HCV-associated PLC incidence should be monitored in future studies to evaluate the effect of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Lybeck
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Scott Montgomery
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Clinical Epidemiology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann-Sofi Duberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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22
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Zhang J, Chen J, Guan GW, Zhang T, Lu FM, Chen XM. [Expression and clinical significance of chemokine CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 in hepatocellular carcinoma]. JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51:402-408. [PMID: 31209409 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression and clinical significance of chemokine CXCL10 and CXCR3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS The expression and prognostic of CXCL10 and CXCR3 in HCC tumor tissues and non-tumor tissues were analyzed in two different publicly available databases the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Liver Cancer Institute (LCI). In addition, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 in 45 HCC clinical samples with HBV infection background. Pearson correlation and Spearman rank correlation were used to determine the correlation between the expression level of CXCL10 and CXCR3 in tumor and non-tumor tissues. RESULTS In TCGA database, the expression of CXCL10 in HCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in non-tumor tissues (nonpaired samples: 3.379±2.081 vs. 2.213±2.274, P<0.001; paired samples: 3.159±2.267 vs. 2.213±2.274, P=0.018). Similarly in LCI datebase (7.625±1.683 vs. 7.287±1.328, P=0.009). And higher CXCL10 expression was significantly associated with a better prognosis in the patients with HCC both in TCGA and LCI database (P=0.107, P=0.002). In TCGA database, the expression of CXCR3 in HCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in non-tumor tissues (nonpaired samples: -0.906±1.697 vs. -1.978±1.629, P<0.001; paired samples: -1.329±1.732 vs. -1.978±1.629, P=0.037), while lower in LCI database (3.989±0.339 vs. 4.074±0.309, P=0.003). In both databases, higher CXCR3 expression was significantly associated with a better prognosis in the HCC patients (P=0.004, P=0.014). Furthermore, in TCGA database, the expression level of CXCL10 and CXCR3 was positively correlated both in HCC tumor tissues and matched non-tumor tissues (r=0.584, P<0.001; r=0.776, P<0.001). The qPCR assay showed that the expression of CXCL10 in HBV-related HCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than those in normal liver tissues [0.479(0.223, 1.094) vs. 0.131(0.106, 0.159), P=0.010], and the expression in HBV-related non-tumor tissues was also significantly higher than those in normal liver tissues [0.484(0.241, 0.846) vs. 0.131(0.106, 0.159), P<0.001]. The same was true as CXCR3 [0.011(0.006, 0.019) vs. 0.002(0.001, 0.004), P=0.004; 0.016(0.011, 0.021) vs. 0.002(0.001, 0.004), P<0.001]. However there was no significant difference of CXCL10 and CXCR3 between tumor tissues and matched non-tumor tissues (P=1.000, P=0.374). CONCLUSION Expression of CXCL10 was up-regulated in HCC tissues, expression of CXCR3 was down-regulated in HBV-related HCC tissues, and the higher expression of both genes was correlated with better overall survival in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - G W Guan
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - T Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - F M Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - X M Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
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23
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Hong TP, Gow PJ, Fink M, Dev A, Roberts SK, Nicoll A, Lubel JS, Kronborg I, Arachchi N, Ryan M, Kemp WW, Knight V, Sundararajan V, Desmond P, Thompson AJ, Bell SJ. Surveillance improves survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective population-based study. Med J Aust 2019; 209:348-354. [PMID: 30309301 DOI: 10.5694/mja18.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the factors associated with survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the effect of HCC surveillance on survival. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective population-based cohort study of patients newly diagnosed with HCC in seven tertiary hospitals in Melbourne, 1 July 2012 - 30 June 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Overall survival (maximum follow-up, 24 months); factors associated with HCC surveillance participation and survival. RESULTS 272 people were diagnosed with incident HCC during the study period; the most common risk factors were hepatitis C virus infection (41%), alcohol-related liver disease (39%), and hepatitis B virus infection (22%). Only 40% of patients participated in HCC surveillance at the time of diagnosis; participation was significantly higher among patients with smaller median tumour size (participants, 2.8 cm; non-participants, 6.0 cm; P < 0.001) and earlier Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage disease (A/B, 59%; C/D, 25%; P < 0.001). Participation was higher among patients with compensated cirrhosis or hepatitis C infections; it was lower among those with alcohol-related liver disease or decompensated liver disease. Median overall survival time was 20.8 months; mean survival time was 18.1 months (95% CI, 16.6-19.6 months). Participation in HCC surveillance was associated with significantly lower mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.93; P = 0.021), as were curative therapies (aHR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.19-0.58). Conversely, higher Child-Pugh class, alpha-fetoprotein levels over 400 kU/L, and later BCLC disease stages were each associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSIONS Survival for patients with HCC is poor, but may be improved by surveillance, associated with the identification of earlier stage tumours, enabling curative therapies to be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai P Hong
- St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marno Ryan
- St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
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24
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Cocker F, Chien Yee K, Palmer AJ, de Graaff B. Increasing incidence and mortality related to liver cancer in Australia: time to turn the tide. Aust N Z J Public Health 2019; 43:267-273. [PMID: 30958629 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess national and jurisdictional incidence and mortality trends for primary liver cancer in Australia. METHODS Analysis of Australian Cancer Incidence and Mortality data published in 2017 by the AIHW. Age-standardised rates (ASR) for 1982 to 2014/2015. Piecewise linear regression was used to assess temporal trends. For the purposes of comparison, data were also extracted for all cancers with greater burdens of disease (lung, colorectal, breast, prostate, pancreatic, and brain cancers and melanoma of the skin). RESULTS Since 1982, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) for ASR incidence of liver cancer was 4.858% (95%CI 4.558-5.563). This marked a 306% increase from 1.822/100,000 persons (95%CI 1.586-2.058) in 1982 to 7.396/100,000 persons (95%CI 7.069-7.723) in 2014. AAPC for ASR mortality was 3.013% (95%CI 2.448-3.521): an increase of 184% from 2.323/100,000 persons (95%CI 2.052-2.594) in 1982 to 6.593/100,000 (95%CI 6.290-6.896) in 2015. ASR incidence and mortality were highest in the NT (12.607/100,000 persons), VIC (8.229/100,000) and NSW (7.798/100,000). In comparison to the other selected cancers, higher AAPC for both incidence and mortality of liver cancer were observed. CONCLUSION Incidence and mortality associated with liver cancer have increased substantially in the past three decades, in contrast to the improved outcomes observed for many other cancers. Jurisdictional incidence rates reflect higher prevalence of hepatitis B and C. Implications for public health: In the context of Australian cancer prevention and care programs, liver cancer is an outlier. Strategies to mitigate risk factors and improve surveillance of liver health for at-risk groups are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Cocker
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania
| | - Kwang Chien Yee
- Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania
| | - Andrew J Palmer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania
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25
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Wallace MC, Preen DB, Short MW, Adams LA, Jeffrey GP. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Australia 1982-2014: Increasing incidence and improving survival. Liver Int 2019; 39:522-530. [PMID: 30230194 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is a paucity of accurate and current data on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) trends in incidence and survival in developed countries. We performed an Australia-wide assessment of HCC epidemiology across a 33-year time span aiming to accurately describe changes in incidence and survival. METHODS Cases of HCC from 1982 to 2014 were identified via the Australian Cancer Database (ACD). Trends in incidence rates were explored using piecewise linear regression. Survival was compared by Kaplan-Meier survival curves and 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probabilities by year of diagnosis. RESULTS Age-adjusted HCC incidence rate increased from 1.38 per 100 000 (95% CI: 1.34-1.43) in 1982 to 4.96 per 100 000 (95% CI: 4.89-5.03, P < 0.001) in 2014 with an average annual percentage increase of 4.46% (95% CI: 4.24%-4.69%). The highest incidence rate in 2014 was in those aged 75-79 (24.31 per 100 000; 95% CI: 19.50-29.12). Almost 80% of cases across the period were men who had significantly higher age-adjusted incidence rates in 2014 than women (8.55 per 100 000 [95% CI: 8.42-8.68] vs 1.65 per 100 000 [95% CI: 1.60-1.70]; P < 0.001). A hepatitis C (HCV) birth cohort effect was identified and associated with rapid increases in HCC incidence when members of the cohort aged and entered into age groups 45-49, 50-54 and 55-59. Median survival increased from 2.10 months (95% CI: 1.57-2.62 months) in those diagnosed between 1982 and 1984 to 12.07 months (95% CI: 11.17-12.97 months) when diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS An Australia-wide analysis of HCC epidemiological trends across three decades shows significant and consistent increases in both incidence and survival. LAY SUMMARY There has been a significant increase in hepatocellular cancer (HCC) reported in Australia over the last three decades without evidence of slowing. Across the same time period, a significant improvement in survival has been identified with the average life expectancy after diagnosis now one year. This research lays the foundation for important public health service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Wallace
- Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David B Preen
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark W Short
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Leon A Adams
- Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gary P Jeffrey
- Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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26
