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Li D, Li X, Zhang X, Chen J, Wang Z, Yu Z, Wu M, Liu L. Geniposide for treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review on its biological characteristics, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology. Chin Med 2024; 19:111. [PMID: 39164773 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence and fatality rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have not only shown a consistent rise that cannot be ignored, but have also become a pressing social health problem that requires urgent attention. While interventional surgery and drug therapy offer significant therapeutic results, they often come with common side effects. Geniposide, an active component extracted from the Chinese medicine Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, shows promise in the management of cardiac conditions. This review comprehensively outlines the underlying pharmacological mechanisms by which geniposide exerts its effects on atherosclerosis. Geniposide exhibits a range of beneficial effects including alleviating inflammation, inhibiting the development of macrophage foam cells, improving lipid metabolism, and preventing platelet aggregation and thrombosis. It also demonstrates mitochondrial preservation, anti-apoptotic effects, and modulation of autophagy. Moreover, geniposide shows potential in improving oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress by maintaining the body's antioxidant and oxidative balance. Additionally, this review comprehensively details the biological properties of geniposide, including methods of extraction and purification, as well as its pharmacokinetics and toxicological characteristics. It further discusses the clinical applications of related biopharmaceuticals, emphasizing the potential of geniposide in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it highlights the limitations of current research, aiming to provide insights for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiu Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiye Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongliang Yu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Longtao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China.
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Sheng Y, Meng G, Zhang M, Chen X, Chai X, Yu H, Han L, Wang Q, Wang Y, Jiang M. Dan-shen Yin promotes bile acid metabolism and excretion to prevent atherosclerosis via activating FXR/BSEP signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118209. [PMID: 38663779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dan-shen Yin (DSY), a traditional prescription, has been demonstrated to be effective in decreasing hyperlipidemia and preventing atherosclerosis (AS), but its mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that DSY activates farnesoid X receptor (FXR) to promote bile acid metabolism and excretion, thereby alleviating AS. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to explore whether DSY reduces liver lipid accumulation and prevents AS by activating FXR and increasing cholesterol metabolism and bile acid excretion. MATERIALS AND METHODS The comprehensive chemical characterization of DSY was analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The AS models of ApoE-/- mice and SD rats was established by high-fat diet and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of vitamin D3, respectively. The aortic plaque and pathological changes were used to evaluate AS. Lipid levels, H&E staining and oil red O staining were used to evaluate liver lipid accumulation. The cholesterol metabolism and bile acid excretion were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, UPLC-QQQ/MS. In vitro, the lipid and FXR/bile salt export pump (BSEP) levels were evaluated by oil red O staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. RESULTS A total of 36 ingredients in DSY were identified by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. In vivo, high-dose DSY significantly inhibited aortic intimal thickening, improved arrangement disorder, tortuosity, and rupture of elastic fibers, decreased lipid levels, and reduced the number of fat vacuoles and lipid droplets in liver tissue in SD rats and ApoE-/- mice. Further studies found that high-dose DSY significantly reduced liver lipid and total bile acids levels, increased liver ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and other non-conjugated bile acids levels, increased fecal total cholesterol (TC) levels, and augmented FXR, BSEP, cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1), ATP binding cassette subfamily G5/G8 (ABCG5/8) expression levels, while decreasing ASBT expression levels. In vitro studies showed that DSY significantly reduced TC and TG levels, as well as lipid droplets, while also increasing the expression of ABCG5/8, FXR, and BSEP in both HepG2 and Nr1h4 knockdown HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that DSY promotes bile acid metabolism and excretion to prevent AS by activating FXR. For the prevent of AS and drug discovery provided experimental basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkun Sheng
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Guibing Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Min Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xin Chai
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Miaomiao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Hsiao YC, Yang Y, Liu CW, Peng J, Feng J, Zhao H, Teitelbaum T, Lu K. Multiomics to Characterize the Molecular Events Underlying Impaired Glucose Tolerance in FXR-Knockout Mice. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3332-3341. [PMID: 38967328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of different metabolic syndromes has grown globally, and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic homeostat for glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolisms, may serve an important role in the progression of metabolic disorders. Glucose intolerance by FXR deficiency was previously reported and observed in our study, but the underlying biology remained unclear. To investigate the ambiguity, we collected the nontargeted profiles of the fecal metaproteome, serum metabolome, and liver proteome in Fxr-null (Fxr-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice with LC-HRMS. FXR deficiency showed a global impact on the different molecular levels we monitored, suggesting its serious disruption in the gut microbiota, hepatic metabolism, and circulating biomolecules. The network and enrichment analyses of the dysregulated metabolites and proteins suggested the perturbation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by FXR deficiency. Fxr-/- mice presented lower levels of hepatic proteins involved in glycogenesis. The impairment of glycogenesis by an FXR deficiency may leave glucose to accumulate in the circulation, which may deteriorate glucose tolerance. Lipid metabolism was dysregulated by FXR deficiency in a structural-dependent manner. Fatty acid β-oxidations were alleviated, but cholesterol metabolism was promoted by an FXR deficiency. Together, we explored the molecular events associated with glucose intolerance by impaired FXR with integrated novel multiomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yifei Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jingya Peng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jiahao Feng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haoduo Zhao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Taylor Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Sheng Y, Meng G, Zhang M, Chen X, Chai X, Yu H, Han L, Wang Q, Wang Y, Jiang M. Dan-shen Yin promotes bile acid metabolism and excretion to prevent atherosclerosis via activating FXR/BSEP signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118209. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
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Lin YN, Hsu JR, Wang CL, Huang YC, Wang JY, Wu CY, Wu LL. Nuclear factor interleukin 3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease development. Commun Biol 2024; 7:897. [PMID: 39048678 PMCID: PMC11269659 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates sex-specific effects in a gain-of-function model to evaluate Nfil3 function in relation to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and gut microbiota (GM)-induced alterations in the bile acid (BA) profile. MASLD is induced in both wild type and Nfil3-deficient (NKO) C57BL/6 J mice through an HFD. The hepatic immune response is evaluated using flow cytometry, revealing that NKO mice exhibit lower body weight, serum triglyceride (TG) levels, tissue injury, inflammation, and fat accumulation. The Nfil3 deletion reduces macrophage counts in fibrotic liver tissues, decreases proinflammatory gene and protein expression, and diminishes gut barrier function. Alpha and beta diversity analysis reveal increased GM alpha diversity across different sexes. The Nfil3 gene deletion modifies the BA profile, suggesting that negative feedback through the Nfil3-FXR-FGF15 axis facilitates BA recycling from the liver via enterohepatic circulation. Therefore, inhibiting Nfil3 in the liver offers a viable treatment approach for MASLD.
