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Ueda E, Matsunaga M, Fujihara H, Kajiwara T, Takeda AK, Watanabe S, Hagihara K, Myowa M. Temperament in Early Childhood Is Associated With Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22542. [PMID: 39237483 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Temperament is a key predictor of human mental health and cognitive and emotional development. Although human fear behavior is reportedly associated with gut microbiome in infancy, infant gut microbiota changes dramatically during the first 5 years, when the diversity and composition of gut microbiome are established. This period is crucial for the development of the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in emotion regulation. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between temperament and gut microbiota in 284 preschool children aged 3-4 years. Child temperament was assessed by maternal reports of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Gut microbiota (alpha/beta diversity and genera abundance) was evaluated using 16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples. A low abundance of anti-inflammatory bacteria (e.g., Faecalibacterium) and a high abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria (e.g., Eggerthella, Flavonifractor) were associated with higher negative emotionality and stress response (i.e., negative affectivity, β = -0.17, p = 0.004) and lower positive emotionality and reward-seeking (i.e., surgency/extraversion, β = 0.15, p = 0.013). Additionally, gut microbiota diversity was associated with speed of response initiation (i.e., impulsivity, a specific aspect of surgency/extraversion, β = 0.16, p = 0.008). This study provides insight into the biological mechanisms of temperament and takes important steps toward identifying predictive markers of psychological/emotional risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Ueda
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Hybrid Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujihara
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Kajiwara
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Keisuke Hagihara
- Department of Advanced Hybrid Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Myowa
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
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Mistry-Patel S, Nyman-Mallis T, Dollar JM, Gagne JR, Brooker RJ. Cognitive Control Moderates Associations Between Domains of Temperamental Reactivity and Preschoolers' Social Behaviors. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22545. [PMID: 39236225 PMCID: PMC11466368 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Temperamental characteristics and emerging cognitive control are meaningful predictors of children's development of adaptive and maladaptive social behaviors during the preschool period. However, knowledge of the interplay of these pathways, when examined concurrently to highlight their individual contributions, is limited. Using a cross-sectional sample of 3-year-old children, we examined parent-reported discrete traits of negative (anger, fear, sadness, and shyness) and positive (low- and high-intensity pleasure) temperamental reactivity as predictors of children's prosociality and physical aggression. Further, we tested whether the effects of discrete temperament were moderated by cognitive control, as indexed by the N2 event-related potential, during a go/no-go task. Analyses focus on a subsample of children with an observable N2 (n = 66). When controlling for other relative temperament traits, several significant main effects emerged. Moreover, at low cognitive control (smaller N2), fear was negatively associated with aggression, whereas at high cognitive control, sadness was positively associated with aggression. Heightened anger was linked to reduced prosocial behavior when cognitive control was low but linked to greater prosocial behavior when cognitive control was high. The results highlight that discrete temperament traits predict individual differences in child outcomes but that associations depend on concurrent levels of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica M. Dollar
- Departments of Kinesiology and Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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Segal SC, Moulson MC. The effectiveness of maternal regulatory attempts in the development of infant emotion regulation. INFANCY 2024; 29:672-692. [PMID: 38598268 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Caregivers are instrumental in the development of infant emotion regulation; however, few studies have focused on delineating the real-time effectiveness of strategies that caregivers use to reduce infant distress. It is also unclear whether certain caregiver traits facilitate engagement in more successful regulation strategies. This study addressed these gaps by: (1) examining the differential effectiveness of maternal regulatory attempts (MRAs; behavioral strategies initiated by mothers to assist infants with regulating emotional states) in reducing 12- to 24-month-old infants' frustration during a toy removal task; and (2) assessing whether maternal mind-mindedness (mothers' attunement to their infant's mental state) predicted mothers' selection of MRAs. Multilevel modeling revealed that distraction and control were the most effective MRAs in reducing infant negative affect across 5-s intervals (N = 82 dyads; M infant age = 18 months; 45 females). Greater use of non-attuned mind-related speech predicted less engagement in effective MRAs, supporting a link between caregivers' socio-cognitive skills and provision of in-the-moment regulation support. These findings highlight the value of considering caregiver regulatory behaviors as a target for elucidating how maternal socialization of emotion regulation occurs in real-time. They also underscore mothers' important role as socializing agents in the development of this foundational developmental ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira C Segal
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret C Moulson
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Balázs A, Lakatos K, Harmati-Pap V, Tóth I, Kas B. The influence of temperament and perinatal factors on language development: a longitudinal study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1375353. [PMID: 39027051 PMCID: PMC11256306 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1375353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Early language development is characterized by large individual variation. Several factors were proposed to contribute to individual pathways of language acquisition in infancy and childhood. One of the biologically based explaining factors is temperament, however, the exact contributions and the timing of the effects merits further research. Pre-term status, infant sex, and environmental factors such as maternal education and maternal language are also involved. Our study aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship between infant temperament and early language development, also considering infant gender, gestational age, and birthweight. Early temperament was assessed at 6, 9, 18, 24, and 30 months with the Very Short Form of Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ-R) and the Very Short Form of Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ). Early nonverbal communication skills, receptive and expressive vocabulary were evaluated with the Hungarian version of The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (HCDI). Our study adds further evidence to the contribution of infant temperament to early language development. Temperament, infant gender, and gestational age were associated with language development in infancy. Infants and toddlers with higher Surgency might enter communicative situations more readily and show more engagement with adult social partners, which is favorable for communication development. Gestational age was previously identified as a predictor for language in preterm infants. Our results extend this association to the later and narrower gestational age time window of term deliveries. Infants born after longer gestation develop better expressive vocabulary in toddlerhood. Gestational age may mark prenatal developmental processes that may exert influence on the development of verbal communication at later ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balázs
- Institute for General and Hungarian Linguistics, HUN-REN Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics, Budapest, Hungary
- Sound and Speech Perception Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Lakatos
- Sound and Speech Perception Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Harmati-Pap
- Institute for General and Hungarian Linguistics, HUN-REN Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Tóth
- Sound and Speech Perception Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kas
- Institute for General and Hungarian Linguistics, HUN-REN Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Language-Learning Disorders Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Bárczi Gusztáv Faculty of Special Needs Education, Budapest, Hungary
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Qiu T, Fang Q, Tian X, Feng Z, Cao Y, Li Y, Tu Y, Bai J, Liu Y. Postnatal nighttime light exposure and infant temperament at age 12 months: mediating role of genus Akkermansia. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:2413-2425. [PMID: 38691180 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been reported to be associated with nighttime light (NTL) exposure and temperament. However, the specific role of infant gut microbiome plays in NTL exposure and temperament is unclear. This study investigated the potential mediating role of infants' gut microbiome in correlations between NTL exposure and temperament. Demographic information, stool samples, and temperament scores were collected from 40 infants. Temperament was evaluated using the Infants Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R). The gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Cumulative and lagged effects of NTL exposure were calculated based on residential address (NTLpoint) and a concentric 1 km radius buffer zone around the address (NTL1000m), respectively. Mediation models were utilized for assessing the mediating effects of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome of infants with higher fear scores was characterized by a higher abundance of Akkermansia and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and a lower abundance of Bacteroides. Mediation models indicated Akkermansia played a full mediating role in associations between NTLpoint, NTL1000m and fear in specific time periods. Genus Akkermansia explained 24.46% and 33.50% of associations between fear and cumulative exposure to NTLpoint and NTL1000m, respectively. This study provides evidence for the mediating role of Akkermansia between NTL exposure and fear. However, further experimental is required to elucidate the mechanisms through which the gut microbiome mediates between NTL exposure and temperament in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlai Qiu
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing; Research Center for Lifespan Health, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qingbo Fang
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing; Research Center for Lifespan Health, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xuqi Tian
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing; Research Center for Lifespan Health, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zijun Feng
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing; Research Center for Lifespan Health, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing; Research Center for Lifespan Health, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing; Research Center for Lifespan Health, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yiming Tu
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing; Research Center for Lifespan Health, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing; Research Center for Lifespan Health, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Bagdasarov A, Roberts K, Brunet D, Michel CM, Gaffrey MS. Exploring the Association Between EEG Microstates During Resting-State and Error-Related Activity in Young Children. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:552-570. [PMID: 38141125 PMCID: PMC11199242 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-01030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the electroencephalography (EEG) waveform at frontal-central scalp sites that occurs after error commission. The relationship between the ERN and broader patterns of brain activity measured across the entire scalp that support error processing during early childhood is unclear. We examined the relationship between the ERN and EEG microstates - whole-brain patterns of dynamically evolving scalp potential topographies that reflect periods of synchronized neural activity - during both a go/no-go task and resting-state in 90, 4-8-year-old children. The mean amplitude of the ERN was quantified during the -64 to 108 millisecond (ms) period of time relative to error commission, which was determined by data-driven microstate segmentation of error-related activity. We found that greater magnitude of the ERN associated with greater global explained variance (GEV; i.e., the percentage of total variance in the data explained by a given microstate) of an error-related microstate observed during the same -64 to 108 ms period (i.e., error-related microstate 3), and to greater anxiety risk as measured by parent-reported behavioral inhibition. During resting-state, six data-driven microstates were identified. Both greater magnitude of the ERN and greater GEV values of error-related microstate 3 associated with greater GEV values of resting-state microstate 4, which showed a frontal-central scalp topography. Source localization results revealed overlap between the underlying neural generators of error-related microstate 3 and resting-state microstate 4 and canonical brain networks (e.g., ventral attention) known to support the higher-order cognitive processes involved in error processing. Taken together, our results clarify how individual differences in error-related and intrinsic brain activity are related and enhance our understanding of developing brain network function and organization supporting error processing during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Bagdasarov
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Reuben-Cooke Building, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Kenneth Roberts
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Denis Brunet
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, 9 Chemin des Mines, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) Lausanne, EPFL AVP CP CIBM Station 6, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, 9 Chemin des Mines, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) Lausanne, EPFL AVP CP CIBM Station 6, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Gaffrey
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Reuben-Cooke Building, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Children's Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of Pediatric Psychology and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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7
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Del Hoyo-Bilbao J, Orue I. Relationship between maternal anxiety and infants' temperament: The mediating role of mindful parenting. Infant Behav Dev 2024; 75:101931. [PMID: 38458100 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Research has indicated that maternal anxiety does have an effect on infant temperament. Therefore, it is important to study the variables that could play a role in this relationship. In this study, we propose that mindful parenting could act as a mediator in this relationship. Thus, the main objective was to evaluate the relationship between maternal anxiety and child temperament (i.e., negative affectivity, surgency, and effortful control) through the mindful parenting of mothers. Mothers (N = 225) self-reported their anxiety, mindful parenting use, and the temperament of their old infants (aged 4-18 months). First, the reliability and validity results showed that the infant version of the Interpersonal Mindful Parenting questionnaire was a good tool for the assessment of mindful parenting among parents with infants. The five-factor structure of the questionnaire was confirmed; it involved self-regulation in the parenting relationship, listening with full attention, emotional awareness of the child, compassion for the child, and non-judgmental acceptance of parenting behavior. Correlational analyses showed that maternal anxiety was related to negative affectivity and effortful control in infants. Furthermore, mediational analyses indicated that the relation between maternal anxiety and infant negative affectivity was mediated by self-regulation in parenting and the emotional awareness of the child. In addition, the relation between maternal anxiety and infant effortful control was mediated by compassion for the child and listening with full attention. These results contribute to knowledge about the relation between maternal anxiety and child temperament, which may increase the risk of psychological symptoms. The results of this study suggest that promoting mindful parenting skills may be beneficial for affectivity and effortful control in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Del Hoyo-Bilbao
- Deusto Stress Research, Department of Psychology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Deusto, Spain.
