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Koelfat KV, Schaap FG, van Mierlo KM, Leníček M, Sauer I, van der Kroft G, Röth AA, Bednarsch J, Amygdalos I, Lurje G, Dewulf MJ, Lang SA, Neumann UP, Olde Damink SW. Partial liver resection alters the bile salt-FGF19 axis in patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: Implications for liver regeneration. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0445. [PMID: 38836805 PMCID: PMC11155560 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended liver resection is the only treatment option for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA). Bile salts and the gut hormone FGF19, both promoters of liver regeneration (LR), have not been investigated in patients undergoing resection for pCCA. We aimed to evaluate the bile salt-FGF19 axis perioperatively in pCCA and study its effects on LR. METHODS Plasma bile salts, FGF19, and C4 (bile salt synthesis marker) were assessed in patients with pCCA and controls (colorectal liver metastases), before and after resection on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 7. Hepatic bile salts were determined in intraoperative liver biopsies. RESULTS Partial liver resection in pCCA elicited a sharp decline in bile salt and FGF19 plasma levels on POD 1 and remained low thereafter, unlike in controls, where bile salts rose gradually. Preoperatively, suppressed C4 in pCCA normalized postoperatively to levels similar to those in the controls. The remnant liver volume and postoperative bilirubin levels were negatively associated with postoperative C4 levels. Furthermore, patients who developed postoperative liver failure had nearly undetectable C4 levels on POD 7. Hepatic bile salts strongly predicted hyperbilirubinemia on POD 7 in both groups. Finally, postoperative bile salt levels on day 7 were an independent predictor of LR. CONCLUSIONS Partial liver resection alters the bile salt-FGF19 axis, but its derailment is unrelated to LR in pCCA. Postoperative monitoring of circulating bile salts and their production may be useful for monitoring LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V.K. Koelfat
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. Schaap
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M.C. van Mierlo
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Leníček
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilka Sauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregory van der Kroft
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anjali A.J. Röth
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iakovos Amygdalos
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maxime J.L. Dewulf
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sven A. Lang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P. Neumann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W.M. Olde Damink
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre & NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Fendt R, Ghallab A, Myllys M, Hofmann U, Hassan R, Hobloss Z, González D, Brackhagen L, Marchan R, Edlund K, Seddek AL, Abdelmageed N, Blank LM, Schlender JF, Holland CH, Hengstler JG, Kuepfer L. Increased sinusoidal export of drug glucuronides is a compensative mechanism in liver cirrhosis of mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1279357. [PMID: 38053838 PMCID: PMC10694292 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1279357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Liver cirrhosis is known to affect drug pharmacokinetics, but the functional assessment of the underlying pathophysiological alterations in drug metabolism is difficult. Methods: Cirrhosis in mice was induced by repeated treatment with carbon tetrachloride for 12 months. A cocktail of six drugs was administered, and parent compounds as well as phase I and II metabolites were quantified in blood, bile, and urine in a time-dependent manner. Pharmacokinetics were modeled in relation to the altered expression of metabolizing enzymes. In discrepancy with computational predictions, a strong increase of glucuronides in blood was observed in cirrhotic mice compared to vehicle controls. Results: The deviation between experimental findings and computational simulations observed by analyzing different hypotheses could be explained by increased sinusoidal export and corresponded to increased expression of export carriers (Abcc3 and Abcc4). Formation of phase I metabolites and clearance of the parent compounds were surprisingly robust in cirrhosis, although the phase I enzymes critical for the metabolism of the administered drugs in healthy mice, Cyp1a2 and Cyp2c29, were downregulated in cirrhotic livers. RNA-sequencing revealed the upregulation of numerous other phase I metabolizing enzymes which may compensate for the lost CYP isoenzymes. Comparison of genome-wide data of cirrhotic mouse and human liver tissue revealed similar features of expression changes, including increased sinusoidal export and reduced uptake carriers. Conclusion: Liver cirrhosis leads to increased blood concentrations of glucuronides because of increased export from hepatocytes into the sinusoidal blood. Although individual metabolic pathways are massively altered in cirrhosis, the overall clearance of the parent compounds was relatively robust due to compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Fendt
- Institute for Systems Medicine with Focus on Organ Interaction, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Zaynab Hobloss
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniela González
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lisa Brackhagen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Abdel-Latif Seddek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Noha Abdelmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Lars M. Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology—iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology—ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan-Frederik Schlender
- Pharmacometrics, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Christian H. Holland
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Institute for Systems Medicine with Focus on Organ Interaction, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Chi C, Liang X, Cui T, Gao X, Liu R, Yin C. SKIL/SnoN attenuates TGF-β1/SMAD signaling-dependent collagen synthesis in hepatic fibrosis. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:1014-1025. [PMID: 37389959 PMCID: PMC10655871 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.9000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The ski-related novel gene (SnoN), encoded by the SKIL gene, has been shown to negatively regulated transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway. However, the roles of SnoN in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and hepatic fibrosis (HF) are still unclear. To evaluate the role of SnoN in HF, we combined bulk RNA sequencing analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis to analyse patients with HF. The role of SKIL/SnoN was verified using liver samples from rat model transfected HSC-T6 and LX-2 cell lines. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, PCR, and western blotting techniques were used to demonstrate the expression of SnoN and its regulatory effects on TGF-β1 signaling in fibrotic liver tissues and cells. Furthermore, we constructed competitive endogenous RNA regulatory network and potential drug network associated with the SnoN gene. We identified SKIL gene as a differentially expressed gene in hepatic fibrosis. SnoN protein was found to be widely expressed in the cytoplasm of normal hepatic tissues, whereas it was almost absent in HF tissues. In the rat group subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL), SnoN protein expression decreased, while TGF-β1, collagen III, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and fibronectin levels increased. We observed the interaction of SnoN with p-SMAD2 and p-SMAD3 in the cytoplasm. Following SnoN overexpression, apoptosis of HSCs was promoted, and the expression of HF-associated proteins, including collagen I, collagen III, and TIMP-1, was reduced. Conversely, downregulation of SnoN inhibited HSC apoptosis, increased collagen III and TIMP-1 levels, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression. In conclusion, SnoN expression is downregulated in fibrotic livers, and could attenuate TGF-β1/SMADs signaling-dependent de-repression of collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xifeng Liang
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Tianyu Cui
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