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Grants
- CI-110-22 Yen Tjing Ling Medical Foundation
- 11210 Ministry of Health and Welfare (Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan)
- National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan (nos. 108-2320-B-010-045-MY3, 110-2320-B-002-080-MY3, MOST 111-2314-B-A49-072, and NSTC 112-2314-B-A49-028-MY3 to L.L.W and NSTC 112-2740-B-A49-002, NSTC 112-2327-B-A49-005–, NSTC 112-2321-B-A49-005–, MOHW112-TDU-B-221-124007, and MOHW113-TDU-B-221-13400 to C.Y. Wu), Yen Tjing Ling Medical Foundation (nos.CI-110-22 and CI-111-24 to L.L.W), and the TYGH-NYCU Joint Research Program (no. PTH110001) and Ministry of Health and Welfare (No. 11210).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ni Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Rou Hsu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lin Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Huang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jzy-Yu Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Health Innovation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Translational Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Health Innovation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Microbiota Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kim C, Tsai TH, Lopez R, McCullough A, Kasumov T. Obeticholic acid's effect on HDL function in MASH varies by diabetic status. Lipids 2024. [PMID: 39014264 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are the key factors in the pathogenesis of both metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and atherosclerosis. Obeticholic acid (OCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, improves hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in patients with MASH. However, it also reduces HDL cholesterol, suggesting that OCA may increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with MASH. We assessed HDL cholesterol efflux function, antioxidant (paraoxonase and ceruloplasmin activity), pro-inflammatory index, and particle sizes in a small group of patients with and without diabetes (n = 10/group) at baseline and after 18 months of OCA treatment. Patients on lipid-lowering medications (statins, fibrates) were excluded. At baseline, ferritin levels were higher in patients with MASH without diabetes (336.5 [157.0, 451.0] vs. 83 [36.0, 151.0] ng/mL, p < 0.005). Markers of HDL functions were similar in both groups. OCA therapy significantly improved liver histology and liver enzymes but increased alkaline phosphatase levels in nondiabetic patients with MASH (p < 0.05). However, it did not have any significant effect on cholesterol efflux and the antioxidant paraoxonase functions. In nondiabetics, ceruloplasmin (CP) antioxidant activity decreased (p < 0.005) and the pro-inflammatory index of HDL increased (p < 0.005) due to OCA therapy. In contrast, in diabetics, OCA increased levels of pre-β-HDL-the HDL particles enhanced protective capacity (p = 0.005) with no alteration in HDL functionality. In all patients, serum glucose levels were negatively correlated with OCA-induced change in pro-inflammatory function in HDL (p < 0.001), which was primarily due to diabetes (p = 0.05). These preliminary results suggest a distinct effect of OCA therapy on diabetic and nondiabetic patients with MASH and warrant a future large-scale study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunki Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Tsung-Heng Tsai
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Rocio Lopez
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Arthur McCullough
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Jiang Y, Pang S, Liu X, Wang L, Liu Y. The Gut Microbiome Affects Atherosclerosis by Regulating Reverse Cholesterol Transport. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:624-637. [PMID: 38231373 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-024-10480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human system's secret organ, the gut microbiome, has received considerable attention. Emerging research has yielded substantial scientific evidence indicating that changes in gut microbial composition and microbial metabolites may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The burden of cardiovascular disease on healthcare systems is exacerbated by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which continues to be the leading cause of mortality globally. Reverse cholesterol transport is a powerful protective mechanism that effectively prevents excessive accumulation of cholesterol for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It has been revealed how the gut microbiota modulates reverse cholesterol transport in patients with atherosclerotic risk. In this review, we highlight the complex interactions between microbes, their metabolites, and their potential impacts in reverse cholesterol transport. We also explore the feasibility of modulating gut microbes and metabolites to facilitate reverse cholesterol transport as a novel therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Jiang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Li J, Yang S, Liu D, Yan Q, Guo H, Jiang Z. Neoagarotetraose Alleviates Atherosclerosis via Modulating Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in ApoE -/- Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:1502. [PMID: 38794740 PMCID: PMC11124046 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is closely associated with metabolic disorders such as cholesterol accumulation, bile acid metabolism, and gut dysbiosis. Neoagarotetraose supplementation has been shown to inhibit obesity and alleviate type 2 diabetes, but its effects on modulating the development of atherosclerosis remain unexplored. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of neoagarotetraose on high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD)-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. The results showed that neoagarotetraose supplementation decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area by 50.1% and the aortic arch lesion size by 80.4% compared to the HFHCD group. Furthermore, neoagarotetraose supplementation led to a significant reduction in hepatic lipid content, particularly non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It also resulted in a substantial increase in total bile acid content in both urine and fecal samples by 3.0-fold and 38.7%, respectively. Moreover, neoagarotetraose supplementation effectively downregulated the intestinal farnesoid X receptor by 35.8% and modulated the expressions of its associated genes in both the liver and intestine. In addition, correlation analysis revealed strong associations between gut microbiota composition and fecal bile acid levels. These findings highlight the role of gut microbiota in neoagarotetraose-mitigating atherosclerosis in HFHCD-fed ApoE-/- mice. This study indicates the potential of neoagarotetraose as a functional dietary supplement for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.L.); (S.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.L.); (S.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.L.); (S.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.L.); (S.Y.); (D.L.)
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
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Gan G, Lin S, Luo Y, Zeng Y, Lu B, Zhang R, Chen S, Lei H, Cai Z, Huang X. Unveiling the oral-gut connection: chronic apical periodontitis accelerates atherosclerosis via gut microbiota dysbiosis and altered metabolites in apoE -/- Mice on a high-fat diet. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:39. [PMID: 38740741 PMCID: PMC11091127 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-024-00301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the impact of chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) on atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice fed high-fat diet (HFD). This investigation focused on the gut microbiota, metabolites, and intestinal barrier function to uncover potential links between oral health and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, CAP was shown to exacerbate atherosclerosis in HFD-fed apoE-/- mice, as evidenced by the increase in plaque size and volume in the aortic walls observed via Oil Red O staining. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed significant alterations in the gut microbiota, with harmful bacterial species thriving while beneficial species declining. Metabolomic profiling indicated disruptions in lipid metabolism and primary bile acid synthesis, leading to elevated levels of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TDCA). These metabolic shifts may contribute to atherosclerosis development. Furthermore, impaired intestinal barrier function, characterized by reduced mucin expression and disrupted tight junction proteins, was observed. The increased intestinal permeability observed was positively correlated with the severity of atherosclerotic lesions, highlighting the importance of the intestinal barrier in cardiovascular health. In conclusion, this research underscores the intricate interplay among oral health, gut microbiota composition, metabolite profiles, and CVD incidence. These findings emphasize the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene as a potential preventive measure against cardiovascular issues, as well as the need for further investigations into the intricate mechanisms linking oral health, gut microbiota, and metabolic pathways in CVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowu Gan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yufang Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Beibei Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ren Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaxiang Lei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatology Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:97. [PMID: 38664391 PMCID: PMC11045871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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11
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Chen S, Hu Z, Tang J, Zhu H, Zheng Y, Xiao J, Xu Y, Wang Y, Luo Y, Mo X, Wu Y, Guo J, Zhang Y, Luo H. High temperature and humidity in the environment disrupt bile acid metabolism, the gut microbiome, and GLP-1 secretion in mice. Commun Biol 2024; 7:465. [PMID: 38632312 PMCID: PMC11024098 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06158-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
High temperature and humidity in the environment are known to be associated with discomfort and disease, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We observed a decrease in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in response to high-temperature and humidity conditions. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, alterations in the gut microbiota composition were identified following exposure to high temperature and humidity conditions. Notably, changes in the gut microbiota have been implicated in bile acid synthesis. Further analysis revealed a decrease in lithocholic acid levels in high-temperature and humidity conditions. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated that lithocholic acid increases glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells. Proteomic analysis indicated upregulation of farnesoid X receptor expression in the ileum. In vitro experiments revealed that the combination of lithocholic acid with farnesoid X receptor inhibitors resulted in a significant increase in GLP-1 levels compared to lithocholic acid alone. In this study, we elucidate the mechanism by which reduced lithocholic acid suppresses glucagon-like peptide 1 via farnesoid X receptor activation under high-temperature and humidity condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongren Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jianbang Tang
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | | | - Yuhua Zheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiedong Xiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Mo
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalan Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Huanhuan Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Gopoju R, Wang J, Pan X, Hu S, Lin L, Clark A, Xu Y, Yin L, Wang X, Zhang Y. Hepatic FOXA3 overexpression prevents Western diet-induced obesity and MASH through TGR5. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100527. [PMID: 38447926 PMCID: PMC10999823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factor 3 (FOXA3) has been shown to regulate metabolism and development. Hepatic FOXA3 is reduced in obesity and fatty liver disease. However, the role of hepatic FOXA3 in regulating obesity or steatohepatitis remains to be investigated. In this work, C57BL/6 mice were i.v. injected with AAV8-ALB-FOXA3 or the control virus. The mice were then fed a chow or Western diet for 16 weeks. The role of hepatic FOXA3 in energy metabolism and steatohepatitis was investigated. Plasma bile acid composition and the role of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) in mediating the metabolic effects of FOXA3 were determined. Overexpression of hepatic FOXA3 reduced hepatic steatosis in chow-fed mice and attenuated Western diet-induced obesity and steatohepatitis. FOXA3 induced lipolysis and inhibited hepatic genes involved in bile acid uptake, resulting in elevated plasma bile acids. The beneficial effects of hepatic FOXA3 overexpression on Western diet-induced obesity and steatohepatitis were abolished in Tgr5-/- mice. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of hepatic FOXA3 prevents Western diet-induced obesity and steatohepatitis via activation of TGR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopoju
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Jiayou Wang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Clark
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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13
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Chi L, YifeiYang, Bian X, Gao B, Tu P, Ru H, Lu K. Chronic sucralose consumption inhibits farnesoid X receptor signaling and perturbs lipid and cholesterol homeostasis in the mouse livers, potentially by altering gut microbiota functions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:169603. [PMID: 38272087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Sucralose has raised concerns regarding its safety and recent studies have demonstrated that sucralose consumption can disrupt the normal gut microbiome and alter metabolic profiles in mice. However, the extent to which this perturbation affects the functional interaction between the microbiota and the host, as well as its potential impact on host health, remains largely unexplored. Here, we aimed to investigate whether chronic sucralose consumption, at levels within the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), could disturb key gut microbial functions and lead to adverse health effects in mice. Following six-month sucralose consumption, several bacterial genera associated with bile acid metabolism were decreased, including Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus. Consequently, the richness of secondary bile acid biosynthetic pathway and bacterial bile salt hydrolase gene were decreased in the sucralose-treated gut microbiome. Compared to controls, sucralose-consuming mice exhibited significantly lower ratios of free bile acids and taurine-conjugated bile acids in their livers. Additionally, several farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists were decreased in sucralose-treated mice. This reduction in hepatic FXR activation was associated with altered expression of down-stream genes, in the liver. Moreover, the expression of key lipogenic genes was up-regulated in the livers of sucralose-treated mice. Changes in hepatic lipid profiles were also observed, characterized by lower ceramide levels, a decreased PC/PE ratio, and a mildly increase in lipid accumulation. Additionally, sucralose-consumed mice exhibited higher hepatic cholesterol level compared to control mice, with up-regulation of cholesterol efflux genes and down-regulation of genes associated with reverse cholesterol transport. In conclusion, chronic sucralose consumption disrupts FXR signaling activation and perturbs hepatic lipid and cholesterol homeostasis, potentially by diminishing the bile acid metabolic capacity of the gut microbiome. These findings shed light on the complex interplay between sucralose, the gut microbiota, and host metabolism, raising important questions about the safety of its long-term consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - YifeiYang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Xiaoming Bian
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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14
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Wang J, Yang N, Xu Y. Natural Products in the Modulation of Farnesoid X Receptor Against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:291-314. [PMID: 38480498 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health concern with a high prevalence and increasing economic burden, but official medicine remains unavailable. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor member, is one of the most promising drug targets for NAFLD therapy that plays a crucial role in modulating bile acid, glucose, and lipid homeostasis, as well as inhibits hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. However, the rejection of the FXR agonist, obecholic acid, by the Food and Drug Administration for treating hepatic fibrosis raises a question about the functions of FXR in NAFLD progression and the therapeutic strategy to be used. Natural products, such as FXR modulators, have become the focus of attention for NAFLD therapy with fewer adverse reactions. The anti-NAFLD mechanisms seem to act as FXR agonists and antagonists or are involved in the FXR signaling pathway activation, indicating a promising target of FXR therapeutic prospects using natural products. This review discusses the effective mechanisms of FXR in NAFLD alleviation, and summarizes currently available natural products such as silymarin, glycyrrhizin, cycloastragenol, berberine, and gypenosides, for targeting FXR, which can facilitate development of naturally targeted drug by medicinal specialists for effective treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, P. R. China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cailun Road 1200, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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15
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Liu Y, Wei H, Li J. A review on SIRT3 and its natural small molecule activators as a potential Preventive and therapeutic target. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176155. [PMID: 37914065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) were originally characterized by yeast Sir2 as a lifespan regulator that is conserved in all three structural domains of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes and belong to histone deacetylases consisting of seven members (SIRT1-SIRT7). Surprisingly, SIRTs have been shown to play important regulatory roles in almost all cellular functions, including mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell growth, energy metabolism, neural function, and stress resistance. Among the SIRT members, sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is one of the most important deacetylases that regulates the mitochondrial acetylation and plays a role in pathological processes, such as metabolism, DNA repair, oxidative stress, apoptosis and ferroptosis. Therefore, SIRT3 is considered as a potential target for the treatment of a variety of pathological diseases, including metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, age-related diseases and others. Furthermore, the isolation, screening, and development of SIRT3 signaling agonists, especially from natural products, have become a widely investigated objective. This paper describes the structure of SIRT3 protein, discusses the pathological process of SIRT3-mediated acetylation modification, and reviews the role of SIRT3 in diseases, SIRT3 activators and its related disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haidong Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, China.