| | - Izaskun Orue
- Deusto Stress Research, Department of Psychology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Deusto, Spain
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Nazzari S, Grumi S, Mambretti F, Villa M, Giorda R, Bordoni M, Pansarasa O, Borgatti R, Provenzi L. Sex-dimorphic pathways in the associations between maternal trait anxiety, infant BDNF methylation, and negative emotionality. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:908-918. [PMID: 36855816 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Maternal antenatal anxiety is an emerging risk factor for child emotional development. Both sex and epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, may contribute to the embedding of maternal distress into emotional outcomes. Here, we investigated sex-dependent patterns in the association between antenatal maternal trait anxiety, methylation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF DNAm), and infant negative emotionality (NE). Mother-infant dyads (N = 276) were recruited at delivery. Maternal trait anxiety, as a marker of antenatal chronic stress exposure, was assessed soon after delivery using the Stait-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y). Infants' BDNF DNAm at birth was assessed in 11 CpG sites in buccal cells whereas infants' NE was assessed at 3 (N = 225) and 6 months (N = 189) using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R). Hierarchical linear analyses showed that higher maternal antenatal anxiety was associated with greater 6-month-olds' NE. Furthermore, maternal antenatal anxiety predicted greater infants' BDNF DNAm in five CpG sites in males but not in females. Higher methylation at these sites was associated with greater 3-to-6-month NE increase, independently of infants' sex. Maternal antenatal anxiety emerged as a risk factor for infant's NE. BDNF DNAm might mediate this effect in males. These results may inform the development of strategies to promote mothers and infants' emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nazzari
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Grumi
- Developmental Psychobiology Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabiana Mambretti
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Marco Villa
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Matteo Bordoni
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Cellular Models and Neuroepigenetics Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Developmental Psychobiology Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Livio Provenzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Developmental Psychobiology Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Nimmapirat P, Fiedler N, Suttiwan P, Sullivan MW, Ohman-Strickland P, Panuwet P, Barr DB, Prapamontol T, Naksen W. Predictors of executive function among 2 year olds from a Thai birth cohort. Infant Behav Dev 2024; 74:101916. [PMID: 38096613 PMCID: PMC10947867 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) is a critical skill for academic achievement. Research on the psychosocial and environmental predictors of EF, particularly among Southeast Asian, agricultural, and low income/rural populations, is limited. Our longitudinal study explored the influence of agricultural environmental, psychosocial, and temperamental factors on children's emerging EF. Three-hundred and nine farm worker women were recruited during the first trimester of pregnancy. We evaluated the effects of prenatal insecticide exposure and psychosocial factors on "cool" (i.e., cognitive: A-not-B task, looking version) and "hot" EF (i.e., affective, response inhibition) measures of emerging EF. Maternal urine samples were collected monthly during pregnancy, composited, and analyzed for dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of organophosphate insecticides. Psychosocial factors included socioeconomic status, maternal psychological factors, and quality of mother-child behavioral interactions. Backward stepwise regressions evaluated predictors of children's EF at 12 (N = 288), 18 (N = 277) and 24 (N = 280) months of age. We observed different predictive models for cool EF, as measured by A-not-B task, vs. hot EF, as measured by response inhibition tasks. Report of housing quality as a surrogate for income was a significant predictor of emerging EF. However, these variables had opposite effects for cool vs. hot EF. More financial resources predicted better cool EF performance but poorer hot EF performance. Qualitative findings indicate that homes with fewer resources were in tribal areas where children must remain close to an adult for safety reasons. This finding suggests that challenging physical environments (e.g., an elevated bamboo home with no electricity or running water), may contribute to development of higher levels of response inhibition through parental socialization methods that emphasize compliance. Children who tended to show more arousal and excitability, and joy reactivity as young infants in the laboratory setting had better cognitive performance. In contrast, maternal emotional availability was a significant predictor of hot EF. As expected, increased maternal exposure to pesticides during pregnancy was associated with worse cognitive performance but was not associated with inhibitory control. Identifying risk factors contributing to the differential developmental pathways of cool and hot EF will inform prevention strategies to promote healthy development in this and other unstudied rural, low income Southeast Asian farming communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimjuta Nimmapirat
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, LIFE Di Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Panrapee Suttiwan
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, LIFE Di Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Pamela Ohman-Strickland
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Aran Ö, Swales DA, Bailey NA, Korja R, Holmberg E, Eskola E, Nolvi S, Perasto L, Nordenswan E, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Sandman CA, Stern HS, Baram TZ, Glynn LM, Davis EP. Across ages and places: Unpredictability of maternal sensory signals and child internalizing behaviors. J Affect Disord 2024; 347:557-567. [PMID: 38007106 PMCID: PMC10843791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patterns of sensory inputs early in life play an integral role in shaping the maturation of neural circuits, including those implicated in emotion and cognition. In both experimental animal models and observational human research, unpredictable sensory signals have been linked to aberrant developmental outcomes, including poor memory and effortful control. These findings suggest that sensitivity to unpredictable sensory signals is conserved across species and sculpts the developing brain. The current study provides a novel investigation of unpredictable maternal sensory signals in early life and child internalizing behaviors. We tested these associations in three independent cohorts to probe the generalizability of associations across continents and cultures. METHOD The three prospective longitudinal cohorts were based in Orange, USA (n = 163, 47.2 % female, Mage = 1 year); Turku, Finland (n = 239, 44.8 % female, Mage = 5 years); and Irvine, USA (n = 129, 43.4 % female, Mage = 9.6 years). Unpredictability of maternal sensory signals was quantified during free-play interactions. Child internalizing behaviors were measured via parent report (Orange & Turku) and child self-report (Irvine). RESULTS Early life exposure to unpredictable maternal sensory signals was associated with greater child fearfulness/anxiety in all three cohorts, above and beyond maternal sensitivity and sociodemographic factors. The association between unpredictable maternal sensory signals and child sadness/depression was relatively weaker and did not reach traditional thresholds for statistical significance. LIMITATIONS The correlational design limits our ability to make causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS Findings across the three diverse cohorts suggest that unpredictable maternal signals early in life shape the development of internalizing behaviors, particularly fearfulness and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlü Aran
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Danielle A Swales
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Natasha A Bailey
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Riikka Korja
- University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku, Finland; Centre of Excellence in Learning Dynamics and Intervention Research (InterLearn), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva Holmberg
- University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva Eskola
- University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Nolvi
- University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Perasto
- University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Nordenswan
- University of Turku, Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku, Finland; Centre of Excellence in Learning Dynamics and Intervention Research (InterLearn), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hal S Stern
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Laura M Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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11
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Amani B, Krzeczkowski JE, Schmidt LA, Van Lieshout RJ. Public health nurse-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for postpartum depression: Assessing the effects of maternal treatment on infant emotion regulation. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38273706 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The effects of maternal postpartum depression (PPD) on offspring emotion regulation (ER) are particularly deleterious as difficulties with ER predict an increased risk of psychopathology. This study examined the impact of maternal participation in a public health nurse (PHN)-delivered group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention on infant ER. Mothers/birthing parents were ≥ 18 years old with an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 10, and infants were < 12 months. Between 2017 and 2020, 141 mother-infant dyads were randomized to experimental or control groups. Infant ER was measured at baseline (T1) and nine weeks later (T2) using two neurophysiological measures (frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) and high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV)), and informant-report of infant temperament. Mothers were a mean of 30.8 years old (SD = 4.7), 92.3% were married/ common-law, and infants were a mean of 5.4 months old (SD = 2.9) and 52.1% were male. A statistically significant group-by-time interaction was found to predict change in HF-HRV between T1 and T2 (F(1,68.3) = 4.04, p = .04), but no significant interaction predicted change in FAA or temperament. Results suggest that PHN-delivered group CBT for PPD may lead to adaptive changes in a neurophysiological marker of infant ER, highlighting the importance of early maternal intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Amani
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Kimonis ER. The Emotionally Sensitive Child-Adverse Parenting Experiences-Allostatic (Over)Load (ESCAPE-AL) Model for the Development of Secondary Psychopathic Traits. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2023; 26:1097-1114. [PMID: 37735279 PMCID: PMC10640461 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and treatment of antisocial behavior have improved through efforts to subtype individuals based on similar risk factors and outcomes. In particular, the presence of psychopathic traits is associated with distinct etiological factors and antisocial behavior that begins early in life, is aggressive, persistent, and less likely to normalize with traditional treatments, relative to individuals low on psychopathy or its childhood precursor, callous-unemotional (CU) traits. However, important distinctions can be made within individuals with CU/psychopathic traits according to the presence of elevated anxiety symptoms and/or adverse childhood experiences, known as secondary psychopathy/CU traits. This paper provides a broad and brief overview of theory and empirical literature supporting the existence of secondary psychopathy/CU variants as a distinct subtype of childhood antisocial behavior. It outlines the Emotionally Sensitive Child-Adverse Parenting Experiences-Allostatic (Over)Load (ESCAPE-AL) model for the developmental psychopathology of secondary psychopathic/CU traits and discusses research and theory supporting this perspective. Future research directions for testing this conceptual model and its implications for assessing and treating high-risk individuals with secondary CU/psychopathic traits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kimonis