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Cooke GS, Andrieux-Meyer I, Applegate TL, Atun R, Burry JR, Cheinquer H, Dusheiko G, Feld JJ, Gore C, Griswold MG, Hamid S, Hellard ME, Hou J, Howell J, Jia J, Kravchenko N, Lazarus JV, Lemoine M, Lesi OA, Maistat L, McMahon BJ, Razavi H, Roberts T, Simmons B, Sonderup MW, Spearman CW, Taylor BE, Thomas DL, Waked I, Ward JW, Wiktor SZ. Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:135-184. [PMID: 30647010 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a major public health threat and a leading cause of death worldwide. Annual mortality from viral hepatitis is similar to that of other major infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. Highly effective prevention measures and treatments have made the global elimination of viral hepatitis a realistic goal, endorsed by all WHO member states. Ambitious targets call for a global reduction in hepatitis-related mortality of 65% and a 90% reduction in new infections by 2030. This Commission draws together a wide range of expertise to appraise the current global situation and to identify priorities globally, regionally, and nationally needed to accelerate progress. We identify 20 heavily burdened countries that account for over 75% of the global burden of viral hepatitis. Key recommendations include a greater focus on national progress towards elimination with support given, if necessary, through innovative financing measures to ensure elimination programmes are fully funded by 2020. In addition to further measures to improve access to vaccination and treatment, greater attention needs to be paid to access to affordable, high-quality diagnostics if testing is to reach the levels needed to achieve elimination goals. Simplified, decentralised models of care removing requirements for specialised prescribing will be required to reach those in need, together with sustained efforts to tackle stigma and discrimination. We identify key examples of the progress that has already been made in many countries throughout the world, demonstrating that sustained and coordinated efforts can be successful in achieving the WHO elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Cooke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Rifat Atun
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hugo Cheinquer
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Max G Griswold
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - JinLin Hou
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jess Howell
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jidong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Health Systems Research Group, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Brian J McMahon
- Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AL, USA
| | - Homie Razavi
- Center for Disease Analysis Foundation, Lafayette, CO, USA
| | | | - Bryony Simmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark W Sonderup
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Wendy Spearman
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - David L Thomas
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imam Waked
- National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt
| | - John W Ward
- Program for Viral Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan Z Wiktor
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Howell J, Pedrana A, Cowie BC, Doyle J, Getahun A, Ward J, Gane E, Cunningham C, Wallace J, Lee A, Malani J, Thompson A, Hellard ME. Aiming for the elimination of viral hepatitis in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands and Territories: Where are we now and barriers to meeting World Health Organization targets by 2030. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:40-48. [PMID: 30151932 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis affects more than 320 million people globally, leading to significant morbidity and mortality due to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). More than 248 million people (3.2% globally) are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and an estimated 80 million people (1.1% globally) are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). In 2015, more than 700 000 deaths were directly attributable to HBV, and nearly 500 000 deaths were attributable to HCV infection; 2-5% of HBV-infected people develop HCC per annum irrespective of the presence of cirrhosis, whereas 1-5% HCV-infected people with advanced fibrosis develop HCC per annum. The rapidly escalating global mortality related to HBV and HCV related viral hepatitis to be the 7th leading cause of death worldwide in 2013, from 10th leading cause in 1990. Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Island Countries and Territories fall within the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, which has a high prevalence of viral hepatitis and related morbidity, particularly HBV. Remarkably, in this region, HBV-related mortality is greater than for tuberculosis, HIV infection, and malaria combined. The region provides a unique contrast in viral hepatitis prevalence, health system resources, and approaches taken to achieve World Health Organization global elimination targets for HBV and HCV infection. This review highlights the latest evidence in viral hepatitis epidemiology and explores the health resources available to combat viral hepatitis, focusing on the major challenges and critical needs to achieve elimination in Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Island Countries and Territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Howell
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alisa Pedrana
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin C Cowie
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Doyle
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aneley Getahun
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - James Ward
- Head Aboriginal Health, Infection and Immunity, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Matthew Flinders Fellow, Flinders University Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ed Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Cunningham
- Research Centre for Maõri Health and Development, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jack Wallace
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Hepatitis B Free, Australia
| | - Jioji Malani
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Alex Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret E Hellard
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Kwon JA, Dore GJ, Grebely J, Hajarizadeh B, Guy R, Cunningham EB, Power C, Estes C, Razavi H, Gray RT. Australia on track to achieve WHO HCV elimination targets following rapid initial DAA treatment uptake: A modelling study. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:83-92. [PMID: 30267593 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Subsidized direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment recently became available to all adults living with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Australia. Based on rapid uptake (32 600 people initiated DAA in 2016), we estimated the impact on HCV epidemiology and mortality in Australia and determined if Australia can meet the WHO HCV elimination targets by 2030. Using a mathematical model, we simulated pessimistic, intermediate and optimistic DAA treatment scenarios in Australia over 2016-2030. We assumed treatment and testing rates were initially higher for advanced fibrosis and the same across HCV transmission risk level sub-populations. We also assumed constant testing rates after 2016. We compared the results to the 2015 level and a counterfactual (IFN-based) scenario. During 2016-2030, we estimated an intermediate DAA treatment scenario (2016, 32 600 treated; 2017, 21 370 treated; 2018 17 100 treated; 2019 and beyond, 13 680 treated each year) would avert 40 420 new HCV infections, 13 260 liver-related deaths (15 320 in viraemic; -2060 in cured) and 10 730 HCC cases, equating to a 53%, 63% and 75% reduction, respectively, compared to the IFN-based scenario. The model also estimated that Australia will meet the WHO targets of incidence and treatment by 2028. Time to a 65% reduction in liver-related mortality varied considerably between HCV viraemic only cases (2026) and all cases (2047). Based on a feasible DAA treatment scenario incorporating declining uptake, Australia should meet key WHO HCV elimination targets in 10 to15 years. The pre-DAA escalation in those with advanced liver disease makes the achievement of the liver-related mortality target difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo A Kwon
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jason Grebely
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Guy
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Chris Estes
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, Colorado
| | - Homie Razavi
- Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), Lafayette, Colorado
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29
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Pittman ME. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a practical review for the surgical pathologist. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Carville KS, MacLachlan JH, Thursfield V, Cowie BC. Hepatocellular carcinoma over three decades in Victoria, Australia: epidemiology, diagnosis and trends, 1984-2013. Intern Med J 2018; 48:835-844. [PMID: 29604152 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer continues to be a health priority in Australia, with the majority attributable to preventable causes, and certain populations at higher risk. AIMS Epidemiological assessment of incidence, trends and distribution to inform prevention, and reassessment of data in light of recent changes to registry case definitions. METHODS Reported cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Victoria, Australia, 1984-2013, were obtained from the Victorian Cancer Registry. Demographic characteristics were examined, incidence and survival assessed using Poisson and Cox regression, and geographic distribution mapped. Incidence was compared before and after inclusion of non-histologically confirmed cases in Registry data to assess impacts on incidence trends. RESULTS Diagnoses of HCC rose substantially between 1984 and 2013, increasing sixfold from 0.9 to 5.9 per 100 000. The rate of increase per year accelerated from 5.3% between 1984 and 2003 to 9.5% between 2004 and 2013. Cases were disproportionately male (80%), median age at diagnosis was 66 years and 53% were born overseas. Even during 2004-2013, 5-year survival was only 16%, although higher among younger people, metropolitan residents and people born overseas. Incidence showed strong geographic clustering. The proportion of cases diagnosed clinically increased from 1% during 1984-2004 to 43% in 2009-2013. The revised case definition added 993 cases (27.3% of total). CONCLUSION Cases of HCC are becoming increasingly common, and revised incidence estimates highlight the impact of case definitions in the context of changing diagnostic approaches. The ongoing burden, disproportionate population distribution and low survival emphasise the importance of prevention and early detection as a public health imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Carville
- Epidemiology Unit, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer H MacLachlan
- Epidemiology Unit, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicky Thursfield
- Victorian Cancer Registry, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin C Cowie
- Epidemiology Unit, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current concepts, epidemiology and management strategies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30:1103-1115. [PMID: 30113367 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most prevalent liver disease in the world. It involves a spectrum of conditions from hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis, and is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is defined by presence of steatosis in 5% of hepatocytes or more in the absence of other causes of fatty liver. The metabolic syndrome is the major known risk factor for NAFLD. Dietary contributors such as high fructose intake and coffee consumption appear to increase and decrease the risk of disease respectively, but these links are unclear. Genetic associations have also been identified. The estimated prevalence of the disease varies according to diagnostic method and population demographics. It appears to be a major issue in Europe with population studies showing up to 50% of the individuals are affected while in the USA one in three adults are estimated to have NAFLD. Laboratory investigations and ultrasound are typically first-line investigations. Fibrosis may be assessed noninvasively through transient elastography and biomarkers but liver biopsy remains the gold standard to quantify hepatic damage. Associated comorbidities include cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Weight loss, dietary changes and exercise are recommended in management. Medications should be considered to manage underlying risk factors including insulin resistance. Surgical options include bariatric procedures and liver transplantation. The combination of rising prevalence and significant potential complications warrant further research into NAFLD, particularly in areas with research gaps including Eastern Europe.