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16
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Groenen C, Nguyen TA, Paulusma C, van de Graaf S. Bile salt signaling and bile salt-based therapies in cardiometabolic disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:1-21. [PMID: 38180064 PMCID: PMC10767275 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bile salts have an established role in the emulsification and intestinal absorption of dietary lipids, and their homeostasis is tightly controlled by various transporters and regulators in the enterohepatic circulation. Notably, emerging evidence points toward bile salts as major modulators of cardiometabolic disease (CMD), an umbrella disease of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels that is caused by systemic metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the latter encompassing also metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The underlying mechanisms of protective effects of bile salts are their hormonal properties, enabling them to exert versatile metabolic effects by activating various bile salt-responsive signaling receptors with the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) as most extensively investigated. Activation of FXR and TGR5 is involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, and inflammation. Bile salt-based therapies directly targeting FXR and TGR5 signaling have been evaluated for their therapeutic potential in CMD. More recently, therapeutics targeting bile salt transporters thereby modulating bile salt localization, dynamics, and signaling, have been developed and evaluated in CMD. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the contribution of bile salt signaling in the pathogenesis of CMD and the potential of bile salt-based therapies for the treatment of CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C.J. Groenen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Thuc-Anh Nguyen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, The Netherlands
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17
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Meng C, Zhou L, Huang L, Gu Q, Du X, Wang C, Liu F, Xia C. Chlorogenic acid regulates the expression of NPC1L1 and HMGCR through PXR and SREBP2 signaling pathways and their interactions with HSP90 to maintain cholesterol homeostasis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155271. [PMID: 38103317 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is widely implicated in the etiology of coronary heart disease, stroke, and dementia. Evidence suggests that chlorogenic acid (CA) reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE The current study aims to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of CA in lowering cholesterol based on pregnane X receptor (PXR) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) regulatory pathways and their interactions with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). METHODS A hypercholesterolemic mouse model, HepG2 and Caco2 cell models, metabolomics analysis, and co-immunoprecipitation (COIP) were used to study the mechanism of CA lowering cholesterol. RESULTS Treatment of the hypercholesterolemic mice with CA for 12 weeks significantly reduced body weight, blood lipid, hepatic lipid accumulation, and increased lipid excretion. The nuclear aggregation of PXR and SREBP2 was inhibited simultaneously. In addition, the expression of downstream target genes, including Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) and 3‑hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), was downregulated after CA administration. Furthermore, in HepG2 and Caco2 cell models, CA reduced intracellular cholesterol levels by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of PXR and SREBP2 and the expression of NPC1L1 and HMGCR. SREBP2 interacts with PXR through HSP90, and CA reduces the binding stability of SREBP2 and HSP90 and enhances the binding of PXR and HSP90, thus reducing the nuclear accumulation of SREBP2 and PXR simultaneously. Moreover, CA promoted the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its binding to SREBP2. This was not conducive to the binding of HSP90 and SREBP2 but enhanced the binding of HSP90 and PXR, thereby inhibiting the nuclear translocation of SREBP2 and PXR and reducing intracellular cholesterol levels. However, no noticeable direct binding between AMPK and PXR was observed. CONCLUSION CA downregulates NPC1L1 and HMGCR expression by acting on the AMPK/SREBP2 direct pathway and the AMPK/SREBP2/HSP90/PXR indirect pathway, thus retaining cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Meng
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Xuefu road 1299, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Lingye Zhou
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Xuefu road 1299, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Lin Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Xuefu road 1299, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Qi Gu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Xuefu road 1299, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Xinyue Du
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Xuefu road 1299, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Xuefu road 1299, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Xuefu road 1299, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Xuefu road 1299, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
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18
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Yang F, Lv XT, Lin XL, Wang RH, Wang SM, Wang GE. Restraint stress promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating the farnesoid X receptor/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1961-1971. [PMID: 37997375 PMCID: PMC10753372 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development. However, the pathogenesis of psychological stress-induced NASH remains unclear. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of restraint stress-induced NASH, which mimics psychological stress, and to discover potential NASH candidates. Methionine choline deficient diet- and high fat diet-induced hepatosteatotic mice are subjected to restraint stress to induce NASH. The mice are administrated with Xiaoyaosan granules, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, or macrophage scavengers. Pathological changes and NLRP3 signaling in the liver are determined. These results demonstrate that restraint stress promotes hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in hepatosteatotic mice. Restraint stress increases the expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Gasdermin D, interleukin-1β, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, and sterol 12α-hydroxylase and decreases the expression of FXR in NASH mice. Xiaoyaosan granules reverse hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and target FXR and NLRP3 signals. In addition, inhibition of NLRP3 reduces the NLRP3 inflammasome and liver damage in mice with restraint stress-induced NASH. Elimination of macrophages and activation of FXR also attenuate inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting NLRP3 signaling. However, NLRP3 inhibitors or macrophage scavengers fail to affect the expression of FXR. In conclusion, restraint stress promotes NASH-related inflammation and fibrosis by regulating the FXR/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Xiaoyaosan granules, NLRP3 inhibitors, FXR agonists, and macrophage scavengers are potential candidates for the treatment of psychological stress-related NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Xi-Ting Lv
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Xiao-Li Lin
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Ruo-Hong Wang
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese MedicineNational Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Guangdong Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Engineering and Technology Research CenterGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Guo-En Wang
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese MedicineNational Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Guangdong Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Engineering and Technology Research CenterGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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19
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Maj MA, Burrin DG, Manjarín R. Decreased FXR Agonism in the Bile Acid Pool Is Associated with Impaired FXR Signaling in a Pig Model of Pediatric NAFLD. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3303. [PMID: 38137523 PMCID: PMC10740974 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the impairment of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling in juvenile pigs with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with changes in the composition of the enterohepatic bile acid pool. Eighteen 15-day-old Iberian pigs, pair-housed in pens, were allocated to receive either a control (CON) or high-fructose, high-fat (HFF) diet. Animals were euthanized in week 10, and liver, blood, and distal ileum (DI) samples were collected. HFF-fed pigs developed NAFLD and had decreased FGF19 expression in the DI and lower FGF19 levels in the blood. Compared with the CON, the HFF diet increased the total cholic acid (CA) and the CA to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) ratio in the liver, DI, and blood. CA and CDCA levels in the DI were negatively and positively correlated with ileal FGF19 expression, respectively, and blood levels of FGF19 decreased with an increasing ileal CA to CDCA ratio. Compared with the CON, the HFF diet increased the gene expression of hepatic 12-alpha-hydrolase, which catalyzes the synthesis of CA in the liver. Since CA species are weaker FXR ligands than CDCA, our results suggest that impairment of FXR-FGF19 signaling in NAFLD pigs is associated with a decrease in FXR agonism in the bile acid pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A. Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
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20
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Gilbert MC, Setayesh T, Wan YJY. The contributions of bacteria metabolites to the development of hepatic encephalopathy. LIVER RESEARCH 2023; 7:296-303. [PMID: 38221945 PMCID: PMC10786625 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 20% of mortality during acute liver failure is associated with the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Thus, HE is a complication of acute liver failure with a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma. HE is caused by the diversion of portal blood into systemic circulation through portosystemic collateral vessels. Thus, the brain is exposed to intestinal-derived toxic substances. Moreover, the strategies to prevent advancement and improve the prognosis of such a liver-brain disease rely on intestinal microbial modulation. This is supported by the findings that antibiotics such as rifaximin and laxative lactulose can alleviate hepatic cirrhosis and/or prevent HE. Together, the significance of the gut-liver-brain axis in human health warrants attention. This review paper focuses on the roles of bacteria metabolites, mainly ammonia and bile acids (BAs) as well as BA receptors in HE. The literature search conducted for this review included searches for phrases such as BA receptors, BAs, ammonia, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and cirrhosis in conjunction with the phrase hepatic encephalopathy and portosystemic encephalopathy. PubMed, as well as Google Scholar, was the search engines used to find relevant publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Claire Gilbert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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21