- Parent-Child Research Clinic, School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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13
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Wiley KS, Fox MM, Gildner TE, Thayer ZM. A longitudinal study of how women's prenatal and postnatal concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic predicts their infants' social-emotional development. Child Dev 2023; 94:1356-1367. [PMID: 37068183 PMCID: PMC10524379 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Infant social-emotional development may be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated associations between maternal pre- and postnatal pandemic-related concerns and social-emotional developmental risk. Data, collected in 2020-2021, came from 220 mothers (87% white, 6% Hispanic, 1% Black, 3% Asian, 1% American Indian, Mage = 32.46 years), and infants (53.18% male, Mage = 12.98 months) in the United States. Maternal postnatal pandemic-related concerns were associated with total risk scores (B = 6.09, p-value <.001) and offspring risk of scoring positive for problems related to inflexibility (B = 4.07, p-value = .006). The total score association was moderated by self-reported social support. Infants may be detrimentally impacted by the pandemic via maternal pandemic-related concerns. Maternal social support may buffer infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Wiley
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Molly M. Fox
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Theresa E. Gildner
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St.
Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zaneta M. Thayer
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New
Hampshire, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, Environment & Society Program,
Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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14
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Bruce M, Ermanni B, Bell MA. The longitudinal contributions of child language, negative emotionality, and maternal positive affect on toddler executive functioning development. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 72:101847. [PMID: 37300924 PMCID: PMC10527090 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) develop rapidly across early childhood and play a prominent role in promoting adaptive outcomes later in development. Although the existing literature suggests that the development of early EF is sensitive to the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, limited research has examined the joint contributions of multiple child and contextual factors in infancy/toddlerhood. The purpose of our longitudinal study was therefore to identify early environmental, behavioral, biologically-based factors that influence children's EF outcomes in late toddlerhood. Participants included 409 mother-child dyads (209 girls) and the data was collected across children's first three postnatal years. Parent-report measures were used to assess infant negative affectivity (5-months; IBQ-R) and toddler language (age 2; MCDI), and both maternal positive affect (5-months) and toddler frustration (age 2) were coded during mother-child interaction tasks. A battery of behavioral tasks was used to measure child EF in late toddlerhood (age 3). After controlling for maternal education (a proxy for children's socio-economic environment), path analysis indicated that both infant and maternal affect at 5-months directly predicted toddlers' language skills and frustration expression at age 2. Toddler language (but not frustration) also predicted child performance on multiple EF tasks at age 3. Finally, 5-month infant and maternal affect indirectly predicted age 3 EF via age 2 language. Our results identify language as a mechanism through which children's early caregiving environment influences their EF development. Taken together, these findings illustrate the importance of applying a biopsychosocial perspective to the examination of early childhood EF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Bruce
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Briana Ermanni
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Martha Ann Bell
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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15
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Hunt E, Hogan A, Will EA, Roberts JE. ADHD and ASD symptoms in young males with fragile X syndrome: associations with early trajectories of inhibitory control. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:760-786. [PMID: 36082630 PMCID: PMC9995619 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2120605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC), the ability to suppress inappropriate responses, emerges late in the first year of life and improves across typical development, concurrent with brain maturation. The development of IC is critical to various social-emotional and behavioral functions, with IC difficulties being linked to numerous neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a single-gene disorder characterized by IC difficulties, and elevated rates of ADHD and ASD, making it a useful model for understanding the early development and consequences of IC. In this longitudinal study, we characterized IC trajectories across multiple time points between 16 and 71 months of age in young males with FXS (n = 79) relative to neurotypical (NT) controls (n=49). To explore the association between behavioral outcomes and IC, we identified a subsample of 50 children with longitudinal IC data and an outcome assessment for ADHD and ASD symptoms at age 5 (FXS: n = 26, NT: n = 24). Results indicated that, compared to their NT peers, young males with FXS exhibit differences in IC as early as 24 months, with group differences increasing through age 5. Additionally, we determined that lower IC levels at 24 months were associated with later ADHD symptoms and a decreasing slope in IC over time was associated with later ASD symptoms in male children with FXS. These findings help refine early developmental phenotypes of FXS and highlight IC as a potential target for early detection and intervention of ASD and ADHD symptoms in male children with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hunt
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Abigail Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Will
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jane E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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16
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Speranza AM, Liotti M, Spoletini I, Fortunato A. Heterotypic and homotypic continuity in psychopathology: a narrative review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1194249. [PMID: 37397301 PMCID: PMC10307982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1194249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychopathology is a process: it unfolds over time and involves several different factors. To extend our knowledge of such process, it is vital to understand the trajectories that lead to developing and maintaining a specific disorder. The construct of continuity appears very useful to this aim. It refers to the consistency, similarity, and predictability of behaviors or internal states across different developmental phases. This paper aims to present a narrative review of the literature on homotypic and heterotypic continuity of psychopathology across the lifespan. A detailed search of the published literature was conducted using the PsycINFO Record and Medline (PubMed) databases. Articles were included in the review based on the following criteria: (1) publication dates ranging from January 1970 to October 2022; and (2) articles being written in the English language. To ensure a thorough investigation, multiple combinations of keywords such as "continuity," "psychopathology," "infancy," "childhood," "adolescence," "adulthood," "homotypic," and "heterotypic" were used. Articles were excluded if exclusively focused on epidemiologic data and if not specifically addressing the topic of psychopathology continuity. The literature yielded a total of 36 longitudinal studies and an additional 190 articles, spanning the research published between 1970 and 2022. Studies on continuity focus on the etiology of different forms of mental disorders and may represent a fundamental resource from both a theoretical and clinical perspective. Enhancing our understanding of the different trajectories beneath psychopathology may allow clinicians to implement more effective strategies, focusing both on prevention and intervention. Since literature highlights the importance of early detection of clinical signs of psychopathology, future research should focus more on infancy and pre-scholar age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Liotti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Spoletini
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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17
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Bagdasarov A, Roberts K, Brunet D, Michel CM, Gaffrey MS. Exploring the association between EEG microstates during resting-state and error-related activity in young children. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2865543. [PMID: 37205415 PMCID: PMC10187414 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2865543/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the electroencephalography (EEG) waveform at frontal-central scalp sites that occurs after error commission. The relationship between the ERN and broader patterns of brain activity measured across the entire scalp that support error processing during early childhood is unclear. We examined the relationship between the ERN and EEG microstates - whole-brain patterns of dynamically evolving scalp potential topographies that reflect periods of synchronized neural activity - during both a go/no-go task and resting-state in 90, 4-8-year-old children. The mean amplitude of the ERN was quantified during the - 64 to 108 millisecond (ms) period of time relative to error commission, which was determined by data-driven microstate segmentation of error-related activity. We found that greater magnitude of the ERN associated with greater global explained variance (GEV; i.e., the percentage of total variance in the data explained by a given microstate) of an error-related microstate observed during the same - 64 to 108 ms period (i.e., error-related microstate 3), and to greater parent-report-measured anxiety risk. During resting-state, six data-driven microstates were identified. Both greater magnitude of the ERN and greater GEV values of error-related microstate 3 associated with greater GEV values of resting-state microstate 4, which showed a frontal-central scalp topography. Source localization results revealed overlap between the underlying neural generators of error-related microstate 3 and resting-state microstate 4 and canonical brain networks (e.g., ventral attention) known to support the higher-order cognitive processes involved in error processing. Taken together, our results clarify how individual differences in error-related and intrinsic brain activity are related and enhance our understanding of developing brain network function and organization supporting error processing during early childhood.
