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Sun M, Gao M, Luo M, Wang T, Ruan X, Chen Q, Qin J. Causal relationship between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in European and East Asian populations: a Mendelian randomization study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38563461 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2334781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have suggested a possible association between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but it is controversial and difficult to draw causal inferences. Five methods were adopted to evaluate the causal relationship between air pollution and COPD in European and East Asian populations by using MR Analysis. A statistically significant causal relationship between PM2.5 and COPD was observed in the European population (OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.06-5.05; p = 0.033). Statistical significance remained after adjustment for confounding factors (adjusted OR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.01-5.20; p = 0.048). In East Asian populations, PM2.5 absorbance, a proxy for black carbon, was statistically associated with COPD (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.09-1.81; p = 0.007). We did not adjust for confounders in East Asian populations, as the association was independent of known confounders (e.g. smoking, respiratory tract infections, etc.). In conclusion, increased concentrations of PM2.5 and PM2.5 absorbance were associated with an increased risk of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Manjun Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaorui Ruan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiabi Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Martin L, Lopez K, Fritz S, Easterling CP, Krawchuck JA, Poerwoprajitno AR, Xu W. Determination of the optical interference of iron oxide nanoparticles in fluorometric cytotoxicity assays. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25378. [PMID: 38322934 PMCID: PMC10845919 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials are known to exhibit unique interactions with light. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), composed of magnetite (black iron oxide) specifically, are known to be highly absorptive throughout the visible portion of the spectrum. We sought to investigate and overcome optical interference of IONPs in colorimetric, fluorometric and luminescence assays by introducing additional controls and determining the concentration-dependent contribution to optical artifacts which could confound, skew, or invalidate results. We tested the in vitro cytotoxicity of ∼8 nm spherical magnetite nanoparticles capped with alginate on a human lung carcinoma (A549) cell line for different exposure periods and at various concentrations. We observed significant interference with both the MTT reagent and the absorption at 590 nm, a concentration-dependent reduction in the luminescence, fluorescence at ∼490 nm (viability marker), and fluorescence at 530 nm (cytotoxicity marker). After introducing an additional correction, we obtained more accurate results, including a clear decrease in viability at 12-h post-treatment, with apparent near complete recovery after 24-h in addition to a dose-independent, time-dependent alteration in the cell proliferation rate. A small increase in cytotoxicity was noted at the 24-h timepoint at the two highest concentrations. According to our results, the MTT reagents appear to interact substantially with IONPs at concentrations above 0.1 mg/mL, therefore, this assay is not recommended for IONP cytotoxicity assessment at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Kimberly Lopez
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Shayden Fritz
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Charles P. Easterling
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Jacob A. Krawchuck
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Agus R. Poerwoprajitno
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
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Lam CW, Castranova V, Driscoll K, Warheit D, Ryder V, Zhang Y, Zeidler-Erdely P, Hunter R, Scully R, Wallace W, James J, Crucian B, Nelman M, McCluskey R, Gardner D, Renne R, McClellan R. A review of pulmonary neutrophilia and insights into the key role of neutrophils in particle-induced pathogenesis in the lung from animal studies of lunar dusts and other poorly soluble dust particles. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:441-479. [PMID: 37850621 PMCID: PMC10872584 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2258925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of particle-induced pathogenesis in the lung remain poorly understood. Neutrophilic inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung are hallmarks of toxicity. Some investigators have postulated that oxidative stress from particle surface reactive oxygen species (psROS) on the dust produces the toxicopathology in the lungs of dust-exposed animals. This postulate was tested concurrently with the studies to elucidate the toxicity of lunar dust (LD), which is believed to contain psROS due to high-speed micrometeoroid bombardment that fractured and pulverized lunar surface regolith. Results from studies of rats intratracheally instilled (ITI) with three LDs (prepared from an Apollo-14 lunar regolith), which differed 14-fold in levels of psROS, and two toxicity reference dusts (TiO2 and quartz) indicated that psROS had no significant contribution to the dusts' toxicity in the lung. Reported here are results of further investigations by the LD toxicity study team on the toxicological role of oxidants in alveolar neutrophils that were harvested from rats in the 5-dust ITI study and from rats that were exposed to airborne LD for 4 weeks. The oxidants per neutrophils and all neutrophils increased with dose, exposure time and dust's cytotoxicity. The results suggest that alveolar neutrophils play a critical role in particle-induced injury and toxicity in the lung of dust-exposed animals. Based on these results, we propose an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for particle-associated lung disease that centers on the crucial role of alveolar neutrophil-derived oxidant species. A critical review of the toxicology literature on particle exposure and lung disease further supports a neutrophil-centric mechanism in the pathogenesis of lung disease and may explain previously reported animal species differences in responses to poorly soluble particles. Key findings from the toxicology literature indicate that (1) after exposures to the same dust at the same amount, rats have more alveolar neutrophils than hamsters; hamsters clear more particles from their lungs, consequently contributing to fewer neutrophils and less severe lung lesions; (2) rats exposed to nano-sized TiO2 have more neutrophils and more severe lesions in their lungs than rats exposed to the same mass-concentration of micron-sized TiO2; nano-sized dust has a greater number of particles and a larger total particle-cell contact surface area than the same mass of micron-sized dust, which triggers more alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) to synthesize and release more cytokines that recruit a greater number of neutrophils leading to more severe lesions. Thus, we postulate that, during chronic dust exposure, particle-inflicted AECs persistently release cytokines, which recruit neutrophils and activate them to produce oxidants resulting in a prolonged continuous source of endogenous oxidative stress that leads to lung toxicity. This neutrophil-driven lung pathogenesis explains why dust exposure induces more severe lesions in rats than hamsters; why, on a mass-dose basis, nano-sized dusts are more toxic than the micron-sized dusts; why lung lesions progress with time; and why dose-response curves of particle toxicity exhibit a hockey stick like shape with a threshold. The neutrophil centric AOP for particle-induced lung disease has implications for risk assessment of human exposures to dust particles and environmental particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-wing Lam
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kevin Driscoll
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Valerie Ryder
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Utilization and Life Sciences Office, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL, USA
| | - Patti Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Scully
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Wallace
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John James
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian Crucian
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mayra Nelman
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Biomedical & Environmental Research Department, KBR Toxicology & Environmental Chemistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Roger Renne
- Roger Renne ToxPath Consulting Inc., Sumner, WA, USA
| | - Roger McClellan
- Toxicology and Human Health Risk Analysis, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Cha SR, Jang J, Park SM, Ryu SM, Cho SJ, Yang SR. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Respiratory Response: Insights into Cellular Processes and Biomarkers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1210. [PMID: 37371940 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) poses a significant risk factor for respiratory, vascular, and organ diseases owing to its high content of harmful chemicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These substances are known to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and senescence due to their exposure to environmental pollutants and the presence of oxidative enzymes. The lung is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. Persistent oxidative stress caused by chronic exposure to CS can lead to respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and lung cancer. Avoiding exposure to environmental pollutants, like cigarette smoke and air pollution, can help mitigate oxidative stress. A comprehensive understanding of oxidative stress and its impact on the lungs requires future research. This includes identifying strategies for preventing and treating lung diseases as well as investigating the underlying mechanisms behind oxidative stress. Thus, this review aims to investigate the cellular processes induced by CS, specifically inflammation, apoptosis, senescence, and their associated biomarkers. Furthermore, this review will delve into the alveolar response provoked by CS, emphasizing the roles of potential therapeutic target markers and strategies in inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ryul Cha
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Jang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Min Ryu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Cho
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ran Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Gualtieri AF. Journey to the centre of the lung. The perspective of a mineralogist on the carcinogenic effects of mineral fibres in the lungs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130077. [PMID: 36209608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work reviews the bio-chemical mechanisms leading to adverse effects produced when mineral fibres are inhaled and transported in the lungs from the perspective of a mineralogist. The behaviour of three known carcinogenic mineral fibres (crocidolite, chrysotile, and fibrous-asbestiform erionite) during their journey through the upper respiratory tract, the deep respiratory tract and the pleural cavity is discussed. These three fibres have been selected as they are the most socially and economically relevant mineral fibres representative of the classes of chain silicates (amphiboles), layer silicates (serpentine), and framework silicates (zeolites), respectively. Comparison of the behaviour of these fibres is made according to their specific crystal-chemical assemblages and properties. Known biological and subsequent pathologic effects which lead and contribute to carcinogenesis are critically reviewed under the mineralogical perspective and in relation to recent progress in this multidisciplinary field of research. Special attention is given to the understanding of the cause-effect relationships for lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. Comparison with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, or "asbestosis", will also be made here. This overview highlights open issues, data gaps, and conflicts in the literature for these topics, especially as regards relative potencies of the three mineral fibres under consideration for lung cancer and mesothelioma. Finally, an attempt is made to identify future research lines suitable for a general comprehensive model of the carcinogenicity of mineral fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro F Gualtieri
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena I-41125, Italy.