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Yan B, Sun Y, Fu K, Zhang Y, Lei L, Men J, Guo Y, Wu S, Han J, Zhou B. Effects of glyphosate exposure on gut-liver axis: Metabolomic and mechanistic analysis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166062. [PMID: 37544446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, one of the most widely used herbicide worldwide, is potentially harmful to non-target aquatic organisms. However, the environmental health risks regarding impacts on metabolism homeostasis and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we investigated bioaccumulation, metabolism disorders and mechanisms in grass carp after exposure to glyphosate. Higher accumulation of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in the gut was detected. Intestinal inflammation, barrier damage and hepatic steatosis were caused by glyphosate exposure. Lipid metabolism disorder was confirmed by the decreased triglyceride, increased total cholesterol and lipoproteins in serum and decreased visceral fat. Metabolomics analysis found that glyphosate exposure significantly inhibited bile acids biosynthesis in liver with decreased total bile acids content, which was further supported by significant downregulations of cyp27a1, cyp8b1 and fxr. Moreover, the dysbiosis of gut microbiota contributed to the inflammation in liver and gut by increasing lipopolysaccharide, as well as to the declined bile acids circulation by reducing secondary bile acids. These results indicated that exposure to environmental levels of glyphosate generated higher bioaccumulation in gut, where evoked enterohepatic injury, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and disturbed homeostasis of bile acids metabolism; then the functional dysregulation of the gut-liver axis possibly resulted in ultimate lipid metabolism disorder. These findings highlight the metabolism health risks of glyphosate exposure to fish in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Xianning Engineering Research Center for Healthy Environment, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Yumiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yindan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jun Men
- The Analysis and Testing Center of Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yongyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Shengmin Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, PR China.
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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22
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Kaffe E, Roulis M, Zhao J, Qu R, Sefik E, Mirza H, Zhou J, Zheng Y, Charkoftaki G, Vasiliou V, Vatner DF, Mehal WZ, Yuval Kluger, Flavell RA. Humanized mouse liver reveals endothelial control of essential hepatic metabolic functions. Cell 2023; 186:3793-3809.e26. [PMID: 37562401 PMCID: PMC10544749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the major metabolic hub of the body, execute functions that are human-specific, altered in human disease, and currently thought to be regulated through endocrine and cell-autonomous mechanisms. Here, we show that key metabolic functions of human hepatocytes are controlled by non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) in their microenvironment. We developed mice bearing human hepatic tissue composed of human hepatocytes and NPCs, including human immune, endothelial, and stellate cells. Humanized livers reproduce human liver architecture, perform vital human-specific metabolic/homeostatic processes, and model human pathologies, including fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Leveraging species mismatch and lipidomics, we demonstrate that human NPCs control metabolic functions of human hepatocytes in a paracrine manner. Mechanistically, we uncover a species-specific interaction whereby WNT2 secreted by sinusoidal endothelial cells controls cholesterol uptake and bile acid conjugation in hepatocytes through receptor FZD5. These results reveal the essential microenvironmental regulation of hepatic metabolism and its human-specific aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Kaffe
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Manolis Roulis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Haris Mirza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yunjiang Zheng
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wajahat Z Mehal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Program of Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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23
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Janilkarn-Urena I, Idrissova A, Zhang M, VanDreal M, Sanghavi N, Skinner SG, Cheng S, Zhang Z, Watanabe J, Asatryan L, Cadenas E, Davies DL. Dihydromyricetin supplementation improves ethanol-induced lipid accumulation and inflammation. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1201007. [PMID: 37680900 PMCID: PMC10481966 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1201007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Excessive alcohol consumption leads to a myriad of detrimental health effects, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Unfortunately, no available treatments exist to combat the progression of ALD beyond corticosteroid administration and/or liver transplants. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a bioactive polyphenol and flavonoid that has traditionally been used in Chinese herbal medicine for its robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is derived from many plants, including Hovenia dulcis and is found as the active ingredient in a variety of popular hangover remedies. Investigations utilizing DHM have demonstrated its ability to alleviate ethanol-induced disruptions in mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, while demonstrating hepatoprotective activity. Methods Female c57BL/6J mice (n = 12/group) were treated using the Lieber DeCarli forced-drinking and ethanol (EtOH) containing liquid diet, for 5 weeks. Mice were randomly divided into three groups: (1) No-EtOH, (2) EtOH [5% (v/v)], and (3) EtOH [5% (v/v)] + DHM (6 mg/mL). Mice were exposed to ethanol for 2 weeks to ensure the development of ALD pathology prior to receiving dihydromyricetin supplementation. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA along with Bonferroni multiple comparison tests, where p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Dihydromyricetin administration significantly improved aminotransferase levels (AST/ALT) and reduced levels of circulating lipids including LDL/VLDL, total cholesterol (free cholesterol), and triglycerides. DHM demonstrated enhanced lipid clearance by way of increased lipophagy activity, shown as the increased interaction and colocalization of p62/SQSTM-1, LC3B, and PLIN-1 proteins. DHM-fed mice had increased hepatocyte-to-hepatocyte lipid droplet (LD) heterogeneity, suggesting increased neutralization and sequestration of free lipids into LDs. DHM administration significantly reduced prominent pro-inflammatory cytokines commonly associated with ALD pathology such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17. Discussion Dihydromyricetin is commercially available as a dietary supplement. The results of this proof-of-concept study demonstrate its potential utility and functionality as a cost-effective and safe candidate to combat inflammation and the progression of ALD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Janilkarn-Urena
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alina Idrissova
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mindy Zhang
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Masha VanDreal
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neysa Sanghavi
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha G. Skinner
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sydney Cheng
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Translational Research Lab, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Translational Research Lab, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daryl L. Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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24
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Chen S, Sun S, Feng Y, Li X, Yin G, Liang P, Yu W, Meng D, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang F. Diosgenin attenuates nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis through the hepatic FXR-SHP-SREBP1C/PPARα/CD36 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 952:175808. [PMID: 37263401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide and has no approved treatment. The hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is one of the most promising therapeutic targets for NAFLD. Diosgenin (DG), a natural compound extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, is very effective in preventing metabolic diseases. Our research aims to determine the effects and molecular mechanisms of DG on NAFLD in vivo and in vitro. The effect of DG on hepatic steatosis was evaluated in Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and in HepG2 cells exposed to free fatty acids (FFAs, sodium oleate:sodium palmitate = 2:1). DG treatment efficiently managed hepatic lipid deposition in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, DG upregulated the expression of FXR and small heterodimer partner (SHP) and downregulated the expression of genes involved in hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1C (SREBP1C), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), and fatty acid synthase (FASN). Moreover, DG promoted the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), which is related to fatty acid oxidation. In addition, DG inhibited the expression of the CD36 molecule (CD36) related to fatty acid uptake. However, hepatic FXR silencing weakened the regulatory effects of DG on these genes. Collectively, our data show that DG has a good effect on alleviating nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis via the hepatic FXR-SHP-SREBP1C/PPARα/CD36 pathway. DG promises to be a novel candidate FXR activator that can be utilized to treat NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Shangwen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Linshu County People's Hospital, Linyi, 276799, China
| | - Guoliang Yin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Pengpeng Liang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Decheng Meng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Hongshuai Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250013, China.
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25
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Ren J, Fang H, Yang L, Sun H, Song H, Yan G, Han Y, Wang X. Fecal metabolomics analysis for deciphering the lipid-lowering effect of Qizhi capsule on high-fat feed induced hyperlipidemia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116270. [PMID: 36806341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qizhi capsule (QZC), a Chinese patent drug, has been utilized to treat hyperlipidemia. AIM OF STUDY The present study aims to investigate the lipid-lowering effect of QZC, as well as the mechanism of action for treating hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia rats were administrated with different doses of QZC for 28 days, and atorvastatin calcium tablets was used as the positive control. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were used to evaluate the effectiveness of QZC treatment. The metabolic profiles of feces were analyzed by UPLC-MS-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data analysis. RESULTS The levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were significantly reversed in QZC treatment groups, showing a similar or even better treatment effect compared with the atorvastatin calcium group. Thirty-two potential fecal biomarkers related to hyperlipidemia were identified. QZC could partially recover the disturbed metabolic pathways of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the signal pathways of regulation of lipid metabolism by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), PPARα activates gene expression, and transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation can be also regulated by QZC. CONCLUSION The lipid-lowering effect of QZC was confirmed by both serum biochemistry and metabolomics analysis. The beneficial effects of QZC were mainly attributed to the correction of metabolic disorders and the maintenance of the dynamic balance of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Ren
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Heng Fang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Hongwei Song
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou, China.
