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Wu F, Malek AM, Buchanich JM, Arena VC, Rager JR, Sharma RK, Vena JE, Bear T, Talbott EO. Exposure to ambient air toxicants and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A matched case control study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117719. [PMID: 37993052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with few risk factors identified and no known cure. Gene-environment interaction is hypothesized especially for sporadic ALS cases (90-95%) which are of unknown etiology. We aimed to investigate risk factors for ALS including exposure to ambient air toxics. METHODS This population-based case-control study included 267 ALS cases (from the United States [U.S.] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry National ALS Registry and Biorepository) and 267 age, sex, and county-matched controls identified via a commercial database. Exposure assessment for 34 ambient air toxicants was performed by assigning census tract-level U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2011 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) data to participants' residential ZIP codes. Conditional logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for individual compounds, chemical classes, and overall exposure. Sensitivity analyses using both conditional logistic regression and Bayesian grouped weighted quartile sum (GWQS) models were performed to assess the integrity of findings. RESULTS Using the 2011 NATA, the highest exposure quartile (Q4) compared to the lowest (Q1) of vinyl chloride (aOR = 6.00, 95% CI: 1.87-19.25), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (aOR = 5.45, 95% CI: 1.53-19.36), cyanide (aOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.52-12.43), cadmium (aOR = 3.30, 95% CI: 1.11-9.77), and carbon disulfide (aOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 1.00-8.91) was associated with increased odds of ALS. Residential air selenium showed an inverse association with ALS (second quartile [Q2] vs. Q1: aOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.79). Additionally, residential exposure to organic/chlorinated solvents (Q4 vs Q1: aOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.003-6.85) was associated with ALS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings using the 2011 NATA linked by census tract to residential area provide evidence of increased ALS risk in cases compared to controls for 2,4-dinitrotoluene, vinyl chloride, cyanide, and the organic/chlorinated solvents class. This underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance of potential exposures for at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Angela M Malek
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jeanine M Buchanich
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Vincent C Arena
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Judith R Rager
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ravi K Sharma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John E Vena
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Todd Bear
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Evelyn O Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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2
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Liu S, He L, Bannister OB, Li J, Schnegelberger RD, Vanderpuye CM, Althouse AD, Schopfer FJ, Wahlang B, Cave MC, Monga SP, Zhang X, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Western diet unmasks transient low-level vinyl chloride-induced tumorigenesis; potential role of the (epi-)transcriptome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 468:116514. [PMID: 37061008 PMCID: PMC10164119 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vinyl chloride (VC) monomer is a volatile organic compound commonly used in industry. At high exposure levels, VC causes liver cancer and toxicant-associated steatohepatitis. However, lower exposure levels (i.e., sub-regulatory exposure limits) that do not directly damage the liver, enhance injury caused by Western diet (WD). It is still unknown if the long-term impact of transient low-concentration VC enhances the risk of liver cancer development. This is especially a concern given that fatty liver disease is in and of itself a risk factor for the development of liver cancer. METHODS C57Bl/6 J mice were fed WD or control diet (CD) for 1 year. During the first 12 weeks of feeding only, mice were also exposed to VC via inhalation at sub-regulatory limit concentrations (<1 ppm) or air for 6 h/day, 5 days/week. RESULTS Feeding WD for 1 year caused significant hepatic injury, which was exacerbated by VC. Additionally, VC increased the number of tumors which ranged from moderately to poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated VC-induced changes in metabolic but also ribosomal processes. Epitranscriptomic analysis showed a VC-induced shift of the modification pattern that has been associated with metabolic disease, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cancer. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that VC sensitizes the liver to other stressors (e.g., WD), resulting in enhanced tumorigenesis. These data raise concerns about potential interactions between VC exposure and WD. It also emphasizes that current safety restrictions may be insufficient to account for other factors that can influence hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Liqing He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, United States of America.
| | - Olivia B Bannister
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Charis-Marie Vanderpuye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Andrew D Althouse
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Banrida Wahlang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Liver Transplant Program at UofL Health-Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, United States of America.
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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3
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Ge Y, Bruno M, Nash MS, Coates NH, Chorley BN, Cave MC, Beier JI. Vinyl chloride enhances high-fat diet-induced proteome alterations in the mouse pancreas related to metabolic dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:103-114. [PMID: 36892438 PMCID: PMC10176240 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in physiological processes in pancreas have been associated with various metabolic dysfunctions and can result from environmental exposures, such as chemicals and diet. It was reported that environmental vinyl chloride (VC) exposure, a common industrial organochlorine and environmental pollutant, significantly exacerbated metabolic-related phenotypes in mice fed concurrently with high-fat diet (HFD) but not low-fat diet (LFD). However, little is known about the role of the pancreas in this interplay, especially at a proteomic level. The present study was undertaken to examine the protein responses to VC exposure in pancreas tissues of C57BL/6J mice fed LFD or HFD, with focus on the investigation of protein expression and/or phosphorylation levels of key protein biomarkers of carbohydrate, lipid, and energy metabolism, oxidative stress and detoxification, insulin secretion and regulation, cell growth, development, and communication, immunological responses and inflammation, and biomarkers of pancreatic diseases and cancers. We found that the protein alterations may indicate diet-mediated susceptibility in mouse pancreas induced by HFD to concurrent exposure of low levels of inhaled VC. These proteome biomarkers may lead to a better understanding of pancreas-mediated adaptive or adverse response and susceptibility to metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ge
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Maribel Bruno
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Maliha S Nash
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Najwa Haykal Coates
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Brian N Chorley
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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4
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Lian CY, Wei S, Li ZF, Zhang SH, Wang ZY, Wang L. Glyphosate-induced autophagy inhibition results in hepatic steatosis via mediating epigenetic reprogramming of PPARα in roosters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121394. [PMID: 36906059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (Gly) is the most widely used herbicide with well-defined hepatotoxic effects, but the underlying mechanisms of Gly-induced hepatic steatosis remain largely unknown. In this study, a rooster model combined with primary chicken embryo hepatocytes was established to dissect the progresses and mechanisms of Gly-induced hepatic steatosis. Data showed that Gly exposure caused liver injury with disrupted lipid metabolism in roosters, manifested by significant serum lipid profile disorder and hepatic lipid accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PPARα and autophagy-related pathways played important roles in Gly-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders. Further experimental results suggested that autophagy inhibition was involved in Gly-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, which was confirmed by the effect of classic autophagy inducer rapamycin (Rapa). Moreover, data substantiated that Gly-mediated autophagy inhibition caused nuclear increase of HDAC3, which altered epigenetic modification of PPARα, leading to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) inhibition and subsequently lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes. In summary, this study provides novel evidence that Gly-induced autophagy inhibition evokes the inactivation of PPARα-mediated FAO and concomitant hepatic steatosis in roosters by mediating epigenetic reprogramming of PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yu Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Experimental Center, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China