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6
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Visser M, Gosens I, Bard D, van Broekhuizen P, Janer G, Kuempel E, Riediker M, Vogel U, Dekkers S. Towards health-based nano reference values (HNRVs) for occupational exposure: Recommendations from an expert panel. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100396. [PMID: 35560294 PMCID: PMC10617652 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unique physicochemical characteristics of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) suggest the need for nanomaterial-specific occupational exposure limits (OELs). Setting these limits remains a challenge. Therefore, the aim of this study was to set out a framework to evaluate the feasibility of deriving advisory health-based occupational limit values for groups of ENMs, based on scientific knowledge. We have used an expert panel approach to address three questions: 1) What ENM-categories should be distinguished to derive advisory health-based occupational limit values (or health-based Nano Reference Values, HNRVs) for groups of ENMs? 2) What evidence would be needed to define values for these categories? And 3) How much effort would it take to achieve this? The panel experts distinguished six possible categories of HNRVs: A) WHO-fiber-like high aspect ratio ENMs (HARNs), B) Non-WHO-fiber-like HARNs and other non-spheroidal ENMs, C) readily soluble spheroidal ENMs, D) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with unknown toxicity, E) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with substance-specific toxicity and F) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with relatively low substance-specific toxicity. For category A, the WHO-fiber-like HARNs, agreement was reached on criteria defining this category and the approach of using health-based risk estimates for asbestos to derive the HNRV. For category B, a quite heterogeneous category, more toxicity data are needed to set an HNRV. For category C, readily soluble spheroidal ENMs, using the OEL of their molecular or ionic counterpart would be a good starting point. For the biopersistent ENMs with unknown toxicity, HNRVs cannot be applied as case-by-case testing is required. For the other biopersistent ENMs in category E and F, we make several recommendations that can facilitate the derivation of these HNRVs. The proposed categories and recommendations as outlined by this expert panel can serve as a reference point for derivation of HNRVs when health-based OELs for ENMs are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Visser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Delphine Bard
- Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Science and Research Centre, Buxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gemma Janer
- Leitat Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eileen Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Riediker
- Swiss Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Dekkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Gupta AK, Quinlan EM. Fungal Lung. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2021; 111. [PMID: 34121121 DOI: 10.7547/20-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Foot and nail care specialists spend a great portion of their day using nail drills to reduce nail thickness and smooth foot calluses. This process generates a large amount of dust, some of which is small enough to breathe in and deposit into the deepest regions of the respiratory tract, potentially causing health problems. Foot and nail dust often contains fungi, from both fungus-infected and healthy-appearing nails. Although the majority of healthy individuals can tolerate inhaled fungi, the immune systems of older, immunocompromised, and allergy-prone individuals often react using the inflammatory T helper cell type 2 pathway, leading to mucus overproduction, bronchoconstriction, and, in severe cases, lung tissue damage. To protect vulnerable podiatry professionals, wearing a surgical mask, using a water spray suppression system on nail drills, installing air filtration systems, and considering drilling technique can help reduce exposure to nail dust.