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18
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Smith-Paine J, Moscato EL, Narad ME, Sensenbaugh J, Ling B, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Yeates KO, Wade SL. More to the story than executive function: Effortful control soon after injury predicts long-term functional and social outcomes following pediatric traumatic brain injury in young children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:325-335. [PMID: 36102333 PMCID: PMC10011017 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of early traumatic brain injury (TBI) on effortful control (EC) over time and the relationship of EC and executive functioning (EF) to long-term functional and social outcomes. METHOD Parents of children (N = 206, ages 3-7) with moderate-to-severe TBI or orthopedic injuries (OIs) rated EC using the Child Behavior Questionnaire at 1 (pre-injury), 6, 12, and 18 months post-injury. Child functioning and social competence were assessed at 7 years post-injury. Mixed models examined the effects of injury, time since injury, and their interaction on EC. General linear models examined the associations of pre-injury EC and EC at 18 months with long-term functional and social outcomes. Models controlled for EF to assess the unique contribution of EC to outcomes. RESULTS Children with severe TBI had significantly lower EC than both the OI and moderate TBI groups at each post-injury time point. Both pre-injury and 18-month EC were associated with long-term outcomes. Among those with low EC at baseline, children with moderate and severe TBI had more functional impairment than those with OI; however, no group differences were noted at high levels of EC. EC had main effects on parent-reported social competence that did not vary by injury type. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that EC is sensitive to TBI effects and is a unique predictor of functional outcomes, independent of EF. High EC could serve as a protective factor, and as such measures of EC could be used to identify children for more intensive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily L. Moscato
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Megan E. Narad
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Josh Sensenbaugh
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- Wright State University, Dayton, USA
| | - Brandt Ling
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- Wright State University, Dayton, USA
| | - H. Gerry Taylor
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Terry Stancin
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - Shari L. Wade
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
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19
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Fan X, Zang T, Liu J, Wu N, Dai J, Bai J, Liu Y. Changes in the gut microbiome in the first two years of life predicted the temperament in toddlers. J Affect Disord 2023; 333:342-352. [PMID: 37086808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperament has been shown to be associated with the change of gut microbiome. There were no longitudinal studies to explore the role of gut microbiome changes in the development of temperament in toddlers. METHODS This study used longitudinal cohort to investigate the associations between changes in gut microbiome and temperament in toddlers in the first two years of life. Linear regression analysis and microbiome multivariate association with linear models were used to investigate the associations between the gut microbiome and toddlers' temperament. RESULTS In total, 41 toddlers were analyzed. This study found both Shannon and Chao-1 indices at birth were negatively correlated with the sadness dimension; the higher the Shannon and Chao-1 indices at 6 months, the lower the surgency/extraversion dimension scores; the higher the Shannon and Chao-1 indices at 2 years of ages, the lower the cuddliness dimension scores. After adjusting for covariates, beta diversity at birth was strongly associated with the negative affectivity dimension; beta diversity at 1 year of age was strongly associated with the activity level dimension; and beta diversity at 2 years of age was strongly associated with the discomfort and soothability dimension. Compared to Bifidobacterium cluster, this study also found Bacteroides cluster was associated with lower negative affectivity and its sub-dimensions frustration and sadness scores in toddlers. LIMITATIONS Generalizability of the results remains to be determined. CONCLUSION Results of this study confirmed the associations between changes in the gut microbiome diversity and composition in the first two years of life and toddlers' temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Fan
- Center for Women and Children Health and Metabolism Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tianzi Zang
- Center for Women and Children Health and Metabolism Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Center for Women and Children Health and Metabolism Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ni Wu
- Center for Women and Children Health and Metabolism Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiamiao Dai
- Center for Women and Children Health and Metabolism Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Center for Women and Children Health and Metabolism Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
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20
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Swales DA, Markant J, Hennessey EMP, Glueck DH, Hankin BL, Davis EP. Infant negative affectivity and patterns of affect-biased attention. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22380. [PMID: 36946685 PMCID: PMC10518220 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Biased attention toward affective cues often cooccurs with the emergence and maintenance of internalizing disorders. However, few studies have assessed whether affect-biased attention in infancy relates to early indicators of psychopathological risk, such as negative affectivity. The current study evaluates whether negative affectivity relates to affect-biased attention in 6-month-old infants. Affect-biased attention was assessed via a free-viewing eye-tracking task in which infants were presented with a series of face pairs (comprised of a happy, angry, or sad face and a neutral face). Attention was quantified with metrics of both attention orienting and attention holding. Overall, infants showed no differences in attention orienting (i.e., speed of looking) or attention holding (i.e., duration of looking) toward emotional faces in comparison to the neutral face pairs. Negative affectivity, assessed via parent report, did not relate to attention orienting but was associated with biased attention toward positive, happy faces and away from threat-cueing, angry faces in comparison to the neutral faces they were paired with. These findings suggest that negative affectivity is associated with differences in attention holding, but not initial orienting toward emotional faces; biases which have important implications for the trajectory of socioemotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Swales
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie Markant
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Deborah H. Glueck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Bailes LG, Leerkes EM. Transactional associations between infant negative emotionality and maternal sensitivity: Maternal emotion dysregulation as a moderator. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2023; 37:369-379. [PMID: 36689388 PMCID: PMC10124605 DOI: 10.1037/fam0001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The relations between maternal sensitivity and infant negative emotionality have been tested extensively in the previous literature. However, the extent to which these associations reflect unidirectional or bidirectional effects over time remains somewhat uncertain. Further, the possibility that maternal characteristics moderate the extent to which infant negative emotionality predicts maternal sensitivity over time has yet to be tested in cross-lag models. The goal of the present study is to address these gaps. First time mothers (N = 259; 50% White; 50% Black) and their infants participated when infants were 6, 14, and 26 months of age. Infant negative emotionality was assessed via maternal report and direct observation during standardized laboratory tasks, which were subsequently combined to yield a multimethod measure at each wave. Maternal sensitivity was observationally coded at each wave and mothers self-reported emotion dysregulation at 6 and 14 months. A random intercepts cross-lagged model with maternal emotion dysregulation specified as a moderator revealed that infant negative emotionality at 6 months was negatively associated with maternal sensitivity at 14 months, but only among mothers higher in emotion dysregulation. Higher maternal sensitivity was in turn associated with lower infant negative emotionality when infants were 26 months of age. The indirect pathway was significant, lending support for the transactional model. Implications for future research and prevention/intervention are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Bailes
- Vanderbilt University, Peabody College, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37076
| | - Esther M. Leerkes
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37076
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22
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Chetcuti L, Uljarević M, Varcin KJ, Boutrus M, Dimov S, Pillar S, Barbaro J, Dissanayake C, Green J, Whitehouse AJO, Hudry K. Continuity of temperament subgroup classifications from infancy to toddlerhood in the context of early autism traits. Autism Res 2023; 16:591-604. [PMID: 36511365 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our previous cross-sectional investigation (Chetcuti et al., 2020) showed that infants with autism traits could be divided into distinct subgroups based on temperament. This longitudinal study builds on this existing work by exploring the continuity of temperament subgroup classifications and their associations with behavioral/clinical phenotypic features from infancy to toddlerhood. 103 infants (68% male) showing early signs of autism were referred to the study by community healthcare professionals and seen for assessments when aged around 12-months (Time 1), 18-months (Time 2), and 24-months (Time 3). Latent profile analysis revealed inhibited/low positive, active/negative reactive, and sociable/well-regulated subgroups at each timepoint, and a unique reactive/regulated subgroup at Time 3. Cross-tabulations indicated a significant likelihood of children having a recurrent subgroup classification from one timepoint to the next, and no apparent patterns to the movement of children who did change from one subgroup to another over time. Temperament subgroups were associated with concurrent child social-emotional functioning and autism traits, but unrelated to child age, sex, or developmental level. These findings suggest that temperament subgroup classifications might represent a reliable and very early indicator of autism characteristics and social-emotional functioning among infants/toddlers with autism traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Chetcuti
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mirko Uljarević
- Stanford Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kandice J Varcin
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Maryam Boutrus
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Stefanie Dimov
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Pillar
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Josephine Barbaro
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cheryl Dissanayake
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan Green
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Kristelle Hudry
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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23