| | - Zi-Fa Li
- Experimental Center, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, 250355, China
| | - Shu-Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Zhen-Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
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5
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Fritsche K, Ziková-Kloas A, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals Affecting the Liver: Screening, Testing, and Molecular Pathway Identification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032686. [PMID: 36769005 PMCID: PMC9916672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the body. The plethora of anabolic and catabolic pathways in the liver is tightly regulated by physiological signaling but may become imbalanced as a consequence of malnutrition or exposure to certain chemicals, so-called metabolic endocrine disrupters, or metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs). Among different metabolism-related diseases, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitute a growing health problem, which has been associated with a western lifestyle combining excessive caloric intake and reduced physical activity. In the past years, awareness of chemical exposure as an underlying cause of metabolic endocrine effects has continuously increased. Within this review, we have collected and summarized evidence that certain environmental MDCs are capable of contributing to metabolic diseases such as liver steatosis and cholestasis by different molecular mechanisms, thereby contributing to the metabolic syndrome. Despite the high relevance of metabolism-related diseases, standardized mechanistic assays for the identification and characterization of MDCs are missing. Therefore, the current state of candidate test systems to identify MDCs is presented, and their possible implementation into a testing strategy for MDCs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Fritsche
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Ziková-Kloas
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-18412-25100
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6
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Chen L, Wang Y, Zheng W, Zhang H, Sun Y, Chen Y, Liu Q. Improvement of obesity-induced fatty liver disease by intermittent hypoxia exposure in a murine model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1097641. [PMID: 36873991 PMCID: PMC9974667 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1097641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The high prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the world raises an important concern for human health. The western diet containing high fat and fructose is the risk factor for NAFLD development. Intermittent hypoxia (IH), known as the basis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), normally is correlated with impaired liver function. However, the role of IH in liver injury prevention has been revealed by many other studies based on the different IH paradigms. The current study, therefore, tests the impact of IH on the liver of high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHFD) fed mice. Material and Method: Mice were exposed to IH (2 min cycle, FiO2 8% for 20 s, FiO2 20.9% for 100 s; 12 h/day) or intermittent air (FiO2 20.9%) for 15 weeks, with normal diet (ND) or high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHFD). Indices of liver injury and metabolism were measured. Results: IH causes no overt liver injury in mice fed an ND. However, HFHFD-induced lipid accumulation, lipid peroxidation, neutrophil infiltration, and apoptotic process were significantly attenuated by IH exposure. Importantly, IH exposure altered bile acids composition and shifted the hepatic bile acids towards FXR agonism, which was involved in the protection of IH against HFHFD. Conclusion: These results support that the IH pattern in our model prevents liver injury from HFHFD in experimental NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Chen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Disease, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weikun Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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7
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Dong Y, Wang X, Hu W, Bian H, Wang X, Kang N, Han F, Zhang S, Ye M. Improvements in protective measures in factories with acetylene hydrochlorination and ethylene oxychlorination techniques declined risk assessment levels and affected liver health status. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1053300. [PMID: 36483242 PMCID: PMC9723347 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1053300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylene hydrochlorination and ethylene oxychlorination are the two most common methods of producing vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), which has been linked to liver impairment, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and angiosarcoma of the liver (ASL) in occupational settings. However, whether and how these impairments could be effectively improved from workplace root causes has yet to be discovered. This study aimed to evaluate whether improvements in protective measures in groups Y (408 subjects) and Z (349 subjects) could have an influential impact on the alleviation of liver impairment by comparing risk assessment levels under several semi-quantitative models and results from liver ultrasound detection and liver function tests before and after the improvement. Importantly, significant differences in constituent ratio involved in parameters among age, length of employment, weekly exposure time, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and sleeping quality were found between Y and Z before improvement took place in 2020 (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001), and population distribution by gender between Y and Z was in a large homogeneity with differences in age and length of employment. CSTE involves ore breaking, acetylene generation, steam stripping, outward processing, and welding maintenance, was disqualified in 2020 compared to OEL, and was said to have declined to meet OEL requirements by 2021. Further, a negative correction of fresh air requirement and ventilation air changing rate with ambient concentration toward hazards in Y was stronger in 2021 than in 2020. Significant differences in risk levels in Y between 2020 and 2021 were found as ore breaking, acetylene generation, steam stripping, outward processing, VCM polymerization, welding, and repairing, decreasing to relatively lower risk levels in 2021 from the original ones in 2020 only under the semi-quantitative comprehensive index model. Abnormal rates toward other hepatic symptoms decreased in the majority of positions after the improvement, as referred to by alterations such as ALT, AST, and GGT. Overall, the effect of improvements on protective measures effectively reduced positions' risk assessment levels through ventilation enhancement and airtight strengthening, which further affected abnormal rates toward other hepatic symptoms, and alterations such as ALT, AST, and GGT were much more significant in Y than effect in Z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Dong
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiological Health, Tianjin Binhai New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijiang Hu
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Bian
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Meng Ye
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8
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Environmental Toxicants and NAFLD: A Neglected yet Significant Relationship. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:3497-3507. [PMID: 34383198 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an organ of vital importance in the body; it is the center of metabolic activities and acts as the primary line of defense against toxic compounds. Exposure to environmental toxicants is an unavoidable fallout from rapid industrialization across the world and is even higher in developing countries. Technological development and industrialization have led to the release of toxicants such as pollutant toxic gases, chemical discharge, industrial effluents, pesticides and solvents, into the environment. In the last few years, a growing body of evidence has shed light on the potential impact of environmental toxicants on liver health, in particular, on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence and progression. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease linked to metabolic derangement including diabetes and other complications. Environmental toxicants including xenobiotics and pollutants may have a direct or indirect steatogenic/fibrogenic impact on the liver and should be considered as risk factors associated with NAFLD. This review discusses the contribution of environmental toxicants toward the increasing disease burden of NAFLD.