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Wang T, Li J, Liang Y, Han W, Tang J, Cheng G, Zheng Y. Joint Effects of Carbon Black Exposure and Dietary Antioxidant Vitamin Intake on Small Airway Dysfunction. Front Nutr 2021; 8:716398. [PMID: 34760908 PMCID: PMC8572798 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.716398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Small airway dysfunction is considered as a precursor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Our aim was to explore the joint effects of carbon black (CB) exposure and antioxidant vitamin intake on small airway dysfunction. Methods: A total of 70 CB packers (CBPs) and 107 non-CBPs were enrolled from an established cohort of CBP. Carbon content in airway macrophage (CCAM) quantified in induced sputum was used as a bio-effective dosimetry for exposure to CB. Logistic regression models were used to examine the odds ratios (ORs) of CB and dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins on small airway dysfunction, and the dose–response association. Results: The prevalence of small airway dysfunction was 32.9% (23 of 70) among CBPs, and 19.6% (21 of 107) among non-CBPs. For each 2.72-fold increase in CCAM, the OR of small airway dysfunction was 2.31 (95% CI = 1.20–4.44). For every 10 mg day−1 increase of the vitamin C intake, the risk of small airway dysfunction decreased by 6% (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.88–0.99). Compared to non-CB exposure and higher vitamin C intake, CB exposure and lower vitamin C intake (OR = 7.56, 95% CI = 1.80 to 31.81) were associated with an increased risk of small airway dysfunction. Conclusions: Chronic exposure to a high level of CB aerosol increased the risk of small airway dysfunction in CB baggers. Dietary intake of vitamin C might be a modifiable factor for preventing small airway dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Centre for Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Centre for Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Talaat K, Hecht A, Xi J. A comparison of CFPD, compartment, and uniform distribution models for radiation dosimetry of radionuclides in the lung. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:739-763. [PMID: 33823493 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abf548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive aerosols that arise from natural sources and nuclear accidents can be a long-term hazard to human health. Despite the heterogeneous particle deposition in the respiratory tract, uniform aerosol doses have long been assumed in respiratory radiation dosimetry predictions, such as in the compartment and uniform distribution models. It is unclear how these deposition patterns affect internal radiation doses, which are critical in the health assessment of radioactive hazards. This work seeks to quantify the radio-dosimetry sensitivity to initial deposition patterns by comparing computational and compartment/uniform models. A new approach was developed to implement the compartment model into voxel phantoms (e.g. VIP-man) for radiation dosimetry. The calculated radiation fluence, energy deposition density and organ doses were compared to those obtained from coupling computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) with Monte Carlo radiation transport and to those obtained from uniform source distribution approximation. The results show that the source particle distribution within the respiratory system substantially influences the radiation dosimetry distribution. The compartment and uniform models underestimated aerosol deposition in the crania ridge, leading to lower doses in the trachea and surrounding organs. For 0.5 MeV gammas, the CFPD-Monte Carlo N-particle (MCNP) model predicted a tracheal dose twice that of the compartment model and four times the uniform model. For 1 MeV betas, the CFPD-MCNP-predicted tracheal dose is 2.6 times that of the compartment model and 14 times the uniform model. Compared to the compartment/uniform models, the CFPD approach predicted a 50% lower beta dose in the lung but higher beta doses in the heart (six times), liver (four times) and stomach (2.5 times). It is suggested that including compartments for the lung periphery and tracheal carina ridge may improve the dosimetry accuracy of compartment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Talaat
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States of America
| | - Adam Hecht
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States of America
| | - Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Ave., Falmouth Hall 202B, Lowell, MA, 01854, United States of America
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La Maestra S, D’Agostini F, Sanguineti E, Yus González A, Annis S, Militello GM, Parisi G, Scuderi A, Gaggero L. Dispersion of Natural Airborne TiO 2 Fibres in Excavation Activity as a Potential Environmental and Human Health Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6587. [PMID: 34207363 PMCID: PMC8296425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Titanium is the ninth most abundant element, approximately 0.7% of the Earth crust. It is used worldwide in large quantities for various applications. The IARC includes TiO2 in Group 2B as possibly carcinogenic to humans suggesting that pathological effects correlate to particle size and shape. This study case quantifies the release of natural TiO2 particles during mining activity, involving meta-basalt and shale lithologies in the Ligurian Alps, during excavation of the Terzo Valico as part of the Trans-European Transport Network. Type, width, length, aspect ratio, and concentration of TiO2 particles in needle habit were determined. The different samplings have reported that airborne concentrations in meta-basalt were 4.21 ff/L and 23.94 ff/L in shale. In both cases, the concentration never exceeds the limits established by various organizations for workers health protection. Nevertheless, TiO2 elongated particles, recognized as rutile, showed the dimensional characteristic of fibres, as reported by WHO. These fibres deserve particular attention because they can reach the alveolar space and trigger inflammation and chronic diseases. The results indicate that monitoring the TiO2 in both working environments and Ti-rich geological formations, associated with epidemiological studies, may represent a useful tool to determine the exposure risk of workers and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisa Sanguineti
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Y.G.); (S.A.); (G.M.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Adrián Yus González
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Y.G.); (S.A.); (G.M.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Samanta Annis
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Y.G.); (S.A.); (G.M.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Gaia M. Militello
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Y.G.); (S.A.); (G.M.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Giovanni Parisi
- COCIV, Via Renata Bianchi 40, I-16152 Genova, Italy; (G.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Alberto Scuderi
- COCIV, Via Renata Bianchi 40, I-16152 Genova, Italy; (G.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Laura Gaggero
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (E.S.); (A.Y.G.); (S.A.); (G.M.M.); (L.G.)
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11
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Lu X, Li J, Lou H, Cao Z, Fan X. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Alterations and Potential Risk Induced by Subacute and Subchronic Exposure to Food-Grade Nanosilica in Mice. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8225-8243. [PMID: 33938728 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intensive application of nanomaterials in the food industry has raised concerns about their potential risks to human health. However, limited data are available on the biological safety of nanomaterials in food, especially at the epigenetic level. This study examined the implications of two types of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), food-grade precipitated silica (S200) and fumed silica Aerosil 200F (A200F), which are nanorange food additives. After 28-day continuous and intermittent subacute exposure to these SAS via diet, whole-genome methylation levels in mouse peripheral leukocytes and liver were significantly altered in a dose- and SAS type-dependent manner, with minimal toxicity detected by conventional toxicological assessments, especially at a human-relevant dose (HRD). The 84-day continuous subchronic exposure to all doses of S200 and A200F induced liver steatosis where S200 accumulated in the liver even at HRD. Genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing revealed that the differentially methylated regions induced by both SAS were mainly located in the intron, intergenic, and promoter regions after 84-day high-dose continuous exposure. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially methylated genes indicated that exposure to S200 or A200F may lead to lipid metabolism disorders and cancer development. Pathway validation experiments indicated both SAS types as potentially carcinogenic. While S200 inhibited the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway in mouse liver, A200F activated the HRAS-mediated MAPK signaling pathway, which is a key driver of hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, caution must be paid to the risk of long-term exposure to food-grade SAS, and epigenetic parameters should be included as end points during the risk assessment of food-grade nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junying Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - He Lou
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeya Cao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Center in Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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12