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IL-37b suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:408-415. [PMID: 30201411 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-37b (IL-37b), a vital negative regulator of the innate immune system, has been reported to be a tumor inhibitor in different type of cancers. However, little is known about the relationship between IL-37b and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study aimed to investigate the potential roles of IL-37b in HCC progression. METHODS Subjects (n = 237) were recruited, and serum IL-37b was measured using ELISA. The tumor-suppressive capacity and underlying mechanisms of IL-37b in HCC were investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, serum IL-37b levels were elevated in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients but decreased significantly in HBV-HCC patients, especially for those with portal venous tumor thrombus. Low level serum IL-37b in HBV-HCC patients correlated with high HCC stage and poor overall survival and disease-free survival. In vitro and in vivo, recombinant human IL-37b inhibited proliferation and metastasis in HCC cells. Furthermore, IL-37b inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition in HCC cells in vitro by downregulating IL-6, pSTAT3 (Y705), N-cadherin, and vimentin expression and by upregulating E-cadherin expression. These effects were partially reversed by transfection of adenovirus encoding human IL-6. CONCLUSIONS IL-37b inhibits HCC growth, metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition by regulating IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Serum IL-37b may be a biomarker for HBV-HCC and its staging.
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33
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Ali ME, El-Badawy O, Afifi NA, Eldin AS, Hassan EA, Halby HM, El-Mokhtar MA. Role of T-Helper 9 Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C-Infected Patients. Viruses 2018; 10:E341. [PMID: 29937515 PMCID: PMC6071239 DOI: 10.3390/v10070341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is a hepatotropic virus that is transmitted parenterally. Viral infections are usually associated with modulations of the immune cells, leading to enhanced viral survival and spreading, and accordingly, life-threatening complications. Recently, it has been proposed that a new subset of T-helper, named T-helper 9, is involved in the pathogenesis of different immunopathological conditions, such as allergies, tumors, and viral infections. Some studies reported a protective role, and others described a pathogenic potential for the T-helper 9 cells. Here, we present evidence that T-helper 9 cells are dynamically increased with increasing the pathogenic strategy for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Furthermore, viral clearance is associated with a decrease in T-helper 9. The increase in T-helper 9 was paralleled with an increase in its receptor expression. Taken together, our data suggest that T-helper 9 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of HCV, and is directly associated with HCV-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Omnia El-Badawy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Noha A Afifi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Sharaf Eldin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Elham Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Hamada M Halby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Ahmed El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease in the Australian population, although precise estimates of prevalence are lacking. NAFLD may progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease, and liver cancer and is becoming an increasingly common indication for liver transplantation in Australia and New Zealand. There is an extrahepatic burden of NAFLD extending beyond the liver, which is manifested by an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic renal impairment, all of which are common causes of morbidity in the Australian population. Early recognition of those patients at high risk of developing advanced liver disease is essential in order to target those who will benefit from intensive lifestyle modification. In this review, we present data on the epidemiology of NAFLD within Australia, its associated health burden in terms of hepatic and extrahepatic complications, common clinical presentations, and indications for treatment. We also propose a research agenda that highlights knowledge needed to improve diagnosis and management specific to the Australian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Mahady
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leon A Adams
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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35
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Coppola N, Onorato L, Iodice V, Starace M, Minichini C, Farella N, Liorre G, Filippini P, Sagnelli E, de Stefano G. Occult HBV infection in HCC and cirrhotic tissue of HBsAg-negative patients: a virological and clinical study. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62706-62714. [PMID: 27486882 PMCID: PMC5308760 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the virological and clinical characteristics of occult HBV infection (OBI) in 68 consecutive HBsAg-negative patients with biopsy-proven cirrhosis and HCC. Methods HBV DNA was sought and sequenced in plasma, HCC tissue and non-HCC liver tissue by PCRs using primers for HBV core, surface and x regions. OBI was identified by the presence of HBV DNA in at least two different PCRs. Results OBI was detected in HCC tissue of 13 (20%) patients and in non-HCC liver tissue of 3 of these 13. OBI was detected in HCC tissue of 54.5% of 11 anti-HBs- negative/anti-HBc-positive patients, in 29.4% of 17 anti-HBs/anti-HBc-positive and in 5% of 40 anti-HBs/anti-HBc-negative (p < 0.0005). The 13 patients with OBI in HCC tissue more frequently than the 55 without showed Child-B or -C cirrhosis (53.9% vs. 5.5%, p < 0.0001) and BCLC-B or -C stages (46.1% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.0001). The pre-S1, pre-S2 and S region sequences in HCC tissue showed amino acid (AA) substitutions (F19L, P24L, S59F, T131I, Q129H) and deletions (in positions 4,8, 17 and 86) in the S region, AA substitutions (T40S, P124K, L54P, G76A, N222T and I273L) in pre-S1 region and AA substitutions in pre-S2 region (P41H and P66L). In the 3 patients showing OBI also in non-HCC liver tissue the S, pre-S1 and pre-S2 sequencing displayed patterns of mutations different. Conclusions The study showed a significant correlation between OBI and the severity of liver damage, several patterns of mutations in the S, pre-S1 and pre-S2 regions in HCC tissue, some at their first description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Onorato
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Iodice
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Ninth Interventional Ultrasound Unit for Infectious Diseases, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Starace
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Minichini
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Farella
- Ninth Interventional Ultrasound Unit for Infectious Diseases, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Liorre
- Ninth Interventional Ultrasound Unit for Infectious Diseases, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Filippini
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Caserta Hospital, Caserta, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio de Stefano
- Ninth Interventional Ultrasound Unit for Infectious Diseases, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
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IL-37 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth by converting pSmad3 signaling from JNK/pSmad3L/c-Myc oncogenic signaling to pSmad3C/P21 tumor-suppressive signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85079-85096. [PMID: 27835881 PMCID: PMC5356721 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-37 has been characterized as a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity and a tumor suppressor in several cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of IL-37 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely unclear. In this study we found IL-37 expression was down-regulated in human HCC tissues and cell lines, and was negatively correlated with tumor size, vascular invasion, as well as overall-survial and disease-free survival (OS and DFS) of HCC. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that IL-37 was an independent prognostic indicator for OS and DFS in HCC. Functional studies further showed that IL-37 overexpression significantly suppressed tumor growth by confining HCC to G2/M cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we determined that IL-37 promoted Smad3 phospho-isoform signaling conversion from JNK/pSmad3L/c-Myc oncogenic signaling to pSmad3C/p21 tumor-suppressive signaling. Consistently, we detected a significant negative correlation between IL-37 expression and pSmad3L levels in a cohort of HCC biopsies; and the expression of pSmad3L predicted poorer outcome. These data highlight the importance of IL-37 in the cell proliferation and progression of HCC, and suggests that IL-37 may be a valuable biomarker for HCC prognosis.