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Bloch D, Diel P, Epe B, Hellwig M, Lampen A, Mally A, Marko D, Villar Fernández MA, Guth S, Roth A, Marchan R, Ghallab A, Cadenas C, Nell P, Vartak N, van Thriel C, Luch A, Schmeisser S, Herzler M, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Marx-Stoelting P, Tralau T, Hengstler JG. Basic concepts of mixture toxicity and relevance for risk evaluation and regulation. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3005-3017. [PMID: 37615677 PMCID: PMC10504116 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multiple substances is a challenge for risk evaluation. Currently, there is an ongoing debate if generic "mixture assessment/allocation factors" (MAF) should be introduced to increase public health protection. Here, we explore concepts of mixture toxicity and the potential influence of mixture regulation concepts for human health protection. Based on this analysis, we provide recommendations for research and risk assessment. One of the concepts of mixture toxicity is additivity. Substances may act additively by affecting the same molecular mechanism within a common target cell, for example, dioxin-like substances. In a second concept, an "enhancer substance" may act by increasing the target site concentration and aggravating the adverse effect of a "driver substance". For both concepts, adequate risk management of individual substances can reliably prevent adverse effects to humans. Furthermore, we discuss the hypothesis that the large number of substances to which humans are exposed at very low and individually safe doses may interact to cause adverse effects. This commentary identifies knowledge gaps, such as the lack of a comprehensive overview of substances regulated under different silos, including food, environmentally and occupationally relevant substances, the absence of reliable human exposure data and the missing accessibility of ratios of current human exposure to threshold values, which are considered safe for individual substances. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and most susceptible target cells is required. We conclude that, currently, there is no scientific evidence supporting the need for a generic MAF. Rather, we recommend taking more specific measures, which focus on compounds with relatively small ratios between human exposure and doses, at which adverse effects can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bloch
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - María A Villar Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angelika Roth
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick Nell
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmeisser
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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Gupta K. A modular analysis of bile canalicular function and its implications for cholestasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G14-G22. [PMID: 37192193 PMCID: PMC10259850 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00165.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes produce bile components and secrete them into a lumen, known as a bile canaliculus, that is formed by the apical membranes of adjoining hepatocytes. Bile canaliculi merge to form tubular structures that subsequently connect to the canal of Hering and larger intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts formed by cholangiocytes, which modify bile and enable flow through the small intestine. The major functional requirements for bile canaliculi are the maintenance of canalicular shape to preserve the blood-bile barrier and regulation of bile flow. These functional requirements are mediated by functional modules, primarily transporters, the cytoskeleton, cell-cell junctions, and mechanosensing proteins. I propose here that bile canaliculi behave as robust machines whereby the functional modules act in a coordinated manner to perform the multistep task of maintaining canalicular shape and bile flow. Cholestasis, the general term for aberrant bile flow, stems from drug/toxin-induced or genetic dysregulation of one or more of the protein components in the functional modules. Here, I discuss the interactions between components of the various functional modules in bile canaliculi and describe how these functional modules regulate canalicular morphology and function. I use this framework to provide a perspective on recent studies of bile canalicular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapish Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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6
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Tanimizu N, Ichinohe N, Mitaka T. β-adrenergic receptor agonist promotes ductular expansion during 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-induced chronic liver injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7084. [PMID: 37127664 PMCID: PMC10151327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33882-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic nerves are involved in the regulation of metabolic reactions and hepatocyte-based regeneration after surgical resection, although their contribution to chronic liver injury remains unknown. Given that intrahepatic nerves are abundant in the periportal tissue, they may be correlated also with cholangiocyte-based regeneration. Here we demonstrate that isoproterenol (ISO), a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, promoted ductular expansion induced by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) in vivo. Immunofluorescence analysis shows that nerve fibers positive for tyrosine hydroxylase form synaptophysin-positive nerve endings on epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive (EpCAM+) cholangiocytes as well as on Thy1+ periportal mesenchymal cells (PMCs) that surround bile ducts, suggesting that the intrahepatic biliary tissue are targeted by sympathetic nerves. In vitro analyses indicate that ISO directly increases cAMP levels in cholangiocytes and PMCs. Mechanistically, ISO expands the lumen of cholangiocyte organoids, resulting in promotion of cholangiocyte proliferation, whereas it increases expression of fibroblast growth factor 7, a growth factor for cholangiocytes, in PMCs. Taken together, the results indicate that intrahepatic sympathetic nerves regulate remodeling of bile ducts during DDC-injury by the activation of β-adrenergic receptors on cholangiocytes and PMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0071, Japan.
| | - Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
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7
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Brecklinghaus T, Albrecht W, Duda J, Kappenberg F, Gründler L, Edlund K, Marchan R, Ghallab A, Cadenas C, Rieck A, Vartak N, Tolosa L, Castell JV, Gardner I, Halilbasic E, Trauner M, Ullrich A, Zeigerer A, Demirci Turgunbayer Ö, Damm G, Seehofer D, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG. In vitro/in silico prediction of drug induced steatosis in relation to oral doses and blood concentrations by the Nile Red assay. Toxicol Lett 2022; 368:33-46. [PMID: 35963427 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatocytes is a key feature of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and can be induced by a subset of hepatotoxic compounds. In the present study, we optimized and evaluated an in vitro technique based on the fluorescent dye Nile Red, further named Nile Red assay to quantify lipid droplets induced by the exposure to chemicals. The Nile Red assay and a cytotoxicity test (CTB assay) were then performed on cells exposed concentration-dependently to 60 different compounds. Of these, 31 were known to induce hepatotoxicity in humans, and 13 were reported to also cause steatosis. In order to compare in vivo relevant blood concentrations, pharmacokinetic models were established for all compounds to simulate the maximal blood concentrations (Cmax) at therapeutic doses. The results showed that several hepatotoxic compounds induced an increase in lipid droplets at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. To compare how well (1) the cytotoxicity test alone, (2) the Nile Red assay alone, and (3) the combination of the cytotoxicity test and the Nile Red assay (based on the lower EC10 of both assays) allow the differentiation between hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds, a previously established performance metric, the Toxicity Separation Index (TSI) was calculated. In addition, the Toxicity Estimation Index (TEI) was calculated to determine how well blood concentrations that cause an increased DILI risk can be estimated for hepatotoxic compounds. Our findings indicate that the combination of both assays improved the TSI and TEI compared to each assay alone. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that inclusion of the Nile Red assay into in vitro test batteries may improve the prediction of DILI compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julia Duda
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franziska Kappenberg
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lisa Gründler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Rieck
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Biochemistry Department, University of Valencia and CIBEREHD
| | | | - Emina Halilbasic
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anett Ullrich
- Primacyt Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Özlem Demirci Turgunbayer
