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Lee EY, Kim J, Prado-Rico JM, Du G, Lewis MM, Kong L, Yanosky JD, Eslinger P, Kim BG, Hong YS, Mailman RB, Huang X. Effects of mixed metal exposures on MRI diffusion features in the medial temporal lobe. Neurotoxicology 2024:S0161-813X(24)00123-2. [PMID: 39395642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposure to metal mixtures is common and may be associated with increased risk for neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. This study examined associations of mixed metal exposures with medial temporal lobe (MTL) MRI structural metrics and neuropsychological performance. METHODS Metal exposure history, whole blood metal, MRI R1 (1/T1) and R2* (1/T2*) metrics (estimates of brain Mn and Fe, respectively), and neuropsychological tests were obtained from subjects with/without a history of mixed metal exposure from welding fumes (42 exposed subjects; 31 controls). MTL structures (hippocampus, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices) were assessed by morphologic (volume or cortical thickness) and diffusion tensor imaging [mean (MD), axial (AxD), radial diffusivity (RD), and fractional anisotropy (FA)] metrics. In exposed subjects, effects of mixed metal exposure on MTL structural and neuropsychological metrics were examined. RESULTS Compared to controls, exposed subjects displayed higher MD, AxD, and RD throughout all MTL ROIs (p's<0.001) with no morphological differences. They also had poorer performance in processing/psychomotor speed, executive, and visuospatial domains (p's<0.046). Long-term mixed metal exposure history indirectly predicted lower processing speed performance via lower parahippocampal FA (p's<0.023). Higher entorhinal R1 and whole blood Mn and Cu levels predicted higher entorhinal diffusivity (p's<0.043) and lower Delayed Story Recall performance (p=0.007). DISCUSSION Mixed metal exposure predicted certain MTL structural and neuropsychological features that are similar to those detected in Alzheimer's disease at-risk populations. These data warrant follow-up as they may illuminate a potential path for environmental exposure to brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease-related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South-Korea.
| | - Juhee Kim
- Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South-Korea
| | - Janina Manzieri Prado-Rico
- Departments of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Departments of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Departments of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Jeff D Yanosky
- Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Paul Eslinger
- Departments of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Radiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Departments of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Departments of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Radiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virgina, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Qi Z, Xiong H, Zhuo J, Cao D, Liu H, Shi W, Lang Y, Liu Y, Zhang G, Jiang T. Intracranial EEGs evidenced visual object processing in the human medial temporal lobe subregions. Neuroscience 2024; 555:205-212. [PMID: 39053670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PRC) and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) are core regions along the visual dual-stream. The specific functional roles of the PRC and PHC and their interactions with the downstream hippocampus cortex (HPC) are crucial for understanding visual memory. Our research used human intracranial EEGs to study the neural mechanism of the PRC, PHC, and HPC in visual object encoding. Single-regional function analyses found evidence that the PRC, PHC, and HPC are activated ∼100 ms within the broad-gamma band and that the PRC was more strongly activated than either the PHC or the HPC after an object stimulus. Inter-regional analyses showed strong bidirectional interactions of the PRC with both the PHC and HPC in the low-frequency band, whereas the interactions between the PHC and HPC were not significant. These findings demonstrated the core role of the PRC in encoding visual object information and supported the hypothesis of PRC-HPC-ventral object pathway. The recruitment of the PHC and its interaction with the PRC in visual object encoding also provide new insights beyond the traditional dorsal-stream hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Qi
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junjie Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiyang Shi
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongcui Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Aviation General Hospital, No. 3 Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yaoling Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Aviation General Hospital, No. 3 Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Aviation General Hospital, No. 3 Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Xiaoxiang Institute for Brain Health and Yongzhou Central Hospital, Yongzhou 425000, Hunan Province, China.
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3
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Mackay S, Reber TP, Bausch M, Boström J, Elger CE, Mormann F. Concept and location neurons in the human brain provide the 'what' and 'where' in memory formation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7926. [PMID: 39256373 PMCID: PMC11387663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Our brains create new memories by capturing the 'who/what', 'where' and 'when' of everyday experiences. On a neuronal level, mechanisms facilitating a successful transfer into episodic memory are still unclear. We investigated this by measuring single neuron activity in the human medial temporal lobe during encoding of item-location associations. While previous research has found predictive effects in population activity in human MTL structures, we could attribute such effects to two specialized sub-groups of neurons: concept cells in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex (EC), and a second group of parahippocampal location-selective neurons. In both item- and location-selective populations, firing rates were significantly higher during successfully encoded trials. These findings are in line with theories of hippocampal indexing, since selective index neurons may act as pointers to neocortical representations. Overall, activation of distinct populations of neurons could directly support the connection of the 'what' and 'where' of episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mackay
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas P Reber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Bausch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Boström
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Florian Mormann
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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4
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Omholt SW, Lejneva R, Donate MJL, Caponio D, Fang EF, Kobro-Flatmoen A. Bnip3 expression is strongly associated with reelin-positive entorhinal cortex layer II neurons. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1617-1629. [PMID: 38916724 PMCID: PMC11374853 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In layer II of the entorhinal cortex, the principal neurons that project to the dentate gyrus and the CA3/2 hippocampal fields markedly express the large glycoprotein reelin (Re + ECLII neurons). In rodents, neurons located at the dorsal extreme of the EC, which border the rhinal fissure, express the highest levels, and the expression gradually decreases at levels successively further away from the rhinal fissure. Here, we test two predictions deducible from the hypothesis that reelin expression is strongly correlated with neuronal metabolic rate. Since the mitochondrial turnover rate serves as a proxy for energy expenditure, the mitophagy rate arguably also qualifies as such. Because messenger RNA of the canonical promitophagic BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) is known to be highly expressed in the EC, we predicted that Bnip3 would be upregulated in Re + ECLII neurons, and that the degree of upregulation would strongly correlate with the expression level of reelin in these neurons. We confirm both predictions, supporting that the energy requirement of Re + ECLII neurons is generally high and that there is a systematic increase in metabolic rate as one moves successively closer to the rhinal fissure. Intriguingly, the systematic variation in energy requirement of the neurons that manifest the observed reelin gradient appears to be consonant with the level of spatial and temporal detail by which they encode information about the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig W Omholt
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Raissa Lejneva
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Jose Lagartos Donate
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Domenica Caponio
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Evandro Fei Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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5
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Whitley K, Briggs SB, Sharma K, Parent MB. Don't ignore the middle: Distinct mnemonic functions of intermediate hippocampus. Hippocampus 2024. [PMID: 39096197 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The dorsal region of the hippocampus (dHC) mediates many of the mnemonic functions traditionally associated with the hippocampus proper, such as spatial and episodic memory, whereas ventral hippocampus (vHC) has been extensively implicated in emotional memory and motivational processes. By contrast, the functions of the intermediate hippocampus (iHC) are far less understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mnemonic functions of iHC by reversibly inactivating iHC prior to testing memory in behavioral tasks dependent on the integrity of dHC, iHC, or vHC, namely, rapid place water maze, inhibitory avoidance, spontaneous alternation, and temporal ordering of odors. Given our previous findings showing that dHC and vHC are involved in mnemonic control of ingestive behavior, we also assessed the effects of iHC inactivation on sucrose intake. The results showed that pharmacological inhibition of iHC impairs rapid place water maze memory, which has been previously shown to be dependent on iHC but not dHC or vHC. iHC inactivation does not impact memory dependent on dHC (spontaneous alternation), vHC (temporal odor memory), or either dHC or vHC (inhibitory avoidance), and only modestly affects sucrose intake. These findings provide support for the involvement of iHC in mnemonic functions that are distinct from dHC and vHC and highlight the need to further advance our understanding of the functions of this hippocampal region that has been relatively understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Whitley
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sherri B Briggs
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karan Sharma
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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McNaughton N, Bannerman D. The homogenous hippocampus: How hippocampal cells process available and potential goals. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 240:102653. [PMID: 38960002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
We present here a view of the firing patterns of hippocampal cells that is contrary, both functionally and anatomically, to conventional wisdom. We argue that the hippocampus responds to efference copies of goals encoded elsewhere; and that it uses these to detect and resolve conflict or interference between goals in general. While goals can involve space, hippocampal cells do not encode spatial (or other special types of) memory, as such. We also argue that the transverse circuits of the hippocampus operate in an essentially homogeneous way along its length. The apparently different functions of different parts (e.g. memory retrieval versus anxiety) result from the different (situational/motivational) inputs on which those parts perform the same fundamental computational operations. On this view, the key role of the hippocampus is the iterative adjustment, via Papez-like circuits, of synaptic weights in cell assemblies elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McNaughton
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, POB56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - David Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, England, UK
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7
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Peshev B, Ivanova P, Krushovlieva D, Kortenska L, Atanasova D, Rashev P, Lazarov N, Tchekalarova J. Predatory Odor Exposure as a Potential Paradigm for Studying Emotional Modulation of Memory Consolidation-The Role of the Noradrenergic Transmission in the Basolateral Amygdala. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6576. [PMID: 38928281 PMCID: PMC11204360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the emotional modulation of hippocampal plasticity and memory consolidation is well-established. Specifically, multiple studies have demonstrated that the activation of the noradrenergic (NA) system within the BLA governs these modulatory effects. However, most current evidence has been obtained by direct infusion of synthetic NA or beta-adrenergic agonists. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of endogenous NA release in the BLA, induced by a natural aversive stimulus (coyote urine), on memory consolidation for a low-arousing, hippocampal-dependent task. Our experiments combined a weak object location task (OLT) version with subsequent mild predator odor exposure (POE). To investigate the role of endogenous NA in the BLA in memory modulation, a subset of the animals (Wistar rats) was treated with the non-selective beta-blocker propranolol at the end of the behavioral procedures. Hippocampal tissue was collected 90 min after drug infusion or after the OLT test, which was performed 24 h later. We used the obtained samples to estimate the levels of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc)-two molecular markers of experience-dependent changes in neuronal activity. The result suggests that POE has the potential to become a valuable behavioral paradigm for studying the interaction between BLA and the hippocampus in memory prioritization and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogomil Peshev
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Petya Ivanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Desislava Krushovlieva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Lidia Kortenska
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Dimitrinka Atanasova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 6003 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Rashev
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nikolai Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (B.P.); (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.); (D.A.)