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Chaudhury D, Sen U, Bhat NN, Sahoo BK, Shenoy P S, Bose B. Lung damage by thoron progenies versus possible damage redemption by lung stem cells: a perspective. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1362-1373. [PMID: 32910703 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1820597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Natural radiation is the major source of human exposure to ionizing radiation. About 52% of the total dose received from the high natural background radiations (HNBR) areas are due to inhalation dose from radon (222Rn)/thoron (220Rn) and their progenies. Hence, we reviewed the biological effects of 222Rn/220Rn and their progenies on lung tissue, and the possible role of lung stem cells in salvaging the damage caused by 222Rn/220Rn and their progenies. MATERIALS AND METHOD We have extensively reviewed articles among several hits obtained in PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier databases with keywords 'Radon/Thoron' OR Thoron progeny/Radon progeny OR 'Thoron/Radon inhalation and lungs', and proceed for further analysis. Also, databases related to oxidative damage to lung stem cells by radiation and the repair mechanisms involved by the lung stem cells were also included. RESULTS Based on the existing epidemiological data on radon in residential buildings, we found that evidence exists on the association of radon induced lung carcinogenesis, but the data regarding the role of thoron induced lung damage is very limited and inconclusive. We also found that limited information has been provided based on ecological designs, leading to poor documentation of health statistics, in particular, organ-specific cancer rates. Finally, we tried to elucidate the possible mechanisms of lung injury induced by thoron inhalation and the probable role of lung stem cell toward the redemption of such oxidative damages. CONCLUSION Existing epidemiological data on thoron inhalation and associated health outcomes are limited and inconclusive. Further, in vivo experiments, with respect to radon/thoron inhalation dose rate ranges corresponding to the HNBR areas will be helpful in understanding the cellular and molecular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Chaudhury
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Utsav Sen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Nagesh N Bhat
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Sahoo
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, India
| | - Sudheer Shenoy P
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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13
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Møller P, Scholten RH, Roursgaard M, Krais AM. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:383-401. [PMID: 32543270 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Wang D, Li Q, Shen G, Deng J, Zhou W, Hao J, Jiang J. Significant ultrafine particle emissions from residential solid fuel combustion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136992. [PMID: 32023515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When addressing particulate matter (PM) emissions from residential solid fuel combustion, ultrafine particles are usually merged into PM2.5, while whose mass concentration is applied as the index in evaluating PM pollution as well as assessing PM-induced health risk. This may not effectively represent the risk from ultrafine particles. In this study, we explored ultrafine particle emissions during residential combustion under both laboratory-controlled and real-world rural household conditions. Significant ultrafine particle emissions (i.e. with emission factors between 2 × 1015 to 2 × 1016 particles per kg of fuel) are found for both coal and biomass. High emissions of particle mass concentration often occur at the beginning of the combustion (i.e. the first 30 min after fire start) while high emissions of particle number concentration occur in a later combustion period (60-150 min). Ultrafine particles account for over 90% of the emitted total particle number concentration from 3 nm to 10 μm. These emissions elevate ultrafine particle number concentration by more than a decade in indoor environment under which household residents are directly exposed. In addition, we show that there is notable inconsistency between reducing PM2.5 mass based emissions and reducing ultrafine particle number based emissions among various control strategies that were proposed for reducing pollution from residential combustion. Both "cleaner" fuels and stoves that are designed to reduce PM2.5 emissions are found to be not necessarily effective in reducing ultrafine particle emissions, even increase their emissions in some cases. These findings indicate that the overlook of ultrafine particle emissions from residential solid fuel combustion can lead to potential health risk to household residents, especially to those vulnerable ones (e.g., the elderly and children) who are more sensitive to indoor air pollution. More attentions are needed on ultrafine particle pollution and its potential health risk in comparison to using the PM mass concentration index alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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15
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Guseva Canu I, Fraize-Frontier S, Michel C, Charles S. Weight of epidemiological evidence for titanium dioxide risk assessment: current state and further needs. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:430-435. [PMID: 31420585 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We address here the importance of epidemiological evidence in risk assessment and decision-making in Europe. To illustrate this, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as a model compound. TiO2 is widely used as an odorless white pigment and opacifying agent. A recent systematic review assessing the weight of evidence on the relationship between exposure to TiO2 (all forms) and cancer in humans questions the assumptions that TiO2 is an inert material of low toxicity. Based on this new data, France submitted a proposal to classify TiO2 as a possible human carcinogen under the European regulation. The European Chemicals Agency Risk assessment committee concluded that TiO2 (all forms) warrants a classification as a suspected human carcinogen via inhalation (Category-2) under the CLP regulation (for Classification, Labeling and Packaging of chemicals). No considerations was given to TiO2 particle size, which may affect human health effects. Consequently, further epidemiological studies are needed to assess possible associations between different physical-chemical characteristics of TiO2 exposures and their impact on human health. This would allow strengthening the evidence on which to build the most appropriate regulation and to guaranty safe use given any exposure route of any TiO2 particle shape or size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Guseva Canu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sandrine Fraize-Frontier
- Department of Risk Assessment, Methodology and Studies Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- Department of Risk Assessment, Chemical Evaluation Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandrine Charles
- Department of Risk Assessment, Chemical Evaluation Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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16
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Braakhuis HM, Gosens I, Heringa MB, Oomen AG, Vandebriel RJ, Groenewold M, Cassee FR. Mechanism of Action of TiO 2: Recommendations to Reduce Uncertainties Related to Carcinogenic Potential. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:203-223. [PMID: 32284010 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-101419-100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemicals Agency issued an opinion on classifying titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a suspected human carcinogen upon inhalation. Recent animal studies indicate that TiO2 may be carcinogenic through the oral route. There is considerable uncertainty on the carcinogenicity of TiO2, which may be decreased if its mechanism of action becomes clearer. Here we consider adverse outcome pathways and present the available information on each of the key events (KEs). Inhalation exposure to TiO2 can induce lung tumors in rats via a mechanism that is also applicable to other poorly soluble, low-toxicity particles. To reduce uncertainties regarding human relevance, we recommend gathering information on earlier KEs such as oxidative stress in humans. For oral exposure, insufficient information is available to conclude whether TiO2 can induce intestinal tumors. An oral carcinogenicity study with well-characterized (food-grade) TiO2 is needed, including an assessment of toxicokinetics and early KEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Minne B Heringa
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; .,Current affiliation: Reckitt Benckiser, 1118 BH Schiphol, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Monique Groenewold
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; .,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Cox LA. Dose-response modeling of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases: asbestos, lung cancer, and malignant mesothelioma as examples. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:614-635. [PMID: 31905042 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1692779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Can a single fiber of amphibole asbestos increase the risk of lung cancer or malignant mesothelioma (MM)? Traditional linear no-threshold (LNT) risk assessment assumptions imply that the answer is yes: there is no safe exposure level. This paper draws on recent scientific progress in inflammation biology, especially elucidation of the activation thresholds for NLRP3 inflammasomes and resulting chronic inflammation, to model dose-response relationships for malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer risks caused by asbestos exposures. The modeling integrates a physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) front end with inflammation-driven two-stage clonal expansion (I-TSCE) models of carcinogenesis to describe how exposure leads to chronic inflammation, which in turn promotes carcinogenesis. Together, the combined PBPK and I-TSCE modeling predict that there are practical thresholds for exposure concentration below which asbestos exposure does not cause chronic inflammation in less than a lifetime, and therefore does not increase chronic inflammation-dependent cancer risks. Quantitative examples using model parameter estimates drawn from the literature suggest that practical thresholds may be within about a factor of 2 of some past exposure levels for some workers. The I-TSCE modeling framework explains previous puzzling aspects of asbestos epidemiology, such as why age at first exposure is a better predictor of lifetime MM risk than exposure duration. It may be a valuable tool for risk analysts when LNT assumptions are not justified due to inflammation response thresholds mediating dose-response relationships.