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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Richter B, Sänger C, Mussbach F, Scheuerlein H, Settmacher U, Dahmen U. Species specific morphological alterations in liver tissue after biliary occlusion in rat and mouse: Similar but different. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271975. [PMID: 35881613 PMCID: PMC9321426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The selection of the appropriate species is one of the key issues in experimental medicine. Bile duct ligation is the mostly used experimental model in rodents to explore special aspects of occlusive cholestasis. We aimed to clarify if rats or mice are suitable for the same or different aspects in cholestasis research. Methods We induced biliary occlusion by ligation and transection of the common bile duct (tBDT) in rats and mice (each n = 25). Recovery from surgical stress was assessed by daily scoring (stress score, body weight). At five different time points (days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 after tBDT) we investigated hepatic morphometric and architectural alterations (Haematoxylin-Eosin staining, Elastica van Gieson staining) and the proliferative activities of parenchyma cells (Bromodeoxyuridine staining); as well as established systemic markers for liver synthesis, hepatocellular damage and renal dysfunction. Results We found substantial differences regarding survival (rats: 100%, 25/25 vs. mice 92%, 22/25, p = 0.07) and body weight gain (p<0.05 at postoperative days 14 and 28 (POD)). Rats showed a faster and progressive hepatobiliary remodelling than mice (p<0.05 at POD 7+14+28), resulting in: i) stronger relative loss of hepatocellular mass (rats by 31% vs. mice by 15% until POD 28; p<0.05 at POD 7+14+28); ii) rapidly progressing liver fibrosis (p<0.05 at POD 14); iii) a faster and stronger proliferative response of parenchyma cells (hepatocytes: p<0.05 at POD 1+14+18; cholangiocytes: p<0.05 at POD 1+3+7+28); and iv) only tiny bile infarcts compared to mice (p<0.05 at POD 1+3+7+14). Both species showed comparable elevated markers of hepatocellular damage and serum bilirubin. Conclusion The key difference between rats and mice are the severity and dynamics of histological alterations, possibly accounting for their different susceptibilities for (septic) complications with low survival (mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Richter
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Constanze Sänger
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Mussbach
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hubert Scheuerlein
- Clinic for General, Visceral and Paediatric Surgery, St. Vincenz Hospital Paderborn, Teaching Hospital of the University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Richter B, Zafarnia S, Gremse F, Kießling F, Scheuerlein H, Settmacher U, Dahmen U. Corrosion Cast and 3D Reconstruction of the Murine Biliary Tree After Biliary Obstruction: Quantitative Assessment and Comparison With 2D Histology. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:755-766. [PMID: 35677523 PMCID: PMC9168744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obstructive cholestasis can lead to significant alterations of the biliary tree depending on the extent and duration of the biliary occlusion. Current experimental studies reported about advanced techniques for corrosion cast and 3D reconstruction (3D-reco) visualizing delicate microvascular structures in animals. We compared these two different techniques for visualization and quantitative assessment of the obstructed murine biliary tree with classical 2D histology. Methods Male mice (n = 36) were allocated to 3 different experiments. In experiments 1 and 2, we injected two different media (Microfil© for 3D-reco, MV; Batson's No.17 for corrosion cast, CC) into the extrahepatic bile duct. In experiment 3 we sampled liver tissue for 2D histology (HE, BrdU). Time points of interest were days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 after biliary occlusion. We used different types of software for quantification of the different samples: IMALYTICS Preclinical for 3D scans (MV); NDP.view2 for the digital photography of CC; HistoKat software for 2D histology. Results We achieved samples in 75% of the animals suitable for evaluation (MV and CC, each with 9/12). Contrasting of terminal bile ducts (4th order of branches) was achieved with either technique. MV permitted a fast 3D-reco of the hierarchy of the biliary tree, including the 3rd and 4th order of branches in almost all samples (8/9 and 6/9). CC enabled focused evaluation of the hierarchy of the biliary tree, including the 4th to 5th order of branches in almost all samples (9/9 and 8/9). In addition, we detected dense meshes of the smallest bile ducts in almost all CC samples (8/9). MV and CC allowed a quantitative assessment of anatomical details of the 3rd and 4th order branches of almost every sample. The 2D histology identified different kinetics and areas of proliferation of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Complementary usage of 3D-reco, corrosion casting and 2D histology matched dense meshes of small bile ducts with areas of intensive proliferative activity of cholangiocytes as periportal proliferative areas of 4th and 5th order branches (∼terminal bile ducts and bile ductules) matched with its morphological information the matching assessment of areas with increased proliferative activity (BrdU) and a partial quantification of the characteristics of the 4th order branches of the biliary tree. Conclusion The 3D-reco and corrosion casting of the murine biliary tree are feasible and provide a straightforward, robust, and reliable (and more economical) procedure for the visualization and quantitative assessment of architectural alterations, in comparative usage with the 2D histology.
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Key Words
- 2D IHC, two-dimensional immunohistochemistry
- 3D reconstruction
- 3D-reco, three-dimensional reconstruction
- BD, bile duct
- BT, extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary tree
- BrdU, Bromodeoxyuridine
- CC, Corrosion Cast using Batson No.17
- CoH, Canals of Hering
- DHC, Ductus hepatocholedochus, main extrahepatic bile duct
- HE, Haematoxylin-Eosin
- MV, Microfil®-MV
- POD, postoperative day
- biliary occlusion
- biliary tree
- corrosion cast
- ehBD, extrahepatic bile duct
- ihBD, intrahepatic bile duct
- microfil
- periportal segments
- tBDT, bile duct ligation (using three sutures) with transection of the ligated extrahepatic bile duct between the middle and proximal sutures
- μCT, micro Computer Tomography (micro-CT)
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Richter
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Drackendorfer Strasse 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Zafarnia
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kießling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Templergraben 55, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Max-von-Laue-Str. 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hubert Scheuerlein
- Clinic for General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, St. Vincenz Hospital Paderborn, Teaching Hospital of the University of Göttingen, Am Busdorf 2, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Drackendorfer Strasse 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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Richter B, Sänger C, Mussbach F, Scheuerlein H, Settmacher U, Dahmen U. The Interplay Between Biliary Occlusion and Liver Regeneration: Repeated Regeneration Stimuli Restore Biliary Drainage by Promoting Hepatobiliary Remodeling in a Rat Model. Front Surg 2022; 9:799669. [PMID: 35548189 PMCID: PMC9081651 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.799669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Patients with malignant biliary obstruction do not seem to benefit from “two-stage hepatectomy” due to an impairment of liver regeneration. We designed a novel model of “repeated regeneration stimuli” in rats mimicking a “two-stage hepatectomy” with selective or complete biliary occlusion mimicking Klatskin tumors III° or IV°. Using this new model, we wanted to investigate (1) the impact of preexistent cholestasis of different extent on the time course of liver regeneration and (2) the dynamics of hepatobiliary remodeling under regeneration conditions. Materials and Methods Rats were subjected to a sequence of three operations: surgical induction of biliary occlusion, followed by “repeated regeneration stimuli” consisting of ligation of the left branch of the portal vein (supplying 70% of the liver volume, sPVL) as first stage and a 70%-hepatectomy (70%PHx) as second stage. Biliary occlusion (1st procedure) was induced by ligating and transection of either the common (100%, tBDT) or the left bile duct (70%, sBDT). A sham operation without ligating the bile duct was performed as control (0%, Sham). Two weeks later, on day 14 (POD14), the sPVL (2nd procedure) was performed. Another week later (POD 21), the 70%PHx (3rd procedure) took place and animals were observed for 1 week (POD 28). The first experiment (n = 45 rats) was dedicated to investigating liver regeneration (hypertrophy/atrophy), proliferative activity and hepatobiliary histomorphology (2D-histology: HE, BrdU) in the future liver remnant (FLR). The second experiment (n = 25 rats) was performed to study the dynamics of hepatobiliary remodeling in livers with different regenerative pressure (tBDT only POD21 vs. tBDT only POD 28 vs. tBDT + sPVL vs. tBDT + 70%PHx vs. tBDT + sPVL + 70%PHx) using μCT scans of explanted livers. Results Effect of biliary occlusion Total biliary occlusion (tBDT) led to a 2.4-fold increase in whole liver