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9
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Young JL, Cave MC, Xu Q, Kong M, Xu J, Lin Q, Tan Y, Cai L. Whole life exposure to low dose cadmium alters diet-induced NAFLD. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 436:115855. [PMID: 34990729 PMCID: PMC8796138 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major global public health concern affecting more than 25% of the world's population. Although obesity and diabetes are major risk factors for NAFLD, they cannot account for all cases, indicating the importance of other factors such as environmental exposures. Cadmium (Cd) exposure is implicated in the development of NAFLD; however, the influence of early life, in utero Cd exposure on the development of diet-induced NAFLD is poorly understood. Therefore, we developed an in vivo, multiple-hit model to study the effect of whole-life, low dose Cd exposure on high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. Adult male and female C57BL/6 J mice fed normal diets (ND) were exposed to 0, 0.5 or 5 ppm Cd-containing drinking water for 14 weeks before breeding. At weaning, offspring were fed ND or HFD and continued on the same drinking water regimen as their parents for 24 weeks. Cd exposure at different concentrations differentially altered HFD-associated adverse health effects, including liver injury. HFD-induced increased body weight, decreased glucose tolerance. Liver injury and lipid deposition were exacerbated by 5 ppm Cd exposure but attenuated by 0.5 ppm Cd exposure. Further, HFD blunted the response of metallothionein, a major Cd detoxification protein, in mice exposed to 5 ppm Cd but enhanced the response in mice exposed to 0.5 ppm Cd, suggesting a possible mechanism for Cd alteration of HFD-induced NAFLD. These results confirm the multi-hit nature of NAFLD and show whole life, low dose Cd exposure alters HFD-induced NAFLD with outcomes dependent on Cd concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,The Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jianxiang Xu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Qian Lin
- Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA,Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA,Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA,The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,Corresponding author: Dr. Lu Cai, Pediatric Research Institute, 570 S. Preston St., Baxter Building I, Suite 304F, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. . Phone: +1-502-852-2214
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10
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Zelko IN, Taylor BS, Das TP, Watson WH, Sithu ID, Wahlang B, Malovichko MV, Cave MC, Srivastava S. Effect of vinyl chloride exposure on cardiometabolic toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:245-255. [PMID: 34717031 PMCID: PMC8724461 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is an organochlorine mainly used to manufacture its polymer polyvinyl chloride, which is extensively used in the manufacturing of consumer products. Recent studies suggest that chronic low dose VC exposure affects glucose homeostasis in high fat diet-fed mice. Our data suggest that even in the absence of high fat diet, exposure to VC (0.8 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 day/week, for 12 weeks) induces glucose intolerance (1.0 g/kg, i.p.) in male C57BL/6 mice. This was accompanied with the depletion of hepatic glutathione and a modest increase in lung interstitial macrophages. VC exposure did not affect the levels of circulating immune cells, endothelial progenitor cells, platelet-immune cell aggregates, and cytokines and chemokines. The acute challenge of VC-exposed mice with LPS did not affect lung immune cell composition or plasma IL-6. To examine the effect of VC exposure on vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, LDL receptor-KO mice on C57BL/6 background maintained on western diet were exposed to VC for 12 weeks (0.8 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 day/week). Unlike the WT C57BL/6 mice, VC exposure did not affect glucose tolerance in the LDL receptor-KO mice. Plasma cytokines, lesion area in the aortic valve, and markers of lesional inflammation in VC-exposed LDL receptor-KO mice were comparable with the air-exposed controls. Collectively, despite impaired glucose tolerance and modest pulmonary inflammation, chronic low dose VC exposure does not affect surrogate markers of cardiovascular injury, LPS-induced acute inflammation in C57BL/6 mice, and chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis in the LDL receptor-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor N. Zelko
- Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Breandon S. Taylor
- Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Trinath P. Das
- Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Walter H. Watson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Israel D. Sithu
- Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Banrida Wahlang
- Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Marina V. Malovichko
- Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
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11
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Wahlang B, Gripshover TC, Gao H, Krivokhizhina T, Keith RJ, Sithu ID, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A, McClain CJ, Srivastava S, Cave MC. Associations Between Residential Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Liver Injury Markers. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:50-63. [PMID: 34668566 PMCID: PMC8714366 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been associated with numerous health complications including steatohepatitis and liver cancer. However, the potential impact of environmental/residential VOC exposures on liver health and function is largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, the objective of this cross-sectional study is to investigate associations between VOCs and liver injury biomarkers in community residents. Subjects were recruited from six Louisville neighborhoods, and informed consent was obtained. Exposure biomarkers included 16 creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites corresponding to 12 parent VOCs. Serological disease biomarkers measured included cytokertain-18 (K18 M65 and M30), liver enzymes, and direct bilirubin. Associations between exposure and disease biomarkers were assessed using generalized linear models. Smoking status was confirmed through urinary cotinine levels. The population comprised of approximately 60% females and 40% males; White persons accounted 78% of the population; with more nonsmokers (n = 413) than smokers (n = 250). When compared with nonsmokers, males (45%) and Black persons (26%) were more likely to be smokers. In the overall population, metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, crotonaldehyde, styrene, and xylene were positively associated with alkaline phosphatase. These associations persisted in smokers, with the exception of crotonaldehyde, and addition of N,N-dimethylformamide and propylene oxide metabolites. Although no positive associations were observed for K18 M30, the benzene metabolite was positively associated with bilirubin, irrespective of smoking status. Taken together, the results demonstrated that selected VOCs were positively associated with liver injury biomarkers. These findings will enable better risk assessment and identification of populations vulnerable to liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Tyler C Gripshover
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Hong Gao
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Tatiana Krivokhizhina
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Rachel J Keith
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Israel D Sithu
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, the School of Public Health and Information Sciences, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Mathew C Cave
- Superfund Research Center, the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- The Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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12
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Beier JI, Arteel GE. Environmental exposure as a risk-modifying factor in liver diseases: Knowns and unknowns. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3768-3778. [PMID: 35024305 PMCID: PMC8727918 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are considered to predominantly possess an inherited or xenobiotic etiology. However, inheritance drives the ability to appropriately adapt to environmental stressors, and disease is the culmination of a maladaptive response. Thus “pure” genetic and “pure” xenobiotic liver diseases are modified by each other and other factors, identified or unknown. The purpose of this review is to highlight the knowledgebase of environmental exposure as a potential risk modifying agent for the development of liver disease by other causes. This exercise is not to argue that all liver diseases have an environmental component, but to challenge the assumption that the current state of our knowledge is sufficient in all cases to conclusively dismiss this as a possibility. This review also discusses key new tools and approaches that will likely be critical to address this question in the future. Taken together, identifying the key gaps in our understanding is critical for the field to move forward, or at the very least to “know what we don't know.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane I. Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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13