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26
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Yntema T, Koonen DPY, Kuipers F. Emerging Roles of Gut Microbial Modulation of Bile Acid Composition in the Etiology of Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081850. [PMID: 37111068 PMCID: PMC10141989 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in preventive measures and treatment options, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death globally. Recent research has challenged the traditional risk factor profile and highlights the potential contribution of non-traditional factors in CVD, such as the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Disturbances in the gut microbiota have been repeatedly associated with CVD, including atherosclerosis and hypertension. Mechanistic studies support a causal role of microbiota-derived metabolites in disease development, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and bile acids, with the latter being elaborately discussed in this review. Bile acids represent a class of cholesterol derivatives that is essential for intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, plays an important role in cholesterol turnover and, as more recently discovered, acts as a group of signaling molecules that exerts hormonal functions throughout the body. Studies have shown mediating roles of bile acids in the control of lipid metabolism, immunity, and heart function. Consequently, a picture has emerged of bile acids acting as integrators and modulators of cardiometabolic pathways, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in CVD. In this review, we provide an overview of alterations in the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism found in CVD patients, describe the molecular mechanisms through which bile acids may modulate CVD risk, and discuss potential bile-acid-based treatment strategies in relation to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Yntema
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Debby P Y Koonen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Žížalová K, Nováková B, Vecka M, Petrtýl J, Lánská V, Pelinková K, Šmíd V, Brůha R, Vítek L, Leníček M. Serum concentration of taurochenodeoxycholic acid predicts clinically significant portal hypertension. Liver Int 2023; 43:888-895. [PMID: 36433660 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Severity of portal hypertension is usually quantified by measuring the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). However, due to its invasiveness, alternative markers are being sought. Bile acids (BA), being synthesized, metabolized, and transported by the liver, seem to have the potential to serve as endogenous markers. The aim of the present study was to determine whether serum BA reflect the severity of portal hypertension. METHODS We correlated serum concentrations of individual BA with portal pressure (as HVPG) in an exploratory cohort of 21 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. The predictive potential of selected candidates was then confirmed in an independent validation cohort (n = 214). Additionally, nine previously published noninvasive markers were added to the stepwise logistic regression model to identify the most relevant ones, which were eventually used to create a prognostic index of portal hypertension. RESULTS Serum levels of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) significantly correlated with HVPG and showed a high potential to predict clinically significant portal hypertension (HVPG ≥ 10 mm Hg: AUROC = 0.97 ± 0.06). This was confirmed in the validation cohort (AUROC = 0.96 ± 0.01). The predictive index (constructed based on AST/ALT, spleen diameter, and TCDCA concentration) was able to distinguish clinically significant portal hypertension with 95% sensitivity and 76% specificity. CONCLUSIONS TCDCA seems to be a promising noninvasive marker of clinically significant portal hypertension. Its predictive potential may be further enhanced when it is combined with both the AST/ALT ratio and spleen diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Žížalová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Nováková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vecka
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Petrtýl
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Lánská
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Květa Pelinková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Šmíd
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radan Brůha
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Leníček
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Hao H, Li Z, Qiao SY, Qi Y, Xu XY, Si JY, Liu YH, Chang L, Shi YF, Xu B, Wei ZH, Kang LN. Empagliflozin ameliorates atherosclerosis via regulating the intestinal flora. Atherosclerosis 2023; 371:32-40. [PMID: 36990029 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) has been reported to attenuate atherosclerosis. Further, it has been suggested that intestinal flora influences atherosclerosis progression. Herein we aimed to investigate whether SGLT2i can alleviate atherosclerosis through intestinal flora. METHODS Six-week-old male ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet were gavaged either empagliflozin (SGLT2i group, n = 9) or saline (Ctrl group, n = 6) for 12 weeks. Feces were collected from both groups at the end of the experiment for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Another 12 six-week-old male ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet and received FMT with feces either from SGLT2i (FMT-SGLT2i group, n = 6) or from Ctrl (FMT-Ctrl group, n = 6) groups. Blood, tissue, and fecal samples were collected for subsequent analyses. RESULTS In comparison with Ctrl group, atherosclerosis was less severe in the SGLT2i group (p < 0.0001), and the richness of probiotic, such as f_Coriobacteriaceae, f_S24-7, f_Lachnospiraceae, and f_Adlercreutzia, was higher in feces. Besides, empagliflozin resulted in a significant reduction in the inflammatory response and altered intestinal flora metabolism. Interestingly, compared with FMT-Ctrl, FMT-SGLT2i also showed a reduction in atherosclerosis and systemic inflammatory response, as well as changes in the component of intestinal flora and pertinent metabolites similar to SGLT2i group. CONCLUSIONS Empagliflozin seems to mitigate atherosclerosis partly by regulating intestinal microbiota, and this anti-atherosclerotic effect can be transferred through intestinal flora transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shi-Yang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.138, Xian-Lin Avenue, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jia-Yi Si
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.138, Xian-Lin Avenue, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yi-Hai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Fan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Biao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zhong-Hai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Li-Na Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, No.321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Refat M, Zhang G, Ahmed A Saad A, Baldi S, Zheng F, Wu X. 7, 8-Dihydroxy-4-methyl coumarin alleviates cholestasis via activation of the Farnesoid X receptor in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 370:110331. [PMID: 36581201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is primarily caused by bile acid homeostasis dysregulation, resulting in retention, aggregation, and accumulation of the toxic cholate in the hepatocytes. Existing therapies for cholestasis are limited, demanding the urgent development of novel drugs. As a result, targeting FXR specifically promises a unique treatment strategy for cholestasis. The current study aims to evaluate the influence of 7, 8-dihydroxy-4-methyl coumarin (DMC) against alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury in mice. The "Computer-Aided Drug Design" (CADD) and molecular docking study anticipated that DMC would proficiently bind and activate the FXR. Accordingly, the hepatoprotective activity of DMC against ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity and cholestasis was investigated in ANIT-treated HepaRG cells and the ANIT-induced cholestatic mouse model. Outcomes indicated the protective effects of DMC against ANIT toxicity in HepaRG cells after 24 h of intervention and animals after seven days of treatment. DMC partially blocks ANIT-induced increases in serum markers of hepatocellular injury, liver and gall bladder enlargement, and hepatic necrosis. Western blotting revealed that DMC alleviates ANIT-induced hepatotoxicity and cholestasis via activating the FXR receptor and regulating CYP7A1, the enzyme responsible for bile acid synthesis. DMC exhibited protective activity against cholestasis through activating FXR, suggesting it might be a promising strategy for preventing and treating cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moath Refat
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Engineering Research Centre of Prevention and Control for Clinical Medication Risk, Gansu Province, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Engineering Research Centre of Prevention and Control for Clinical Medication Risk, Gansu Province, China
| | - Abdulaziz Ahmed A Saad
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Engineering Research Centre of Prevention and Control for Clinical Medication Risk, Gansu Province, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Salem Baldi
- Research Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Sequencing, Axbio Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xin'an Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Engineering Research Centre of Prevention and Control for Clinical Medication Risk, Gansu Province, China.
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Tonelli A, Lumngwena EN, Ntusi NAB. The oral microbiome in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:386-403. [PMID: 36624275 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and expansion of available therapies, the global burden of CVD-associated morbidity and mortality remains unacceptably high. Important gaps remain in our understanding of the mechanisms of CVD and determinants of disease progression. In the past decade, much research has been conducted on the human microbiome and its potential role in modulating CVD. With the advent of high-throughput technologies and multiomics analyses, the complex and dynamic relationship between the microbiota, their 'theatre of activity' and the host is gradually being elucidated. The relationship between the gut microbiome and CVD is well established. Much less is known about the role of disruption (dysbiosis) of the oral microbiome; however, interest in the field is growing, as is the body of literature from basic science and animal and human investigations. In this Review, we examine the link between the oral microbiome and CVD, specifically coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease. We discuss the various mechanisms by which oral dysbiosis contributes to CVD pathogenesis and potential strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tonelli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cardiovascular Research Unit, Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Extramural Research Unit on the Intersection of Noncommunicable Diseases and Infectious Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evelyn N Lumngwena
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ntobeko A B Ntusi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Extramural Research Unit on the Intersection of Noncommunicable Diseases and Infectious Disease, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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31
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Treatment of Dyslipidemia through Targeted Therapy of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010228. [PMID: 36615885 PMCID: PMC9823358 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a multifaceted condition with various genetic and environmental factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Further, this condition represents an important risk factor for its related sequalae including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Emerging evidence has shown that gut microbiota and their metabolites can worsen or protect against the development of dyslipidemia. Although there are currently numerous treatment modalities available including lifestyle modification and pharmacologic interventions, there has been promising research on dyslipidemia that involves the benefits of modulating gut microbiota in treating alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we examine the relationship between gut microbiota and dyslipidemia, the impact of gut microbiota metabolites on the development of dyslipidemia, and the current research on dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and microbiota transplant as therapeutic modalities in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and their metabolites affect dyslipidemia progression will help develop more precise therapeutic targets to optimize lipid metabolism.