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18
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Kim K, Sun H. Incorporating genetic networks into case-control association studies with high-dimensional DNA methylation data. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:510. [PMID: 31640538 PMCID: PMC6805595 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In human genetic association studies with high-dimensional gene expression data, it has been well known that statistical selection methods utilizing prior biological network knowledge such as genetic pathways and signaling pathways can outperform other methods that ignore genetic network structures in terms of true positive selection. In recent epigenetic research on case-control association studies, relatively many statistical methods have been proposed to identify cancer-related CpG sites and their corresponding genes from high-dimensional DNA methylation array data. However, most of existing methods are not designed to utilize genetic network information although methylation levels between linked genes in the genetic networks tend to be highly correlated with each other. Results We propose new approach that combines data dimension reduction techniques with network-based regularization to identify outcome-related genes for analysis of high-dimensional DNA methylation data. In simulation studies, we demonstrated that the proposed approach overwhelms other statistical methods that do not utilize genetic network information in terms of true positive selection. We also applied it to the 450K DNA methylation array data of the four breast invasive carcinoma cancer subtypes from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Conclusions The proposed variable selection approach can utilize prior biological network information for analysis of high-dimensional DNA methylation array data. It first captures gene level signals from multiple CpG sites using data a dimension reduction technique and then performs network-based regularization based on biological network graph information. It can select potentially cancer-related genes and genetic pathways that were missed by the existing methods. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-3040-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kipoong Kim
- Department of Statistic, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Hokeun Sun
- Department of Statistic, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
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19
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Mechanoregulation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110303. [PMID: 31761191 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), first developed in the 1990s, have been applied in numerous biomedical fields such as tissue engineering and therapeutic drug development. In recent years, TiO2-based drug delivery systems have demonstrated the ability to decrease the risk of tumorigenesis and improve cancer therapy. There is increasing research on the origin and effects of pristine and doped TiO2-based nanotherapeutic drugs. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which drug delivery to cancer cells alters sensing of gene mutations, protein degradation, and metabolite changes as well as its associated cumulative effects that determine the microenvironmental mechanosensitive metabolism have not yet been clearly elucidated. This review focuses on the microenvironmental influence of TiO2-NPs induced various mechanical stimuli on tumor cells. The differential expression of genome, proteome, and metabolome after treatment with TiO2-NPs is summarized and discussed. In the tumor microenvironment, mechanosensitive DNA mutations, gene delivery, protein degradation, inflammatory responses, and cell viability affected by the mechanical stimuli of TiO2-NPs are also examined.
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20
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Bos PMJ, Gosens I, Geraets L, Delmaar C, Cassee FR. Pulmonary toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure to poorly soluble particles: The issue of impaired clearance and the relevance for human health hazard and risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 109:104498. [PMID: 31604110 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intensive discussions are ongoing about the interpretation of pulmonary effects observed in rats exposed to poorly soluble particles. Alveolar clearance differs between rats and humans and becomes impaired in rats at higher exposure concentrations. Some have doubted the human relevance of toxic effects observed in rats under impaired clearance conditions and have suggested that experimental exposures should stay below concentrations inducing impaired clearance. However, for regulatory purposes, insight in potential health effects at relatively high concentrations is needed to fully understand the hazard. Many aspects of impaired particle clearance remain unclear, hampering human health hazard and risk assessment. For an adequate evaluation of the impact of impaired clearance on pulmonary toxicity, a clear definition of alveolar clearance is needed that enables to quantitatively relate the level of impairment to the induction of adverse pulmonary health effects. Also, information is needed on the mechanism of action and the appropriate dose metric for the pulmonary effects observed. In absence of these data, human hazard and risk assessment can only be performed in a pragmatic way. Unless available data clearly point out otherwise, rat pulmonary toxicity including lung inflammation and tumour formation, needs to be considered relevant for human hazard and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M J Bos
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Geraets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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21
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Boffetta P, Fordyce T, Leonhard M. Evaluation of recent evidence on the solubility of beryllium compounds and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 29:186-190. [PMID: 31425313 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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22
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Kiratipaiboon C, Stueckle TA, Ghosh R, Rojanasakul LW, Chen YC, Dinu CZ, Rojanasakul Y. Acquisition of Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells after a Long-term Exposure to Carbon Nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2019; 6:2152-2170. [PMID: 31372228 PMCID: PMC6675031 DOI: 10.1039/c9en00183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a key driver of tumor formation and metastasis, but how they are affected by nanomaterials is largely unknown. The present study investigated the effects of different carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) on neoplastic and CSC-like transformation of human small airway epithelial cells and determined the underlying mechanisms. Using a physiologically relevant exposure model (long-term/low-dose) with system validation using a human carcinogen, asbestos, we demonstrated that single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ultrafine carbon black, and crocidolite asbestos induced particle-specific anchorage-independent colony formation, DNA-strand break, and p53 downregulation, indicating genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of CNMs. The chronic CNM-exposed cells exhibited CSC-like properties as indicated by 3D spheroid formation, anoikis resistance, and CSC markers expression. Mechanistic studies revealed specific self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related transcription factors that are involved in the cellular transformation process. Pathway analysis of gene signaling networks supports the role of SOX2 and SNAI1 signaling in CNM-mediated transformation. These findings support the potential carcinogenicity of high aspect ratio CNMs and identified molecular targets and signaling pathways that may contribute to the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanin Kiratipaiboon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, United States
| | - Rajib Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, United States
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- College of Science, Technology and Mathematics, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, West Virginia, 26416, United States
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
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Doswald S, Stark WJ, Beck-Schimmer B. Biochemical functionality of magnetic particles as nanosensors: how far away are we to implement them into clinical practice? J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:73. [PMID: 31151445 PMCID: PMC6544934 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanosensors have become attractive instruments for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. They represent an efficient carrier system in drug delivery or in transporting contrast agents. For such purposes, magnetic nanosensors are used in vivo (intracorporeal application). To remove specific compounds from blood, magnetic nanosensors act as elimination system, which represents an extracorporeal approach. This review discusses principles, advantages and risks on recent advances in the field of magnetic nanosensors. First, synthesis methods for magnetic nanosensors and possibilities for enhancement of biocompatibility with different coating materials are addressed. Then, attention is devoted to clinical applications, in which nanosensors are or may be used as carrier- and elimination systems in the near future. Finally, risk considerations and possible effects of nanomaterials are discussed when working towards clinical applications with magnetic nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Doswald