volume due to severe biliary proliferation within 14 days. In contrast, partial biliary occlusion (sBDT) caused only a volume gain of the obstructed liver lobes due to biliary proliferates, resulting in a minor increase of total liver volume (1.7-fold) without an increase in bilirubin levels. Liver regeneration and atrophy As expected, sPVL caused substantial volume gain (tBDT: 3-fold; sBDT: 2.8-fold; Sham 2.8-fold) of FLR and a substantial volume loss (tBDT: 0.9-fold; sBDT: 0.6-fold; Sham: 0.4-fold) of the portally deprived “future resected lobes” compared to the preoperative liver volume. The subsequent 70%PHx promoted a further volume gain of the FLR in all groups (tBDT: 4-fold; sBDT: 3-fold; Sham 3-fold compared to original volume) until POD 28. Hepatobiliary remodeling: After tBDT, we identified histologically three phases of hepatobiliary remodeling in the FLR. Following tBDT, biliary proliferates developed, replacing about 15% of the hepatocellular tissue. After sPVL we found incomplete restoration of the hepatocellular tissue with a visible reduction of the biliary proliferates. The 70%PHx led to an almost complete recovery of the hepatocellular tissue in the FLR with a nearly normal liver architecture. In contrast, after sBDT and Sham we observed a near normal liver morphology in the FLR at all time points. CT-scanning of the explanted livers and subsequent 3D reconstruction visualized the development of extrahepatic biliary collaterals. Collaterals were detected in 0/5 cases 1 week after sPVL (first regeneration stimulus), and in even more cases (3/5) 1 week after the 70%PHx (second regeneration stimulus). Histological workup identified the typical biliary cuboid epithelium as inner lining of the collaterals and peribiliary glands. Conclusion Liver volume of the FLR increased in cholestatic rats mainly due to biliary proliferates. Application of repeated regeneration stimuli in the style of a “two-stage hepatectomy” promoted almost full restoration of hepatocellular tissue and architecture in the FLR by reestablishing biliary drainage via formation of biliary collaterals. Further exploration of the dynamics in hepatobiliary modeling using this model might help to better understand the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Richter
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Beate Richter
| | - Constanze Sänger
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Mussbach
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hubert Scheuerlein
- Clinic for General, Visceral and Paediatric Surgery, St. Vincenz Hospital Paderborn, University of Göttingen, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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11
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Silver Nanofunctionalized Stent after Radiofrequency Ablation Suppresses Tissue Hyperplasia and Bacterial Growth. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020412. [PMID: 35214144 PMCID: PMC8876892 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraductal radiofrequency (RF) ablation combined with placement of a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) for malignant biliary obstruction has risks such as stent- and heat-induced biliary sludge and restenosis. Here, we investigated the efficacy of a silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-coated SEMS to inhibit tissue hyperplasia and bacterial growth caused by RF ablation with stent placement in the rabbit bile duct. The release behavior and antibacterial effects of AgNPs-coated SEMSs were evaluated. Then, SEMSs were successfully placed in all rabbits immediately after RF ablation. Ag ions were rapidly released at the beginning and then showed a gradual release behavior. The AgNPs-coated SEMS significantly inhibited bacterial activity compared to the uncoated SEMS (p < 0.05). Cholangiography and histological examination confirmed that the level of tissue hyperplasia was significantly lower in the AgNPs group than in the control group (all p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that TUNEL-, HSP 70-, and α-SMA-positive areas were significantly lower in the AgNPs group than in the control group (all p < 0.05). Intraductal RF ablation combined with nanofunctionalized stent placement represents a promising new approach for suppressing thermal damage as well as stent-induced tissue hyperplasia and bacterial growth.
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12
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Schnabl B, Arteel GE, Stickel F, Hengstler J, Vartak N, Ghallab A, Dooley S, Li Y, Schwabe RF. Liver specific, systemic and genetic contributors to alcohol-related liver disease progression. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:36-44. [PMID: 35042252 PMCID: PMC8941985 DOI: 10.1055/a-1714-9330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) impacts millions of patients worldwide each year and the numbers are increasing. Disease stages range from steatosis via steatohepatitis and fibrosis to cirrhosis, severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and liver cancer. ALD is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage of progression with no effective therapies. A major research goal is to improve diagnosis, prognosis and also treatments for early ALD. This however needs prioritization of this disease for financial investment in basic and clinical research to more deeply investigate mechanisms and identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets for early detection and intervention. Topics of interest are communication of the liver with other organs of the body, especially the gut microbiome, the individual genetic constitution, systemic and liver innate inflammation, including bacterial infections, as well as fate and number of hepatic stellate cells and the composition of the extracellular matrix in the liver. Additionally, mechanical forces and damaging stresses towards the sophisticated vessel system of the liver, including the especially equipped sinusoidal endothelium and the biliary tract, work together to mediate hepatocytic import and export of nutritional and toxic substances, adapting to chronic liver disease by morphological and functional changes. All the aforementioned parameters contribute to the outcome of alcohol use disorder and the risk to develop advanced disease stages including cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis and liver cancer. In the present collection, we summarize current knowledge on these alcohol-related liver disease parameters, excluding the aspect of inflammation, which is presented in the accompanying review article by Lotersztajn and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Felix Stickel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yujia Li
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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13
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Vartak N, Drasdo D, Geisler F, Itoh T, P J Oude Elferink R, van de Graaf SFJ, Chiang J, Keitel V, Trauner M, Jansen P, Hengstler JG. On the Mechanisms of Biliary Flux. Hepatology 2021; 74:3497-3512. [PMID: 34164843 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1950s, transport of bile in the liver has been described by the "osmotic concept," according to which bile flows into the canaliculi toward the ducts, countercurrent to the blood flow in the sinusoids. However, because of the small size of canaliculi, it was so far impossible to observe, let alone to quantify this process. Still, "osmotic canalicular flow" was a sufficient and plausible explanation for the clearance characteristics of a wide variety of choleretic compounds excreted in bile. Imaging techniques have now been established that allow direct flux analysis in bile canaliculi of the intact liver in living organisms. In contrast to the prevailing osmotic concept these analyses strongly suggest that the transport of small molecules in canalicular bile is diffusion dominated, while canalicular flow is negligibly small. In contrast, with the same experimental approach, it could be shown that in the interlobular ducts, diffusion is augmented by flow. Thus, bile canaliculi can be compared to a standing water zone that is connected to a river. The seemingly subtle difference between diffusion and flow is of relevance for therapy of a wide range of liver diseases including cholestasis and NAFLD. Here, we incorporated the latest findings on canalicular solute transport, and align them with extant knowledge to present an integrated and explanatory framework of bile flux that will undoubtedly be refined further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Vartak
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology, Paris, France
| | - Fabian Geisler
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Kinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tohru Itoh
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John Chiang
- North-East Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jansen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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14