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Schnegelberger RD, Lang AL, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Environmental toxicant-induced maladaptive mitochondrial changes: A potential unifying mechanism in fatty liver disease? Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3756-3767. [PMID: 35024304 PMCID: PMC8727895 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to industrial chemicals are well known to cause hepatotoxicity and liver injury. However, despite extensive evidence showing that exposure can lead to disease, current research approaches and regulatory policies fail to address the possibility that subtle changes caused by low level exposure to chemicals may also enhance preexisting conditions. In recent years, the conceptual understanding of the contribution of environmental chemicals to liver disease has progressed significantly. Mitochondria are often target of toxicity of environmental toxicants resulting in multisystem disorders involving different cells, tissues, and organs. Here, we review persistent maladaptive changes to mitochondria in response to environmental toxicant exposure as a mechanism of hepatotoxicity. With better understanding of the mechanism(s) and risk factors that mediate the initiation and progression of toxicant-induced liver disease, rational targeted therapy can be developed to better predict risk, as well as to treat or prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina D. Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anna L. Lang
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Juliane I. Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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14
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Zelko IN, Dassanayaka S, Malovichko MV, Howard CM, Garrett LF, Uchida S, Brittian KR, Conklin DJ, Jones SP, Srivastava S. Chronic Benzene Exposure Aggravates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:64-76. [PMID: 34718823 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant abundant in household products, petrochemicals and cigarette smoke. Benzene is a well-known carcinogen in humans and experimental animals; however, little is known about the cardiovascular toxicity of benzene. Recent population-based studies indicate that benzene exposure is associated with an increased risk for heart failure. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether benzene exposure is sufficient to induce and/or exacerbate heart failure. We examined the effects of benzene (50 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks) or HEPA-filtered air exposure on transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced pressure overload in male C57BL/6J mice. Our data show that benzene exposure had no effect on cardiac function in the Sham group; however, it significantly compromised cardiac function as depicted by a significant decrease in fractional shortening and ejection fraction, as compared with TAC/Air-exposed mice. RNA-seq analysis of the cardiac tissue from the TAC/benzene-exposed mice showed a significant increase in several genes associated with adhesion molecules, cell-cell adhesion, inflammation, and stress response. In particular, neutrophils were implicated in our unbiased analyses. Indeed, immunofluorescence studies showed that TAC/benzene exposure promotes infiltration of CD11b+/S100A8+/myeloperoxidase+-positive neutrophils in the hearts by 3-fold. In vitro, the benzene metabolites, hydroquinone and catechol, induced the expression of P-selectin in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by 5-fold and increased the adhesion of neutrophils to these endothelial cells by 1.5-2.0-fold. Benzene metabolite-induced adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelial cells was attenuated by anti-P-selectin antibody. Together, these data suggest that benzene exacerbates heart failure by promoting endothelial activation and neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor N Zelko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center.,Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sujith Dassanayaka
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center.,Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Caitlin M Howard
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Lauren F Garrett
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Kenneth R Brittian
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center.,Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Steven P Jones
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center.,Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
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15
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Jia J, Chen SQ, Pan WZ, Yu SN, Zhao XT, Hao Y, Shen YM, Cheng Y, Wei CL, Tian FJ, Yan XY, Qiu YL. Mechanism of subchronic vinyl chloride exposure combined with a high-fat diet on hepatic steatosis. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:490-505. [PMID: 34601724 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a common industrial organic chlorine and environmental pollutant. In recent years, the dietary structure of residents especially Chinese has gradually shifted to western dietary patterns. VC aggravates dietary fatty acid-induced hepatic steatosis, but its mechanism is still unclear. And if the risk factors for steatosis persist, more severe diseases such as fibrosis and cirrhosis will occur. Therefore, we studied the effects and mechanisms of VC (160 and 800 mg/m3 ) and its metabolite (chloroacetaldehyde, 2.25, 4.5, and 9 μM) on hepatic steatosis of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and palmitic acid (PA, 100 μM) treated HepG2 cells. Liver and serum biochemical indicators and pathological staining of the liver showed that the hepatic steatosis of VC combined with HFD groups was more severe than that of single-exposure groups (HFD group, low-dose VC group, and high-dose VC group). Moreover, VC enhanced HFD-induced oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and further upregulated the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and FAS. Besides, antioxidants and ERS inhibitors reduced the steatosis of HepG2 cells induced by VC metabolites and PA. These results suggest that VC exposure can enhance the degree of hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. VC combined with HFD led to OS and ERS and upregulated the expression of de novo lipogenesis-related proteins, which may be related to the occurrence of hepatic steatosis. And the increased expression of CYP2E1 induced by VC combined with HFD may be the cause of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shi-Qi Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei-Zhe Pan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong-Mei Shen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Cai-Ling Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng-Jie Tian
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Lan Qiu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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16
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Guardiola JJ, Hardesty JE, Beier JI, Prough RA, McClain CJ, Cave MC. Plasma Metabolomics Analysis of Polyvinyl Chloride Workers Identifies Altered Processes and Candidate Biomarkers for Hepatic Hemangiosarcoma and Its Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5093. [PMID: 34065028 PMCID: PMC8150673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-level occupational vinyl chloride (VC) exposures have been associated with hepatic hemangiosarcoma, which typically develops following a long latency period. Although VC is genotoxic, a more comprehensive mode of action has not been determined and diagnostic biomarkers have not been established. The purpose of this study is to address these knowledge gaps through plasma metabolomics. METHODS Plasma samples from polyvinyl chloride polymerization workers who developed hemangiosarcoma (cases, n = 15) and VC exposure-matched controls (n = 17) underwent metabolomic analysis. Random forest and bioinformatic analyses were performed. RESULTS Cases and controls had similar demographics and routine liver biochemistries. Mass spectroscopy identified 606 known metabolites. Random forest analysis had an 82% predictive accuracy for group classification. 60 metabolites were significantly increased and 44 were decreased vs. controls. Taurocholate, bradykinin and fibrin degradation product 2 were up-regulated by greater than 80-fold. The naturally occurring anti-angiogenic phenol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, was down-regulated 5-fold. Top affected ontologies involved: (i) metabolism of bile acids, taurine, cholesterol, fatty acids and amino acids; (ii) inflammation and oxidative stress; and (iii) nicotinic cholinergic signaling. CONCLUSIONS The plasma metabolome was differentially regulated in polyvinyl chloride workers who developed hepatic hemangiosarcoma. Ontologies potentially involved in hemangiosarcoma pathogenesis and candidate biomarkers were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Guardiola
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (J.J.G.); (J.E.H.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Josiah E. Hardesty
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (J.J.G.); (J.E.H.); (C.J.M.)
- Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville Division of Gastroenterology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Juliane I. Beier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Russell A. Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (J.J.G.); (J.E.H.); (C.J.M.)
- Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville Division of Gastroenterology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- The UofL Health—Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- The University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (J.J.G.); (J.E.H.); (C.J.M.)
- Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville Division of Gastroenterology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- The UofL Health—Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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17
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Kaelin BR, McKenzie CM, Hempel KW, Lang AL, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Adipose tissue-liver crosstalk during pathologic changes caused by vinyl chloride metabolites in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115068. [PMID: 32445754 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as vinyl chloride (VC), can be directly toxic at high concentrations. However, we have shown that 'nontoxic' exposures to VC and its metabolite chloroethanol (CE) enhances experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), suggesting an unpredicted interaction. Importantly, VOC exposure has been identified as a potential risk factor for the development of obesity and its sequelae in humans. As there is a known axis between adipose and hepatic tissue in NAFLD, the impact of CE on white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and lipolysis was investigated. Mice were administered CE (or vehicle) once, after 10 weeks of being fed high-fat or low-fat diet (LFD). CE significantly enhanced hepatic steatosis and inflammation caused by HFD. HFD significantly increased the size of epididymal fat pads, which was enhanced by CE. The relative size of adipocyte lipid droplets increased by HFD + CE, which was also correlated with increased expression of lipid-associated proteins (e.g., PLINs). CE also enhanced HFD-induced indices of WAT inflammation, and ER stress. Hepatic-derived circulating FGF21, a major modulator of WAT lipolysis, which is hypothesized to thereby regulate hepatic steatosis, was significantly increased by CE in animals fed HFD. Taken together these data support the hypothesis that environmental toxicant exposure can exacerbate the severity of NAFLD/NASH, involving the liver-adipose axis in this process. Specifically, CE enhances local inflammation and alters lipid metabolism and WAT-mediated hepatic steatosis due to changes in WAT lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna R Kaelin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Collin M McKenzie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Karl W Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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18
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Wahlang B, Hardesty JE, Head KZ, Jin J, Falkner KC, Prough RA, Cave MC, Beier JI. Hepatic Injury Caused by the Environmental Toxicant Vinyl Chloride is Sex-Dependent in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:79-91. [PMID: 31774537 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC), a common industrial chemical, has been associated with hemangiosarcoma and toxicant-associated steatohepatitis (TASH) in men working at rubber-production plants. Our group previously demonstrated that chronic VC inhalation at environmentally relevant levels (< 1 ppm) in male mice exacerbated hepatic injury caused by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Because VC studies on TASH have only been performed in male models, the objective of this study is to examine VC inhalation in female mice in the context of TASH mechanisms. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were fed either a low-fat diet or HFD and exposed to VC or room air using an inhalation chamber, for 12 weeks (6 h, 5 days/week); and plasma and liver samples were collected after euthanasia. Compared with males, females were less susceptible to HFD+VC-induced obesogenic effects demonstrated by lower body weight and fat composition. Histological analysis revealed that whereas VC exacerbated HFD-induced steatosis in males, this effect was absent in females. In addition, females were more resistant to VC-induced hepatic inflammation whereas males had increased liver weights and higher hepatic Tnfα mRNA levels. Systemic markers of hepatic injury, namely alanine aminotransaminase and thrombin/antithrombin levels were increased by HFD+VC co-exposures only in males. In addition, females did not show significant cell death as previously reported in males. Taken together, the results suggested that VC inhalation led to sex-dependent liver and metabolic toxicity. This study implicated the importance of assessing sex differences in environmental basic science and epidemiologic studies to better identify at-risk populations in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- UofL Superfund Research Center; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kimberly Z Head
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Keith C Falkner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- UofL Superfund Research Center; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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19
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Lang AL, Goldsmith WT, Schnegelberger RD, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Vinyl Chloride and High-Fat Diet as a Model of Environment and Obesity Interaction. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 31984951 DOI: 10.3791/60351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC), an abundant environmental contaminant, causes steatohepatitis at high levels, but is considered safe at lower levels. Although several studies have investigated the role of VC as a direct hepatotoxicant, the concept that VC modifies sensitivity of the liver to other factors, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by high-fat diet (HFD) is novel. This protocol describes an exposure paradigm to evaluate the effects of chronic, low-level exposure to VC. Mice are acclimated to low-fat or high-fat diet one week prior to the beginning of the inhalation exposure and remain on these diets throughout the experiment. Mice are exposed to VC (sub-OSHA level: <1 ppm) or room air in inhalation chambers for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for up to 12 weeks. Animals are monitored weekly for body weight gain and food consumption. This model of VC exposure causes no overt liver injury with VC inhalation alone. However, the combination of VC and HFD significantly enhances liver disease. A technical advantage of this co-exposure model is the whole-body exposure, without restraint. Moreover, the conditions more closely resemble a very common human situation of a combined exposure to VC with underlying nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and therefore support the novel hypothesis that VC is an environmental risk factor for the development of liver damage as a complication of obesity (i.e., NAFLD). This work challenges the paradigm that the current exposure limits of VC (occupational and environmental) are safe. The use of this model can shed new light and concern on the risks of VC exposure. This model of toxicant-induced liver injury can be used for other volatile organic compounds and to study other interactions that may impact the liver and other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville
| | - William T Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University; Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh;
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20