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin Jan Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Beck-Schimmer
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Maurya A, Singh AK, Mishra G, Kumari K, Rai A, Sharma B, Kulkarni GT, Awasthi R. Strategic use of nanotechnology in drug targeting and its consequences on human health: A focused review. Interv Med Appl Sci 2019; 11:38-54. [PMID: 32148902 PMCID: PMC7044564 DOI: 10.1556/1646.11.2019.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of first lipid-based nanocarrier system, about 15% of the present pharmaceutical market uses nanomedicines to achieve medical benefits. Nanotechnology is an advanced area to meliorate the delivery of compounds for improved medical diagnosis and curing disease. Nanomedicines are gaining significant interest due to the ultra small size and large surface area to mass ratio. In this review, we discuss the potential of nanotechnology in delivering of active moieties for the disease therapy including their toxicity evidences. This communication will help the formulation scientists in understanding and exploring the new aspects of nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Maurya
- Faculty of Ayurveda, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Faculty of Ayurveda, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Komal Kumari
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Arati Rai
- Department of Pharmacy, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
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Borm PJA, Driscoll KE. The hazards and risks of inhaled poorly soluble particles - where do we stand after 30 years of research? Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:11. [PMID: 30791931 PMCID: PMC6383218 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2006, titanium dioxide and carbon black were classified by IARC as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" and in 2017 the European Chemicals Agency's (ECHA) Committee for Risk Assessment concluded titanium dioxide meets the criteria to be classified as suspected of causing cancer (category 2, through the inhalation route). These classifications were based primarily on the occurrence of lung cancer in rats exposed chronically to high concentrations of these materials, as no such responses have been observed in other animal species similarly exposed. After the EU classification of titanium dioxide, it was suggested that Poorly Soluble particles of Low Toxicity (PSLTs) can be evaluated as a group. MAIN BODY To better understand the current state of scientific opinion, we sought perspective from several international experts on topics relevant to the classification of carbon black; titanium dioxide; and, the potential future classification of PSLTs. Areas discussed included: grouping of PSLTs; the relevance of rat lung cancer responses to high concentrations of PSLTs; and, clearance overload and implications for interpretation of inhalation toxicology studies. We found there were several areas where a large majority of experts, including ourselves, agreed. These included concerns on the grouping of PSLT and the definition of clearance overload. Regarding the extrapolation of PSLT associated lung cancer in rats there were some strongly held differences, although most experts questioned the relevance when excessive exposures which overwhelm lung clearance were required. SHORT CONCLUSION Given the ongoing discussion on PSLT classification and safety, we believe it is important to re-activate the public debate including experts and stakeholders. Such an open discussion would serve to formally document where scientific consensus and differences exist. This could form the basis for design of future safety programs and safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. A. Borm
- Nanoconsult BV, Proost Willemstraat 1, 6231 CV, Meerssen, The Netherlands
- Dusseldorf University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Kevin E. Driscoll
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
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Aschberger K, Asturiol D, Lamon L, Richarz A, Gerloff K, Worth A. Grouping of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to read-across genotoxicity: A case study to evaluate the applicability of regulatory guidance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Møller P, Wils RS, Jensen DM, Andersen MHG, Roursgaard M. Telomere dynamics and cellular senescence: an emerging field in environmental and occupational toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:761-788. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1538201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Priyam A, Singh PP, Gehlout S. Role of Endocrine-Disrupting Engineered Nanomaterials in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:704. [PMID: 30542324 PMCID: PMC6277880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has enabled the development of innovative technologies and products for several industrial sectors. Their unique physicochemical and size-dependent properties make the engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) superior for devising solutions for various research and development sectors, which are otherwise unachievable by their bulk forms. However, the remarkable advantages mediated by ENMs and their applications have also raised concerns regarding their possible toxicological impacts on human health. The actual issue stems from the absence of systematic data on ENM exposure-mediated health hazards. In this direction, a comprehensive exploration on the health-related consequences, especially with respect to endocrine disruption-related metabolic disorders, is largely lacking. The reasons for the rapid increase in diabetes and obesity in the modern world remain largely unclear, and epidemiological studies indicate that the increased presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment may influence the incidence of metabolic diseases. Functional similarities, such as mimicking natural hormonal actions, have been observed between the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and ENMs, which supports the view that different types of NMs may be capable of altering the physiological activity of the endocrine system. Disruption of the endocrine system leads to hormonal imbalance, which may influence the development and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Evidence from many in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies, suggests that ENMs generally exert deleterious effects on the molecular/hormonal pathways and the organ systems involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM. However, the available data from several such studies are not congruent, especially because of discrepancies in study design, and therefore need to be carefully examined before drawing meaningful inferences. In this review, we discuss the outcomes of ENM exposure in correlation with the development of T2DM. In particular, the review focuses on the following sub-topics: (1) an overview of the sources of human exposure to NMs, (2) systems involved in the uptake of ENMs into human body, (3) endocrine disrupting engineered nanomaterials (EDENMs) and mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of T2DM, (4) evidence of the role of EDENMs in the pathogenesis of T2DM from in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies, and (5) conclusions and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pushplata Prasad Singh
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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Cox LAT. Biological mechanisms of non-linear dose-response for respirable mineral fibers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 361:137-144. [PMID: 29932955 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sufficiently high and prolonged inhalation exposures to some respirable elongated mineral particles (REMPs), notably including amphibole asbestos fibers, can increase risk of inflammation-mediated diseases including malignant mesothelioma, pleural diseases, fibrosis, and lung cancer. Chronic inflammation involves ongoing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which enables immune cells to produce potent proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (in particular, mitochondrial ROS) contribute to NRLP3 activation via a well-elucidated mechanism involving oxidation of reduced thioredoxin and association of thioredoxin-interacting protein with NLRP3. Lysosomal destabilization, efflux of cytosolic potassium ions and influx of calcium ions, signals from damaged mitochondria, both translational and post-translational controls, and prion-like polymerization have increasingly clear roles in regulating NLRP3 activation. As the molecular biology of inflammation-mediated responses to REMP exposure becomes clearer, a practical question looms: What do these mechanisms imply for the shape of the dose-response function relating exposure concentrations and durations for EMPs to risk of pathological responses? Dose-response thresholds or threshold-like nonlinearities can arise from (a) Cooperativity in assembly of supramolecular signaling complexes; (b) Positive feedback loops and bistability in regulatory networks; (c) Overwhelming of defensive barriers maintaining homeostasis; and (d) Damage thresholds, as in lysosome destabilization-induced activation of NLRP3. Each of these mechanisms holds for NLRP3 activation in response to stimuli such as REMP exposures. It is therefore timely to consider the implications of these advances in biological understanding for human health risk assessment with dose-response thresholds.