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Eteghadi MR, Nasehi M, Vaseghi S, Hesami-Tackallou S. The effect of Crocin on TFAM and PGC-1α expression and Catalase and Superoxide dismutase activities following cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the striatum of male Wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1791-1801. [PMID: 34019207 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bile secretion is a physiological function that is disrupted following Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) and induces cholestasis. Cholestasis is a bile flow reduction that induces apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and alters the expression of genes. Evidence shows the relationship between cholestasis and neuroinflammation. Cholestasis via attenuating mitochondrial biogenesis and anti-oxidant activity can induce neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, and TFAM, PGC-1α, Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) have a role in upregulating antioxidant pathways. On the other hand, many studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of Crocin, the water-soluble carotenoid of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Crocin on the level of TFAM, PGC-1α, CAT, and SOD following cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the rat's striatum. Cholestasis was induced by BDL surgery and administration of Crocin was intraperitoneal, at the dose of 30 mg/kg every day, 24 h after BDL surgery up to thirty days. The results showed that TFAM, PGC-1α, and SOD were decreased following cholestasis; while, CAT was increased. In addition, Crocin restored the effects of cholestasis on the level of TFAM, PGC-1α, and SOD. In conclusion, Crocin may have improvement effects on cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the rat's striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Eteghadi
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Hesami-Tackallou
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Esmail MM, Saeed NM, Michel HE, El-Naga RN. The ameliorative effect of niclosamide on bile duct ligation induced liver fibrosis via suppression of NOTCH and Wnt pathways. Toxicol Lett 2021; 347:23-35. [PMID: 33961984 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the conjoint consequence of almost all chronic liver diseases. Cholestatic liver injury is a significant stimulus for fibrotic liver. This study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of niclosamide as a NOTCH inhibitor and on the Wnt pathway against cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF) which was experimentally induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Rats were randomly divided into five main groups (6 per group): sham, BDL, BDL/niclosamide 5, BDL/niclosamide 10 and niclosamide 10 only group. Niclosamide was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 4 weeks starting at the same day of surgery at doses 5 and 10 mg/kg. Liver function, cholestasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver fibrosis, NOTCH signaling pathway and Wnt pathway markers were assessed. Niclosamide (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced liver enzymes levels, oxidative stress, inflammation and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (p-STAT3). Niclosamide (5 and 10 mg/kg) also significantly reduced NOTCH pathway (Jagged1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, HES1, SOX9), Wnt pathway (Wnt5B, and Wnt10A), and fibrosis (transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen deposition with more prominent effect of the higher dose 10 mg/kg. So, this study presents nicloamide as a promising antifibrotic agent in CLF through inhibition of NOTCH and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Esmail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Molaei P, Vaseghi S, Entezari M, Hashemi M, Nasehi M. The Effect of NeuroAid (MLC901) on Cholestasis-Induced Spatial Memory Impairment with Respect to the Expression of BAX, BCL-2, BAD, PGC-1α and TFAM Genes in the Hippocampus of Male Wistar Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2154-2166. [PMID: 34031842 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a bile flow reduction that is induced following Bile Duct Ligation (BDL). Cholestasis impairs memory and induces apoptosis. Apoptosis consists of two pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic pathway is modulated by BCL-2 (B cell lymphoma-2) family proteins. BCL-2 (a pro-survival BCL-2 protein) has anti-apoptotic effect, while BAD (BCL-2-associated death) and BAX (BCL-2-associated X), the other members of BCL-2 family have pro-apoptotic effect. Furthermore, TFAM (mitochondrial transcriptional factor A) is involved in transcription and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, NeuroAid is a Traditional Chinese Medicine with neuroprotective and anti-apoptosis effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of cholestasis on spatial memory and expression of BCL-2, BAD, BAX, TFAM, and PGC-1α in the hippocampus of rats. Additionally, we assessed the effect of NeuroAid on cholestasis-induced cognitive and genetic alterations. Cholestasis was induced by BDL surgery and NeuroAid was injected intraperitoneal at the dose of 0.4 mg/kg. Furthermore, spatial memory was evaluated using Morris Water Maze (MWM) apparatus. The results showed cholestasis impaired spatial memory, increased the expression of BAD and BAX, decreased the expression of TFAM and PGC-1α, and did not alter the expression of BCL-2. Also, NeuroAid decreased the expression of BAD and BAX and increased the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, and BCL-2. In conclusion, cholestasis impaired spatial memory and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Also, cholestasis decreased the expression of TFAM and PGC-1α. Interestingly, NeuroAid restored the effects of cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Molaei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Lv WJ, Zhao XY, Hu DD, Xin XH, Qin LL, Hu CH. Insight into Bile Duct Reaction to Obstruction from a Three-dimensional Perspective Using ex Vivo Phase-Contrast CT. Radiology 2021; 299:597-610. [PMID: 33876972 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021203967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Biliary obstruction leads to an increase in biliary pressure within the biliary system, which induces the morphologic adaptation of the biliary tree. Purpose To observe and to quantify the morphologic characteristics of the adaptation in a bile duct ligation rat model and verify it in patients with biliary atresia in a three-dimensional (3D) manner using x-ray phase-contrast CT. Materials and Methods A bile duct ligation model was induced in 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were divided into five groups: the control group (no ligation) and groups 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after bile duct ligation (eight animals in each group). Liver tissue samples (approximately 1.8 cm in length and 1.3 cm in height) were imaged by using phase-contrast CT and compared with histologic analysis. With a combination of phase-contrast CT and 3D visualization technology, the entire biliary system and the intrahepatic vascular system were quantitatively analyzed according to downstream, midstream, and upstream domains based on bile duct volume, surface area, and other parameters. Additionally, liver explant tissues from 28 patients with biliary atresia were studied to determine the impact of biliary tract reconstruction. Results To offset the increased biliary pressure within the biliary system, the ductular reaction in the downstream, midstream, and upstream domains manifested as dilatation, spiderweb-like looping, and interconnected honeycomb-like patterns, respectively. The most severe ductular reaction occurred in the upstream domain, and the relative surface area (mean, 0.02 μm-1 ± 0.01, 0.04 μm-1 ± 0.01, 0.07 μm-1 ± 0.02, and 0.10 μm-1 ± 0.02 for the 2-8-week groups, respectively; P < .01 among the groups) and volume fraction of ductules (mean, 16.54% ± 4.62, 19.69% ± 6.41, 26.92% ± 5.82, and 38.34% ± 10.36 for the 2-8-week groups, respectively; P < .01 among the groups except between the 2- and 4-week groups [P = .062]) significantly increased over time. In patients with biliary atresia, it was observed that both fibrosis and proliferative ductules regressed after successful biliary tract reconstruction following Kasai portoenterostomy. Furthermore, ductular reaction was accompanied by a progressive increase in the arterial supply but a loss of portal blood supply. Conclusion X-ray phase-contrast CT with three-dimensional rendering of the biliary system in a bile duct ligation rat model provides key insights into ductular reaction or biliary self-adaptation triggered by increased biliary pressure. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Vannier and Wang in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Lv
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Xin-Yan Zhao
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Dou-Dou Hu
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Xin
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Li-Li Qin
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
| | - Chun-Hong Hu
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin 300070, China (W.J.L., X.H.X., L.L.Q., C.H.H.); Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China (X.Y.Z.); and the Second Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (D.D.H.)