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Chen L, Liu J, Kang JB, Rosenberg-Lee M, Abrams DA, Menon V. Atypical pattern separation memory and its association with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors in autistic children. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:1503-1518. [PMID: 38263761 PMCID: PMC11132949 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231223354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Memory challenges remain understudied in childhood autism. Our study investigates one specific aspect of memory function, known as pattern separation memory, in autistic children. Pattern separation memory refers to the critical ability to store unique memories of similar stimuli; however, its role in childhood autism remains largely uncharted. Our study first uncovered that the pattern separation memory was significantly reduced in autistic children, and then showed that reduced memory performance was linked to their symptoms of repetitive, restricted interest and behavior. We also identified distinct subgroups with profiles of reduced and increased generalization for pattern separation memory. More than 72% of autistic children showed a tendency to reduce memory generalization, focusing heavily on unique details of objects for memorization. This focus made it challenging for them to identify commonalities across similar entities. Interestingly, a smaller proportion of autistic children displayed an opposite pattern of increased generalization, marked by challenges in differentiating between similar yet distinct objects. Our findings advance the understanding of memory function in autism and have practical implications for devising personalized learning strategies that align with the unique memory patterns exhibited by autistic children. This study will be of broad interest to researchers in psychology, psychiatry, and brain development as well as teachers, parents, clinicians, and the wider public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053
- Neuroscience Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Julia Boram Kang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Miriam Rosenberg-Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Daniel A. Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences
- Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Wan Q, Liu J, Liu T, Sun K, Qin P. Memristor-based circuit design of episodic memory neural network and its application in hurricane category prediction. Neural Netw 2024; 174:106268. [PMID: 38555724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Episodic memory, as a type of long-term memory (LTM), is used to learn and store the unique personal experience. Based on the episodic memory biological mechanism, this paper proposes a bionic episodic memory memristive neural network circuit. The proposed memristive neural network circuit includes a neocortical module, a parahippocampal module and a hippocampus module. The neocortical module with the two paths structure is used to receive the sensory signal, and is also used to separate and transmit the spatial information and the non-spatial information involved in the sensory signal. The parahippocampal module is composed of the parahippocampal cortex-MEA and the perirhinal cortex-LEA, which receives the two types of information from the neocortical module respectively. As the last module, the hippocampus module receives and integrates the output information of the parahippocampal module as well as generates the corresponding episodic memory. Meanwhile, the specific scenario information with the certain temporal signal from the generated episodic memory is also extracted by the hippocampus module. The simulation results in PSPICE show that the proposed memristive neural network circuit can generate the various episodic memories and extract the specific scenario information successfully. By configuring the memristor parameters, the proposed bionic episodic memory memristive neural network circuit can be applied to the hurricane category prediction, which verifies the feasibility of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Wan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Jiong Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Tieqiao Liu
- School of Information, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Dongfang College, Haining 314408, PR China
| | - Kunliang Sun
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Peng Qin
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
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Juvodden HT, Alnæs D, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Server A, Thorsby PM, Westlye LT, Knudsen-Heier S. Cortical thickness and sub-cortical volumes in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1: A brain-wide MRI case-control study. Sleep Med 2024; 116:81-89. [PMID: 38432031 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There was more than a 10-fold increase in the incidence of narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) after the H1N1 mass vaccination in 2009/2010 in several countries. NT1 is associated with loss and increase of cell groups in the hypothalamus which may be associated with secondary affected sub-cortical and cortical gray matter. We performed a case-control comparison of MRI-based global and sub-cortical volume and cortical thickness in post-H1N1 NT1 patients compared with controls. METHODS We included 54 post-H1N1 NT1 patients (51 with confirmed hypocretin-deficiency; 48 H1N1-vaccinated with Pandemrix®; 39 females, mean age 21.8 ± 11.0 years) and 114 healthy controls (77 females, mean age 23.2 ± 9.0 years). 3T MRI brain scans were obtained, and the T1-weighted MRI data were processed using FreeSurfer. Group differences among three global, 10 sub-cortical volume measures and 34 cortical thickness measures for bilateral brain regions were tested using general linear models with permutation testing. RESULTS Patients had significantly thinner brain cortex bilaterally in the temporal poles (Cohen's d = 0.68, p = 0.00080), entorhinal cortex (d = 0.60, p = 0.0018) and superior temporal gyrus (d = 0.60, p = 0.0020) compared to healthy controls. The analysis revealed no significant group differences for sub-cortical volumes. CONCLUSIONS Post-H1N1(largely Pandemrix®-vaccinated) NT1 patients have significantly thinner cortex in temporal brain regions compared to controls. We speculate that this effect can be partly attributed to the hypothalamic neuronal change in NT1, including loss of function of the widely projecting hypocretin-producing neurons and secondary effects of the abnormal sleep-wake pattern in NT1 or could be specific for post-H1N1 (largely Pandemrix®-vaccinated) NT1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde T Juvodden
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway.
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres Server
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per M Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Knudsen-Heier
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (NevSom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Bein O, Davachi L. Event Integration and Temporal Differentiation: How Hierarchical Knowledge Emerges in Hippocampal Subfields through Learning. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0627232023. [PMID: 38129134 PMCID: PMC10919070 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0627-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Everyday life is composed of events organized by changes in contexts, with each event containing an unfolding sequence of occurrences. A major challenge facing our memory systems is how to integrate sequential occurrences within events while also maintaining their details and avoiding over-integration across different contexts. We asked if and how distinct hippocampal subfields come to hierarchically and, in parallel, represent both event context and subevent occurrences with learning. Female and male human participants viewed sequential events defined as sequences of objects superimposed on shared color frames while undergoing high-resolution fMRI. Importantly, these events were repeated to induce learning. Event segmentation, as indexed by increased reaction times at event boundaries, was observed in all repetitions. Temporal memory decisions were quicker for items from the same event compared to across different events, indicating that events shaped memory. With learning, hippocampal CA3 multivoxel activation patterns clustered to reflect the event context, with more clustering correlated with behavioral facilitation during event transitions. In contrast, in the dentate gyrus (DG), temporally proximal items that belonged to the same event became associated with more differentiated neural patterns. A computational model explained these results by dynamic inhibition in the DG. Additional similarity measures support the notion that CA3 clustered representations reflect shared voxel populations, while DG's distinct item representations reflect different voxel populations. These findings suggest an interplay between temporal differentiation in the DG and attractor dynamics in CA3. They advance our understanding of how knowledge is structured through integration and separation across time and context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Bein
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Center for Clinical Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962
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12
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White PA. The perceptual timescape: Perceptual history on the sub-second scale. Cogn Psychol 2024; 149:101643. [PMID: 38452720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2024.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
There is a high-capacity store of brief time span (∼1000 ms) which information enters from perceptual processing, often called iconic memory or sensory memory. It is proposed that a main function of this store is to hold recent perceptual information in a temporally segregated representation, named the perceptual timescape. The perceptual timescape is a continually active representation of change and continuity over time that endows the perceived present with a perceived history. This is accomplished primarily by two kinds of time marking information: time distance information, which marks all items of information in the perceptual timescape according to how far in the past they occurred, and ordinal temporal information, which organises items of information in terms of their temporal order. Added to that is information about connectivity of perceptual objects over time. These kinds of information connect individual items over a brief span of time so as to represent change, persistence, and continuity over time. It is argued that there is a one-way street of information flow from perceptual processing either to the perceived present or directly into the perceptual timescape, and thence to working memory. Consistent with that, the information structure of the perceptual timescape supports postdictive reinterpretations of recent perceptual information. Temporal integration on a time scale of hundreds of milliseconds takes place in perceptual processing and does not draw on information in the perceptual timescape, which is concerned with temporal segregation, not integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A White
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3YG, United Kingdom.