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León-Mejía G, Machado MN, Okuro RT, Silva LFO, Telles C, Dias J, Niekraszewicz L, Da Silva J, Henriques JAP, Zin WA. Intratracheal instillation of coal and coal fly ash particles in mice induces DNA damage and translocation of metals to extrapulmonary tissues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:589-599. [PMID: 29291573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous exposure to coal mining particles can cause a variety of lung diseases. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of exposure to detailed characterized coal and coal fly ash (CFA) particles on DNA, lung and extrapulmonary tissues. Coal samples (COAL11 and COAL16) and CFA samples (CFA11 and CFA16) were included in this study. Intending to enhance the combustion process COAL16 was co-fired with a mixture of fuel oil and diesel oil, producing CFA16. Male BALB/c mice were intratracheally instilled with coal and CFA particles. Measurements were done 24h later. Results showed significant rigidity and obstruction of the central airways only for animals acutely exposed to coal particles. The COAL16 group also showed obstruction of the peripheral airways. Mononuclear cells were recruited in all treatment groups and expression of cytokines, particularly TNF-α and IL-1β, was observed. Only animals exposed to COAL16 showed a significant expression of IL-6 and recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells. DNA damage was demonstrated by Comet assay for all groups. Cr, Fe and Ni were detected in liver, spleen and brain, showing the efficient translocation of metals from the bloodstream to extrapulmonary organs. These effects were associated with particle composition (oxides, hydroxides, phosphates, sulfides, sulphates, silciates, organic-metalic compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hidrocarbons) rather than their size. This work provides state of knowledge on the effects of acute exposure to coal and CFA particles on respiratory mechanics, DNA damage, translocation of metals to other organs and related inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethel León-Mejía
- Unidad de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Genética y Biología Molecular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia; Departamento de Biofísica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Nascimento Machado
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Tiemi Okuro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Research group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Pró-Reitoria de Ensino, de Pesquisa e de Extensão, Pedra Branca, 88137900 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Telles
- Laboratório de Implantação Iônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Química Ambiental e Oleoquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande dos Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Johnny Dias
- Laboratório de Implantação Iônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liana Niekraszewicz
- Laboratório de Implantação Iônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Pêgas Henriques
- Departamento de Biofísica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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An updated review of the genotoxicity of respirable crystalline silica. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:23. [PMID: 29783987 PMCID: PMC5963024 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to (certain forms of) crystalline silica (CS) potentially results in adverse effects on human health. Since 1997 IARC has classified CS as a Group 1 carcinogen [1], which was confirmed in a later review in 2012 [2]. The genotoxic potential and mode of genotoxic action of CS was not conclusive in either of the IARC reviews, although a proposal for mode of actions was made in an extensive review of the genotoxicity of CS by Borm, Tran and Donaldson in 2011 [3]. The present study identified 141 new papers from search strings related to genotoxicity of respirable CS (RCS) since 2011 and, of these, 17 relevant publications with genotoxicity data were included in this detailed review. Studies on in vitro genotoxic endpoints primarily included micronucleus (MN) frequency and % fragmented DNA as measured in the comet assay, and were mostly negative, apart from two studies using primary or cultured macrophages. In vivo studies confirmed the role of persistent inflammation due to quartz surface toxicity leading to anti-oxidant responses in mice and rats, but DNA damage was only seen in rats. The role of surface characteristics was strengthened by in vitro and in vivo studies using aluminium or hydrophobic treatment to quench the silanol groups on the CS surface. In conclusion, the different modes of action of RCS-induced genotoxicity have been evaluated in a series of independent, adequate studies since 2011. Earlier conclusions on the role of inflammation driven by quartz surface in genotoxic and carcinogenic effects after inhalation are confirmed and findings support a practical threshold. Whereas classic in vitro genotoxicity studies confirm an earlier no-observed effect level (NOEL) in cell cultures of 60-70 μg/cm2, transformation frequency in SHE cells suggests a lower threshold around 5 μg/cm2. Both levels are only achieved in vivo at doses (2–4 mg) beyond in vivo doses (> 200 μg) that cause persistent inflammation and tissue remodelling in the rat lung.
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Park MV, Catalán J, Ferraz N, Cabellos J, Vanhauten R, Vázquez-Campos S, Janer G. Development of a systematic method to assess similarity between nanomaterials for human hazard evaluation purposes - lessons learnt. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:652-676. [PMID: 29732939 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1465142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Within the EU FP-7 GUIDEnano project, a methodology was developed to systematically quantify the similarity between a nanomaterial (NM) that has been tested in toxicity studies and the NM for which risk needs to be evaluated, for the purpose of extrapolating toxicity data between the two materials. The methodology is a first attempt to use current knowledge on NM property-hazard relationships to develop a series of pragmatic and systematic rules for assessing NM similarity. Moreover, the methodology takes into account the practical feasibility, in that it is based on generally available NM characterization information. In addition to presenting this methodology, the lessons learnt and the challenges faced during its development are reported here. We conclude that there is a large gap between the information that is ideally needed and its application to real cases. The current database on property-hazard relationships is still very limited, which hinders the agreement on the key NM properties constituting the basis of the similarity assessment and the development of associated science-based and unequivocal rules. Currently, one of the most challenging NM properties to systematically assess in terms of similarity between two NMs is surface coating and functionalization, which lacks standardized parameters for description and characterization methodology. Standardization of characterization methods that lead to quantitative, unambiguous, and measurable parameters describing NM properties are necessary in order to build a sufficiently robust property-hazard database that allows for evidence-based refinement of our methodology, or any other attempt to systematically assess the similarity of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet Vdz Park
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Health Protection , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Julia Catalán
- b Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland.,c Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- d Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Gemma Janer
- e Leitat Technological Center , Terrassa , Spain
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33
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Sahu SC, Hayes AW. Toxicity of nanomaterials found in human environment. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317726352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) defines nanotechnology as “the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nm, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.” Recent scientific reports available in the literature clearly demonstrate the potential benefits of nanotechnology in consumer and industrial products. More and more nanomaterials are expected to be used in consumer products. This is expected to lead to increased human exposure to nanomaterials in their daily lives. Therefore, the effect of nanomaterials present in human environment is an area of increasing scientific interest. The information presented in this review is obtained from the current literature. It indicates that nanomaterials found in human environment may have potential for toxicological effects. However, the current literature on toxicological effects of nanomaterials is diverse. The current data are presented from studies without harmonization. These studies have used different in vitro and in vivo test models, different sources of test nanomaterials, different methods for nanomaterial characterization, and different experimental conditions. Therefore, these data are hard to interpret. More research on nanomaterial characterization, biological interaction, toxicity, and health effects is needed. The test methods need to be validated. Positive and negative controls for nanotoxicity need to be identified. Toxicity data harmonization needs to be done. Therefore, general information is not currently available for risk evaluation of certain nanomaterials that might be present in consumer products or that may enter into the market in future. Standardized and validated methods are necessary for toxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Therefore, in the absence of standardized validated methods any specific regulatory testing requirements for nanomaterials are currently premature. We conclude that the benefits of nanomaterials found currently in human environment are many, but their overall adverse effects on human health are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saura C Sahu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Taxell P, Santonen T. Diesel Engine Exhaust: Basis for Occupational Exposure Limit Value. Toxicol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Hong F, Yu X, Wu N, Zhang YQ. Progress of in vivo studies on the systemic toxicities induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:115-133. [PMID: 30090482 PMCID: PMC6061230 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are inorganic materials with a diameter of 1-100 nm. In recent years, TiO2 NPs have been used in a wide range of products, including food, toothpaste, cosmetics, medicine, paints and printing materials, due to their unique properties (high stability, anti-corrosion, and efficient photocatalysis). Following exposure via various routes including inhalation, injection, dermal deposition and gastrointestinal tract absorption, NPs can be found in various organs in the body potentially inducing toxic effects. Thus more attention to the safety of TiO2 NPs is necessary. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the toxic effects induced by TiO2 NPs in the lung, liver, stomach, intestine, kidney, spleen, brain, hippocampus, heart, blood vessels, ovary and testis of mice and rats in in vivo experiments, and evaluate their potential toxic mechanisms. The findings will provide an important reference for human risk evaluation and management following TiO2 NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China .