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18
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Vartak N, Guenther G, Joly F, Damle-Vartak A, Wibbelt G, Fickel J, Jörs S, Begher-Tibbe B, Friebel A, Wansing K, Ghallab A, Rosselin M, Boissier N, Vignon-Clementel I, Hedberg C, Geisler F, Hofer H, Jansen P, Hoehme S, Drasdo D, Hengstler JG. Intravital Dynamic and Correlative Imaging of Mouse Livers Reveals Diffusion-Dominated Canalicular and Flow-Augmented Ductular Bile Flux. Hepatology 2021; 73:1531-1550. [PMID: 32558958 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Small-molecule flux in tissue microdomains is essential for organ function, but knowledge of this process is scant due to the lack of suitable methods. We developed two independent techniques that allow the quantification of advection (flow) and diffusion in individual bile canaliculi and in interlobular bile ducts of intact livers in living mice, namely fluorescence loss after photoactivation and intravital arbitrary region image correlation spectroscopy. APPROACH AND RESULTS The results challenge the prevailing "mechano-osmotic" theory of canalicular bile flow. After active transport across hepatocyte membranes, bile acids are transported in the canaliculi primarily by diffusion. Only in the interlobular ducts is diffusion augmented by regulatable advection. Photoactivation of fluorescein bis-(5-carboxymethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl)-ether in entire lobules demonstrated the establishment of diffusive gradients in the bile canalicular network and the sink function of interlobular ducts. In contrast to the bile canalicular network, vectorial transport was detected and quantified in the mesh of interlobular bile ducts. CONCLUSIONS The liver consists of a diffusion-dominated canalicular domain, where hepatocytes secrete small molecules and generate a concentration gradient and a flow-augmented ductular domain, where regulated water influx creates unidirectional advection that augments the diffusive flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Vartak
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Georgia Guenther
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Amruta Damle-Vartak
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Simone Jörs
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Begher-Tibbe
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabian Geisler
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Jansen
- Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk Drasdo
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,Inria, Paris, France
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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19
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Hankeova S, Salplachta J, Zikmund T, Kavkova M, Van Hul N, Brinek A, Smekalova V, Laznovsky J, Dawit F, Jaros J, Bryja V, Lendahl U, Ellis E, Nemeth A, Fischler B, Hannezo E, Kaiser J, Andersson ER. DUCT reveals architectural mechanisms contributing to bile duct recovery in a mouse model for Alagille syndrome. eLife 2021; 10:60916. [PMID: 33635272 PMCID: PMC7909953 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ function depends on tissues adopting the correct architecture. However, insights into organ architecture are currently hampered by an absence of standardized quantitative 3D analysis. We aimed to develop a robust technology to visualize, digitalize, and segment the architecture of two tubular systems in 3D: double resin casting micro computed tomography (DUCT). As proof of principle, we applied DUCT to a mouse model for Alagille syndrome (Jag1Ndr/Ndr mice), characterized by intrahepatic bile duct paucity, that can spontaneously generate a biliary system in adulthood. DUCT identified increased central biliary branching and peripheral bile duct tortuosity as two compensatory processes occurring in distinct regions of Jag1Ndr/Ndr liver, leading to full reconstitution of wild-type biliary volume and phenotypic recovery. DUCT is thus a powerful new technology for 3D analysis, which can reveal novel phenotypes and provide a standardized method of defining liver architecture in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Hankeova
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Salplachta
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kavkova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Noémi Van Hul
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Adam Brinek
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Smekalova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Laznovsky
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Feven Dawit
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Josef Jaros
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Antal Nemeth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Björn Fischler
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emma Rachel Andersson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND GATA6, a transcription factor expressed in cholangiocytes, has been implicated in the response to liver injury. In biliary atresia, a disease characterized by extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, liver expression of GATA6 increases with pathological bile duct expansion and decreases after successful Kasai portoenterostomy. The aim of this study was to garner genetic evidence that GATA6 is involved in ductular formation/expansion. METHODS The murine Gata6 gene was conditionally deleted using Alb-cre, a transgene expressed in hepatoblasts (the precursors of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes) and mature hepatocytes. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was used to model biliary obstruction. RESULTS Alb-Cre;Gata6flox/flox mice were viable and fertile. Cre-mediated recombination of Gata6 in hepatocytes had little impact on cellular structure or function. GATA6 immunoreactivity was retained in a majority of biliary epithelial cells in adult Alb-Cre;Gata6flox/flox mice, implying that surviving cholangiocytes were derived from hepatoblasts that had escaped biallelic Cre-mediated recombination. Although GATA6 immunoreactivity was preserved in cholangiocytes, Alb-cre;Gata6flox/flox mice had a demonstrable biliary phenotype. A neutrophil-rich infiltrate surrounded newly formed bile ducts in neonatal Alb-Cre;Gata6flox/flox mice. Foci of fibrosis/necrosis, presumed to reflect patchy defects in bile duct formation, were observed in the livers of 37% of adult Alb-cre;Gata6flox/flox mice and 0% of controls (p < 0.05). Most notably, Alb-cre;Gata6flox/flox mice had an altered response to BDL manifest as reduced survival, impaired bile ductule proliferation, increased parenchymal necrosis, reduced fibrosis, and enhanced macrophage accumulation in the portal space. CONCLUSIONS GATA6 orchestrates intrahepatic biliary remodeling and mitigates liver injury following extrahepatic bile duct obstruction.
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21
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Albrecht W. Hepatotoxicity of anesthetic gases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1052-1053. [PMID: 33088248 PMCID: PMC7573175 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors
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22
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Seddek AL, Hassan R. Modelling of liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3605-3606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Myllys M. Fine tuning the gut-liver-axis. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3595-3596. [PMID: 32889577 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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24
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Ezzat Ahmed A. Highlight report: New insights in liver physiology: Canalicular bile flux is diffusion dominated. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1208-1210. [PMID: 33013271 PMCID: PMC7527507 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the central functions of the liver is excretion of bile into the intestine. Currently, bile excretion is explained by the osmotic model, according to which bile acids are excreted by hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi and since bile acids are osmotically active they draw water into the canalicular lumen. Bile canaliculi are closed at the central side. Therefore, bile was postulated to flow to the open side into the ducts. However, bile flow in canaliculi has never been measured because of the small canalicular diameter which does not allow analysis of flux by conventional methods. Recently, methods have been developed that allow flow analysis in bile canaliculi and ducts. Interestingly, no measurable directed flow was observed in the canaliculi. Instead, small molecules in bile canaliculi reached the larger bile ducts by diffusion. Only there measurable flow sets in. The pathophysiological implications of this novel observation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed, Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413 Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia, E-mail:
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25
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Brecklinghaus T. Roadmap for the development of alternative test methods. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3597-3598. [PMID: 32857209 PMCID: PMC7502054 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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26
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Brecklinghaus T. Role of autophagy in drug induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3599-3600. [PMID: 32856095 PMCID: PMC7502044 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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27
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Role of ductular reactive cells in recruiting immune cells. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3607-3608. [PMID: 32839846 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Abbas T, Murad W. Do artificial sweeteners increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)? EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1158-1160. [PMID: 33088253 PMCID: PMC7573173 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahany Abbas
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tahany Abbas, Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt, E-mail:
| | - Walaa Murad
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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29
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Bolt HM. Hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in rats in relation to human exposure. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2885-2886. [PMID: 32671445 PMCID: PMC7395024 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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30