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Jia B, Zou Y, Han X, Bae JW, Jeon CO. Gut microbiome-mediated mechanisms for reducing cholesterol levels: implications for ameliorating cardiovascular disease. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:76-91. [PMID: 36008191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a health problem worldwide, and elevated cholesterol levels are a key risk factor for the disease. Dysbiotic gut microbiota has been shown to be associated with CVD development. However, the beneficial effects of healthy microbiota in decreasing cholesterol levels have not been summarized. Herein, we begin by discussing the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota reduces cholesterol levels. We further sketch the application of probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in reducing cholesterol levels in clinical studies. Finally, we present the cholesterol-lowering function of beneficial commensal microbes, such as Akkermansia and Bacteroides spp., as these microbes have potential to be the next-generation probiotics (NGPs). The information reviewed in this paper will help people to understand how the gut microbiome might alter cholesterol metabolism and enable the development of NGPs to prevent and treat CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Jia
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Cao H, Zhu Y, Hu G, Zhang Q, Zheng L. Gut microbiome and metabolites, the future direction of diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis? Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106586. [PMID: 36460280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has mainly been through an LDL lowering strategy and treatments targeting other traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, which has significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality. However, the overall benefit of targeting these risk factors has stagnated, and the discovery of new therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis remains a challenge. Accumulating evidence from clinical and animal experiments has revealed that the gut microbiome play a significant role in human health and disease, including cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiome contribute to host health and disease through microbial composition and function. The gut microbiome function like an endocrine organ by generating bioactive metabolites that can impact atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe two gut microbial metabolites/pathways by which the gut affects atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. On the one hand, we discuss the effects of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), bile acids and aromatic amino acid metabolites on the development of atherosclerosis, and the protective effects of beneficial metabolites short chain amino acids and polyamines on atherosclerosis. On the other hand, we discuss novel therapeutic strategies for directly targeting gut microbial metabolites to improve cardiovascular outcomes. Reducing gut-derived TMAO levels and interfering with the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are new therapeutic strategies for atherosclerotic disease. Enzymes and receptors in gut microbiota metabolic pathways are potential new drug targets. We need solid insight into these underlying mechanisms to pave the way for therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbial metabolites/pathways for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cao
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gaofei Hu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, The Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
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Xu W, Zou K, Zhan Y, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Tao X, Qiu L, Wei H. Enterococcus faecium GEFA01 alleviates hypercholesterolemia by promoting reverse cholesterol transportation via modulating the gut microbiota-SCFA axis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1020734. [PMID: 36424921 PMCID: PMC9678928 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1020734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify cholesterol-lowering commensal strains from healthy lean individuals and to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering capacity of Enterococcus faecium GEFA01 in mice fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet. E. faecium GEFA01 was isolated from the feces of a healthy lean individual in a selective basal salt medium supplemented with cholesterol. E. faecium GEFA01 exhibited a cholesterol removal rate (CRR) of 46.13% by coprecipitation, assimilation, and degradation of cholesterol. Moreover, E. faecium GEFA01 significantly decreased the body weight of mice and the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), hepatic TC, triglycerides (TG), and LDL-C, and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet compared with the HCD group. We also observed that E. faecium GEFA01 significantly downregulated the gene expression of HMG-CoA reductase (Hmgcr), Srebp-1c, Fxr, Shp, and Fgf 15, upregulated the gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr), Abcg5/8, Abca1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), and Lxr in the liver of mice in relative to the HCD group, markedly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Roseburia, and decreased the abundance of Helicobacter in the feces. Collectively, we confirmed that E. faecium GEFA01 exhibited cholesterol-lowering effects in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, which was achieved through assimilation, coprecipitation, and degradation of cholesterol, and through modulation of the gut microbiota short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) axis that promoted reverse cholesterol transport and bile acid excretion. Our study demonstrated that E. faecium GEFA01 may be used as a probiotic candidate to lower cholesterol levels in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kaixiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunjie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xueying Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Sun B, Jiang S, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wei X, Wang H, Si N, Bian B, Zhao H. Lipidomics combined with transcriptomic and mass spectrometry imaging analysis of the Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans) during metamorphosis and bufadienolide accumulation. Chin Med 2022; 17:123. [PMID: 36333760 PMCID: PMC9636624 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To adapt to life on land, Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans) must remodel their bodies and refine their chemical defenses in water. The full scope of the mechanisms underlying these processes has yet to be revealed. Bufadienolides (BDs) are chemical defense substances secreted by toads when they are in danger, and they have high medicinal value in treating heart failure, cancer, and hepatitis. However, the artificial breeding of toads to increase BDs has been unsuccessful due to the high mortality of toad larvae during metamorphosis. Method Toad larvae at different growth stages were selected to study the changes in the metamorphosis process under the same growth conditions. The differences of tadpoles were explored, including body remodeling, energy metabolism, synthesis and regulation of BDs, through lipidomic technology, transcriptomic technology, and mass spectrometry imaging technology during metamorphosis. Results During metamorphosis, tadpoles underwent significant changes in lipid metabolism due to body remodeling to adapt to terrestrial life, which involved ketosis, lipogenesis, cholesterol metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation. The accumulation trend of BDs was observed. “Pentose phosphate pathway” and “Aromatase activity” may be the critical pathway and GO term in BD synthesis, involving 16 genes predominantly expressed in the liver. The involved genes were mainly expressed in the liver, consistent with the synthetic site observed by mass spectrometry imaging. Conclusion Together, our findings presented the changes in the toad larvae during metamorphosis and highlighted the accumulation process of BDs as well as the regulatory pathways and synthetic site, providing research and theoretical basis for future development of the toad resources. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00676-7.
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36
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Wang XX, Xie C, Libby AE, Ranjit S, Levi J, Myakala K, Bhasin K, Jones BA, Orlicky DJ, Takahashi S, Dvornikov A, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Adorini L, Kopp JB, Krausz KW, Rosenberg A, McManaman JL, Robertson CE, Ir D, Frank DN, Luo Y, Gonzalez FJ, Gratton E, Levi M. The role of FXR and TGR5 in reversing and preventing progression of Western diet-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102530. [PMID: 36209823 PMCID: PMC9638804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most common chronic liver disease in the US, partly due to the increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The roles of bile acids and their receptors, such as the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5, on the development of NASH are not fully clear. C57BL/6J male mice fed a Western diet (WD) develop characteristics of NASH, allowing determination of the effects of FXR and TGR5 agonists on this disease. Here we show that the FXR-TGR5 dual agonist INT-767 prevents progression of WD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, as determined by histological and biochemical assays and novel label-free microscopy imaging techniques, including third harmonic generation, second harmonic generation, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Furthermore, we show INT-767 decreases liver fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid and cholesterol uptake, as well as liver inflammation. INT-767 markedly changed bile acid composition in the liver and intestine, leading to notable decreases in the hydrophobicity index of bile acids, known to limit cholesterol and lipid absorption. In addition, INT-767 upregulated expression of liver p-AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, and SIRT3, which are master regulators of mitochondrial function. Finally, we found INT-767 treatment reduced WD-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Interestingly, the effects of INT-767 in attenuating NASH were absent in FXR-null mice, but still present in TGR5-null mice. Our findings support treatment and prevention protocols with the dual FXR-TGR5 agonist INT-767 arrest progression of WD-induced NASH in mice mediated by FXR-dependent, TGR5-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Cen Xie
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jonathan Levi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhasin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bryce A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alexander Dvornikov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avi Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- The Integrated Physiology Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Diana Ir
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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Wang H, Sun Y, Li H, Yang S, Yi W. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Study of Novel Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Cholestatic Liver Disease. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hospital WuHan 430074 China
| | - Yating Sun
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hospital WuHan 430074 China
| | - Hewei Li
- Liyuan Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of science and technology WuHan 430074 China
| | - Shengli Yang
- Xiehe Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of science and technology WuHan 430074 China
| | - Wen Yi
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hospital WuHan 430074 China