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Cichocki JA, Luo YS, Furuya S, Venkatratnam A, Konganti K, Chiu WA, Threadgill DW, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Modulation of Tetrachloroethylene-Associated Kidney Effects by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver or Steatohepatitis in Male C57BL/6J Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:126-137. [PMID: 30202895 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accounting for genetic and other (eg, underlying disease states) factors that may lead to inter-individual variability in susceptibility to xenobiotic-induced injury is a challenge in human health assessments. A previous study demonstrated that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the common underlying disease states, enhances tetrachloroethylene (PERC)-associated hepatotoxicity in mice. Interestingly, NAFLD resulted in a decrease in metabolism of PERC to nephrotoxic glutathione conjugates; we therefore hypothesized that NAFLD would protect against PERC-associated nephrotoxicity. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat (LFD), high-fat (31% fat, HFD), or high-fat methionine/choline/folate-deficient (31% fat, MCD) diets. After 8 weeks mice were administered either a single dose of PERC (300 mg/kg i.g.) and euthanized at 1-36 h post dose, or five daily doses of PERC (300 mg/kg/d i.g.) and euthanized 4 h after last dose. Relative to LFD-fed mice, HFD- or MCD-fed mice exhibited decreased PERC concentrations and increased trichloroacetate (TCA) in kidneys. S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG), S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (TCVC), and N-acetyl-S-(1,2,2,-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (NAcTCVC) were also significantly lower in kidney and urine of HFD- or MCD-fed mice compared with LFD-fed mice. Despite differences in levels of nephrotoxic PERC metabolites in kidney, LFD- and MCD-fed mice demonstrated similar degree of nephrotoxicity. However, HFD-fed mice were less sensitive to PERC-induced nephrotoxicity. Thus, whereas both MCD- and HFD-induced fatty liver reduced the delivered dose of nephrotoxic PERC metabolites to the kidney, only HFD was protective against PERC-induced nephrotoxicity, possibly due to greater toxicodynamic sensitivity induced by methyl and choline deficiency. These results therefore demonstrate that pre-existing disease conditions can lead to a complex interplay of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic changes that modulate susceptibility to the toxicity of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
| | | | | | | | | | - David W Threadgill
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
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21
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Wang Q, Zhang L, Chen SQ, Ma WY, Guo YL, Gao Y, Tian FJ, Qiu YL. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in vinyl chloride-induced hepatic steatosis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 381:114730. [PMID: 31445928 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a common industrial organochlorine, shown to cause hepatic angiosarcoma and hepatic steatosis. However, the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and oxidative stress (OS) in hepatic steatosis after subchronic exposure to VC in mice, is unclear. Based on body weight, forty healthy SPF male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into a control group and three VC exposure groups (57.3, 286.7, and 1433.6 ppm) (n = 10 each). VC was administered by static inhalation in a 50 L sealed plexiglass inhalation chamber for 2 h per day, five days per week for 16 weeks. Serum and liver tissues were analyzed for liver enzymes and lipids. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and OS related indicators malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. The mRNA expressions of ERS downstream genes, including glycoregulatory protein-78 (GRP-78), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and their protein levels examined by western blotting. The CYP2E1 levels increased after VC administration in a dose-dependent manner. MDA levels increased (P < .05) and SOD and GSH levels decreased (P < .05) in the liver of each group with the increase in the dose of VC. ERS and expressions of downstream genes (GRP-78, SREBP-1, ACC, and FAS) were enhanced after VC administration. These results suggested that OS and ERS could be induced by VC, which may lead to an increase in fatty acid synthesis in the liver, further aggravating hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shi-Qi Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen-Yan Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan-Lin Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng-Jie Tian
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Lan Qiu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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22
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Wang CW, Chuang HY, Liao KW, Yu ML, Dai CY, Chang WT, Tsai CH, Chiang HC, Huang PC. Urinary thiodiglycolic acid is associated with increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children living near a petrochemical complex. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104978. [PMID: 31325714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational and experimental studies have revealed that high vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) exposure is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Epidemiological study reported that children living near a petrochemical complex have elevated exposure levels of urinary thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA), a potential VCM biomarker. However, no studies on the association of urinary TDGA exposure with NAFLD in children are available. AIM To assess the association of pediatric NAFLD with urinary TDGA exposure in school-aged children living near a petrochemical complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 261 school-aged children (aged 6-13 years) living near a petrochemical complex were recruited during October 2013 to September 2014. First morning spot urine was sampled for analyzing urinary TDGA through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Ultrasonography and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were examined in each participant. NAFLD was diagnosed as recommended by the North American and European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN and ESPGHAN). Risk for NAFLD with urinary TDGA exposure in children was evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS The percentage of children with NAFLDNASPGHAN and NAFLDESPGHAN were 9.6% and 11.5%, respectively. Median levels (μg/g creatinine) of urinary TDGA of children with NAFLDNASPGHAN (vs non-NAFLDNASPGHAN) and NAFLDESPGHAN (vs non-NAFLDESPGHAN) were 118.0 (vs 96.6) and 113.1 (vs 96.5), respectively. Participants in the highest urinary TDGA quartile (Q4: ≥160.0 μg/g creatinine) had a significantly increased risk (odds ratio [OR] = 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-21.38; P = 0.032) and dose-response trend (Ptrend = 0.045) for NAFLDNASPGHAN compared with those in the lowest urinary TDGA quartile (Q1: <35.4 μg/g creatinine) after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, triglycerides, HOMA-IR and distance of elementary schools from the petrochemical complex. Participants in the Q4 had borderline significantly increased risk (OR = 3.45; 95% CI = 0.89-13.42; P = 0.074) correlated with NAFLDESPGHAN compared with those in the Q1 after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that children exposed to higher urinary TDGA levels significantly increased pediatric NAFLD risk. Serum ALT levels can be a useful predictor for screening children's NAFLD in field studies. Large and longitudinal studies are warranted to elucidate the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Liao
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsan Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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23