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Melaku YA, Appleton SL, Gill TK, Ogbo FA, Buckley E, Shi Z, Driscoll T, Adams R, Cowie BC, Fitzmaurice C. Incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and risk factors of cancer in Australia and comparison with OECD countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 52:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B virus in Ireland using routinely collected surveillance and administrative data, 2004-2014. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 187:803-811. [PMID: 29224133 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ireland has a low prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection; however, there are limited recently published epidemiological data. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of chronic HBV in Ireland between 2004 and 2014 using routine surveillance data and identify and interrogate additional data sources in Ireland to complement the interpretation of HBV surveillance data. METHODS Routinely collected passive surveillance data of notified cases of HBV infection were collated for 2004-2014. Additional data sources relating to primary liver cancer and cirrhosis were collated, including hospital discharge data (2005-2013), diagnoses of primary liver cancer (2004-2013), and deaths (2007-2014). Publicly available immigration (2004-2014) data were also collated. RESULTS Between 2004 and 2014, a total of 7463 notifications of HBV were made in Ireland; the majority (91%) were classified as chronic cases. Notifications peaked in 2008 and decreased until 2013. Hospital discharges, new cancer registrations, and deaths from primary liver cancer and hospital discharges from cirrhosis have increased each year. DISCUSSION The epidemiology of HBV in Ireland mirrors immigration patterns. Without a coordinated screening and care programme for priority populations, particularly for immigrants from high prevalence countries, it is likely that hospitalisations and deaths from HBV-attributable cirrhosis and primary liver cancer will continue to rise, with considerable associated public health expense.
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Mgaieth S, Kemp W, Gow P, Fink M, Lubel J, Nicoll A, Gazzola A, Hong T, Ryan M, Knight V, Dev AT, Sood S, Bell S, Paul E, Roberts SK. Impact of viral hepatitis aetiology on survival outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma: A large multicentre cohort study. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:982-989. [PMID: 28414893 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While HBV and HCV are risk factors for HCC, uncertainty exists as to whether these viral infections have prognostic significance in HCC. Thus, we compared the overall survival of patients with HBV, HCV and nonviral HCC, and evaluated whether the presence of HBV and HCV predicts patient outcomes. We conducted a multicentre study of HCC cases diagnosed at six Melbourne tertiary hospitals between Jan 2000-Dec 2014. Patient demographics, liver disease and tumour characteristics and patient outcomes were obtained from hospital databases, computer records and the Victorian Death Registry. Survival outcomes were compared between HBV, HCV and nonviral hepatitis cases and predictors of survival determined using Cox proportional hazards regression. There were 1436 new HCC cases identified including 776 due to viral hepatitis (HBV 235, HCV 511, HBV-HCV 30) and 660 from nonviral causes. The median survival of HBV, HCV and nonviral HCC patients was 59.1, 28.4 and 20.9 months, respectively (P<.0001). On multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for survival included HCC aetiology, gender, BCLC stage, serum AFP, total number and size of lesions, and serum creatinine and albumin. After adjusting for these and method of detection, HBV remained an independent predictor of improved overall survival when compared to both nonviral (HR 0.60%, 95% CI 0.35-0.98; P=.03) and HCV-related HCC (HR 0.51%, 95% CI 0.30-0.85; P=.01). In this large multicentre study, HBV is independently associated with improved overall survival compared with HCV and nonviral-related HCC. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying factor(s) responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mgaieth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - W Kemp
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - P Gow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - M Fink
- Department of Surgery, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - J Lubel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Vic., Australia
| | - A Nicoll
- Department of Gastroenterology, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Vic., Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - A Gazzola
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - T Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
| | - M Ryan
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
| | - V Knight
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - A T Dev
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - S Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - S Bell
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
| | - E Paul
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Serper M, Taddei TH, Mehta R, D’Addeo K, Dai F, Aytaman A, Baytarian M, Fox R, Hunt K, Goldberg DS, Valderrama A, Kaplan DE. Association of Provider Specialty and Multidisciplinary Care With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Mortality. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1954-1964. [PMID: 28283421 PMCID: PMC5664153 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about provider and health system factors that affect receipt of active therapy and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated patient, provider, and health system factors associated with receipt of active HCC therapy and overall survival. METHODS We performed a national, retrospective cohort study of all patients diagnosed with HCC from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2010 (n = 3988) and followed through December 31 2014 who received care through the Veterans Administration (128 centers). Outcomes were receipt of active HCC therapy (liver transplantation, resection, local ablation, transarterial therapy, or sorafenib) and overall survival. RESULTS In adjusted analyses, receiving care at an academically affiliated Veterans Administration hospital (odds ratio [OR], 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60-2.41) or a multi-specialist evaluation (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.15-2.21), but not review by a multidisciplinary tumor board (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.98-1.46), was associated with a higher likelihood of receiving active HCC therapy. In time-varying Cox proportional hazards models, liver transplantation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.22; 95% CI, 0.16-0.31), liver resection (HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.28-0.52), ablative therapy (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.52-0.76), and transarterial therapy (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.92) were associated with reduced mortality. Subspecialist care by hepatologists (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.63-0.78), medical oncologists (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.91), or surgeons (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71-0.89) within 30 days of HCC diagnosis, and review by a multidisciplinary tumor board (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.77-0.90), were associated with reduced mortality. CONCLUSIONS In a retrospective cohort study of almost 4000 patients with HCC cared for at VA centers, geographic, provider, and system differences in receipt of active HCC therapy are associated with patient survival. Multidisciplinary methods of care delivery for HCC should be prospectively evaluated and standardized to improve access to HCC therapy and optimize outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Serper
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of the
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Rajni Mehta
- VA Connecticut-Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Feng Dai
- VA Connecticut-Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ayse Aytaman
- VA New York Harbor Health Care System, Brooklyn, New York
| | | | - Rena Fox
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Kristel Hunt
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - David S. Goldberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of the
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - David E. Kaplan
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of the
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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41