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Cai J, Rimal B, Jiang C, Chiang JYL, Patterson AD. Bile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108238. [PMID: 35792223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diversity, composition, and function of the bacterial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract contributes to host health through its role in producing energy or signaling molecules that regulate metabolic and immunologic functions. Bile acids are potent metabolic and immune signaling molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and then transported to the intestine where they can undergo metabolism by gut bacteria. The combination of host- and microbiota-derived enzymatic activities contribute to the composition of the bile acid pool and thus there can be great diversity in bile acid composition that depends in part on the differences in the gut bacteria species. Bile acids can profoundly impact host metabolic and immunological functions by activating different bile acid receptors to regulate signaling pathways that control a broad range of complex symbiotic metabolic networks, including glucose, lipid, steroid and xenobiotic metabolism, and modulation of energy homeostasis. Disruption of bile acid signaling due to perturbation of the gut microbiota or dysregulation of the gut microbiota-host interaction is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic disorders. The metabolic and immunological roles of bile acids in human health have led to novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate the bile acid pool size, composition, and function by targeting one or multiple components of the microbiota-bile acid-bile acid receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bipin Rimal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Abdi M, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Ranjbar R. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium as anti-atherosclerotic agents. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:934-946. [PMID: 36159325 PMCID: PMC9464336 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.63860.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the thickening or hardening of the arteries which is caused by a buildup of atheromatous plaque in the inner lining of an artery. Hypercholesterolemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are important risk factors for atherosclerosis. Therefore, this study aimed to review the anti-atherosclerotic effects of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium via improving lipid profile and reducing the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and TMAO. To prepare the present review, several databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched, and relevant articles from 1990 until 2022 were selected and reviewed. The present review showed that Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in both in vitro and in vivo studies by breaking down or altering cholesterol metabolism with the help of their by-products and by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress and TMAO. Consumption of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium can be useful in prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Abdi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Reza Ranjbar. Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lv XT, Wang RH, Liu XT, Ye YJ, Liu XY, Qiao JD, Wang GE. Theacrine ameliorates experimental liver fibrosis in rats by lowering cholesterol storage via activation of the Sirtuin 3-farnesoid X receptor signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 364:110051. [PMID: 35872049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Formulations against liver fibrosis (LF) mitigate the progression of hepatitis to cirrhosis. However, notable toxicity of the currently available anti-LF drugs limits their long-term use. In the study, we aimed to investigate the anti-LF effects of theacrine, a purine alkaloid without obvious toxicity, on high-fat diet-, alcohol-, and carbon tetrachloride-induced LF in rats. The results indicated that 10 and 20 mg/kg of theacrine ameliorated hepatic fibrosis, steatosis, and inflammation in LF rats. Mechanistically, theacrine reduced hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-related α-smooth muscle actin expression, and decreased cholesterol accumulation, followed by decreased expression of transforming growth factor-β1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, theacrine upregulated the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, accompanied by decreased expression of β-catenin and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and increased the expression of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). Further investigation revealed that the theacrine-mediated decrease in cholesterol was independent of cholesterol synthesis or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake in hyperlipidemia mice. However, theacrine activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a β-catenin conjugated protein, accompanied with decreased expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 12α-hydroxylase. In conclusion, theacrine alleviated experimental LF in rats by lowering cholesterol storage and decreasing cholesterol-related HSC activation. A plausible mechanism of theacrine on cholesterol metabolism may involve activation of SIRT3-FXR signaling pathway followed by decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ting Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruo-Hong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Jing Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing-Da Qiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Guo-En Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Panzitt K, Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M. Recent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111678. [PMID: 35605722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid receptor FXR has emerged as a bona fide drug target for chronic cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, ahead of all non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR is highly expressed in the liver and intestine and activation at both sites differentially contributes to its desired metabolic effects. Unrestricted FXR activation, however, also comes along with undesired effects such as a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, pruritus and hepatocellular toxicity under certain conditions. Several pre-clinical studies have confirmed the potency of FXR activation for cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, but overall it remains still open whether selective activation of intestinal FXR is advantageous over pan-FXR activation and whether restricted or modulated FXR activation can limit some of the side effects. Even more, FXR antagonist also bear the potential as intestinal-selective drugs in NAFLD models. In this review we will discuss the molecular prerequisites for FXR activation, pan-FXR activation and intestinal FXR in/activation from a therapeutic point of view, different steroidal and non-steroidal FXR agonists, ways to restrict FXR activation and finally what we have learned from pre-clinical models and clinical trials with different FXR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Wang Y, Li D, Jia Z, Hui J, Xin Q, Zhou Q, Cong W, Xu F. A Bibliometric Analysis of Research on the Links Between Gut Microbiota and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:941607. [PMID: 35903667 PMCID: PMC9314574 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.941607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEmerging evidence has linked gut microbiota (GM) and its related metabolites to atherosclerosis (AS). This study aimed to analyze the evolution of GM in AS in the past decades, and provide valuable insights in this field.MethodsWeb of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) was applied to retrieve the publications related to GM in AS from their inception until 2 December 2021, and the data was analyzed in Microsoft Excel, Scimago Graphica, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer.ResultsIn total, 560 documents were extracted from the WoSCC databases. The publications have shown rapid growth since 2008. China and Cleveland Clin were the most prolific country and institution, respectively. The journal with the most publications is Nutrients, and Nature was the most co-cited journal. Among 3556 related authors, Hazen, Stanley L., Tang, W. H. Wilson, and Wang, Zeneng were the top 3 contributing authors in this field. Aside from “gut microbiota,” “atherosclerosis,” the terms “TMAO,” “metabolite,” “obesity,” and “phosphatidylcholine” were frequently occurred in the abstract and title of articles. Burst detection of keywords indicated that “metabolic syndrome,” “acid,” and “bile acid” were hot topics in recent years. According to the co-citation analysis of references, the research focus in this area has changed over time, and recent researches focus on choline, hypertension, butyrate, and berberine.ConclusionOur study showed that the researches of GM in AS have been flourishing, and the content themes were constantly deepened. Human GM is critical to atherosclerotic diseases, and this hot topic is still worthy of more focus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zijun Jia
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Hui
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Xin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbing Zhou
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingbing Zhou,
| | - Weihong Cong
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
- Weihong Cong,
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Fengqin Xu,
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Fu Y, Feng H, Ding X, Meng QH, Zhang SR, Li J, Chao Y, Ji TT, Bi YH, Zhang WW, Chen Q, Zhang YH, Feng YL, Bian HM. Alisol B 23-acetate adjusts bile acid metabolisim via hepatic FXR-BSEP signaling activation to alleviate atherosclerosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154120. [PMID: 35523117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women have a high incidence of atherosclerosis. Phytosterols have been shown to have cholesterol-lowering properties. Alisa B 23-acetate (AB23A) is a biologically active plant sterol isolated from Chinese herbal medicine Alisma. However, the atherosclerosis effect of AB23A after menopause and its possible mechanism have not been reported yet. PURPOSE To explore whether AB23A can prevent atherosclerosis by regulating farnesoid X receptor and subsequently increasing fecal bile acid and cholesterol excretion to reduce plasma cholesterol levels. METHODS Aortic samples from premenopausal and postmenopausal women with ascending aortic arteriosclerosis were analyzed, and bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) female LDLR-/- mice and free fatty acid (FFA)-treated L02 cells were used to analyze the effect of AB23A supplementation therapy. RESULTS AB23A increased fecal cholesterol and bile acids (BAs) excretion dependent on activation of hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in ovariectomized mice. AB23A inhibited hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) via inducing small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression. On the other hand, AB23A increased the level of hepatic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and activated the hepatic BSEP signaling. The activation of hepatic FXR-BSEP signaling by AB23A in ovariectomized mice was accompanied by the reduction of liver cholesterol, hepatic lipolysis, and bile acids efflux, and reduced the damage of atherosclerosis. In vitro, AB23A fixed abnormal lipid metabolism in L02 cells and increased the expression of FXR, BSEP and SHP. Moreover, the inhibition and silencing of FXR canceled the regulation of BSEP by AB23A in L02 cells. CONCLUSION Our results shed light into the mechanisms behind the cholesterol-lowering of AB23A, and increasing FXR-BSEP signaling by AB23A may be a potential postmenopausal atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Han Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing-Hai Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu-Rui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting-Ting Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun-Hui Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - You-Long Feng
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210019, China.