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Lang AL, Krueger AM, Schnegelberger RD, Kaelin BR, Rakutt MJ, Chen L, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Rapamycin attenuates liver injury caused by vinyl chloride metabolite chloroethanol and lipopolysaccharide in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 382:114745. [PMID: 31499194 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a prevalent environmental toxicant that is rapidly metabolized within the liver. Its metabolites have been shown to directly cause hepatic injury at high exposure levels. We have previously reported that VC metabolite, chloroethanol (CE), potentiates liver injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Importantly, that study showed that CE alone, while not causing damage per se, was sufficient to alter hepatic metabolism and increase mTOR phosphorylation in mice, suggesting a possible role for the mTOR pathway. Here, we explored the effect of an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, in this model. C57BL/6 J mice were administered CE, followed by rapamycin 1 h and LPS 24 h later. As observed previously, the combination of CE and LPS significantly enhanced liver injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation. Rapamycin attenuated not only inflammation, but also restored the metabolic phenotype and protected against CE + LPS-induced oxidative stress. Importantly, rapamycin protected against mitochondrial damage and subsequent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The protective effect on mitochondrial function by rapamycin was mediated, by restoring the integrity of the electron transport chain at least in part, by blunting the deactivation of mitochondrial c-src, which is involved mitochondrial ROS production by electron transport chain leakage. Taken together, these results further demonstrate a significant role of mTOR-mediated pathways in VC-metabolite induced liver injury and provide further insight into VC-associated hepatic damage. As mTOR mediated pathways are very complex and rapamycin is a more global inhibitor, more specific mTOR (i.e. mTORC1) inhibitors should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Austin M Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Brenna R Kaelin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Maxwell J Rakutt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Liya Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America.
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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24
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Wahlang B, Jin J, Beier JI, Hardesty JE, Daly EF, Schnegelberger RD, Falkner KC, Prough RA, Kirpich IA, Cave MC. Mechanisms of Environmental Contributions to Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:80-94. [PMID: 31134516 PMCID: PMC6698418 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty liver disease (FLD) affects over 25% of the global population and may lead to liver-related mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. FLD caused by occupational and environmental chemical exposures is termed "toxicant-associated steatohepatitis" (TASH). The current review addresses the scientific progress made in the mechanistic understanding of TASH since its initial description in 2010. RECENT FINDINGS Recently discovered modes of actions for volatile organic compounds and persistent organic pollutants include the following: (i) the endocrine-, metabolism-, and signaling-disrupting chemical hypotheses; (ii) chemical-nutrient interactions and the "two-hit" hypothesis. These key hypotheses were then reviewed in the context of the steatosis adverse outcome pathway (AOP) proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The conceptual understanding of the contribution of environmental exposures to FLD has progressed significantly. However, because this is a new research area, more studies including mechanistic human data are required to address current knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Erica F Daly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, 40206, USA.
- The Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Kosair Charities Clinical & Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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25
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Lang AL, Beier JI. Interaction of volatile organic compounds and underlying liver disease: a new paradigm for risk. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1237-1248. [PMID: 29924722 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to industrial chemicals are known to cause hepatotoxicity and liver injury, in humans and in animal models. Historically, research has focused on severe acute liver injury (e.g. fulminant liver failure) or endstage diseases (e.g. cirrhosis and HCC). However, it has become recently recognized that toxicants can cause more subtle changes to the liver. For example, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis, characterized by hepatic steatosis, and inflammation, was recently recognized in an occupational cohort exposed to vinyl chloride. At high occupational levels, toxicants are sufficient to cause liver damage and disease even in healthy subjects with no comorbidities for liver injury. However, it is still largely unknown how exposure to toxicants initiate and possibly more importantly exacerbate liver disease, when combined with other factors, such as underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease caused by poor diet and/or obesity. With better understanding of the mechanism(s) and risk factors that mediate the initiation and progression of toxicant-induced liver disease, rational targeted therapy can be developed to better predict risk, as well as to treat or prevent this disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize established and proposed mechanisms of volatile organic compound-induced liver injury and to highlight key signaling events known or hypothesized to mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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26
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Chen L, Lang AL, Poff GD, Ding WX, Beier JI. Vinyl chloride-induced interaction of nonalcoholic and toxicant-associated steatohepatitis: Protection by the ALDH2 activator Alda-1. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101205. [PMID: 31026768 PMCID: PMC6479707 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC), an abundant environmental contaminant causes steatohepatitis at high levels, but is considered safe at lower (i.e., sub-OSHA) levels. However, we have previously shown that even lower VC levels exacerbate experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by high-fat diet (HFD). Mitochondrial oxidative injury and subsequent metabolic dysfunction appeared to play key roles in mediating this interaction. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) serves as a key line of defense against endogenous and exogenous reactive aldehydes. The current study therefore tests the hypothesis that allosteric activation of ALDH2 with Alda-1 will protect against VC-enhanced NAFLD. Mice were exposed to low VC concentrations (<1 ppm), or room air for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks, while on HFD or low-fat control diet (LFD). Some mice received Alda-1 (20 mg/kg i.p., 3 × /week) for the last 3 weeks of diet/VC exposure. Indices of liver injury, oxidative stress, metabolic and mitochondrial (dys)function were measured. As observed previously, low-dose VC did not cause liver injury in control mice; while liver injury caused by HFD was enhanced by VC. VC decreased hepatic ALDH2 activity of mice fed HFD. Alda-1 attenuated oxidative stress, liver injury, and dysmetabolism in mice exposed to HFD+VC under these conditions. Importantly, alterations in mitochondrial function caused by VC and HFD were diminished by Alda-1. Previous studies have indicated that liver injury caused by HFD is mediated, at least in part, by enhanced mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). Here, Alda-1 suppressed PINK1/PARKIN-mediated mitophagy. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that ALDH2 is a critical defense against mitochondrial injury caused by VC in experimental NAFLD. The ALDH2 activator Alda-1 conferred protection against liver damage under these conditions, most likely via increasing clearance of aldehydes and preserving mitochondrial respiratory function. VC, combined with HFD impairs ALDH2 function, causing an accumulation of endogenous aldehydes and oxidative stress in vivo. VC metabolite chloroacetaldehyde directly blocks ALDH2 activity in vitro. Alda-1 treatment reverses pre-established liver injury, oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation caused by VC and HFD. Alda-1 increases overall autophagy caused by VC+HFD, but decreases mitophagy, likely to preserve mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Anna L Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Gavin D Poff