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Bianco C, Sania A, Kyle MH, Beebe B, Barbosa J, Bence M, Coskun L, Fields A, Firestein MR, Goldman S, Hane A, Hott V, Hussain M, Hyman S, Lucchini M, Marsh R, Mollicone I, Myers M, Ofray D, Pini N, Rodriguez C, Shuffrey LC, Tottenham N, Welch MG, Fifer W, Monk C, Dumitriu D, Amso D. Pandemic beyond the virus: maternal COVID-related postnatal stress is associated with infant temperament. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:253-259. [PMID: 35444294 PMCID: PMC9020754 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that infant temperament varies with maternal psychosocial factors, in utero illness, and environmental stressors. We predicted that the pandemic would shape infant temperament through maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and/or maternal postnatal stress. To test this, we examined associations among infant temperament, maternal prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection, maternal postnatal stress, and postnatal COVID-related life disruptions. METHODS We tested 63 mother-infant dyads with prenatal maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections and a comparable group of 110 dyads without infections. To assess postnatal maternal stress, mothers completed the Perceived Stress Scale 4 months postpartum and an evaluation of COVID-related stress and life disruptions 6 months postpartum. Mothers reported on infant temperament when infants were 6-months-old using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) Very Short Form. RESULTS Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was not associated with infant temperament or maternal postnatal stress. Mothers with higher self-reported postnatal stress rated their infants lower on the Positive Affectivity/Surgency and Orienting/Regulation IBQ-R subscales. Mothers who reported greater COVID-related life disruptions rated their infants higher on the Negative Emotionality IBQ-R subscale. CONCLUSIONS Despite no effect of prenatal maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, stress and life disruptions incurred by the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with infant temperament at 6-months. IMPACT SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is not associated with postnatal ratings of COVID-related life disruptions, maternal stress, or infant temperament. Postnatal ratings of maternal stress during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with normative variation in maternal report of infant temperament at 6 months of age. Higher postnatal ratings of maternal stress are associated with lower scores on infant Positive Affectivity/Surgency and Orienting/Regulation at 6 months of age. Higher postnatal ratings of COVID-related life disruptions are associated with higher scores on infant Negative Emotionality at 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bianco
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Ayesha Sania
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Margaret H. Kyle
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Beatrice Beebe
- grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Jennifer Barbosa
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Mary Bence
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Lerzan Coskun
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Andrea Fields
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Morgan R. Firestein
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Sylvie Goldman
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Amie Hane
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,grid.268275.c0000 0001 2284 9898Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA USA
| | - Violet Hott
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Maha Hussain
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Sabrina Hyman
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Maristella Lucchini
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Rachel Marsh
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Isabelle Mollicone
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Michael Myers
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Dayshalis Ofray
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Nicolo Pini
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Cynthia Rodriguez
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Lauren C. Shuffrey
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Martha G. Welch
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - William Fifer
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Catherine Monk
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Dani Dumitriu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dima Amso
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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The direct and indirect effects of parenting behaviors and functional brain network efficiency on self-regulation from infancy to early childhood: A longitudinal mediation model. Infant Behav Dev 2022; 69:101769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nazzari S, Grumi S, Villa M, Mambretti F, Biasucci G, Decembrino L, Giacchero R, Magnani ML, Nacinovich R, Prefumo F, Spinillo A, Veggiotti P, Fullone E, Giorda R, Provenzi L. Sex-dependent association between variability in infants' OXTR methylation at birth and negative affectivity at 3 months. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 145:105920. [PMID: 36108459 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-specific differences in DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) have been shown in adults and are related to several mental disorders. Negative affectivity early in life is a trans-diagnostic risk marker of later psychopathology and is partly under genetic control. However, sex-specific variations in OXTR methylation (OXTRm) in infants and their associations with negative affectivity are still unknown. AIMS Here, we explored sex differences in the association between infant OXTRm at birth and negative affectivity at 3 months of age. METHODS Infants and their mothers (N = 224) were recruited at delivery. Infants' methylation status was assessed in 13 CpG sites within the OXTR gene intron 1 region (chr3: 8810654-8810919) in buccal cells at birth while 3-month-old infants' negative affectivity was assessed by mothers using a well-validated temperament questionnaire. RESULTS OXTRm at 12 CpG sites was higher in females than in males. Moreover, higher infants' OXTRm at 6 specific CpG sites was associated with greater negative affectivity in males, but not in females. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights into the role of sex-dependent epigenetic mechanisms linking OXTRm with early infants' emotional development. Understanding the degree to which epigenetic processes relate to early temperamental variations may help inform the etiology of later childhood psychopathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nazzari
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Grumi
- Developmental Psychobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Villa
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Fabiana Mambretti
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biasucci
- Department of Pediatrics & Neonatology, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lidia Decembrino
- Unità Operativa di Pediatria e Nido, ASST Pavia, Vigevano, Italy
| | | | | | - Renata Nacinovich
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery & Milan Center for Neuroscience, Università Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Prefumo
- Unit of Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fullone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Livio Provenzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Developmental Psychobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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Hosch A, Oleson JJ, Harris JL, Goeltz MT, Neumann T, LeBeau B, Hazeltine E, Petersen IT. Studying children's growth in self-regulation using changing measures to account for heterotypic continuity: A Bayesian approach to developmental scaling. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13280. [PMID: 35615923 PMCID: PMC9617752 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-regulation is thought to show heterotypic continuity-its individual differences endure but its behavioral manifestations change across development. Thus, different measures across time may be necessary to account for heterotypic continuity of self-regulation. This longitudinal study examined children's (N = 108) self-regulation development using 17 measures, including 15 performance-based measures, two questionnaires, and three raters across seven time points. It is the first to use different measures of self-regulation over time to account for heterotypic continuity while using developmental scaling to link the measures onto the same scale for more accurate growth estimates. Assessed facets included inhibitory control, delayed gratification, sustained attention, and executive functions. Some measures differed across ages to retain construct validity and account for heterotypic continuity. A Bayesian longitudinal mixed model for developmental scaling was developed to link the differing measures onto the same scale. This allowed charting children's self-regulation growth across ages 3-7 years and relating it to both predictors and outcomes. Rapid growth occurred from ages 3-6. As a validation of the developmental scaling approach, greater self-regulation was associated with better school readiness (math and reading skills) and fewer externalizing problems. Our multi-wave, multi-facet, multi-method, multi-measure, multi-rater, developmental scaling approach is the most comprehensive to date for assessing the development of self-regulation. This approach demonstrates that developmental scaling may enable studying development of self-regulation across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hosch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jordan L Harris
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mary Taylor Goeltz
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tabea Neumann
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Brandon LeBeau
- Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Eliot Hazeltine
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Isaac T Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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27
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Liu R, DeSerisy M, Fox NA, Herbstman JB, Rauh VA, Beebe B, Margolis AE. Prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal stress predict infant individual differences in reactivity and regulation and socioemotional development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1359-1367. [PMID: 35174891 PMCID: PMC9381652 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are ubiquitously exposed to air pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Although most studies of prenatal exposures have focused on psychopathology in childhood or adolescence, the effects of air pollutants on early emerging individual differences in reactivity and regulation are of growing concern. Our study is the first to report effects of prenatal exposure to PAH and maternal stress on infant reactivity and regulation. METHODS Participants included 153 infants (74 girls and 79 boys). Prenatal exposure to PAH was measured via personal air monitoring during the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal perceived stress was measured via self-report. We assessed infant orienting/regulation (OR), surgency (SE), and negative affectivity (NA) at 4 months using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire. We measured infant socioemotional outcomes at 12 months using the Brief Infant-Toddler Social & Emotional Assessment Questionnaire. RESULTS Infants with higher prenatal PAH exposure and of mothers with higher stress had lower OR at 4 months, which predicted lower competence at 12 months. Infants with higher prenatal PAH exposure had lower SE at 4 months, which predicted more behavioral problems at 12 months. Prenatal exposure to PAH had no effects on infant NA at 4 months, although NA was associated with greater behavioral problems at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Infant reactivity and regulation, as early makers of child psychopathology, can facilitate timely and targeted screening and possibly prevention of disorders caused, in part, by environmental pollution. A multifaceted approach to improve environmental quality and reduce psychosocial stress is necessary to improve the developmental outcomes of children and most specially children from disadvantaged communities that disproportionately experience these environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariah DeSerisy
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Julie B. Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia A. Rauh
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrice Beebe
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy E. Margolis
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Elliott L, Bachman HJ, Carvalho Pereira J, Coulanges L, Duong S, Montue T, Miller P, Libertus M, Votruba-Drzal E. Self-regulation in toddlers and the emergence of pre-academic disparities. Infant Behav Dev 2022; 69:101779. [PMID: 36274356 PMCID: PMC10184574 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has examined how children's self-regulation during early and middle childhood mediates SES disparities in academic achievement. Evidence suggests that these self-regulation skills begin developing even earlier, during the toddler years, but more work is needed examining how different measures of self-regulation relate to key constructs such as socioeconomic status (SES) and toddlers' pre-academic skills. In this online study, we examine multiple approaches to measuring self-regulation using confirmatory factor analyses and assess the extent to which self-regulatory skills help explain SES differences in early math and language skills among a sample of 158 two- and three-year-old children. Self-regulation was assessed through a battery of parent- and examiner-ratings. Children's counting, cardinality, and vocabulary skills were measured online through direct assessments and parent surveys. Two self-regulation factors emerged representing parent-reported and observational measures, and only observational measures of self-regulation mediated associations between SES and children's math and language skills. Parent-reported self-regulation was not uniquely related to SES or children's pre-academic skills, underscoring the need for careful consideration of how self-regulation is measured among toddlers when examining its associations with pre-academic skills.