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13
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Torres-Morales C, Cansino S. Brain representations of space and time in episodic memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 24:1-18. [PMID: 38030912 PMCID: PMC10827973 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
All experiences preserved within episodic memory contain information on the space and time of events. The hippocampus is the main brain region involved in processing spatial and temporal information for incorporation within episodic memory representations. However, the other brain regions involved in the encoding and retrieval of spatial and temporal information within episodic memory are unclear, because a systematic review of related studies is lacking and the findings are scattered. The present study was designed to integrate the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide converging evidence. In particular, we focused on identifying the brain regions involved in the retrieval of spatial and temporal information. We identified a spatial retrieval network consisting of the inferior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, angular gyrus, and precuneus. Temporal context retrieval was supported by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Thus, the retrieval of spatial and temporal information is supported by different brain regions, highlighting their different natures within episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Torres-Morales
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Selene Cansino
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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14
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Jiang LP, Rao RPN. Dynamic predictive coding: A model of hierarchical sequence learning and prediction in the neocortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011801. [PMID: 38330098 PMCID: PMC10880975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We introduce dynamic predictive coding, a hierarchical model of spatiotemporal prediction and sequence learning in the neocortex. The model assumes that higher cortical levels modulate the temporal dynamics of lower levels, correcting their predictions of dynamics using prediction errors. As a result, lower levels form representations that encode sequences at shorter timescales (e.g., a single step) while higher levels form representations that encode sequences at longer timescales (e.g., an entire sequence). We tested this model using a two-level neural network, where the top-down modulation creates low-dimensional combinations of a set of learned temporal dynamics to explain input sequences. When trained on natural videos, the lower-level model neurons developed space-time receptive fields similar to those of simple cells in the primary visual cortex while the higher-level responses spanned longer timescales, mimicking temporal response hierarchies in the cortex. Additionally, the network's hierarchical sequence representation exhibited both predictive and postdictive effects resembling those observed in visual motion processing in humans (e.g., in the flash-lag illusion). When coupled with an associative memory emulating the role of the hippocampus, the model allowed episodic memories to be stored and retrieved, supporting cue-triggered recall of an input sequence similar to activity recall in the visual cortex. When extended to three hierarchical levels, the model learned progressively more abstract temporal representations along the hierarchy. Taken together, our results suggest that cortical processing and learning of sequences can be interpreted as dynamic predictive coding based on a hierarchical spatiotemporal generative model of the visual world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxing Preston Jiang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Computational Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rajesh P. N. Rao
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Computational Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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15
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Lee EY, Kim J, Prado-Rico JM, Du G, Lewis MM, Kong L, Yanosky JD, Eslinger P, Kim BG, Hong YS, Mailman RB, Huang X. Effects of mixed metal exposures on MRI diffusion features in the medial temporal lobe. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.07.18.23292828. [PMID: 37503124 PMCID: PMC10371112 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.18.23292828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Environmental exposure to metal mixtures is common and may be associated with increased risk for neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Objective This study examined associations of mixed metal exposures with medial temporal lobe (MTL) MRI structural metrics and neuropsychological performance. Methods Metal exposure history, whole blood metal, and neuropsychological tests were obtained from subjects with/without a history of mixed metal exposure from welding fumes (42 exposed subjects; 31 controls). MTL structures (hippocampus, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices) were assessed by morphologic (volume, cortical thickness) and diffusion tensor imaging [mean (MD), axial (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and fractional anisotropy (FA)] metrics. In exposed subjects, correlation, multiple linear, Bayesian kernel machine regression, and mediation analyses were employed to examine effects of single- or mixed-metal predictor(s) and their interactions on MTL structural and neuropsychological metrics; and on the path from metal exposure to neuropsychological consequences. Results Compared to controls, exposed subjects had higher blood Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn levels (p's<0.026) and poorer performance in processing/psychomotor speed, executive, and visuospatial domains (p's<0.046). Exposed subjects displayed higher MD, AD, and RD in all MTL ROIs (p's<0.040) and lower FA in entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices (p's<0.033), but not morphological differences. Long-term mixed-metal exposure history indirectly predicted lower processing speed performance via lower parahippocampal FA (p=0.023). Higher whole blood Mn and Cu predicted higher entorhinal diffusivity (p's<0.043) and lower Delayed Story Recall performance (p=0.007) without overall metal mixture or interaction effects. Discussion Mixed metal exposure predicted MTL structural and neuropsychological features that are similar to Alzheimer's disease at-risk populations. These data warrant follow-up as they may illuminate the path for environmental exposure to Alzheimer's disease-related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South-Korea
| | - Juhee Kim
- Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South-Korea
| | - Janina Manzieri Prado-Rico
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Mechelle M. Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Jeff D. Yanosky
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Paul Eslinger
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Richard B. Mailman
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey PA 17033, USA
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16
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Fagerland SM, Berntsen HR, Fredriksen M, Endestad T, Skouras S, Rootwelt-Revheim ME, Undseth RM. Exploring protocol development: Implementing systematic contextual memory to enhance real-time fMRI neurofeedback. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL BIOIMPEDANCE 2024; 15:41-62. [PMID: 38827812 PMCID: PMC11141335 DOI: 10.2478/joeb-2024-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to explore the development and implementation of a protocol for real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) and to assess the potential for enhancing the selective brain activation using stimuli from Virtual Reality (VR). In this study we focused on two specific brain regions, supplementary motor area (SMA) and right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Publications by other study groups have suggested impaired function in these specific brain regions in patients with the diagnoses Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette's Syndrome (TS). This study explored the development of a protocol to investigate if attention and contextual memory may be used to systematically strengthen the procedure of rtfMRI-nf. Methods We used open-science software and platforms for rtfMRI-nf and for developing a simulated repetition of the rtfMRI-nf brain training in VR. We conducted seven exploratory tests in which we updated the protocol at each step. During rtfMRI-nf, MRI images are analyzed live while a person is undergoing an MRI scan, and the results are simultaneously shown to the person in the MRI-scanner. By focusing the analysis on specific regions of the brain, this procedure can be used to help the person strengthen conscious control of these regions. The VR simulation of the same experience involved a walk through the hospital toward the MRI scanner where the training sessions were conducted, as well as a subsequent simulated repetition of the MRI training. The VR simulation was a 2D projection of the experience.The seven exploratory tests involved 19 volunteers. Through this exploration, methods for aiming within the brain (e.g. masks/algorithms for coordinate-system control) and calculations for the analyses (e.g. calculations based on connectivity versus activity) were updated by the project team throughout the project. The final procedure involved three initial rounds of rtfMRI-nf for learning brain strategies. Then, the volunteers were provided with VR headsets and given instructions for one week of use. Afterward, a new session with three rounds of rtfMRI-nf was conducted. Results Through our exploration of the indirect effect parameters - brain region activity (directed oxygenated blood flow), connectivity (degree of correlated activity in different regions), and neurofeedback score - the volunteers tended to increase activity in the reinforced brain regions through our seven tests. Updates of procedures and analyses were always conducted between pilots, and never within. The VR simulated repetition was tested in pilot 7, but the role of the VR contribution in this setting is unclear due to underpowered testing. Conclusion This proof-of-concept protocol implies how rtfMRI-nf may be used to selectively train two brain regions (SMA and rIFG). The method may likely be adapted to train any given region in the brain, but readers are advised to update and adapt the procedure to experimental needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maude Fagerland
- The Intervention Centre, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Røsholm Berntsen
- The Intervention Centre, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats Fredriksen
- Neuropsychatric Outpatient Clinic, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Tor Endestad
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, Norway
| | - Stavros Skouras
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1202, Switzerland
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, NO-5020, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Mona Elisabeth Rootwelt-Revheim
- The Intervention Centre, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Marie Undseth
- The Intervention Centre, Division of Technology and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Radiology Research, The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Bowler JC, Losonczy A. Direct cortical inputs to hippocampal area CA1 transmit complementary signals for goal-directed navigation. Neuron 2023; 111:4071-4085.e6. [PMID: 37816349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The subregions of the entorhinal cortex (EC) are conventionally thought to compute dichotomous representations for spatial processing, with the medial EC (MEC) providing a global spatial map and the lateral EC (LEC) encoding specific sensory details of experience. Yet, little is known about the specific types of information EC transmits downstream to the hippocampus. Here, we exploit in vivo sub-cellular imaging to record from EC axons in CA1 while mice perform navigational tasks in virtual reality (VR). We uncover distinct yet overlapping representations of task, location, and context in both MEC and LEC axons. MEC transmitted highly location- and context-specific codes; LEC inputs were biased by ongoing navigational goals. However, during tasks with reliable reward locations, the animals' position could be accurately decoded from either subregion. Our results revise the prevailing dogma about EC information processing, revealing novel ways spatial and non-spatial information is routed and combined upstream of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Bowler
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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18