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Modification of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by autophagy. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2545-2546. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Kamimoto K, Nakano Y, Kaneko K, Miyajima A, Itoh T. Multidimensional imaging of liver injury repair in mice reveals fundamental role of the ductular reaction. Commun Biol 2020; 3:289. [PMID: 32503996 PMCID: PMC7275065 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon severe and/or chronic liver injury, ectopic emergence and expansion of atypical biliary epithelial-like cells in the liver parenchyma, known as the ductular reaction, is typically induced and implicated in organ regeneration. Although this phenomenon has long been postulated to represent activation of facultative liver stem/progenitor cells that give rise to new hepatocytes, recent lineage-tracing analyses have challenged this notion, thereby leaving the pro-regenerative role of the ductular reaction enigmatic. Here, we show that the expanded and remodelled intrahepatic biliary epithelia in the ductular reaction constituted functional and complementary bile-excreting conduit systems in injured parenchyma where hepatocyte bile canalicular networks were lost. The canalicular collapse was an incipient defect commonly associated with hepatocyte injury irrespective of cholestatic statuses, and could sufficiently provoke the ductular reaction when artificially induced. We propose a unifying model for the induction of the ductular reaction, where compensatory biliary epithelial tissue remodeling ensures bile-excreting network homeostasis. Kenji Kamimoto et al. use multidimensional imaging technologies to study changes in the mouse biliary system following liver injury. They find an unexpected role of the ductular reaction – the process of ectopic expansion of biliary-like cells following liver injury – in restoring functional biliary structures in injured livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kamimoto
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Nakano
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kota Kaneko
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tohru Itoh
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
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32
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Costas-Rodríguez M, Van Campenhout S, Hastuti AAMB, Devisscher L, Van Vlierberghe H, Vanhaecke F. Body distribution of stable copper isotopes during the progression of cholestatic liver disease induced by common bile duct ligation in mice. Metallomics 2020; 11:1093-1103. [PMID: 31021334 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic liver disease from different aetiologies show a light serum Cu isotopic composition compared to the reference population, with the enrichment in the 63Cu isotope correlating with the severity of the disease. However, the mechanisms underlying Cu isotope fractionation at the onset and during progression of the disease are still unclear. In this work, a common bile duct ligation (CBDL) murine model was used to investigate the effect of cholestasis-induced liver disease on the Cu isotopic composition. Wild type male and female mice underwent surgical ligation of the common bile duct and were sacrificed 2, 4 and 6 weeks, and 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the surgical intervention, respectively. The age- and gender-matched control mice underwent sham surgery. Disease progression was evaluated using serum bilirubin levels, hepatic pro-inflammatory chemokine levels and Metavir fibrosis score. CBDL-operated mice show an overall body enrichment in the light isotope 63Cu. The Cu isotopic composition of organs, bone and serum becomes gradually lighter compared to the sham-operated mice with increasing severity of the disease. The light Cu isotopic composition of the CBDL-operated mice might result from an altered Cu intake and/or excretion. As the intestinal uptake of dietary Cu is largely mediated by transporters of Cu(i), mRNA and protein expression levels of two major metal transporters (CTR1 and DMT1) and Cu reductases (STEAP proteins and duodenal cytochrome B) were examined in the duodenal tissues as potential factors inducing Cu isotope fractionation. However, no significant differences in protein expression levels were observed between the CBDL- and sham-operated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Costas-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry - A&MS Research Unit, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Ghallab A, Seddek A. PPARG as therapeutic target for antifibrotic therapy. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:227-229. [PMID: 32256268 PMCID: PMC7105936 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Abdellatief Seddek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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Abbas T, Murad W, Hassan R. Concomitant inflammation/metabolism transcriptional regulatory networks in liver disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:183-184. [PMID: 32194364 PMCID: PMC7068205 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahany Abbas
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Walaa Murad
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Reham Hassan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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35
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Ghallab A, Myllys M, H. Holland C, Zaza A, Murad W, Hassan R, A. Ahmed Y, Abbas T, A. Abdelrahim E, Schneider KM, Matz-Soja M, Reinders J, Gebhardt R, Berres ML, Hatting M, Drasdo D, Saez-Rodriguez J, Trautwein C, G. Hengstler J. Influence of Liver Fibrosis on Lobular Zonation. Cells 2019; 8:E1556. [PMID: 31810365 PMCID: PMC6953125 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how liver fibrosis influences lobular zonation. To address this question, we used three mouse models of liver fibrosis, repeated CCl4 administration for 2, 6 and 12 months to induce pericentral damage, as well as bile duct ligation (21 days) and mdr2-/- mice to study periportal fibrosis. Analyses were performed by RNA-sequencing, immunostaining of zonated proteins and image analysis. RNA-sequencing demonstrated a significant enrichment of pericentral genes among genes downregulated by CCl4; vice versa, periportal genes were enriched among the upregulated genes. Immunostaining showed an almost complete loss of pericentral proteins, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes and glutamine synthetase, while periportal proteins, such as arginase 1 and CPS1 became expressed also in pericentral hepatocytes. This pattern of fibrosis-associated 'periportalization' was consistently observed in all three mouse models and led to complete resistance to hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen (200 mg/kg). Characterization of the expression response identified the inflammatory pathways TGFβ, NFκB, TNFα, and transcription factors NFKb1, Stat1, Hif1a, Trp53, and Atf1 among those activated, while estrogen-associated pathways, Hnf4a and Hnf1a, were decreased. In conclusion, liver fibrosis leads to strong alterations of lobular zonation, where the pericentral region adopts periportal features. Beside adverse consequences, periportalization supports adaptation to repeated doses of hepatotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Christian H. Holland
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Bioquant—Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.H.H.); (J.S.-R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ayham Zaza
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Walaa Murad
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (W.M.); (T.A.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Yasser A. Ahmed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Tahany Abbas
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (W.M.); (T.A.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Eman A. Abdelrahim
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (W.M.); (T.A.); (E.A.A.)
| | - Kai Markus Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.M.S.); (M.-L.B.); (M.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Faculty of Medicine, Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.-S.); (R.G.)
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.M.-S.); (R.G.)
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.M.S.); (M.-L.B.); (M.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.M.S.); (M.-L.B.); (M.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
- Modelling and Analysis for Medical and Biological Applications (MAMBA), Inria Paris & Sorbonne Université LJLL, 2 Rue Simone IFF, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Bioquant—Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.H.H.); (J.S.-R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.M.S.); (M.-L.B.); (M.H.); (C.T.)
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, 44139 Dortmund, Germany, (A.Z.); , (J.R.); (D.D.)
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Nell P. Highlight report: liver regeneration by a subset of hepatocytes with high expression of telomerase. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3633-3634. [PMID: 31677075 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nell
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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37
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Pharmacological inhibition of the ideal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter ASBT ameliorates cholestatic liver disease in mice. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3039-3040. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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38
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Czepukojc B, Abuhaliema A, Barghash A, Tierling S, Naß N, Simon Y, Körbel C, Cadenas C, van Hul N, Sachinidis A, Hengstler JG, Helms V, Laschke MW, Walter J, Haybaeck J, Leclercq I, Kiemer AK, Kessler SM. IGF2 mRNA Binding Protein 2 Transgenic Mice Are More Prone to Develop a Ductular Reaction and to Progress Toward Cirrhosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:179. [PMID: 31555647 PMCID: PMC6737005 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA binding proteins (IMPs/IGF2BPs) IMP1 and 3 are regarded as oncofetal proteins, whereas the hepatic IMP2 expression in adults is controversially discussed. The splice variant IMP2-2/p62 promotes steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Aim of this study was to clarify whether IMP2 is expressed in the adult liver and influences progression toward cirrhosis. IMP2 was expressed at higher levels in embryonic compared to adult tissues as quantified in embryonic, newborn, and adult C57BL/6J mouse livers and suggested by analysis of publicly available human data. In an IMP2-2 transgenic mouse model microarray and qPCR analyses revealed increased expression of liver progenitor cell (LPC) markers Bex1, Prom1, Spp1, and Cdh1 indicating a de-differentiated liver cell phenotype. Induction of these LPC markers was confirmed in human cirrhotic tissue datasets. The LPC marker SPP1 has been described to play a major role in fibrogenesis. Thus, DNA methylation was investigated in order to decipher the regulatory mechanism of Spp1 induction. In IMP2-2 transgenic mouse livers single CpG sites were differentially methylated, as quantified by amplicon sequencing, whereas human HCC samples of a human publicly available dataset showed promoter hypomethylation. In order to study the impact of IMP2 on fibrogenesis in the context of steatohepatitis wild-type or IMP2-2 transgenic mice were fed either a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) or a control diet for 2-12 weeks. MCD-fed IMP2-2 transgenic mice showed a higher incidence of ductular reaction (DR), accompanied by hepatic stellate cell activation, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and induction of the LPC markers Spp1, Cdh1, and Afp suggesting the occurrence of de-differentiated cells in transgenic livers. In human cirrhotic samples IMP2 overexpression correlated with LPC marker and ECM component expression. Progression of liver disease was induced by combined MCD and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treatment. Combined MCD-DEN treatment resulted in shorter survival of IMP2-2 transgenic compared to wild-type mice. Only IMP2-2 transgenic livers progressed to cirrhosis, which was accompanied by strong DR. In conclusion, IMP2 is an oncofetal protein in the liver that promotes DR characterized by de-differentiated cells toward steatohepatitis-associated cirrhosis development with poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Czepukojc