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Bassler J, Ducatman A, Elliott M, Wen S, Wahlang B, Barnett J, Cave MC. Environmental perfluoroalkyl acid exposures are associated with liver disease characterized by apoptosis and altered serum adipocytokines. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:1055-1063. [PMID: 30823334 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are associated with increased liver enzymes in cohort studies including the C8 Health Study. In animal models, PFAAs disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism and induce apoptosis to cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). PFAAs are immunotoxic and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine release from stimulated leukocytes in vitro. This cross-sectional study tests the hypothesis that environmental PFAAs are associated with increased hepatocyte apoptosis and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum. Biomarkers previously associated with PFAS exposures and/or NAFLD were evaluated as secondary endpoints. Two hundred adult C8 Health Study participants were included. Measured serum biomarkers included: perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS); perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA); perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA); cytokeratin 18 M30 (CK18 M30, hepatocyte apoptosis); adipocytokines; insulin; and cleaved complement 3 (C3a). Confounder-adjusted linear regression models determined associations between PFAS and disease biomarkers with cut-offs determined by classification and regression tree analysis. CK18 M30 was positively associated with PFHxS (β = 0.889, p = 0.042); PFOA (β = 2.1, p = 0.005); and PFNA (β = 0.567, p = 0.03). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) was inversely associated with PFHxS (β = -0.799, p = 0.001); PFOA (β = - 1.242, p = 0.001); and PFOS (β = -0.704, p < 0.001). Interleukin 8 was inversely associated with PFOS and PFNA. PFAAs were also associated with sexually dimorphic adipocytokine and C3a responses. Overall, PFAA exposures were associated with the novel combination of increased biomarkers of hepatocyte apoptosis and decreased serum TNFα. These data support previous findings from cohorts and experimental systems that PFAAs may cause liver injury while downregulated some aspects of the immune response. Further studies of PFAAs in NAFLD are warranted and should evaluate sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bassler
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Alan Ducatman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Meenal Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Banrida Wahlang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - John Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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28
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Teschke R. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Alcohol Metabolism, Cascade of Molecular Mechanisms, Cellular Targets, and Clinical Aspects. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E106. [PMID: 30424581 PMCID: PMC6316574 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is the result of cascade events, which clinically first lead to alcoholic fatty liver, and then mostly via alcoholic steatohepatitis or alcoholic hepatitis potentially to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathogenetic events are linked to the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde as its first oxidation product generated via hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), which depends on cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1), and is inducible by chronic alcohol use. MEOS induction accelerates the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde that facilitates organ injury including the liver, and it produces via CYP 2E1 many reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ethoxy radical, hydroxyethyl radical, acetyl radical, singlet radical, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, alkoxyl radical, and peroxyl radical. These attack hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and their signaling mediators such as interleukins, interferons, and growth factors, help to initiate liver injury including fibrosis and cirrhosis in susceptible individuals with specific risk factors. Through CYP 2E1-dependent ROS, more evidence is emerging that alcohol generates lipid peroxides and modifies the intestinal microbiome, thereby stimulating actions of endotoxins produced by intestinal bacteria; lipid peroxides and endotoxins are potential causes that are involved in alcoholic liver injury. Alcohol modifies SIRT1 (Sirtuin-1; derived from Silent mating type Information Regulation) and SIRT2, and most importantly, the innate and adapted immune systems, which may explain the individual differences of injury susceptibility. Metabolic pathways are also influenced by circadian rhythms, specific conditions known from living organisms including plants. Open for discussion is a 5-hit working hypothesis, attempting to define key elements involved in injury progression. In essence, although abundant biochemical mechanisms are proposed for the initiation and perpetuation of liver injury, patients with an alcohol problem benefit from permanent alcohol abstinence alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Leimenstrasse 20, D-63450 Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Liang Y, Lang AL, Zhang J, Chen J, Wang K, Chen L, Beier JI, Qian Y, Cai L. Exposure to Vinyl Chloride and Its Influence on Western Diet-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:482-493. [PMID: 29727174 PMCID: PMC6167925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, usually caused by high fat diets (HFD), is a major public health issue worldwide, causing obesity associated cardiomyopathy. Moreover, the environmental toxicant vinyl chloride (VC) can exacerbate HFD-induced fatty liver disease. However, whether VC serves to enhance obesity-associated cardiomyopathy remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the interaction of western diet (WD) containing relatively low fat (42%) with VC on cardiac remodeling and its underling mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to WD coinhalation of low-dose VC (<1 ppm/d) for 12 weeks. Results showed that WD feeding for 12 weeks caused slight cardiac systolic dysfunction without significant hypertrophy or fibrosis, even with VC. Nevertheless, WD upregulated NF-κB function and expression of IL-1β and PAI-1, while VC showed no significant impact on these effects. In contrast, WD together with VC significantly increased the expression of CHOP and TGF-β1, key markers for endoplasmic reticulum stress and profibrotic cytokine, respectively. In summary, exposure to low-dose of environmental toxicant VC while a WD is consumed for a relatively short time does not have significant impact on cardiac remodeling except for a mild systolic dysfunction of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Anna L. Lang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- Department of Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- The Center of Cardiovascular Disorders, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Liya Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- Department of Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Juliane I. Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- Department of Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Yan Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- The Center of Cardiovascular Disorders, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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30
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Fujiwara R. Exposure to sub-parts per million levels of vinyl chloride can increase the risk of developing liver injury. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:227-229. [PMID: 29507897 PMCID: PMC5831025 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockAR
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