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Jepsen P, Andersen MW, Villadsen GE, Ott P, Vilstrup H. Time-trends in incidence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Denmark: A nationwide register-based cohort study. Liver Int 2017; 37:871-878. [PMID: 27943604 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There are no recent data on incidence or survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Denmark. We examined current HCC epidemiology. METHODS We used data from nationwide registries to identify all Danish citizens diagnosed with HCC in 1994-2016. We computed annual standardized incidence rates for the entire 1994-2016 period, and we compared survival for patients diagnosed in 2004-2014; data on HCC stage were available for that period alone and coded according to the TNM classification. RESULTS The incidence rate for 1994-2016 was 3.7 (95% CI 3.6-3.8) per 100 000 population per year. It was stable around 3.0 in 1994-2007, climbed steadily to 5.7 in 2008-2011, and remained high in 2012-2016. The proportion of non-cirrhotic patients with HCC was 21%, with a slightly decreasing time trend. Median survival time rose from 2.7 months in 2004-2006 to 7.7 months in 2013-2014, but only patients with early HCC (stage I or II HCC or a "probably early HCC") saw improvements after 2007 (confounder-adjusted mortality hazard ratio for 2013-2014 vs 2007-2009=0.67, 95% 0.50-0.90). The proportion of patients with early HCC rose from 17% in 2004-2006 to 30% in 2013-2014. CONCLUSIONS HCC incidence increased between 2007 and 2011. Concurrently, the HCC stage at diagnosis and patient survival improved. The likely reasons for the changes include easier access to HCC workup, changing diagnostic criteria for HCC, increased prevalence of risk factors for HCC, and improved treatment of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jepsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette W Andersen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gerda E Villadsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Ott
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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42
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Grąt M, Wronka KM, Krasnodębski M, Masior Ł, Lewandowski Z, Kosińska I, Grąt K, Stypułkowski J, Rejowski S, Wasilewicz M, Gałęcka M, Szachta P, Krawczyk M. Profile of Gut Microbiota Associated With the Presence of Hepatocellular Cancer in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:1687-91. [PMID: 27496472 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes within the gut microbiota contribute to the progression of chronic liver diseases. According to the results of several studies performed in animal models, gut dysbiosis plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of gut microbiota associated with the presence of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis of the liver undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS A total of 15 patients with HCC and 15 non-HCC patients matched according to etiology of cirrhosis and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores who underwent liver transplantations between 2012 and 2014 were included. Analysis of their gut microbial profile was based on prospectively collected stool samples from the pretransplant period. RESULTS Patients with and without HCC were similar with respect to age (P = .506), sex (P = .700), hepatitis C virus (P > .999) and hepatitis B virus (P = .715) infection status, alcoholic liver disease (P > .999), and MELD score (P = .337). Notably, the presence of HCC was associated with significantly increased fecal counts of Escherichia coli (P = .025). Prediction of HCC presence based on E coli counts was associated with the area under the receiver-operating curve of 0.742 (95% confidence interval, 0.564-0.920), with the optimal cutoff on the level of 17.728 (natural logarithm of colony-forming units per 1 g of feces). Sensitivity and specificity rates for the established cutoff were 66.7% and 73.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The profile of gut microbiota associated with the presence of HCC in cirrhotic patients is characterized by increased fecal counts of E coli. Therefore, intestinal overgrowth of E coli may contribute to the process of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grąt
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - K M Wronka
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Krasnodębski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ł Masior
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Z Lewandowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - I Kosińska
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Grąt
- Second Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Stypułkowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Rejowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Wasilewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Gałęcka
- Institute of Microecology, Poznań, Poland
| | - P Szachta
- Institute of Microecology, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Krawczyk
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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43
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Rodríguez de Lope C, Reig M, Matilla A, Ferrer MT, Dueñas E, Mínguez B, F Castroagudín J, Ortiz I, Pascual S, Lledó JL, Gallego A, Arenas JI, Aracil C, Forne M, Muñoz C, Pons F, Sala M, Iñarrairaegui M, Martin-Llahi M, Andreu V, Garre C, Rendón P, Fuentes J, Crespo J, Rodríguez M, Bruix J, Varela M. Clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in Spain. Comparison with the 2008-2009 period and analysis of the causes of diagnosis out of screening programs. Analysis of 686 cases in 73 centers. Med Clin (Barc) 2017; 149:61-71. [PMID: 28279536 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In 2010 we published that 53% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detected in Spain were diagnosed outside the context of standard screening programs, which consequently leads to lower survival rates. The aim of this study was to analyze the current situation and the causes of diagnosis out of screening programs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Prospective registry of 73 second- and third-level Spanish healthcare centers carried out between October 1, 2014 and January 31, 2015. The baseline characteristics of the disease and the first treatment administered for the incidental primary liver tumors during such period were recorded. RESULTS A total of 720 patients were included in the study: HCC (n=686), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n=29), hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n=2), other (n=3). HCC characteristics: male 82%; mean age 67 years; cirrhosis 87%; main etiologies: alcohol 35%, HCV 30%, alcohol and HCV 15%, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 6%; tumor stage: BCLC-0 11%, A 43%, B 19%, C 16% and D 11%; first treatment: transarterial chemoembolization (23%), percutaneous ablation (22%), symptomatic treatment (20%), resection (11%), sorafenib (11%). Three hundred and fifty-six patients (53%) were diagnosed outside of screening programs, mainly owing to the fact that they suffered from an undiagnosed liver disease (76%) and to the poor adherence to the screening program (18%). These patients were mainly male (P<.001), with an alcoholic etiology (P<.001) and active alcohol consumption (P<.001). Moreover, the disease was predominantly diagnosed at more advanced stages (P<.001) and was addressed with less radical treatments (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS In Spain, the main cause of diagnosis of a HCC outside the context of a screening program is the absence of a prior diagnosis of a liver disease, particularly in alcohol-consuming men. Detecting a liver disease in asymptomatic populations and improving adherence to screening programs are the main areas that must be subject to improvement in order to improve the early detection of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodríguez de Lope
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, España
| | - María Reig
- Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, España
| | - Ana Matilla
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
| | - María Teresa Ferrer
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Eva Dueñas
- Servicio de Digestivo, Sección de Hepatología, Hospital de Bellvitge, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, España
| | - Beatriz Mínguez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna-Hepatología, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, España
| | - Javier F Castroagudín
- Servicio de Digestivo, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España
| | | | - Sonia Pascual
- Unidad Hepática, Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Alicante, España
| | - José Luis Lledó
- Sección de Hepatología, Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
| | - Adolfo Gallego
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - Juan I Arenas
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario de Donosti, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
| | - Carles Aracil
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, España
| | - Montserrat Forne
- Servicio de Digestivo, Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, España
| | - Carolina Muñoz
- Sección de Hepatología, Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - Fernando Pons
- Sección de Hepatología, Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - Margarita Sala
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
| | - Mercedes Iñarrairaegui
- Sección de Hepatología, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España
| | - Marta Martin-Llahi
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Moisés Broggi, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, España
| | - Victoria Andreu
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital de Viladecans, Viladecans, Barcelona, España
| | - Carmen Garre
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España
| | - Paloma Rendón
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, España
| | - Javier Fuentes
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España
| | - Javier Crespo
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, España
| | - Manuel Rodríguez
- Sección de Hepatología, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - Jordi Bruix
- Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, España
| | - María Varela
- Sección de Hepatología, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, España.