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29
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Foss S, So RP, Petty CR, Waber DP, Wright RJ, Bosquet Enlow M. Effects of Maternal and Child Lifetime Traumatic Stress Exposures, Infant Temperament, and Caregiving Quality on Preschoolers' Executive Functioning. Dev Neuropsychol 2022; 47:327-352. [PMID: 36475997 PMCID: PMC9837737 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2022.2147180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined effects of maternal and child lifetime traumatic stress exposures, infant temperament, and caregiving quality on parent ratings of preschoolers' executive functioning (EF). Maternal lifetime trauma was associated with preschoolers' EF problems; this association was mediated by greater child trauma exposure. Infant temperament was associated with EF abilities, particularly among females. Among males, infant extraversion/surgency mediated the association of maternal lifetime trauma with poorer child EF. Caregiving quality was negatively associated with maternal and child trauma exposures but did not predict child EF. Findings have implications for interventions to identify children at risk for poor EF and optimize outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Foss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel P. So
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carter R. Petty
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah P. Waber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Wang Y, Tao Y, Zhu L, Li Y, Huang D. Preschool children's negative affect and social skills in China: The moderating effect of the teacher-child relationship. Front Psychol 2022; 13:991039. [PMID: 36211844 PMCID: PMC9533076 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.991039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative affect is an important temperament in children, influencing their social skills. However, the evidence for this association in preschool children is limited. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms that explain the relationship between preschool children's negative affect and social skills remain less understood. Thus, the primary goal of this study was to examine the moderating role of the teacher-child relationship in the associations between negative affect and social skills of Chinese preschoolers. A sample of 198 preschool children (M age = 58.64 ± 3.83 months, 53% boys), recruited from 13 classes in two public kindergartens in Shanghai, China, participated in this 1-year longitudinal study. The mothers reported children's negative affect, while the teachers reported children's social skills and the teacher-child relationship. Results of a series of moderating effect analyses showed that (1) T1 negative affect could significantly negatively predict T2 social skills (cooperation, self-control, and assertion), and (2) the associations between negative affect and social skills were moderated by the teacher-child relationship (including teacher-child closeness and conflict). Specifically, a high level of teacher-child closeness buffered the prediction of negative affect on social skills, while a high level of teacher-child conflict aggravated the said prediction. The findings highlight the importance of the teacher-child relationship in the development of children's social skills during preschool age when they have a high level of negative affect. This has important implications for the development of interventions to improve teacher-child relationships and children's social skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- School of Teacher Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Ying Tao
- Shanghai Early Childhood Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Shanghai Early Childhood Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Early Childhood Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingwen Huang
- Shanghai Early Childhood Education College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Bates RA, Ford JL, Justice LM, Pickler RH, Singletary B, Dynia JM. Relationships among caregiving, stress, and self-regulation in toddlers living in poverty. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 66:184-190. [PMID: 35835016 PMCID: PMC9793103 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Developmental Psychobiological Model of Experiential Canalization (DPMEC) proposes that conditions of poverty-related adversity influence child self-regulation through parental caregiving, stress hormones, and the child's genetics. However, empirical findings investigating these relationships with prolonged stress hormones are mixed. Further, the relationships among conditions of adversity with prolonged stress hormones have seldom been investigated in toddlers living in poverty. Guided by the DPMEC, we examined the relationships among maternal caregiving, prolonged stress, and self-regulation in toddlers living in poverty in the United States, to include examining whether toddler prolonged stress mediated relations between maternal caregiving and child self-regulation. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were mothers and toddlers (20 to 24 months of age) living in poverty, who provided hair samples to measure four months of average cortisol concentration to estimate prolonged stress. We used observational measures to examine maternal caregiving and indirect report to measure children's self-regulation. RESULTS Findings did not support the role of toddler prolonged stress in mediating the relationship between maternal caregiving and toddler self-regulation. However, multiple linear regression models showed that higher levels of maternal emotionally supportive caregiving significantly predicted better toddler soothability (b = 0.90; p = .03; 95% CI [0.10, 1.69]; partial correlation = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS This study adds partial support for the DPMEC to represent associations between maternal caregiving and toddler self-regulation for mothers and toddlers experiencing poverty. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS While these data come from an observational study, pediatric nurses may consider assessing maternal supportive caregiving upon reports of poor toddler soothability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi A Bates
- University of Cincinnati College of Nursing, United States of America; College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States of America; Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States of America.
| | - Jodi L Ford
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States of America.
| | - Laura M Justice
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States of America.
| | - Rita H Pickler
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, United States of America.
| | - Britt Singletary
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States of America.
| | - Jaclyn M Dynia
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States of America.
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Begum‐Ali J, Goodwin A, Mason L, Pasco G, Charman T, Johnson MH, Jones EJ. Altered theta-beta ratio in infancy associates with family history of ADHD and later ADHD-relevant temperamental traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1057-1067. [PMID: 35187652 PMCID: PMC9540467 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncovering the neural mechanisms that underlie symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires studying brain development prior to the emergence of behavioural difficulties. One new approach to this is prospective studies of infants with an elevated likelihood of developing ADHD. METHODS We used a prospective design to examine an oscillatory electroencephalography profile that has been widely studied in both children and adults with ADHD - the balance between lower and higher frequencies operationalised as the theta-beta ratio (TBR). In the present study, we examined TBR in 136 10-month-old infants (72 male and 64 female) with/without an elevated likelihood of developing ADHD and/or a comparison disorder (Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD). RESULTS Infants with a first-degree relative with ADHD demonstrated lower TBR than infants without a first-degree relative with ADHD. Further, lower TBR at 10 months was positively associated with temperament dimensions conceptually related to ADHD at 2 years. TBR was not altered in infants with a family history of ASD. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that alterations in TBR are present prior to behavioural symptoms of ADHD. However, these alterations manifest differently than those sometimes observed in older children with an ADHD diagnosis. Importantly, altered TBR was not seen in infants at elevated likelihood of developing ASD, suggesting a degree of specificity to ADHD. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that there are brain changes associated with a family history of ADHD observable in the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannath Begum‐Ali
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentDepartment of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Amy Goodwin
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentDepartment of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Greg Pasco
- Psychology DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tony Charman
- Psychology DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mark H. Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentDepartment of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK,Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Emily J.H. Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentDepartment of Psychological SciencesBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
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Hassan R, Poole KL, Smith A, Niccols A, Schmidt LA. Temperamental and physiological regulatory capacity in infancy: Links with toddler behavior problems. Infant Behav Dev 2022; 69:101754. [PMID: 35987138 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although correlates of temperamental regulatory processes in childhood have been well established, there is considerably less work examining correlates and moderators of rudimentary forms of temperamental regulation in infancy. We examined whether infants' physiological regulation indexed via changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) across phases of the Still-Face Paradigm moderated the association between maternal-reported infant regulatory capacity at 8 months (N = 50, Mage = 8.51 months, SDage = 0.28 months, 25 girls) and behavior problems at 14 months. We found that cardiac vagal regulation from baseline to still-face moderated the relation between infant regulatory capacity at 8 months and behavior problems at 14 months. Among infants who displayed relatively high cardiac vagal regulation from baseline to still-face, regulatory capacity was negatively associated with behavior problems. There was no relation between regulatory capacity and behavior problems among infants who displayed average or relatively low cardiac vagal regulation. We speculate that high levels of regulatory capacity and cardiac vagal regulation may allow infants to focus their attention outward and cope with emotionally evocative environmental demands as they arise even in the absence of external regulation provided by their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Hassan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Canada.
| | | | - Ainsley Smith
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Alison Niccols
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Canada
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Fukkink RG. Infants in Dutch daycare: Exploring fine‐grained dimensions of temperament. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben G. Fukkink
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Centre for Applied Research in Education Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Fiske A, Scerif G, Holmboe K. Maternal depressive symptoms and early childhood temperament before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022; 31:e2354. [PMID: 35942046 PMCID: PMC9349650 DOI: 10.1002/icd.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unexpected and major global event, with the potential to have many and varied impacts on child development. However, the implications of the pandemic for maternal depressive symptoms, early childhood temperament dimensions, and their associations, remain largely unknown. To investigate this, questionnaires were completed by mothers (N = 175) before and during the pandemic when their child was 10- and 16-months old (Study 1), and by an extended group of mothers with young children (6-48 months; 66 additional mothers) during the first and second national lockdowns in the United Kingdom in 2020 (Study 2). Results indicated that while maternal pandemic-related stress decreased over the first 6 months of the pandemic, there was an increase in mothers who reported feeling some level of pandemic-specific depression. Despite this, we did not observe an increase in the severity of global maternal depressive symptoms, or any negative impact of the pandemic on the development of temperament in infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Fiske
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Karla Holmboe
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Ponikiewska K, Strus W, Cieciuch J. Revealing the hierarchical structure of temperamental constructs distinguished in eight theories. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 226:103557. [PMID: 35306271 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper explores the hierarchical structure of temperament with the inclusion of a wide catalog of temperamental constructs derived from eight different theoretical models. Analyses were conducted on a group of 412 participants aged from 16 to 79 (Mage = 28.49, SDage = 11.64), administrating nine well-established measures of temperament, with a representation of 34 different constructs. An eight-level hierarchical structure of temperament was obtained using a top-down procedure. The results are discussed twofold: (1) relating the subsequent levels of the obtained structure to the existing theories and models of temperament, and (2) regarding possible identification of the most general dimensions of temperament, that percolate the abundant catalogs of its specific constructs. The latter-considering both an empirical and theoretical perspectives-resulted in the emergence of the Big Two broad factors, being recognized as two fundamental dimensions of temperament. The first factor (Neuroticism/Emotionality) refers to general (negative) emotionality and susceptibility to react with negative affect, whereas the second (Extraversion/Sensation Seeking) is expressed in broadly understood activity and its diversity, as well as high stimuli value of functioning.