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Teghil A, Boccia M, Di Vita A, Zazzaro G, Sepe Monti M, Trebbastoni A, Talarico G, Campanelli A, Bruno G, Guariglia C, de Lena C, D'Antonio F. Multidimensional assessment of time perception along the continuum of Alzheimer's Disease and evidence of alterations in subjective cognitive decline. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22117. [PMID: 38092802 PMCID: PMC10719320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Timing alterations occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD), even in early stages (mild cognitive impairment, MCI). Moreover, a stage named subjective cognitive decline (SCD), in which individuals perceive a change in cognitive performance not revealed by neuropsychological tests, has been identified as a preclinical phase of AD. However, no study to date has investigated different dimensions of time processing along the continuum from physiological to pathological aging, and whether timing alterations occur in SCD. Here a sample of participants with SCD, MCI, AD and healthy controls (HC) performed tasks assessing prospective duration estimation, production, reproduction, implicit temporal learning in conditions dependent from external cues (externally-cued learning, ECL) or independent from external cues (internally-based learning, IBL), retrospective duration estimation, the subjective experience of time and the temporal collocation of events. AD patients performed worse than HC and SCD in prospective timing, and in collocating events in time. The subjective experience of time did not differ between groups. Concerning temporal learning, AD performed worse in ECL than in IBL, whereas SCD performed worse in IBL than in ECL. SCD, MCI and AD patients all showed errors greater than HC in retrospective duration estimation. Results point to implicit temporal learning in externally-cued conditions and retrospective time estimation as possible early markers of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Teghil
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza" University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza" University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Vita
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Zazzaro
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Sepe Monti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Bruno
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Guariglia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza" University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo de Lena
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizia D'Antonio
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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19
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Diveica V, Riedel MC, Salo T, Laird AR, Jackson RL, Binney RJ. Graded functional organization in the left inferior frontal gyrus: evidence from task-free and task-based functional connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11384-11399. [PMID: 37833772 PMCID: PMC10690868 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The left inferior frontal gyrus has been ascribed key roles in numerous cognitive domains, such as language and executive function. However, its functional organization is unclear. Possibilities include a singular domain-general function, or multiple functions that can be mapped onto distinct subregions. Furthermore, spatial transition in function may be either abrupt or graded. The present study explored the topographical organization of the left inferior frontal gyrus using a bimodal data-driven approach. We extracted functional connectivity gradients from (i) resting-state fMRI time-series and (ii) coactivation patterns derived meta-analytically from heterogenous sets of task data. We then sought to characterize the functional connectivity differences underpinning these gradients with seed-based resting-state functional connectivity, meta-analytic coactivation modeling and functional decoding analyses. Both analytic approaches converged on graded functional connectivity changes along 2 main organizational axes. An anterior-posterior gradient shifted from being preferentially associated with high-level control networks (anterior functional connectivity) to being more tightly coupled with perceptually driven networks (posterior). A second dorsal-ventral axis was characterized by higher connectivity with domain-general control networks on one hand (dorsal functional connectivity), and with the semantic network, on the other (ventral). These results provide novel insights into an overarching graded functional organization of the functional connectivity that explains its role in multiple cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Diveica
- Department of Psychology & Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales LL57 2AS, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery & Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Michael C Riedel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Taylor Salo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Rebecca L Jackson
- Department of Psychology & York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Binney
- Department of Psychology & Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales LL57 2AS, United Kingdom
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20
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Mihara M, Izumika R, Tsukiura T. Remembering unexpected beauty: Contributions of the ventral striatum to the processing of reward prediction errors regarding the facial attractiveness in face memory. Neuroimage 2023; 282:120408. [PMID: 37838105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led people to predict facial attractiveness from partially covered faces. Differences in the predicted and observed facial attractiveness (i.e., masked and unmasked faces, respectively) are defined as reward prediction error (RPE) in a social context. Cognitive neuroscience studies have elucidated the neural mechanisms underlying RPE-induced memory improvements in terms of monetary rewards. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying RPE-induced memory modulation in terms of social rewards. To elucidate this, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated activity and functional connectivity during face encoding. In encoding trials, participants rated the predicted attractiveness of faces covered except for around the eyes (prediction phase) and then rated the observed attractiveness of these faces without any cover (outcome phase). The difference in ratings between these phases was defined as RPE in facial attractiveness, and RPE was categorized into positive RPE (increased RPE from the prediction to outcome phases), negative RPE (decreased RPE from the prediction to outcome phases), and non-RPE (no difference in RPE between the prediction and outcome phases). During retrieval, participants were presented with individual faces that had been seen and unseen in the encoding trials, and were required to judge whether or not each face had been seen in the encoding trials. Univariate activity in the ventral striatum (VS) exhibited a linear increase with increased RPE in facial attractiveness. In the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), activity patterns in the VS and surrounding areas (extended VS) significantly discriminated between positive/negative RPE and non-RPE. In the functional connectivity analysis, significant functional connectivity between the extended VS and the hippocampus was observed most frequently in positive RPE. Memory improvements by face-based RPE could be involved in functional networks between the extended VS (representing RPE) and the hippocampus, and the interaction could be modulated by RPE values in a social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Mihara
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu-Cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Reina Izumika
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu-Cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukiura
- Department of Cognitive, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu-Cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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21
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Berdugo‐Vega G, Dhingra S, Calegari F. Sharpening the blades of the dentate gyrus: how adult-born neurons differentially modulate diverse aspects of hippocampal learning and memory. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113524. [PMID: 37743770 PMCID: PMC11059975 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the mammalian hippocampus has been the focus of cellular, anatomical, behavioral, and computational studies aimed at understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying cognition. Long recognized as the brain's seat for learning and memory, a wealth of knowledge has been accumulated on how the hippocampus processes sensory input, builds complex associations between objects, events, and space, and stores this information in the form of memories to be retrieved later in life. However, despite major efforts, our understanding of hippocampal cognitive function remains fragmentary, and models trying to explain it are continually revisited. Here, we review the literature across all above-mentioned domains and offer a new perspective by bringing attention to the most distinctive, and generally neglected, feature of the mammalian hippocampal formation, namely, the structural separability of the two blades of the dentate gyrus into "supra-pyramidal" and "infra-pyramidal". Next, we discuss recent reports supporting differential effects of adult neurogenesis in the regulation of mature granule cell activity in these two blades. We propose a model for how differences in connectivity and adult neurogenesis in the two blades can potentially provide a substrate for subtly different cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Berdugo‐Vega
- CRTD‐Center for Regenerative Therapies DresdenTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Present address:
Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Shonali Dhingra
- CRTD‐Center for Regenerative Therapies DresdenTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD‐Center for Regenerative Therapies DresdenTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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22
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Azizi L, Polti I, van Wassenhove V. Spontaneous α Brain Dynamics Track the Episodic "When". J Neurosci 2023; 43:7186-7197. [PMID: 37704373 PMCID: PMC10601376 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0816-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Across species, neurons track time over the course of seconds to minutes, which may feed the sense of time passing. Here, we asked whether neural signatures of time-tracking could be found in humans. Participants stayed quietly awake for a few minutes while being recorded with magnetoencephalography (MEG). They were unaware they would be asked how long the recording lasted (retrospective time) or instructed beforehand to estimate how long it will last (prospective timing). At rest, rhythmic brain activity is nonstationary and displays bursts of activity in the alpha range (α: 7-14 Hz). When participants were not instructed to attend to time, the relative duration of α bursts linearly predicted individuals' retrospective estimates of how long their quiet wakefulness lasted. The relative duration of α bursts was a better predictor than α power or burst amplitude. No other rhythmic or arrhythmic activity predicted retrospective duration. However, when participants timed prospectively, the relative duration of α bursts failed to predict their duration estimates. Consistent with this, the amount of α bursts was discriminant between prospective and retrospective timing. Last, with a control experiment, we demonstrate that the relation between α bursts and retrospective time is preserved even when participants are engaged in a visual counting task. Thus, at the time scale of minutes, we report that the relative time of spontaneous α burstiness predicts conscious retrospective time. We conclude that in the absence of overt attention to time, α bursts embody discrete states of awareness constitutive of episodic timing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The feeling that time passes is a core component of consciousness and episodic memory. A century ago, brain rhythms called "α" were hypothesized to embody an internal clock. However, rhythmic brain activity is nonstationary and displays on-and-off oscillatory bursts, which would serve irregular ticks to the hypothetical clock. Here, we discovered that in a given lapse of time, the relative bursting time of α rhythms is a good indicator of how much time an individual will report to have elapsed. Remarkably, this relation only holds true when the individual does not attend to time and vanishes when attending to it. Our observations suggest that at the scale of minutes, α brain activity tracks episodic time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Azizi
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette 91191, France
| | - Ignacio Polti
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 7030
- Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany D-04103
| | - Virginie van Wassenhove