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Blach S, Zeuzem S, Manns M, Altraif I, Duberg AS, Muljono DH, Waked I, Alavian SM, Lee MH, Negro F, Abaalkhail F, Abdou A, Abdulla M, Rached AA, Aho I, Akarca U, Al Ghazzawi I, Al Kaabi S, Al Lawati F, Al Namaani K, Al Serkal Y, Al-Busafi SA, Al-Dabal L, Aleman S, Alghamdi AS, Aljumah AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Andersson MI, Arendt V, Arkkila P, Assiri AM, Baatarkhuu O, Bane A, Ben-Ari Z, Bergin C, Bessone F, Bihl F, Bizri AR, Blachier M, Blasco AJ, Mello CEB, Bruggmann P, Brunton CR, Calinas F, Chan HLY, Chaudhry A, Cheinquer H, Chen CJ, Chien RN, Choi MS, Christensen PB, Chuang WL, Chulanov V, Cisneros L, Clausen MR, Cramp ME, Craxi A, Croes EA, Dalgard O, Daruich JR, de Ledinghen V, Dore GJ, El-Sayed MH, Ergör G, Esmat G, Estes C, Falconer K, Farag E, Ferraz MLG, Ferreira PR, Flisiak R, Frankova S, Gamkrelidze I, Gane E, García-Samaniego J, Khan AG, Gountas I, Goldis A, Gottfredsson M, Grebely J, Gschwantler M, Pessôa MG, Gunter J, Hajarizadeh B, Hajelssedig O, Hamid S, Hamoudi W, Hatzakis A, Himatt SM, Hofer H, Hrstic I, Hui YT, Hunyady B, Idilman R, Jafri W, Jahis R, Janjua NZ, Jarčuška P, Jeruma A, Jonasson JG, Kamel Y, Kao JH, Kaymakoglu S, Kershenobich D, Khamis J, Kim YS, Kondili L, Koutoubi Z, Krajden M, Krarup H, Lai MS, Laleman W, Lao WC, Lavanchy D, Lázaro P, Leleu H, Lesi O, Lesmana LA, Li M, Liakina V, Lim YS, Luksic B, Mahomed A, Maimets M, Makara M, Malu AO, Marinho RT, Marotta P, Mauss S, Memon MS, Correa MCM, Mendez-Sanchez N, Merat S, Metwally AM, Mohamed R, Moreno C, Mourad FH, Müllhaupt B, Murphy K, Nde H, Njouom R, Nonkovic D, Norris S, Obekpa S, Oguche S, Olafsson S, Oltman M, Omede O, Omuemu C, Opare-Sem O, Øvrehus ALH, Owusu-Ofori S, Oyunsuren TS, Papatheodoridis G, Pasini K, Peltekian KM, Phillips RO, Pimenov N, Poustchi H, Prabdial-Sing N, Qureshi H, Ramji A, Razavi-Shearer D, Razavi-Shearer K, Redae B, Reesink HW, Ridruejo E, Robbins S, Roberts LR, Roberts SK, Rosenberg WM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Ryder SD, Safadi R, Sagalova O, Salupere R, Sanai FM, Avila JFS, Saraswat V, Sarmento-Castro R, Sarrazin C, Schmelzer JD, Schréter I, Seguin-Devaux C, Shah SR, Sharara AI, Sharma M, Shevaldin A, Shiha GE, Sievert W, Sonderup M, Souliotis K, Speiciene D, Sperl J, Stärkel P, Stauber RE, Stedman C, Struck D, Su TH, Sypsa V, Tan SS, Tanaka J, Thompson AJ, Tolmane I, Tomasiewicz K, Valantinas J, Van Damme P, van der Meer AJ, van Thiel I, Van Vlierberghe H, Vince A, Vogel W, Wedemeyer H, Weis N, Wong VWS, Yaghi C, Yosry A, Yuen MF, Yunihastuti E, Yusuf A, Zuckerman E, Razavi H. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30181-9 and 4280=cast((chr(113)||chr(122)||chr(122)||chr(122)||chr(113))||(select (case when (4280=4280) then 1 else 0 end))::text||(chr(113)||chr(106)||chr(107)||chr(120)||chr(113)) as numeric)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blach S, Zeuzem S, Manns M, Altraif I, Duberg AS, Muljono DH, Waked I, Alavian SM, Lee MH, Negro F, Abaalkhail F, Abdou A, Abdulla M, Rached AA, Aho I, Akarca U, Al Ghazzawi I, Al Kaabi S, Al Lawati F, Al Namaani K, Al Serkal Y, Al-Busafi SA, Al-Dabal L, Aleman S, Alghamdi AS, Aljumah AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Andersson MI, Arendt V, Arkkila P, Assiri AM, Baatarkhuu O, Bane A, Ben-Ari Z, Bergin C, Bessone F, Bihl F, Bizri AR, Blachier M, Blasco AJ, Mello CEB, Bruggmann P, Brunton CR, Calinas F, Chan HLY, Chaudhry A, Cheinquer H, Chen CJ, Chien RN, Choi MS, Christensen PB, Chuang WL, Chulanov V, Cisneros L, Clausen MR, Cramp ME, Craxi A, Croes EA, Dalgard O, Daruich JR, de Ledinghen V, Dore GJ, El-Sayed MH, Ergör G, Esmat G, Estes C, Falconer K, Farag E, Ferraz MLG, Ferreira PR, Flisiak R, Frankova S, Gamkrelidze I, Gane E, García-Samaniego J, Khan AG, Gountas I, Goldis A, Gottfredsson M, Grebely J, Gschwantler M, Pessôa MG, Gunter J, Hajarizadeh B, Hajelssedig O, Hamid S, Hamoudi W, Hatzakis A, Himatt SM, Hofer H, Hrstic I, Hui YT, Hunyady B, Idilman R, Jafri W, Jahis R, Janjua NZ, Jarčuška P, Jeruma A, Jonasson JG, Kamel Y, Kao JH, Kaymakoglu S, Kershenobich D, Khamis J, Kim YS, Kondili L, Koutoubi Z, Krajden M, Krarup H, Lai MS, Laleman W, Lao WC, Lavanchy D, Lázaro P, Leleu H, Lesi O, Lesmana LA, Li M, Liakina V, Lim YS, Luksic B, Mahomed A, Maimets M, Makara M, Malu AO, Marinho RT, Marotta P, Mauss S, Memon MS, Correa MCM, Mendez-Sanchez N, Merat S, Metwally AM, Mohamed R, Moreno C, Mourad FH, Müllhaupt B, Murphy K, Nde H, Njouom R, Nonkovic D, Norris S, Obekpa S, Oguche S, Olafsson S, Oltman M, Omede O, Omuemu C, Opare-Sem O, Øvrehus ALH, Owusu-Ofori S, Oyunsuren TS, Papatheodoridis G, Pasini K, Peltekian KM, Phillips RO, Pimenov N, Poustchi H, Prabdial-Sing N, Qureshi H, Ramji A, Razavi-Shearer D, Razavi-Shearer K, Redae B, Reesink HW, Ridruejo E, Robbins S, Roberts LR, Roberts SK, Rosenberg WM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Ryder SD, Safadi R, Sagalova O, Salupere R, Sanai FM, Avila JFS, Saraswat V, Sarmento-Castro R, Sarrazin C, Schmelzer JD, Schréter I, Seguin-Devaux C, Shah SR, Sharara AI, Sharma M, Shevaldin A, Shiha GE, Sievert W, Sonderup M, Souliotis K, Speiciene D, Sperl J, Stärkel P, Stauber RE, Stedman C, Struck D, Su TH, Sypsa V, Tan SS, Tanaka J, Thompson AJ, Tolmane I, Tomasiewicz K, Valantinas J, Van Damme P, van der Meer AJ, van Thiel I, Van Vlierberghe H, Vince A, Vogel W, Wedemeyer H, Weis N, Wong VWS, Yaghi C, Yosry A, Yuen MF, Yunihastuti E, Yusuf A, Zuckerman E, Razavi H. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30181-9 and 1035 in (select (char(113)+char(122)+char(122)+char(122)+char(113)+(select (case when (1035=1035) then char(49) else char(48) end))+char(113)+char(106)+char(107)+char(120)+char(113)))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blach S, Zeuzem S, Manns M, Altraif I, Duberg AS, Muljono DH, Waked I, Alavian SM, Lee MH, Negro F, Abaalkhail F, Abdou A, Abdulla M, Rached AA, Aho I, Akarca U, Al Ghazzawi I, Al Kaabi S, Al Lawati F, Al Namaani K, Al Serkal Y, Al-Busafi SA, Al-Dabal L, Aleman S, Alghamdi AS, Aljumah AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Andersson MI, Arendt V, Arkkila P, Assiri AM, Baatarkhuu O, Bane A, Ben-Ari Z, Bergin C, Bessone F, Bihl F, Bizri AR, Blachier M, Blasco AJ, Mello CEB, Bruggmann P, Brunton CR, Calinas F, Chan HLY, Chaudhry A, Cheinquer H, Chen CJ, Chien RN, Choi MS, Christensen PB, Chuang WL, Chulanov V, Cisneros L, Clausen MR, Cramp ME, Craxi A, Croes EA, Dalgard O, Daruich JR, de Ledinghen V, Dore GJ, El-Sayed MH, Ergör G, Esmat G, Estes C, Falconer K, Farag E, Ferraz MLG, Ferreira PR, Flisiak R, Frankova S, Gamkrelidze I, Gane E, García-Samaniego J, Khan AG, Gountas I, Goldis A, Gottfredsson M, Grebely J, Gschwantler M, Pessôa MG, Gunter J, Hajarizadeh B, Hajelssedig O, Hamid S, Hamoudi W, Hatzakis A, Himatt SM, Hofer H, Hrstic I, Hui YT, Hunyady B, Idilman R, Jafri W, Jahis R, Janjua NZ, Jarčuška P, Jeruma A, Jonasson JG, Kamel Y, Kao JH, Kaymakoglu S, Kershenobich D, Khamis J, Kim YS, Kondili L, Koutoubi Z, Krajden M, Krarup H, Lai MS, Laleman W, Lao WC, Lavanchy D, Lázaro P, Leleu H, Lesi O, Lesmana LA, Li M, Liakina V, Lim YS, Luksic B, Mahomed A, Maimets M, Makara M, Malu AO, Marinho RT, Marotta P, Mauss S, Memon MS, Correa MCM, Mendez-Sanchez N, Merat S, Metwally AM, Mohamed R, Moreno C, Mourad FH, Müllhaupt B, Murphy K, Nde H, Njouom R, Nonkovic D, Norris S, Obekpa S, Oguche S, Olafsson S, Oltman M, Omede O, Omuemu C, Opare-Sem O, Øvrehus ALH, Owusu-Ofori S, Oyunsuren TS, Papatheodoridis G, Pasini K, Peltekian KM, Phillips RO, Pimenov N, Poustchi H, Prabdial-Sing N, Qureshi H, Ramji A, Razavi-Shearer D, Razavi-Shearer K, Redae B, Reesink HW, Ridruejo E, Robbins S, Roberts LR, Roberts SK, Rosenberg WM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Ryder SD, Safadi R, Sagalova O, Salupere R, Sanai FM, Avila JFS, Saraswat V, Sarmento-Castro R, Sarrazin C, Schmelzer JD, Schréter I, Seguin-Devaux C, Shah SR, Sharara AI, Sharma M, Shevaldin A, Shiha GE, Sievert W, Sonderup M, Souliotis K, Speiciene D, Sperl J, Stärkel P, Stauber RE, Stedman C, Struck D, Su TH, Sypsa V, Tan SS, Tanaka J, Thompson AJ, Tolmane I, Tomasiewicz K, Valantinas J, Van Damme P, van der Meer AJ, van Thiel I, Van Vlierberghe H, Vince A, Vogel W, Wedemeyer H, Weis N, Wong VWS, Yaghi C, Yosry A, Yuen MF, Yunihastuti E, Yusuf A, Zuckerman E, Razavi H. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30181-9 and 7459=(select upper(xmltype(chr(60)||chr(58)||chr(113)||chr(122)||chr(122)||chr(122)||chr(113)||(select (case when (7459=7459) then 1 else 0 end) from dual)||chr(113)||chr(106)||chr(107)||chr(120)||chr(113)||chr(62))) from dual)-- jhwf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blach S, Zeuzem S, Manns M, Altraif I, Duberg AS, Muljono DH, Waked I, Alavian SM, Lee MH, Negro F, Abaalkhail F, Abdou A, Abdulla M, Rached AA, Aho I, Akarca U, Al Ghazzawi I, Al Kaabi S, Al Lawati F, Al Namaani K, Al Serkal Y, Al-Busafi SA, Al-Dabal L, Aleman S, Alghamdi AS, Aljumah AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Andersson MI, Arendt V, Arkkila P, Assiri AM, Baatarkhuu O, Bane A, Ben-Ari Z, Bergin C, Bessone F, Bihl F, Bizri AR, Blachier M, Blasco AJ, Mello CEB, Bruggmann P, Brunton CR, Calinas F, Chan HLY, Chaudhry A, Cheinquer H, Chen CJ, Chien RN, Choi MS, Christensen PB, Chuang WL, Chulanov V, Cisneros L, Clausen MR, Cramp ME, Craxi A, Croes EA, Dalgard O, Daruich JR, de Ledinghen V, Dore GJ, El-Sayed MH, Ergör G, Esmat G, Estes C, Falconer K, Farag E, Ferraz MLG, Ferreira PR, Flisiak R, Frankova S, Gamkrelidze I, Gane E, García-Samaniego J, Khan AG, Gountas I, Goldis A, Gottfredsson M, Grebely J, Gschwantler M, Pessôa MG, Gunter J, Hajarizadeh B, Hajelssedig O, Hamid S, Hamoudi W, Hatzakis A, Himatt SM, Hofer H, Hrstic I, Hui YT, Hunyady B, Idilman R, Jafri W, Jahis R, Janjua NZ, Jarčuška P, Jeruma A, Jonasson JG, Kamel Y, Kao JH, Kaymakoglu S, Kershenobich D, Khamis J, Kim YS, Kondili L, Koutoubi Z, Krajden M, Krarup H, Lai MS, Laleman W, Lao WC, Lavanchy D, Lázaro P, Leleu H, Lesi O, Lesmana LA, Li M, Liakina V, Lim YS, Luksic B, Mahomed A, Maimets M, Makara M, Malu AO, Marinho RT, Marotta P, Mauss S, Memon MS, Correa MCM, Mendez-Sanchez N, Merat S, Metwally AM, Mohamed R, Moreno C, Mourad FH, Müllhaupt B, Murphy K, Nde H, Njouom R, Nonkovic D, Norris S, Obekpa S, Oguche S, Olafsson S, Oltman M, Omede O, Omuemu C, Opare-Sem O, Øvrehus ALH, Owusu-Ofori S, Oyunsuren TS, Papatheodoridis G, Pasini K, Peltekian KM, Phillips RO, Pimenov N, Poustchi H, Prabdial-Sing N, Qureshi H, Ramji A, Razavi-Shearer D, Razavi-Shearer K, Redae B, Reesink HW, Ridruejo E, Robbins S, Roberts LR, Roberts SK, Rosenberg WM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Ryder SD, Safadi R, Sagalova O, Salupere R, Sanai FM, Avila JFS, Saraswat V, Sarmento-Castro R, Sarrazin C, Schmelzer JD, Schréter I, Seguin-Devaux C, Shah SR, Sharara AI, Sharma M, Shevaldin A, Shiha GE, Sievert W, Sonderup M, Souliotis K, Speiciene D, Sperl J, Stärkel P, Stauber RE, Stedman C, Struck D, Su TH, Sypsa V, Tan SS, Tanaka J, Thompson AJ, Tolmane I, Tomasiewicz K, Valantinas J, Van Damme P, van der Meer AJ, van Thiel I, Van Vlierberghe H, Vince A, Vogel W, Wedemeyer H, Weis N, Wong VWS, Yaghi C, Yosry A, Yuen MF, Yunihastuti E, Yusuf A, Zuckerman E, Razavi H. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30181-9 order by 1-- oqoe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zeuzem S, Manns M, Altraif I, Duberg AS, Muljono DH, Waked I, Alavian SM, Lee MH, Negro F, Abaalkhail F, Abdou A, Abdulla M, Rached AA, Aho I, Akarca U, Al Ghazzawi I, Al Kaabi S, Al Lawati F, Al Namaani K, Al Serkal Y, Al-Busafi SA, Al-Dabal L, Aleman S, Alghamdi AS, Aljumah AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Andersson MI, Arendt V, Arkkila P, Assiri AM, Baatarkhuu O, Bane A, Ben-Ari Z, Bergin C, Bessone F, Bihl F, Bizri AR, Blachier M, Blasco AJ, Mello CEB, Bruggmann P, Brunton CR, Calinas F, Chan HLY, Chaudhry A, Cheinquer H, Chen CJ, Chien RN, Choi MS, Christensen PB, Chuang WL, Chulanov V, Cisneros L, Clausen MR, Cramp ME, Craxi A, Croes EA, Dalgard O, Daruich JR, de Ledinghen V, Dore GJ, El-Sayed MH, Ergör G, Esmat G, Estes C, Falconer K, Farag E, Ferraz MLG, Ferreira PR, Flisiak R, Frankova S, Gamkrelidze I, Gane E, García-Samaniego J, Khan AG, Gountas I, Goldis A, Gottfredsson M, Grebely J, Gschwantler M, Pessôa MG, Gunter J, Hajarizadeh B, Hajelssedig O, Hamid S, Hamoudi W, Hatzakis A, Himatt SM, Hofer H, Hrstic I, Hui YT, Hunyady B, Idilman R, Jafri W, Jahis R, Janjua NZ, Jarčuška P, Jeruma A, Jonasson JG, Kamel Y, Kao JH, Kaymakoglu S, Kershenobich D, Khamis