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ali Abuhaliema
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmad Barghash
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Norbert Naß
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvette Simon
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christina Körbel
- Institute of Clinical-Experimental Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Noemi van Hul
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute of Clinical-Experimental Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sonja M Kessler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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39
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Phase-contrast computed tomography: A correlation study between portal pressure and three dimensional microvasculature of ex vivo liver samples from carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Microvasc Res 2019; 125:103884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Hassan R. Highlight report: predicting hepatotoxic oral doses of chemicals by in vitro testing and in silico modeling. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2707-2708. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Stoeber R. Highlight report: Imaging of bile ducts and the bile canalicular network. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:477-478. [PMID: 31423126 PMCID: PMC6694703 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stoeber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors
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42
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Bolt HM. Highlight report: caspase 8 as a therapeutic target in chronic liver disease. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2709-2710. [PMID: 31422437 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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43
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Highlight report: liver to bone communication. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2425-2426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Takemura A, Gong S, Sekine S, Ito K. Inhibition of biliary network reconstruction by benzbromarone delays recovery from pre-existing liver injury. Toxicology 2019; 423:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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45
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Extrahepatic consequences of cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2421-2423. [PMID: 31243477 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Prediction of human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in relation to oral doses and blood concentrations. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1609-1637. [PMID: 31250071 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) cannot be accurately predicted by animal models. In addition, currently available in vitro methods do not allow for the estimation of hepatotoxic doses or the determination of an acceptable daily intake (ADI). To overcome this limitation, an in vitro/in silico method was established that predicts the risk of human DILI in relation to oral doses and blood concentrations. This method can be used to estimate DILI risk if the maximal blood concentration (Cmax) of the test compound is known. Moreover, an ADI can be estimated even for compounds without information on blood concentrations. To systematically optimize the in vitro system, two novel test performance metrics were introduced, the toxicity separation index (TSI) which quantifies how well a test differentiates between hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds, and the toxicity estimation index (TEI) which measures how well hepatotoxic blood concentrations in vivo can be estimated. In vitro test performance was optimized for a training set of 28 compounds, based on TSI and TEI, demonstrating that (1) concentrations where cytotoxicity first becomes evident in vitro (EC10) yielded better metrics than higher toxicity thresholds (EC50); (2) compound incubation for 48 h was better than 24 h, with no further improvement of TSI after 7 days incubation; (3) metrics were moderately improved by adding gene expression to the test battery; (4) evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated that total blood compound concentrations and the 95%-population-based percentile of Cmax were best suited to estimate human toxicity. With a support vector machine-based classifier, using EC10 and Cmax as variables, the cross-validated sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for hepatotoxicity prediction were 100, 88 and 93%, respectively. Concentrations in the culture medium allowed extrapolation to blood concentrations in vivo that are associated with a specific probability of hepatotoxicity and the corresponding oral doses were obtained by reverse modeling. Application of this in vitro/in silico method to the rat hepatotoxicant pulegone resulted in an ADI that was similar to values previously established based on animal experiments. In conclusion, the proposed method links oral doses and blood concentrations of test compounds to the probability of hepatotoxicity.
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47
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Vilas-Boas V, Gijbels E, Cooreman A, Van Campenhout R, Gustafson E, Leroy K, Vinken M. Industrial, Biocide, and Cosmetic Chemical Inducers of Cholestasis. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1327-1334. [PMID: 31243985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A frequent side effect of many drugs includes the occurrence of cholestatic liver toxicity. Over the past couple of decades, drug-induced cholestasis has gained considerable attention, resulting in a plethora of data regarding its prevalence and mechanistic basis. Likewise, several food additives and dietary supplements have been reported to cause cholestatic liver insults in the past few years. The induction of cholestatic hepatotoxicity by other types of chemicals, in particular synthetic compounds, such as industrial chemicals, biocides, and cosmetic ingredients, has been much less documented. Such information can be found in occasional clinical case reports of accidental intake or suicide attempts as well as in basic and translational study reports on mechanisms or testing of new therapeutics in cholestatic animal models. This paper focuses on such nonpharmaceutical and nondietary synthetic chemical inducers of cholestatic liver injury, in particular alpha-naphthylisocyanate, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, methylenedianiline, paraquat, tartrazine, triclosan, 2-octynoic acid, and 2-nonynoic acid. Most of these cholestatic compounds act by similar mechanisms. This could open perspectives for the prediction of cholestatic potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Emma Gustafson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Kaat Leroy
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
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Clerbaux LA, Manco R, Van Hul N, Bouzin C, Sciarra A, Sempoux C, Theise ND, Leclercq IA. Invasive Ductular Reaction Operates Hepatobiliary Junctions upon Hepatocellular Injury in Rodents and Humans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1569-1581. [PMID: 31108103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ductular reaction (DR) is observed in virtually all liver diseases in both humans and rodents. Depending on the injury, DR is confined within the periportal area or invades the parenchyma. On severe hepatocellular injury, invasive DR has been proposed to arise for supplying the liver with new hepatocytes. However, experimental data evidenced that DR contribution to hepatocyte repopulation is at the most modest, unless replicative capacity of hepatocytes is abrogated. Herein, we proposed that invasive DR could contribute to operating hepatobiliary junctions on hepatocellular injury. The choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented mouse model of hepatocellular injury and human liver samples were used to evaluate the hepatobiliary junctional role of the invasive form of DR. Choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented-induced DR expanded as biliary epithelium into the lobule and established new junctions with the canaliculi. By contrast, no new ductular-canalicular junctions were observed in mouse models of biliary obstructive injury exhibiting noninvasive DR. Similarly, in humans, an increased number of hepatobiliary junctions were observed in hepatocellular diseases (viral, drug induced, or metabolic) in which DR invaded the lobule but not in biliary diseases (obstruction or cholangitis) in which DR was contained within the portal mesenchyme. In conclusion, our data in rodents and humans support that invasive DR plays a hepatobiliary junctional role to maintain structural continuity between hepatocytes and ducts in disorders affecting hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Noémi Van Hul
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Imaging Platform, Institute of clinical and Experimental Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amedeo Sciarra
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Gijbels E, Vilas-Boas V, Deferm N, Devisscher L, Jaeschke H, Annaert P, Vinken M. Mechanisms and in vitro models of drug-induced cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1169-1186. [PMID: 30972450 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis underlies one of the major manifestations of drug-induced liver injury. Drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity is a complex process, as it can be triggered by a variety of factors that induce 2 types of biological responses, namely a deteriorative response, caused by bile acid accumulation, and an adaptive response, aimed at removing the accumulated bile acids. Several key events in both types of responses have been characterized in the past few years. In parallel, many efforts have focused on the development and further optimization of experimental cell culture models to predict the occurrence of drug-induced cholestatic liver toxicity in vivo. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of mechanisms and in vitro models of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Bus 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Seidel F. Highlight report: Toxicogenomics atlas of rat hepatotoxicants. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 17:1196-1197. [PMID: 30713482 PMCID: PMC6341424 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Seidel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund
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