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif/Yvette 91191, France
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23
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Huang X, Schlesiger MI, Barriuso-Ortega I, Leibold C, MacLaren DAA, Bieber N, Monyer H. Distinct spatial maps and multiple object codes in the lateral entorhinal cortex. Neuron 2023; 111:3068-3083.e7. [PMID: 37478849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) is a major cortical input area to the hippocampus, and it is crucial for associative object-place-context memories. An unresolved question is whether these associations are performed exclusively in the hippocampus or also upstream of it. Anatomical evidence suggests that the LEC processes both object and spatial information. We describe here a gradient of spatial selectivity along the antero-posterior axis of the LEC. We demonstrate that the LEC generates distinct spatial maps for different contexts that are independent of object coding and vice versa, thus providing evidence for pure spatial and pure object codes upstream of the hippocampus. While space and object coding occur by and large separately in the LEC, we identified neurons that encode for space and objects conjunctively. Together, these findings point to a scenario in which the LEC sustains both distinct space and object coding and associative space-object coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magdalene Isabell Schlesiger
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Barriuso-Ortega
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Leibold
- Institute Biology III & Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Duncan Archibald Allan MacLaren
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Bieber
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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Liu J, Hall AF, Wang DV. Emerging many-to-one weighted mapping in hippocampus-amygdala network underlies memory formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.06.556568. [PMID: 37732176 PMCID: PMC10508749 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.06.556568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Memories are crucial for our daily lives, yet the network-level organizing principle that governs neural representations of our experiences remains to be determined. Employing dual-site electrophysiology recording in freely behaving mice, we discovered that hippocampal dorsal CA1 (dCA1) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) utilize distinct coding strategies to represent novel experiences. A small assembly of BLA neurons rapidly emerged during memory acquisition and remained active during subsequent consolidation, whereas the majority of dCA1 neurons engaged in the same processes. Machine learning decoding revealed that dCA1 population spikes predicted the BLA assembly firing rate. This suggests that most dCA1 neurons concurrently index an episodic event by rapidly establishing weighted communications with a specific BLA assembly, a process we call "many-to-one weighted mapping." Furthermore, we demonstrated that closed-loop optoinhibition of BLA activity triggered by dCA1 ripples after new learning resulted in impaired memory. These findings highlight a new principle of hippocampus-amygdala communication underlying memory formation and provide new insights into how the brain creates and stores memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Arron F Hall
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Dong V Wang
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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25
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Hernández-Recio S, Muñoz-Arnaiz R, López-Madrona V, Makarova J, Herreras O. Uncorrelated bilateral cortical input becomes timed across hippocampal subfields for long waves whereas gamma waves are largely ipsilateral. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1217081. [PMID: 37576568 PMCID: PMC10412937 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1217081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of interhemispheric connections along successive segments of cortico-hippocampal circuits is poorly understood. We aimed to obtain a global picture of spontaneous transfer of activity during non-theta states across several nodes of the bilateral circuit in anesthetized rats. Spatial discrimination techniques applied to bilateral laminar field potentials (FP) across the CA1/Dentate Gyrus provided simultaneous left and right readouts in five FP generators that reflect activity in specific hippocampal afferents and associative pathways. We used a battery of correlation and coherence analyses to extract complementary aspects at different time scales and frequency bands. FP generators exhibited varying bilateral correlation that was high in CA1 and low in the Dentate Gyrus. The submillisecond delays indicate coordination but not support for synaptic dependence of one side on another. The time and frequency characteristics of bilateral coupling were specific to each generator. The Schaffer generator was strongly bilaterally coherent for both sharp waves and gamma waves, although the latter maintained poor amplitude co-variation. The lacunosum-moleculare generator was composed of up to three spatially overlapping activities, and globally maintained high bilateral coherence for long but not short (gamma) waves. These two CA1 generators showed no ipsilateral relationship in any frequency band. In the Dentate Gyrus, strong bilateral coherence was observed only for input from the medial entorhinal areas, while those from the lateral entorhinal areas were largely asymmetric, for both alpha and gamma waves. Granger causality testing showed strong bidirectional relationships between all homonymous bilateral generators except the lateral entorhinal input and a local generator in the Dentate Gyrus. It also revealed few significant relationships between ipsilateral generators, most notably the anticipation of lateral entorhinal cortex toward all others. Thus, with the notable exception of the lateral entorhinal areas, there is a marked interhemispheric coherence primarily for slow envelopes of activity, but not for pulse-like gamma waves, except in the Schafer segment. The results are consistent with essentially different streams of activity entering from and returning to the cortex on each side, with slow waves reflecting times of increased activity exchange between hemispheres and fast waves generally reflecting ipsilateral processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hernández-Recio
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Neurophysiology, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Program in Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Muñoz-Arnaiz
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Neurophysiology, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julia Makarova
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Neurophysiology, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Herreras
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Neurophysiology, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Lee EY. Memory Deficits in Parkinson's Disease Are Associated with Impaired Attentional Filtering and Memory Consolidation Processes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4594. [PMID: 37510708 PMCID: PMC10380592 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined mechanisms underlying memory deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) and their associations with brain structural metrics. Nineteen PD patients and twenty-two matched controls underwent two memory experiments. In Experiment 1 (delayed memory task), subjects were asked to remember an array of colored rectangles with varying memory set sizes (Low-Load (2 items), Low-Load (relevant 2 items) with Distractor (irrelevant 3 items), and High-Load (5 items)). After a 7 s delay period, they reported whether the orientation of any relevant figures had changed (test period). In Experiment 2 (working memory task), memory arrays were presented in varying set sizes (2 to 6 items) without distractors, followed by a 2 s delay period and a subsequent test period. Brain MRI data were acquired to assess structural differences (volumes and cortical thickness) in areas related to attention, working memory storage capacity, and episodic memory. Multivariate analyses of covariance revealed that, compared with controls, PD patients had lower memory capacity scores in all memory load conditions for Experiment 1 (p < 0.021), whereas there were no group differences in any memory load conditions for Experiment 2 (p > 0.06). In addition, PD patients had lower cortical thickness in the left superior temporal gyrus (p = 0.02), a region related to the ventral attentional system. Moreover, regression analyses revealed that lower cortical thickness values in the left superior temporal gyrus significantly predicted lower memory scores of Low-Load and Low-Load with Distractor conditions in Experiment 1 (p < 0.044) and lower scores of memory load conditions of 4 and 5 items in Experiment 2 (p < 0.012). These findings suggest that memory deficits in PD may partly be due to impaired attentional filtering and memory consolidation processes that may be related to superior temporal neurodegeneration. Future studies are warranted to confirm the current findings to guide the development of effective treatments for memory deficits in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
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27
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Osanai H, Nair IR, Kitamura T. Dissecting cell-type-specific pathways in medial entorhinal cortical-hippocampal network for episodic memory. J Neurochem 2023; 166:172-188. [PMID: 37248771 PMCID: PMC10538947 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memory, which refers to our ability to encode and recall past events, is essential to our daily lives. Previous research has established that both the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (HPC) play a crucial role in the formation and retrieval of episodic memories. However, to understand neural circuit mechanisms behind these processes, it has become necessary to monitor and manipulate the neural activity in a cell-type-specific manner with high temporal precision during memory formation, consolidation, and retrieval in the EC-HPC networks. Recent studies using cell-type-specific labeling, monitoring, and manipulation have demonstrated that medial EC (MEC) contains multiple excitatory neurons that have differential molecular markers, physiological properties, and anatomical features. In this review, we will comprehensively examine the complementary roles of superficial layers of neurons (II and III) and the roles of deeper layers (V and VI) in episodic memory formation and recall based on these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayuki Osanai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Indrajith R Nair
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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28
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Whitfield JF, Rennie K, Chakravarthy B. Alzheimer's Disease and Its Possible Evolutionary Origin: Hypothesis. Cells 2023; 12:1618. [PMID: 37371088 PMCID: PMC10297544 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous, 2-3-million-year evolutionary expansion of hominin neocortices to the current enormity enabled humans to take over the planet. However, there appears to have been a glitch, and it occurred without a compensatory expansion of the entorhinal cortical (EC) gateway to the hippocampal memory-encoding system needed to manage the processing of the increasing volume of neocortical data converging on it. The resulting age-dependent connectopathic glitch was unnoticed by the early short-lived populations. It has now surfaced as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in today's long-lived populations. With advancing age, processing of the converging neocortical data by the neurons of the relatively small lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) inflicts persistent strain and high energy costs on these cells. This may result in their hyper-release of harmless Aβ1-42 monomers into the interstitial fluid, where they seed the formation of toxic amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) that initiate AD. At the core of connectopathic AD are the postsynaptic cellular prion protein (PrPC). Electrostatic binding of the negatively charged AβOs to the positively charged N-terminus of PrPC induces hyperphosphorylation of tau that destroys synapses. The spread of these accumulating AβOs from ground zero is supported by Aβ's own production mediated by target cells' Ca2+-sensing receptors (CaSRs). These data suggest that an early administration of a strongly positively charged, AβOs-interacting peptide or protein, plus an inhibitor of CaSR, might be an effective AD-arresting therapeutic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Whitfield
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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29