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Hendry A, Agyapong MA, D'Souza H, Frick MA, Portugal AM, Konke LA, Cloke H, Bedford R, Smith TJ, Karmiloff‐Smith A, Jones EJ, Charman T, Brocki KC. Inhibitory control and problem solving in early childhood: Exploring the burdens and benefits of high self-control. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022; 31:e2297. [PMID: 35983171 PMCID: PMC9364682 DOI: 10.1002/icd.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low inhibitory control (IC) is sometimes associated with enhanced problem-solving amongst adults, yet for young children high IC is primarily framed as inherently better than low IC. Here, we explore associations between IC and performance on a novel problem-solving task, amongst 102 English 2- and 3-year-olds (Study 1) and 84 Swedish children, seen at 18-months and 4-years (Study 2). Generativity during problem-solving was negatively associated with IC, as measured by prohibition-compliance (Study 1, both ages, Study 2 longitudinally from 18-months). High parent-reported IC was associated with poorer overall problem-solving success, and greater perseveration (Study 1, 3-year-olds only). Benefits of high parent-reported IC on persistence could be accounted for by developmental level. No concurrent association was observed between problem-solving performance and IC as measured with a Delay-of-Gratification task (Study 2, concurrent associations at 4-years). We suggest that, for young children, high IC may confer burden on insight- and analytic-aspects of problem-solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hendry
- Psychology DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mary A. Agyapong
- Psychology DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Hana D'Souza
- Department of Psychology & Newnham CollegeUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Ana Maria Portugal
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Women's and Children's HealthCenter of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Hamish Cloke
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rachael Bedford
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Tim J. Smith
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Emily J.H. Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentBirkbeck, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Tony Charman
- Psychology DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
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Pener-Tessler R, Markovitch N, Knafo-Noam A. The Special Role of Middle Childhood in Self-Control Development: Longitudinal and Genetic Evidence. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13270. [PMID: 35436381 PMCID: PMC9539564 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of self-control for well-being and adjustment, its development from early childhood to early adolescence has been relatively understudied. We addressed the development of mother-reported self-control in what is likely the largest and longest longitudinal twin study of the topic to this day (N = 1,889 individual children with data from at least one of 5 waves: ages 3, 5, 6.5, 8-9 and 11 years). We examined rank-order change in self-control from early childhood to early adolescence, genetic and environmental contributions to variance in the trait and differential developmental trajectories. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to change and stability was also examined. Results point at middle childhood as a period of potential transition and change. During this period the rank-order stability of self-control increases, heritability rates substantially rise, and a cross-over occurs in two of the self-control trajectories. Non-additive genetic effects contribute to both stability and change in self-control while the non-shared environment contributes mostly to change, with no effect for the shared environment. Our findings suggest that new genetic factors, that emerge around age 6.5 and whose effect on self-control is carried on along development, may partially account for changes in self-control around late middle childhood, and explain the growing stability in the trait approaching early adolescence. We discuss the implications of the special role of middle childhood for self-control development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Pener-Tessler
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noam Markovitch
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Knafo-Noam
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Salvadori EA, Colonnesi C, Elsammak L, Oort FJ, Messinger DS. Beyond the familial: The development of emotional communication with mothers, fathers, and strangers. INFANCY 2022; 27:836-862. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliala A. Salvadori
- Developmental Psychopathology Unit Research Institute of Child Development and Education Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Yield, Research Priority Area University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Colonnesi
- Developmental Psychopathology Unit Research Institute of Child Development and Education Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Yield, Research Priority Area University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Linnea Elsammak
- Developmental Psychopathology Unit Research Institute of Child Development and Education Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Frans J. Oort
- Yield, Research Priority Area University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Methods & Statistics Unit Research Institute of Child Development and Education Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Daniel S. Messinger
- Departments of Psychology, Pediatrics, Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Music Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
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40
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Perez M, Winstone LK, Curci SG, Hernández JC, Somers JA, Luecken LJ. Longitudinal associations between early child weight gain, parent feeding, child self-regulation, and later child body mass index. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12864. [PMID: 34676989 PMCID: PMC11037896 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few longitudinal studies have examined associations of child weight trajectories, maternal demandingness and responsiveness during feeding, and child self-regulation. OBJECTIVE We examined if child weight-for-length trajectories from 6 weeks to 2 years of age were associated with maternal demandingness and responsiveness at child age 3 years old, and if maternal feeding dimensions predicted child BMI trajectories from 4.5 to 7.5 years among Mexican American children from low-income families. Child self-regulation was evaluated as a potential mechanism linking maternal feeding with child BMI. METHOD Child (N = 322) weight and length/height were assessed at 10 timepoints from 6 weeks through 7.5 years. Mothers completed the Caregiver Feeding Style Questionnaire when the child was 3 years of age. RESULTS A steeper slope of weight-for-length z scores from 6 weeks to 2 years (indicating more rapid weight gain) was associated with less maternal demands during feeding at 3 years. More maternal demandingness at child age 3 years predicted lower child BMI at 4.5 years, but not trajectories from 4.5 to 7 years. Child self-regulation was not associated with child BMI from 4.5 to 7.5 years. CONCLUSION The findings highlight how the relationship between mothers and children during feeding can be bidirectional and potentially influenced by the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Laura K Winstone
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah G Curci
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Juan C Hernández
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jennifer A Somers
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Linda J Luecken
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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41
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Xie T, Wang Y, Zou Z, Wu Y, Fan X, Dai J, Liu Y, Bai J. Relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament in children 1-2 years old in Chinese birth cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 148:52-60. [PMID: 35101710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament can provide new insights for the regulation of behavioral intervention in children, which is still lacking research. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament in a cohort of children in 1 year and 2 years old. METHODS This study included a total of 37 children with completed information, in which 51 samples at age 1 and 41 samples at age 2 were received respectively. We collected birth and demographic information. Parents reported their child's temperament characteristics using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-revised (IBQ-R) and Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ). Fecal samples were collected from each child at 1 and 2 years old and sequenced with MiSeq sequencer. Multiple linear regressions and linear mixed effect models were used to analyze the relationship between the temperament and their microbiota composition as well as the diversity and effect of gender or age on this relationship. RESULTS At age of year 2, Faecalibacterium was negatively associated with high-intensity pleasure and surgency. Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with Perceptual sensitivity. Results showed no difference about three domains between year 1 and year 2, while gut microbiota showed diversity difference and genera difference. There was no gender and age difference on the relationship between temperament and the gut microbiota. CONCLUSIONS Temperament was associated with the gut microbiota over time. The temperament remained stable and the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament wasn't associated with age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqu Xie
- Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, China.
| | - Zhijie Zou
- Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yinyin Wu
- Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Jiamiao Dai
- Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Sieber F, Zmyj N. Stability and structure of infant and toddler temperament in two longitudinal studies in Germany. Infant Behav Dev 2022; 67:101714. [PMID: 35344850 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the factor structure and longitudinal stability of infant and toddler temperament measured with the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) in two German samples. Since the few studies using the German IBQ-R failed to replicate the commonly assumed three factors of infant temperament, another exploration of its factor structure was necessary. Whereas previous stability measurements are usually based on groups with relatively large age ranges, we investigated stability between concrete ages. In Study 1, the IBQ-R was applied in 9- and 12-month-old infants. In Study 2, both questionnaires were applied in 12-, 18-, and 24-month-olds. Factor analyses of the IBQ-R in both studies revealed a two-factor solution comprising Surgency/ Extraversion and Negative Affectivity, replicating earlier findings with German infants. The Orienting/ Regulation factor was not replicated for the IBQ-R, whereas analysis of the ECBQ revealed a three-factor solution for toddlers. The results showed stability of temperament ratings within infancy (Study 1) and toddlerhood (Study 2) as well as between the developmental periods within the second year of life (Study 2). Taken together, the present findings indicate that temperament stability emerges early in life and can be reliably measured using the IBQ-R and ECBQ, whereas the factor structure of temperament in infancy requires further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Sieber
- Institute of Psychology, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Norbert Zmyj
- Institute of Psychology, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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43
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Doyle FL, Klein L, Kemp LJ, Moul C, Richmond JL, Eapen V, Frick PJ, Kimonis ER, Hawes DJ, Le Pelley ME, Mehta D, Dadds MR. Learning to like triangles: A longitudinal investigation of evaluative conditioning in infancy. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22244. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances L. Doyle
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, School of Psychology Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Louis Klein
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Mental Health Academic Unit Liverpool Hospital, SWS‐LHD Liverpool New South Wales Australia
| | - Lindsay J. Kemp
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Caroline Moul
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jenny L. Richmond
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Mental Health Academic Unit Liverpool Hospital, SWS‐LHD Liverpool New South Wales Australia
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Paul J. Frick
- Department of Psychology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Eva R. Kimonis
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - David J. Hawes
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Mike E. Le Pelley
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Mark R. Dadds
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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44
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Garon N, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson SE, Smith IM, Brian J, Roncadin C, Vaillancourt T, Armstrong VL, Sacrey LAR, Roberts W. Precursors of Self-Regulation in Infants at Elevated Likelihood for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13247. [PMID: 35174584 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research concerning temperament in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has suggested a consistent profile of low positive affect, high negative affect, and low regulation (Visser et al., 2016). One area receiving less attention is individual differences among children diagnosed with ASD. The primary objective of this study was to use a person-centered approach to explore heterogeneity of early temperament precursors of regulation in a large sample of infants with elevated familial likelihood of ASD. Early precursors of regulation included temperament assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months whereas outcome measures were diagnosis of ASD, cognitive ability and adaptive behavior at 36 months. Participants included 176 low-likelihood and 473 elevated-likelihood infants, 129 of whom were diagnosed with ASD at 3 years. Results supported a three-profile solution: a well-regulated profile (high positive affect and high attentional focus and shifting), a low attention focus profile (higher attentional shifting compared to attentional focus), and a low attention shifting profile (higher attentional focus compared to attentional shifting). A higher proportion of children diagnosed with ASD were classified into the low attention shifting profile. Furthermore, children with the well-regulated profile were differentiated from the other profiles by a pattern of higher social competence and lower dysregulation whereas children with the low attention focus profile were distinguished from the other profiles by higher cognitive ability at 3 years. The findings indicate that the combination of early positive affect with attention measures may provide an enhanced tool for prediction of self-regulation and later outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Garon
- Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Autism Research Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Susan E Bryson
- Dalhousie University/IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Isabel M Smith
- Dalhousie University/IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jessica Brian
- Bloorview Research Department of Pediatrics, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Roncadin
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Lori-Ann R Sacrey
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Autism Research Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Kravitz SBR, Walker OL, Degnan KA. Toddler Exuberance as an Influence on Positive Social Behavior in a High-Intensity Context in Middle Childhood. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022; 31:232-247. [PMID: 35330663 PMCID: PMC8939898 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Exuberance, a profile of temperament characterized in toddlerhood by high approach motivation, positive affect, and sociability, is associated with both adaptive and maladaptive socioemotional outcomes. The aims of the current study were to introduce a novel approach/avoidance-eliciting social task, as well as longitudinally extend our understanding of toddlerhood exuberance to outcomes in middle childhood. Specifically, affect and social behavior at age seven during a high-intensity game were compared to that observed during a low-intensity freeplay task. As part of a longitudinal study, 291 infants were selected at 4 months for a wide range of reactivity to novelty. The sample was assessed repeatedly across early childhood (9, 24, and 36 months of age) and at 7 years of age. A high exuberance profile was formed with approach, positive, and sociable behaviors observed in the laboratory from 4 to 36 months. At 7 years of age, affect and social behavior were assessed during high- and low-intensity interactions with an unfamiliar peer in the laboratory. Path Analyses using structural equation models demonstrated that a high exuberance profile was associated with greater positive social behavior at age 7 during a high-intensity game, but not negative social behavior or behavior during a low-intensity freeplay task. These results illuminate the need for targeted methodology, such as high-intensity approach/avoidance-eliciting social tasks, in order to clarify the links between early temperament and adaptive or maladaptive socioemotional outcomes across development.