| | - Hui-Min Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Lin P, Chen S, Zhong S. Nutritional and Chemical Composition of Sargassum zhangii and the Physical and Chemical Characterization, Binding Bile Acid, and Cholesterol-Lowering Activity in HepG2 Cells of Its Fucoidans. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121771. [PMID: 35741969 PMCID: PMC9223202 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a marine sulfated polysaccharide that is rich in Sargassum and has a wide range of biological activities. In this study, the chemical composition and bile acid binding ability of six crude fucoidans were compared, the nutrition and chemical composition of Sargassum zhangii were analyzed, and fucoidan from Sargassum zhangii was extracted and purified. The purified fractions (ZF1, ZF2, and ZF3) were analyzed by physicochemical characterization, and the ability of binding bile acid and cholesterol lowering in HepG2 cells were evaluated. The results showed that the contents of sulfate in crude fucoidan from Sargassum Zhangii (ZF) was as high as13.63%. Its ability of binding bile acid was better than other five crude fucoidans. Sargassum zhangii was a kind of brown seaweed with high carbohydrate, and low fat and rich in minerals. The sulfate content of ZF1, ZF2, and ZF3 was 3.29%, 19.39%, and 18.89% respectively, and the molecular weight (Mw) was 4.026 × 105, 2.893 × 105, and 3.368 × 105, respectively. Three fucoidans all contained the characteristic absorption bands of polysaccharides and sulfate groups and were rich in fucose. Three fucoidans can bind to bile acid, and ZF2 showed the best binding capability. In vitro experiments showed that ZF1, ZF2, and ZF3 could reduce intracellular total cholesterol (TC) content in HepG2 cells without affecting their viability. ZF2 showed the best ability to reduce TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peichun Lin
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Suhua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-759-239-6026
| | - Siyan Zhong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
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Survival Benefit of Statin with Anti-Angiogenesis Efficacy in Lung Cancer-Associated Pleural Fluid through FXR Modulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112765. [PMID: 35681743 PMCID: PMC9179389 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our previous works showed that pleural fluid from lung cancer significantly induced endothelial proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Since endothelial metabolism was a key step in angiogenesis, we investigated the role of bile acid signaling and FXR expression in pleural angiogenesis. Elevated bile acid levels in lung-cancer-associated pleural fluid (LCPF) were characterized with positive FXR staining in pleural microvessels. We then confirmed the inhibitory effect of an FXR antagonist on LCPF-induced endothelial migration and angiogenesis. Due to the elevated protein expression in the cholesterol metabolism caused by LCPF, lipid-lowering agents with the efficacy needed to counteract LCPF-regulated angiogenesis were evaluated. Statin showed the potent efficacy needed to suppress LCPF-induced endothelial proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis through FXR inhibition. Following that, Kaplan–Meier analysis showed the survival benefit of statin exposure in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with LCPF. Our results suggest that targeting endothelial FXR signaling with statin treatment could ameliorate the angiogenesis activity of LCPF. Abstract Lung cancer-related pleural fluid (LCPF) presents as a common complication with limited treatment. Beyond its function in lipid digestion, bile acid was identified as a potent carcinogen to stimulate tumor proliferation. Previous research indicated a correlation between serum bile acid levels and the risk of developing several gastrointestinal cancers. Our study identified elevated bile acid levels in LCPF and increased farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression as bile acid nuclear receptors in pleural microvessels of lung adenocarcinoma. Additionally, LCPF stimulated the expression of proteins involved in bile acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism in HUVECs including CYP7A1, StAR, HMGCR, and SREBP2. LCPF-induced endothelial motility and angiogenesis were counteracted by using β-muricholic acid as an FXR antagonist. Moreover, we investigated the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering medications, such as cholestyramine, fenofibrate, and atorvastatin, in regulating LCPF-regulated angiogenesis. Along with suppressing endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis, atorvastatin treatment reversed cholesterol accumulation and endothelial junction disruption caused by LCPF. Statin treatment inhibited LCPF-induced endothelial FXR expression as well as the downstream proteins RXR and SHP. Based on the positive findings of suppressing endothelial angiogenesis, our group further incorporated the effect of statin on clinical patients complicated with LCPF. A Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed the clinical benefit of statin exposure in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with LCPF. Conclusively, our study demonstrated the ability of statin to alleviate LCPF-induced angiogenesis in patients with LCPF via FXR modulation.
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Zhou W, Anakk S. Enterohepatic and non-canonical roles of farnesoid X receptor in controlling lipid and glucose metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 549:111616. [PMID: 35304191 PMCID: PMC9245558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that transcriptionally regulates bile acid homeostasis along with nutrient metabolism. In addition to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, FXR expression has been widely noted in kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. Except for the liver and gut, the relevance of FXR signaling in metabolism in other tissues remains poorly understood. This review examines the classical and non-canonical tissue-specific roles of FXR in regulating, lipids, and glucose homeostasis under normal and diseased states. FXR activation has been reported to be protective against cholestasis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several ongoing clinical trials are investigating FXR ligands as a therapeutic target for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and NASH, which substantiate the significance of FXR signaling in modulating metabolic processes. This review highlights that FXR ligands, albeit an attractive therapeutic target for treating metabolic diseases, tissue-specific modulation of FXR may be the key to overcoming some of the adverse clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Lin C, Yu B, Liu X, Chen L, Zhang Z, Ye W, Zhong H, Bai W, Yang Y, Nie B. Obeticholic acid inhibits hepatic fatty acid uptake independent of FXR in mouse. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112984. [PMID: 35447541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obeticholic acid (OCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, is believed to alleviate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis in an FXR-dependent manner. Here, we revealed a novel mechanism by which OCA improves NAFLD by affecting hepatic long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) uptake. METHODS Stably transfected HEK-293 cells expressing fatty acid transport protein 5 (FATP5) were established to examine fatty acid uptake; FXR-/-, human (h) FATP5, and FXR-/-/hFATP5 mouse models were incorporated to explore the effects of OCA on FATP5 ex vivo and in vivo. RESULTS OCA inhibited hFATP5 (IC50 =0.07 μM) more than murine (m) FATP5 (IC50 =1.04 μM) as measured by LCFAs uptake in FATP5 expressing HEK-293. OCA also inhibited LCFA uptake in primary hepatocytes from hFATP5 mice, FXR-/-/hFATP5 mice more than that from FXR-/- mice, ex vivo. Moreover, OCA inhibited LCFAs uptake by livers in hFATP5 mice and FXR-/-/hFATP5 mice, but not in FXR-/- mice, in vivo. Long-term administration of 0.04% OCA markedly reduced hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation in hFATP5 mice and FXR-/-/hFATP5 mice by 63% and 53%, respectively, but not in FXR-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS OCA ameliorated high-fat diet-induced NAFLD independent of FXR by inhibiting hepatic hFATP5-mediated LCFAs uptake. This suggests that the therapeutic effects of OCA on NAFLD in vivo are mediated by a novel, hFATP5 dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangzhen Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Bingqing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xuelian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Weixiang Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of Dongpu Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510660, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wenke Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Biao Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
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48
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Lin C, Yu B, Chen L, Zhang Z, Ye W, Zhong H, Bai W, Yang Y, Nie B. Obeticholic Acid Induces Hepatoxicity Via FXR in the NAFLD Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:880508. [PMID: 35614939 PMCID: PMC9124937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.880508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Obeticholic acid (OCA), a potent farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, is a promising drug for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, it can cause liver injury, especially at high doses. Here, we investigated the role of FXR in the high-dose OCA-induced hepatoxicity in the condition of the NAFLD mouse model. Methods: Wild-type (WT) mice and FXR−/− mice were administered with over-dose OCA (0.40%) and high-dose OCA (0.16%), in a high-fat diet. RNA-seq on liver samples of mice fed with high-dose OCA was performed to dig out the prominent biological events contributing to hepatic fibrosis. Results: Over-dose OCA induced liver injury and shortened survival in WT mice, but not FXR−/− mice. High-dose OCA caused hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis in the presence of FXR. Furthermore, high-dose OCA induced cholesterol accumulation in livers via the upregulation of genes involved in cholesterol acquisition and downregulation of genes regulating cholesterol degradation in liver, leading to the production of interleukin -1β and an FXR-mediated inflammatory response. Conclusion: The high-dose OCA induced FXR-dependent hepatic injury via cholesterol accumulation and interleukin -1β pathway in the NAFLD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangzhen Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingqing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixiang Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of Dongpu Branch, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenke Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Biao Nie,
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49
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Guan B, Tong J, Hao H, Yang Z, Chen K, Xu H, Wang A. Bile acid coordinates microbiota homeostasis and systemic immunometabolism in cardiometabolic diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2129-2149. [PMID: 35646540 PMCID: PMC9136572 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), characterized with metabolic disorder triggered cardiovascular events, is a leading cause of death and disability. Metabolic disorders trigger chronic low-grade inflammation, and actually, a new concept of metaflammation has been proposed to define the state of metabolism connected with immunological adaptations. Amongst the continuously increased list of systemic metabolites in regulation of immune system, bile acids (BAs) represent a distinct class of metabolites implicated in the whole process of CMD development because of its multifaceted roles in shaping systemic immunometabolism. BAs can directly modulate the immune system by either boosting or inhibiting inflammatory responses via diverse mechanisms. Moreover, BAs are key determinants in maintaining the dynamic communication between the host and microbiota. Importantly, BAs via targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and diverse other nuclear receptors play key roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis of lipids, glucose, and amino acids. Moreover, BAs axis per se is susceptible to inflammatory and metabolic intervention, and thereby BAs axis may constitute a reciprocal regulatory loop in metaflammation. We thus propose that BAs axis represents a core coordinator in integrating systemic immunometabolism implicated in the process of CMD. We provide an updated summary and an intensive discussion about how BAs shape both the innate and adaptive immune system, and how BAs axis function as a core coordinator in integrating metabolic disorder to chronic inflammation in conditions of CMD.
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Key Words
- AS, atherosclerosis
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter
- BAs, bile acids
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- BSH, bile salt hydrolases
- Bile acid
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCs, cholesterol crystals
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CMD, cardiometabolic disease
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- Cardiometabolic diseases
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FA, fatty acids
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FMO3, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- HCA, hyocholic acid
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high fat diet
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear receptor
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- Nuclear receptors
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- RCT, reverses cholesterol transportation
- ROR, retinoid-related orphan receptor
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- Systemic immunometabolism
- TG, triglyceride
- TGR5, takeda G-protein receptor 5
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide
- Therapeutic opportunities
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VDR, vitamin D receptor
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- ox-LDL, oxidated low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Guan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jinlin Tong
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhixu Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Keji Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Anlu Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
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50
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Li R, Hovingh MV, Koehorst M, de Blaauw P, Verkade HJ, de Boer JF, Kuipers F. Short-term obeticholic acid treatment does not impact cholangiopathy in Cyp2c70-deficient mice with a human-like bile acid composition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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