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Soma S, Ohara S, Nonomura S, Suematsu N, Yoshida J, Pastalkova E, Sakai Y, Tsutsui KI, Isomura Y. Rat hippocampal CA1 region represents learning-related action and reward events with shorter latency than the lateral entorhinal cortex. Commun Biol 2023; 6:584. [PMID: 37258700 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are deeply involved in learning and memory. However, little is known how ongoing events are processed in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit. By recording from head-fixed rats during action-reward learning, here we show that the action and reward events are represented differently in the hippocampal CA1 region and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). Although diverse task-related activities developed after learning in both CA1 and LEC, phasic activities related to action and reward events differed in the timing of behavioral event representation. CA1 represented action and reward events almost instantaneously, whereas the superficial and deep layers of the LEC showed a delayed representation of the same events. Interestingly, we also found that ramping activity towards spontaneous action was correlated with waiting time in both regions and exceeded that in the motor cortex. Such functional activities observed in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuits may play a crucial role for animals in utilizing ongoing information to dynamically optimize their behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Soma
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naofumi Suematsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eva Pastalkova
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA, USA
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Han CZ, Donoghue T, Cao R, Kunz L, Wang S, Jacobs J. Using multi-task experiments to test principles of hippocampal function. Hippocampus 2023; 33:646-657. [PMID: 37042212 PMCID: PMC10249632 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of hippocampal functions have revealed a dizzying array of findings, from lesion-based behavioral deficits, to a diverse range of characterized neural activations, to computational models of putative functionality. Across these findings, there remains an ongoing debate about the core function of the hippocampus and the generality of its representation. Researchers have debated whether the hippocampus's primary role relates to the representation of space, the neural basis of (episodic) memory, or some more general computation that generalizes across various cognitive domains. Within these different perspectives, there is much debate about the nature of feature encodings. Here, we suggest that in order to evaluate hippocampal responses-investigating, for example, whether neuronal representations are narrowly targeted to particular tasks or if they subserve domain-general purposes-a promising research strategy may be the use of multi-task experiments, or more generally switching between multiple task contexts while recording from the same neurons in a given session. We argue that this strategy-when combined with explicitly defined theoretical motivations that guide experiment design-could be a fruitful approach to better understand how hippocampal representations support different behaviors. In doing so, we briefly review key open questions in the field, as exemplified by articles in this special issue, as well as previous work using multi-task experiments, and extrapolate to consider how this strategy could be further applied to probe fundamental questions about hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Z. Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University
| | | | - Runnan Cao
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Lukas Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Joshua Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University
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31
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Danieli K, Guyon A, Bethus I. Episodic Memory formation: A review of complex Hippocampus input pathways. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 126:110757. [PMID: 37086812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Memories of everyday experiences involve the encoding of a rich and dynamic representation of present objects and their contextual features. Traditionally, the resulting mnemonic trace is referred to as Episodic Memory, i.e. the "what", "where" and "when" of a lived episode. The journey for such memory trace encoding begins with the perceptual data of an experienced episode handled in sensory brain regions. The information is then streamed to cortical areas located in the ventral Medio Temporal Lobe, which produces multi-modal representations concerning either the objects (in the Perirhinal cortex) or the spatial and contextual features (in the parahippocampal region) of the episode. Then, this high-level data is gated through the Entorhinal Cortex and forwarded to the Hippocampal Formation, where all the pieces get bound together. Eventually, the resulting encoded neural pattern is relayed back to the Neocortex for a stable consolidation. This review will detail these different stages and provide a systematic overview of the major cortical streams toward the Hippocampus relevant for Episodic Memory encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Guyon
- Université Cote d'Azur, Neuromod Institute, France; Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | - Ingrid Bethus
- Université Cote d'Azur, Neuromod Institute, France; Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7275, IPMC, Valbonne, France
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32
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Lim D, Tapella L, Dematteis G, Talmon M, Genazzani AA. Calcineurin Signalling in Astrocytes: From Pathology to Physiology and Control of Neuronal Functions. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1077-1090. [PMID: 36083398 PMCID: PMC10030417 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN), a Ca2+/calmodulin-activated serine/threonine phosphatase, acts as a Ca2+-sensitive switch regulating cellular functions through protein dephosphorylation and activation of gene transcription. In astrocytes, the principal homeostatic cells in the CNS, over-activation of CaN is known to drive pathological transcriptional remodelling, associated with neuroinflammation in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and brain trauma. Recent reports suggest that, in physiological conditions, the activity of CaN in astrocytes is transcription-independent and is required for maintenance of basal protein synthesis rate and activation of astrocytic Na+/K+ pump thereby contributing to neuronal functions such as neuronal excitability and memory formation. In this contribution we overview the role of Ca2+ and CaN signalling in astroglial pathophysiology focusing on the emerging physiological role of CaN in astrocytes. We propose a model for the context-dependent switch of CaN activity from the post-transcriptional regulation of cell proteostasis in healthy astrocytes to the CaN-dependent transcriptional activation in neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Laura Tapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Dematteis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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33
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Zhu N, Zhang Y, Xiao X, Wang Y, Yang J, Colgin LL, Zheng C. Hippocampal oscillatory dynamics in freely behaving rats during exploration of social and non-social stimuli. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:411-429. [PMID: 37007194 PMCID: PMC10050611 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal CA2 supports social memory and encodes information about social experiences. Our previous study showed that CA2 place cells responded specifically to social stimuli (Nat Commun, (Alexander et al. 2016)). In addition, a prior study showed that activation of CA2 induces slow gamma rhythms (~ 25-55 Hz) in the hippocampus (Elife, (Alexander 2018)). Together, these results raise the question of whether slow gamma rhythms coordinate CA2 activity during social information processing. We hypothesized that slow gamma would be associated with transmission of social memories from CA2 to CA1, perhaps to integrate information across regions or promote social memory retrieval. We recorded local field potentials from hippocampal subfields CA1, CA2, and CA3 of 4 rats performing a social exploration task. We analyzed the activity of theta, slow gamma, and fast gamma rhythms, as well as sharp wave-ripples (SWRs), within each subfield. We assessed interactions between subfields during social exploration sessions and during presumed social memory retrieval in post-social exploration sessions. We found that CA2 slow gamma rhythms increased during social interactions but not during non-social exploration. CA2-CA1 theta-show gamma coupling was enhanced during social exploration. Furthermore, CA1 slow gamma rhythms and SWRs were associated with presumed social memory retrieval. In conclusion, these results suggest that CA2-CA1 interactions via slow gamma rhythms occur during social memory encoding, and CA1 slow gamma is associated with retrieval of social experience. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-022-09829-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Xiao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Laura Lee Colgin
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0805 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0805 USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0805 USA
| | - Chenguang Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Tianjin, China
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34
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Zhu H, Zhu H, Liu X, Wei F, Li H, Guo Z. The Characteristics of Entorhinal Cortex Functional Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease Patients with Depression. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 19:CAR-EPUB-129980. [PMID: 36872356 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230303093112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) which decreases the life quality of both patients and caregivers. There are currently no effective drugs. It is therefore important to explore the pathogenesis of depression in AD patients. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the entorhinal cortex (EC) functional connectivity (FC) in the whole brain neural network of AD patients with depression (D-AD). METHODS Twenty-four D-AD patients, 14 AD patients without depression (nD-AD), and 20 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We set the EC as the seed and used FC analysis. One-way analysis of variance was used to examine FC differences among the three groups. RESULTS Using the left EC as the seed point, there were FC differences among the three groups in the left EC-inferior occipital gyrus. Using the right EC as the seed point, there were FC differences among the three groups in the right EC-middle frontal gyrus, -superior parietal gyrus, -superior medial frontal gyrus, and -precentral gyrus. Compared with the nD-AD group, the D-AD group had increased FC between the right EC and right postcentral gyrus. CONCLUSION Asymmetry of FC in the EC and increased FC between the EC and right postcentral gyrus may be important in the pathogenesis of depression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokai Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- Department of Radiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fuquan Wei
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Huichao Li
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Zhongwei Guo
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Mental Health Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
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35
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White PA. Time marking in perception. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105043. [PMID: 36642288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several authors have proposed that perceptual information carries labels that identify temporal features, including time of occurrence, ordinal temporal relations, and brief durations. These labels serve to locate and organise perceptual objects, features, and events in time. In some proposals time marking has local, specific functions such as synchronisation of different features in perceptual processing. In other proposals time marking has general significance and is responsible for rendering perceptual experience temporally coherent, just as various forms of spatial information render the visual environment spatially coherent. These proposals, which all concern time marking on the millisecond time scale, are reviewed. It is concluded that time marking is vital to the construction of a multisensory perceptual world in which things are orderly with respect to both space and time, but that much more research is needed to ascertain its functions in perception and its neurophysiological foundations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A White
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YG, Wales, UK.