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Infant sleep and negative reactivity: The role of maternal adversity and perinatal sleep. Infant Behav Dev 2022; 66:101664. [PMID: 34958975 PMCID: PMC9162035 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep during infancy contributes to the development and maintenance of infant regulatory functioning and may be an early risk marker for more difficult temperamental traits like negative reactivity. Further, maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may predispose individuals to greater sleep disturbances in adulthood and have been linked with sleep disturbances in both mothers and infants. Thus, examining maternal history of ACEs and maternal sleep difficulties during pregnancy and postpartum may provide insight into underlying risk factors affecting infant sleep difficulties and early temperament development. Fifty-nine mothers from a diverse, community sample (44% white) completed questionnaires on ACEs, maternal sleep, infant sleep, and infant temperament at 30-weeks gestation, 6-weeks postpartum, and 16-weeks postpartum. Results indicated that maternal ACES and sleep problems during pregnancy have long term implications for infant negative reactivity at 16-weeks, with significant indirect effects through maternal and infant sleep problems at 6-weeks. Addressing psychosocial functioning and prenatal sleep during pregnancy, particularly among women with high ACEs, may be a target of intervention to improve maternal and infant sleep health during the postpartum, and reduce the risk for difficult infant temperament.
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Harris HA, Moore AM, Ruggiero CF, Bailey-Davis L, Savage JS. Infant Food Responsiveness in the Context of Temperament and Mothers' Use of Food to Soothe. Front Nutr 2022; 8:781861. [PMID: 35087856 PMCID: PMC8786708 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.781861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents' use of food to soothe an infants' non-hunger related distress may impair an infants' development of appetite self-regulation. Parents tend to use food to soothe if their infant has more ‘difficult' temperamental tendencies. However, the role of infant appetite in this association is unclear. This study investigates the moderating effect of infant food responsiveness on cross-sectional and prospective associations between infant temperament and mothers' use of food to soothe. Mothers (n = 200) from low-income households reported their infants' temperament (i.e., surgency, negative affect and regulation) and food responsiveness at age 4 months, and their use of food to soothe at age 4 and 6 months. Temperament × food responsiveness interactions on mothers' use of food to soothe were examined using general linear models, adjusting for covariates. Cross-sectional associations showed that mothers used more food to soothe at 4 months for infants who were lower in negative affect and higher in food responsiveness (negative affect × food responsiveness interaction: p = 0.03). Prospective associations showed that mothers used more food to soothe at 6 months for infants who were lower in regulation and higher in food responsiveness (infant regulation × food responsiveness interaction: p = 0.009). Other interactions were not significant. Infant food responsiveness was consistently associated with mothers' use of food to soothe, independent of some temperamental dimensions. The findings highlight the salience of infant food responsiveness, both independent of and in association with temperament, on mothers' use of food to soothe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Harris
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amy M Moore
- Department of Human Health and Development, Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Cara F Ruggiero
- Department of Human Health and Development, Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lisa Bailey-Davis
- Population Health Sciences, Obesity Institute Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer S Savage
- Department of Human Health and Development, Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Ishikawa-Omori Y, Nishimura T, Nakagawa A, Okumura A, Harada T, Nakayasu C, Iwabuchi T, Amma Y, Suzuki H, Rahman MS, Nakahara R, Takahashi N, Nomura Y, Tsuchiya KJ. Early temperament as a predictor of language skills at 40 months. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:56. [PMID: 35062894 PMCID: PMC8780364 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mastering language involves the development of expressive and receptive skills among children. While it has been speculated that early temperament plays a role in the acquisition of language, the actual mechanism has not yet been explored. We investigated whether temperament at 18 months predicted expressive or receptive language skills at 40 months. Methods A representative sample of 901 children and their mothers who were enrolled and followed-up longitudinally in the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mothers and Children study was included in the analysis. Child temperament was measured at 18 months using the Japanese version of the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Expressive and receptive language skills were measured at 40 months using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Results The multiple regression analysis, adjusting for potential confounders, suggested that higher motor activation (fidgeting) at 18 months was associated with lower expressive and receptive language skills at 40 months. Higher perceptual sensitivity was associated with higher expressive and receptive language skills at 40 months. Conclusions Specific temperament at 18 months of age predicted the development of the child’s expressive and receptive language skills at 40 months. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03116-5.
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Hustedt JT, Hooper A, Hallam RA, Vu JA, Han M, Ziegler M. Child Temperament as a Moderator of Promoting First Relationships Intervention Effects Among Families in Early Head Start. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2022:10.1007/s11121-022-01340-0. [PMID: 35061166 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As availability of parent-child interaction curricula increases, Early Head Start (EHS) provides a relevant context to test research-based parenting models as part of everyday practice. We trained EHS staff to incorporate the Promoting First Relationships (PFR) intervention into ongoing weekly home visits with mothers and their young children (n = 102) enrolled in EHS. Children had a mean age of 19.75 months and were 56% Hispanic, 23% Black, and 14% White. Families were randomly assigned to an intervention group where they participated in PFR as an EHS enhancement, or to a waitlist-control group where they received only typical EHS services. To explore the possibility that effectiveness of parent-child curricula may differ based on child characteristics, we used linear regression to examine children's temperament as a potential moderator of PFR efficacy on outcomes related to parenting stress, family functioning, and parent-child interaction. While we did not find a significant main effect of PFR for the full sample, there were several significant moderated effects. For families where children showed higher levels of surgency, mothers' parenting stress was significantly reduced after PFR participation. Also, when children showed higher levels of negative affect, mothers demonstrated higher sensitivity in parent-child interactions after participating in PFR. Given findings from our exploratory study, agencies should consider the characteristics of families served and the match with intervention priorities, when selecting intervention programs. When delivered as a home visitation enhancement, PFR may be a valuable support for certain enrolled families, based on child characteristics including high levels of surgency or negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Hustedt
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, 111 Alison Hall West, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | | | - Rena A Hallam
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, 111 Alison Hall West, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jennifer A Vu
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, 111 Alison Hall West, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Myae Han
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, 111 Alison Hall West, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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Hendry A, Holmboe K. Development and validation of the Early Executive Functions Questionnaire: A carer-administered measure of Executive Functions suitable for 9- to 30-month-olds. INFANCY 2021; 26:932-961. [PMID: 34418253 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) enable us to control our attention and behavior in order to set and work toward goals. Strong EF skills are linked to better academic performance, and greater health, wealth, and happiness in later life. Research into EF development has been hampered by a lack of scalable measures suitable for infancy through to toddlerhood. The 31-item Early Executive Functions Questionnaire (EEFQ) complements temperament measures by targeting cognitive and regulatory capabilities. Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 486 8- to 30-month-olds) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 317 9- to 30-month-olds) indicate Inhibitory Control, Flexibility, and Working Memory items load onto a common "Cognitive Executive Function (CEF)" factor, while Regulation items do not. The CEF factor shows strong factorial measurement invariance for sex, and partial strong factorial measurement invariance for age. CEF and Regulation scores show limited floor and ceiling effects, good internal consistency, short-term stability, and convergent validity with carer-report measures of attentional control. The EEFQ is sensitive to developmental change. Results indicate that the widely overlooked period between late infancy and early toddlerhood may be a sensitive period for EF development. The low-resource demands of the EEFQ afford the possibility to study emergent EFs at scale; opening up new opportunities in basic developmental and intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hendry
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karla Holmboe
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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