J, Kim YS, Kondili L, Koutoubi Z, Krajden M, Krarup H, Lai MS, Laleman W, Lao WC, Lavanchy D, Lázaro P, Leleu H, Lesi O, Lesmana LA, Li M, Liakina V, Lim YS, Luksic B, Mahomed A, Maimets M, Makara M, Malu AO, Marinho RT, Marotta P, Mauss S, Memon MS, Correa MCM, Mendez-Sanchez N, Merat S, Metwally AM, Mohamed R, Moreno C, Mourad FH, Müllhaupt B, Murphy K, Nde H, Njouom R, Nonkovic D, Norris S, Obekpa S, Oguche S, Olafsson S, Oltman M, Omede O, Omuemu C, Opare-Sem O, Øvrehus ALH, Owusu-Ofori S, Oyunsuren TS, Papatheodoridis G, Pasini K, Peltekian KM, Phillips RO, Pimenov N, Poustchi H, Prabdial-Sing N, Qureshi H, Ramji A, Razavi-Shearer D, Razavi-Shearer K, Redae B, Reesink HW, Ridruejo E, Robbins S, Roberts LR, Roberts SK, Rosenberg WM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Ryder SD, Safadi R, Sagalova O, Salupere R, Sanai FM, Avila JFS, Saraswat V, Sarmento-Castro R, Sarrazin C, Schmelzer JD, Schréter I, Seguin-Devaux C, Shah SR, Sharara AI, Sharma M, Shevaldin A, Shiha GE, Sievert W, Sonderup M, Souliotis K, Speiciene D, Sperl J, Stärkel P, Stauber RE, Stedman C, Struck D, Su TH, Sypsa V, Tan SS, Tanaka J, Thompson AJ, Tolmane I, Tomasiewicz K, Valantinas J, Van Damme P, van der Meer AJ, van Thiel I, Van Vlierberghe H, Vince A, Vogel W, Wedemeyer H, Weis N, Wong VWS, Yaghi C, Yosry A, Yuen MF, Yunihastuti E, Yusuf A, Zuckerman E, Razavi H. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:161-176. [PMID: 28404132 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1421] [Impact Index Per Article: 203.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 69th World Health Assembly approved the Global Health Sector Strategy to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 2030, which can become a reality with the recent launch of direct acting antiviral therapies. Reliable disease burden estimates are required for national strategies. This analysis estimates the global prevalence of viraemic HCV at the end of 2015, an update of-and expansion on-the 2014 analysis, which reported 80 million (95% CI 64-103) viraemic infections in 2013. METHODS We developed country-level disease burden models following a systematic review of HCV prevalence (number of studies, n=6754) and genotype (n=11 342) studies published after 2013. A Delphi process was used to gain country expert consensus and validate inputs. Published estimates alone were used for countries where expert panel meetings could not be scheduled. Global prevalence was estimated using regional averages for countries without data. FINDINGS Models were built for 100 countries, 59 of which were approved by country experts, with the remaining 41 estimated using published data alone. The remaining countries had insufficient data to create a model. The global prevalence of viraemic HCV is estimated to be 1·0% (95% uncertainty interval 0·8-1·1) in 2015, corresponding to 71·1 million (62·5-79·4) viraemic infections. Genotypes 1 and 3 were the most common cause of infections (44% and 25%, respectively). INTERPRETATION The global estimate of viraemic infections is lower than previous estimates, largely due to more recent (lower) prevalence estimates in Africa. Additionally, increased mortality due to liver-related causes and an ageing population may have contributed to a reduction in infections. FUNDING John C Martin Foundation.
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Blach S, Zeuzem S, Manns M, Altraif I, Duberg AS, Muljono DH, Waked I, Alavian SM, Lee MH, Negro F, Abaalkhail F, Abdou A, Abdulla M, Rached AA, Aho I, Akarca U, Al Ghazzawi I, Al Kaabi S, Al Lawati F, Al Namaani K, Al Serkal Y, Al-Busafi SA, Al-Dabal L, Aleman S, Alghamdi AS, Aljumah AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Andersson MI, Arendt V, Arkkila P, Assiri AM, Baatarkhuu O, Bane A, Ben-Ari Z, Bergin C, Bessone F, Bihl F, Bizri AR, Blachier M, Blasco AJ, Mello CEB, Bruggmann P, Brunton CR, Calinas F, Chan HLY, Chaudhry A, Cheinquer H, Chen CJ, Chien RN, Choi MS, Christensen PB, Chuang WL, Chulanov V, Cisneros L, Clausen MR, Cramp ME, Craxi A, Croes EA, Dalgard O, Daruich JR, de Ledinghen V, Dore GJ, El-Sayed MH, Ergör G, Esmat G, Estes C, Falconer K, Farag E, Ferraz MLG, Ferreira PR, Flisiak R, Frankova S, Gamkrelidze I, Gane E, García-Samaniego J, Khan AG, Gountas I, Goldis A, Gottfredsson M, Grebely J, Gschwantler M, Pessôa MG, Gunter J, Hajarizadeh B, Hajelssedig O, Hamid S, Hamoudi W, Hatzakis A, Himatt SM, Hofer H, Hrstic I, Hui YT, Hunyady B, Idilman R, Jafri W, Jahis R, Janjua NZ, Jarčuška P, Jeruma A, Jonasson JG, Kamel Y, Kao JH, Kaymakoglu S, Kershenobich D, Khamis J, Kim YS, Kondili L, Koutoubi Z, Krajden M, Krarup H, Lai MS, Laleman W, Lao WC, Lavanchy D, Lázaro P, Leleu H, Lesi O, Lesmana LA, Li M, Liakina V, Lim YS, Luksic B, Mahomed A, Maimets M, Makara M, Malu AO, Marinho RT, Marotta P, Mauss S, Memon MS, Correa MCM, Mendez-Sanchez N, Merat S, Metwally AM, Mohamed R, Moreno C, Mourad FH, Müllhaupt B, Murphy K, Nde H, Njouom R, Nonkovic D, Norris S, Obekpa S, Oguche S, Olafsson S, Oltman M, Omede O, Omuemu C, Opare-Sem O, Øvrehus ALH, Owusu-Ofori S, Oyunsuren TS, Papatheodoridis G, Pasini K, Peltekian KM, Phillips RO, Pimenov N, Poustchi H, Prabdial-Sing N, Qureshi H, Ramji A, Razavi-Shearer D, Razavi-Shearer K, Redae B, Reesink HW, Ridruejo E, Robbins S, Roberts LR, Roberts SK, Rosenberg WM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Ryder SD, Safadi R, Sagalova O, Salupere R, Sanai FM, Avila JFS, Saraswat V, Sarmento-Castro R, Sarrazin C, Schmelzer JD, Schréter I, Seguin-Devaux C, Shah SR, Sharara AI, Sharma M, Shevaldin A, Shiha GE, Sievert W, Sonderup M, Souliotis K, Speiciene D, Sperl J, Stärkel P, Stauber RE, Stedman C, Struck D, Su TH, Sypsa V, Tan SS, Tanaka J, Thompson AJ, Tolmane I, Tomasiewicz K, Valantinas J, Van Damme P, van der Meer AJ, van Thiel I, Van Vlierberghe H, Vince A, Vogel W, Wedemeyer H, Weis N, Wong VWS, Yaghi C, Yosry A, Yuen MF, Yunihastuti E, Yusuf A, Zuckerman E, Razavi H. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30181-9 and 1035 in (select (char(113)+char(122)+char(122)+char(122)+char(113)+(select (case when (1035=1035) then char(49) else char(48) end))+char(113)+char(106)+char(107)+char(120)+char(113)))-- yukg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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