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36
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Savarimuthu A, Ponniah RJ. Episodic Events as Spatiotemporal Memory: The Sequence of Information in the Episodic Buffer of Working Memory for Language Comprehension. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2023; 57:174-188. [PMID: 35804259 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-022-09710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Memory and language are the two higher-order cognitive abilities intertwined for communication and other cognitive skills. Memory is the storage capacity of all the information we perceive. Where the sensory memory perceives the stimuli, the working memory actively stores the information and passes it to the long-term memory. However, there is a question that how is the continuous perception of stimuli transformed into meaningful information and organized for proper execution and retrieval from the memory? This paper focuses on the episodic memory that perceives information that is spatial and temporal based on our everyday experiences. Though the spatiotemporal information we receive is continuous; the episodic memory arranges the information as to episodes in the working memory before the information is stored for a longer period. The episodic buffer is one of the components of the working memory model which holds the episodic memory that is organized concerning time. To this point, the paper tries to understand the working of the episodic buffer in maintaining the episodic memory and also about the process of episodic events into meaningful units. Further, the paper also concentrates on the hippocampus which is considered to be the location of the episodic buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Savarimuthu
- National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Joseph Ponniah
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
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37
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Yang C, Chen H, Naya Y. Allocentric information represented by self-referenced spatial coding in the primate medial temporal lobe. Hippocampus 2023; 33:522-532. [PMID: 36728411 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
For living organisms, the ability to acquire information regarding the external space around them is critical for future actions. While the information must be stored in an allocentric frame to facilitate its use in various spatial contexts, each case of use requires the information to be represented in a particular self-referenced frame. Previous studies have explored neural substrates responsible for the linkage between self-referenced and allocentric spatial representations based on findings in rodents. However, the behaviors of rodents are different from those of primates in several aspects; for example, rodents mainly explore their environments through locomotion, while primates use eye movements. In this review, we discuss the brain mechanisms responsible for the linkage in nonhuman primates. Based on recent physiological studies, we propose that two types of neural substrates link the first-person perspective with allocentric coding. The first is the view-center background signal, which represents an image of the background surrounding the current position of fixation on the retina. This perceptual signal is transmitted from the ventral visual pathway to the hippocampus (HPC) via the perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex. Because images that share the same objective-position in the environment tend to appear similar when seen from different self-positions, the view-center background signals are easily associated with one another in the formation of allocentric position coding and storage. The second type of neural substrate is the HPC neurons' dynamic activity that translates the stored location memory to the first-person perspective depending on the current spatial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - He Chen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuji Naya
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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38
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da Silva JSC, da Silva Albuquerque F, Freitas Barbosa F, da Silva-Sauer L, Fernández-Calvo B. Temporal and contextual binding in episodic memory in younger and older adults. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36628443 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2165078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memory (EM) is a subsystem responsible for storing and recalling information about the basic elements of an event in a binding manner. Some approaches consider the temporal element to be one of the basic components of EM (WWWhen paradigm), while others consider that the contextual component is able in practice to better represent this cognitive ability (WWWhich paradigm). The relationship of both paradigms simultaneously with other instruments for measuring EM has not been investigated in healthy older adults. Thus, the present study examined the performance of young and older adults on questions based on the WWWhen and WWWhich paradigms, investigating the relationship of these questions with episodic (Remember) and non-episodic (Know) strategies. The results showed that for the younger adults both the questions demonstrated to only be significantly related with the "remember" strategy. On the other hand, older adults presented a response pattern in which the "WWWhich" questions used only episodic strategies for their correct resolution. Aging appears to promote a substantial reduction in both "Remember" and "Know" strategies, mainly those associated with solving tasks based on the temporal element of EM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabíola da Silva Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Memory and Cognition Studies, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Flavio Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Memory and Cognition Studies, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Leandro da Silva-Sauer
- Laboratory of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorder, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Bernardino Fernández-Calvo
- Laboratory of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorder, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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39
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Zhou R, Belge T, Wolbers T. Reaching the Goal: Superior Navigators in Late Adulthood Provide a Novel Perspective into Successful Cognitive Aging. Top Cogn Sci 2023; 15:15-45. [PMID: 35582831 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Normal aging is typically associated with declines in navigation and spatial memory abilities. However, increased interindividual variability in performance across various navigation/spatial memory tasks is also evident with advancing age. In this review paper, we shed the spotlight on those older individuals who exhibit exceptional, sometimes even youth-like navigational/spatial memory abilities. Importantly, we (1) showcase observations from existing studies that demonstrate superior navigation/spatial memory performance in late adulthood, (2) explore possible cognitive correlates and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these preserved spatial abilities, and (3) discuss the potential link between the superior navigators in late adulthood and SuperAgers (older adults with superior episodic memory). In the closing section, given the lack of studies that directly focus on this subpopulation, we highlight several important directions that future studies could look into to better understand the cognitive characteristics of older superior navigators and the factors enabling such successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojing Zhou
- Aging, Cognition and Technology Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Tuğçe Belge
- Aging, Cognition and Technology Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Thomas Wolbers
- Aging, Cognition and Technology Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg
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40
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Martin L, Jaime K, Ramos F, Robles F. Bio-inspired cognitive architecture of episodic memory. COGN SYST RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Wang J, Tambini A, Lapate RC. The tie that binds: temporal coding and adaptive emotion. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:1103-1118. [PMID: 36302710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Emotions are temporally dynamic, but the persistence of emotions outside of their appropriate temporal context is detrimental to health and well-being. Yet, precisely how temporal coding and emotional processing interact remains unclear. Recently unveiled temporal context representations in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex (EC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) support memory for what happened when. Here, we discuss how these neural temporal representations may interact with densely interconnected amygdala circuitry to shape emotional functioning. We propose a neuroanatomically informed framework suggesting that high-fidelity temporal representations linked to dynamic experiences promote emotion regulation and adaptive emotional memories. Then, we discuss how newly-identified synaptic and molecular features of amygdala-hippocampal projections suggest that intense, amygdala-dependent emotional responses may distort temporal-coding mechanisms. We conclude by identifying key avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Arielle Tambini
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Regina C Lapate
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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42
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Cell-Type Specific Inhibition Controls the High-Frequency Oscillations in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214087. [PMID: 36430563 PMCID: PMC9696652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) plays a critical role for spatial navigation and memory. While many studies have investigated the principal neurons within the entorhinal cortex, much less is known about the inhibitory circuitries within this structure. Here, we describe for the first time in the mEC a subset of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons (INs)-stuttering cells (STUT)-with morphological, intrinsic electrophysiological, and synaptic properties distinct from fast-spiking PV+ INs. In contrast to the fast-spiking PV+ INs, the axon of the STUT INs also terminated in layer 3 and showed subthreshold membrane oscillations at gamma frequencies. Whereas the synaptic output of the STUT INs was only weakly reduced by a μ-opioid agonist, their inhibitory inputs were strongly suppressed. Given these properties, STUT are ideally suited to entrain gamma activity in the pyramidal cell population of the mEC. We propose that activation of the μ-opioid receptors decreases the GABA release from the PV+ INs onto the STUT, resulting in disinhibition of the STUT cell population and the consequent increase in network gamma power. We therefore suggest that the opioid system plays a critical role, mediated by STUT INs, in the neural signaling and oscillatory network activity within the mEC.
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43
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Schneider H. An analogical inductive solution to the grounding problem. COGN SYST RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Vilà-Balló A, De la Cruz-Puebla M, López-Barroso D, Miró J, Sala-Padró J, Cucurell D, Falip M, Rodríguez-Fornells A. Reward-based decision-making in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis pre- and post-surgery. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103251. [PMID: 36510413 PMCID: PMC9668642 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct functioning of the reward processing system is critical for optimizing decision-making as well as preventing the development of addictions and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, apathy, and anhedonia. Consequently, patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-UHS) represent an excellent opportunity to study the brain networks involved in this system. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate decision-making and the electrophysiological correlates of feedback processing in a sample of mTLE-UHS patients, compared to healthy controls. In addition, we assessed the impact of mesial temporal lobe surgical resection on these processes, as well as general, neuropsychological functioning. METHOD 17 mTLE-UHS patients and 17 matched healthy controls completed: [1] a computerized version of the Game of Dice Task, [2] a Standard Iowa Gambling Task, and [3] a modified ERP version of a probabilistic gambling task coupled with multichannel electroencephalography. Neuropsychological scores were also obtained both pre- and post-surgery. RESULTS Behavioral analyses showed a pattern of increased risk for the mTLE-UHS group in decision-making under ambiguity compared to the control group. A decrease in the amplitude of the Feedback Related Negativity (FRN), a weaker effect of valence on delta power, and a general reduction of delta and theta power in the mTLE-UHS group, as compared to the control group, were also found. The beta-gamma activity associated with the delivery of positive reward was similar in both groups. Behavioral performance and electrophysiological measures did not worsen post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS Patients with mTLE-UHS showed impairments in decision-making under ambiguity, particularly when they had to make decisions based on the outcomes of their choices, but not in decision-making under risk. No group differences were observed in decision-making when feedbacks were random. These results might be explained by the abnormal feedback processing seen in the EEG activity of patients with mTLE-UHS, and by concomitant impairments in working memory, and memory. These impairments may be linked to the disruption of mesial temporal lobe networks. Finally, feedback processing and decision-making under ambiguity were already affected in mTLE-UHS patients pre-surgery and did not show evidence of clear worsening post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Vilà-Balló
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain,Corresponding authors.
| | - Myriam De la Cruz-Puebla
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Neurosciences Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Equity in Brain Health, Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Technical University of Ambato, Tungurahua, Ecuador,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diana López-Barroso
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Júlia Miró
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Epilepsy Unit, Neurological Service, Neurology and Genetics Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Sala-Padró
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - David Cucurell
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Falip
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurological Service, Neurology and Genetics Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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Cholvin T, Bartos M. Hemisphere-specific spatial representation by hippocampal granule cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6227. [PMID: 36266288 PMCID: PMC9585038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) output plays a key role in the emergence of spatial and contextual map representation within the hippocampus during learning. Differences in neuronal network activity have been observed between left and right CA1-3 areas, implying lateralization in spatial coding properties. Whether bilateral differences of DG granule cell (GC) assemblies encoding spatial and contextual information exist remains largely unexplored. Here, we employed two-photon calcium imaging of the left or the right DG to record the activity of GC populations over five consecutive days in head-fixed mice navigating through familiar and novel virtual environments. Imaging revealed similar mean GC activity on both sides. However, spatial tuning, context-selectivity and run-to-run place field reliability was markedly higher for DG place cells in the left than the right hemisphere. Moreover, the proportion of GCs reconfiguring their place fields between contexts was greater in the left DG. Thus, our data suggest that contextual information is differentially processed by GC populations depending on the hemisphere, with higher context discrimination in the left but a bias towards generalization in the right DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Cholvin
- grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bartos
- grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Parent MB. Using Postmeal Measures and Manipulations to Investigate Hippocampal Mnemonic Control of Eating Behavior. Neuroscience 2022; 497:228-238. [PMID: 34998891 PMCID: PMC9256844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Episodic meal-related memories provide the brain with a powerful mechanism for tracking and controlling eating behavior because they contain a detailed record of recent energy intake that likely outlasts the physiological signals generated by feeding bouts. This review briefly summarizes evidence from human participants showing that episodic meal-related memory limits later eating behavior and then describes our research aimed at investigating whether hippocampal neurons mediate the inhibitory effects of meal-related memory on subsequent feeding. Our approach has been inspired by pioneering work conducted by Ivan Izquierdo and others who used posttraining manipulations to investigate memory consolidation. This review describes the rationale and value of posttraining manipulations, how Izquierdo used them to demonstrate that dorsal hippocampal (dHC) neurons are critical for memory consolidation, and how we have adapted this strategy to investigate whether dHC neurons are necessary for mnemonic control of energy intake. I describe our evidence showing that ingestion activates the molecular processes necessary for synaptic plasticity and memory during the early postprandial period, when the memory of the meal would be undergoing consolidation, and then summarize our findings showing that neural activity in dHC neurons is critical during the early postprandial period for limiting future intake. Collectively, our evidence supports the hypothesis that dHC neurons mediate the inhibitory effects of ingestion-related memory on future intake and demonstrates that post-experience memory modulation is not confined to artificial laboratory memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute & Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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47
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Davidson TL, Stevenson RJ. Appetitive interoception, the hippocampus and western-style diet. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:845-859. [PMID: 35067848 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders continue to pose serious challenges to human health and well-being. An important source of these challenges is the overconsumption of saturated fats and sugar, main staples of what has been called the Western-style diet (WD). The current paper describes a theoretical model and supporting evidence that links intake of a WD to interference with a specific brain substrate that underlies processing of interoceptive signals of hunger and satiety. We review findings from rats and humans that the capacity of these signals to modulate the strength of appetitive and eating behavior depends on the functional integrity of the hippocampus and the learning memory operations it performs. Important among these operations is the use of contextual information to retrieve memories that are associated with other events. Within our framework, satiety provides an interoceptive context that informs animals that food cues and appetitive behavior will not be followed by rewarding postingestive outcomes. This serves to prevent those cues and responses from retrieving those reward memories. The findings reviewed provide evidence that consuming a WD and the high amounts of saturated fat and sugar it contains (a) is associated with the emergence of pathophysiologies to which the hippocampus appears selectively vulnerable (b) impairs hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (HDLM) and (c) weakens behavioral control by interoceptive hunger and satiety contextual stimuli. It is hypothesized that these consequences of WD intake may establish the conditions for a vicious cycle of further WD intake, obesity, and potentially cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience and the Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Vandyshev G, Mysin I. Homogeneous inhibition is optimal for the phase precession of place cells in the CA1 field. J Comput Neurosci 2022; 51:389-403. [PMID: 37402950 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-023-00855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Place cells are hippocampal neurons encoding the position of an animal in space. Studies of place cells are essential to understanding the processing of information by neural networks of the brain. An important characteristic of place cell spike trains is phase precession. When an animal is running through the place field, the discharges of the place cells shift from the ascending phase of the theta rhythm through the minimum to the descending phase. The role of excitatory inputs to pyramidal neurons along the Schaffer collaterals and the perforant pathway in phase precession is described, but the role of local interneurons is poorly understood. Our goal is estimating of the contribution of field CA1 interneurons to the phase precession of place cells using mathematical methods. The CA1 field is chosen because it provides the largest set of experimental data required to build and verify the model. Our simulations discover optimal parameters of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the pyramidal neuron so that it generates a spike train with the effect of phase precession. The uniform inhibition of pyramidal neurons best explains the effect of phase precession. Among interneurons, axo-axonal neurons make the greatest contribution to the inhibition of pyramidal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy Vandyshev
- Laboratory of Systemic Organization of Neurons, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskya, 3, Pushchino, 124290, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
- Faculty of General and Applied Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudnyi, 141701, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Ivan Mysin
- Laboratory of Systemic Organization of Neurons, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskya, 3, Pushchino, 124290, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
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Paquola C, Amunts K, Evans A, Smallwood J, Bernhardt B. Closing the mechanistic gap: the value of microarchitecture in understanding cognitive networks. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:873-886. [PMID: 35909021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience aims to provide biologically relevant accounts of cognition. Contemporary research linking spatial patterns of neural activity to psychological constructs describes 'where' hypothesised functions occur, but not 'how' these regions contribute to cognition. Technological, empirical, and conceptual advances allow this mechanistic gap to be closed by embedding patterns of functional activity in macro- and microscale descriptions of brain organisation. Recent work on the default mode network (DMN) and the multiple demand network (MDN), for example, highlights a microarchitectural landscape that may explain how activity in these networks integrates varied information, thus providing an anatomical foundation that will help to explain how these networks contribute to many different cognitive states. This perspective highlights emerging insights into how microarchitecture can constrain network accounts of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Paquola
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cécile and Oscar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Boris Bernhardt
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Rolls ET. The hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and episodic and semantic memory. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102334. [PMID: 35870682 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)/anterior cingulate cortex is implicated in reward and emotion, but also in memory. It is shown how the human orbitofrontal cortex connecting with the vmPFC and anterior cingulate cortex provide a route to the hippocampus for reward and emotional value to be incorporated into episodic memory, enabling memory of where a reward was seen. It is proposed that this value component results in primarily episodic memories with some value component to be repeatedly recalled from the hippocampus so that they are more likely to become incorporated into neocortical semantic and autobiographical memories. The same orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate regions also connect in humans to the septal and basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei, thereby helping to consolidate memory, and helping to account for why damage to the vMPFC impairs memory. The human hippocampus and vmPFC thus contribute in complementary ways to forming episodic and semantic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK; University of Warwick, Department of Computer Science, Coventry, UK.
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