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- School of Life Sciences , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China .
| | - Nan Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China .
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- School of Life Sciences , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China .
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Kuempel ED, Jaurand MC, Møller P, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi N, Pinkerton KE, Sargent LM, Vermeulen RCH, Fubini B, Kane AB. Evaluating the mechanistic evidence and key data gaps in assessing the potential carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:1-58. [PMID: 27537422 PMCID: PMC5555643 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1206061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In an evaluation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the IARC Monograph 111, the Mechanisms Subgroup was tasked with assessing the strength of evidence on the potential carcinogenicity of CNTs in humans. The mechanistic evidence was considered to be not strong enough to alter the evaluations based on the animal data. In this paper, we provide an extended, in-depth examination of the in vivo and in vitro experimental studies according to current hypotheses on the carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and fibers. We cite additional studies of CNTs that were not available at the time of the IARC meeting in October 2014, and extend our evaluation to include carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Finally, we identify key data gaps and suggest research needs to reduce uncertainty. The focus of this review is on the cancer risk to workers exposed to airborne CNT or CNF during the production and use of these materials. The findings of this review, in general, affirm those of the original evaluation on the inadequate or limited evidence of carcinogenicity for most types of CNTs and CNFs at this time, and possible carcinogenicity of one type of CNT (MWCNT-7). The key evidence gaps to be filled by research include: investigation of possible associations between in vitro and early-stage in vivo events that may be predictive of lung cancer or mesothelioma, and systematic analysis of dose-response relationships across materials, including evaluation of the influence of physico-chemical properties and experimental factors on the observation of nonmalignant and malignant endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen D Kuempel
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Marie-Claude Jaurand
- b Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche , UMR 1162 , Paris , France
- c Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes , Paris , France
- d University Institute of Hematology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot , Paris , France
- e University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Saint-Denis , France
| | - Peter Møller
- f Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- g Department of Occupational Pneumology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu City , Japan
| | | | - Kent E Pinkerton
- i Center for Health and the Environment, University of California , Davis , California , USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- j National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- k Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bice Fubini
- l Department of Chemistry and "G.Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Agnes B Kane
- m Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
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Wani IA, Ahmad T. Understanding Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Biological Systems. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a growing applied science having considerable global socioeconomic value. Nanoscale materials are casting their impact on almost all industries and all areas of society. A wide range of engineered nanoscale products has emerged with widespread applications in fields such as energy, medicine, electronics, plastics, energy and aerospace etc. While the market for nanotechnology products will have grown over one trillion US dollars by 2015, the presence of these material is likely to increase leading to increasing likelihood of exposure. The direct use of nanomaterials in humans for medical and cosmetic purposes dictates vigorous safety assessment of toxicity. Therefore this book chapter provides the detailed toxicity assessment of various types of nanomaterials.
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Ali D, Alarifi S, Alkahtani S, AlKahtane AA, Almalik A. Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Human Skin Melanoma Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1643-51. [PMID: 25395198 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive applications of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles require a better understanding of their possible effects on human health. However, data demonstrating the effect of CeO2 nanoparticles on the human skin melanoma cell remain scanty. In the current study, we determined the mechanism through which CeO2 nanoparticles (APS <25 nm) induce toxicity in human skin melanoma cells (A375). The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and neutral red uptake assays showed concentration and time-dependent cytotoxicity of CeO2 nanoparticles in A375 cells. CeO2 nanoparticles significantly induced the generation reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and decreased glutathione levels in A375 cells. It was also observed that the CeO2 nanoparticles induced chromosomal condensation and caspase-3 activity. CeO2 nanoparticles exposed cells revealed the formation of DNA double-strand breakage as measured by percent tail DNA and olive tail moment through comet assay. The decline of cell viability, production of ROS, and DNA damage in A375 cells specifies that CeO2 nanoparticles have less capable to induce cyto and genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, BOX 2454, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, BOX 2454, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, BOX 2454, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A AlKahtane
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, BOX 2454, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Almalik
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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39
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León-Mejía G, Silva LFO, Civeira MS, Oliveira MLS, Machado M, Villela IV, Hartmann A, Premoli S, Corrêa DS, Da Silva J, Henriques JAP. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by coal and coal fly ash particles samples in V79 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24019-24031. [PMID: 27638803 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to coal and coal ashes can cause harmful effects in in vitro and in vivo systems, mainly by the induction of oxidative damage. The aim of this work was to assess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects using the V79 cell line treated with coal and coal fly ash particles derived from a coal power plant located in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Two coal samples (COAL11 and COAL16) and two coal fly ash samples (CFA11 and CFA16) were included in this study. COAL16 was co-firing with a mixture of fuel oil and diesel oil. The comet assay data showed that exposure of V79 cells to coal and coal fly ash particles induced primary DNA lesions. Application of lesion-specific endonucleases (FPG and ENDO III) demonstrated increased DNA effects indicating the presence of high amounts of oxidative DNA lesions. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay analysis showed that exposure of V79 cells to high concentrations of coal and coal fly ash particles induced cytotoxic effects (apoptosis and necrosis) and chromosomal instability (nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, and micronucleus (MN) formation). These results may be associated with compounds contained in the surface of the particles as hazardous elements, ultrafine/nanoparticles, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which were detected in the samples. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethel León-Mejía
- Departamento de Biofísica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Unidad de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Genética y Biología Molecular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Research group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Pró-Reitoria de Ensino, de Pesquisa e de Extensão, UNISUL -Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina Pedra Branca, Palhoça, SC, 88137900, Brazil
| | - Matheus S Civeira
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Pró-Reitoria de Ensino, de Pesquisa e de Extensão, UNISUL -Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina Pedra Branca, Palhoça, SC, 88137900, Brazil
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Pró-Reitoria de Ensino, de Pesquisa e de Extensão, UNISUL -Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina Pedra Branca, Palhoça, SC, 88137900, Brazil
| | - Miriana Machado
- InnVitro Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Suziane Premoli
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Dione Silva Corrêa
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Pêgas Henriques
- Departamento de Biofísica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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40
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Dai Y, Niu Y, Duan H, Bassig BA, Ye M, Zhang X, Meng T, Bin P, Jia X, Shen M, Zhang R, Hu W, Yang X, Vermeulen R, Silverman D, Rothman N, Lan Q, Yu S, Zheng Y. Effects of occupational exposure to carbon black on peripheral white blood cell counts and lymphocyte subsets. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:615-622. [PMID: 27671983 PMCID: PMC6759205 DOI: 10.1002/em.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified carbon black (CB) as a possible (Group 2B) human carcinogen. Given that most CB manufacturing processes result in the emission of various types of chemicals, it is uncertain if the adverse health effects that have been observed in CB-exposed workers are related to CB specifically or are due to other exposures. To address this issue, we conducted a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study in China of 106 male factory workers who were occupationally exposed to pure CB and 112 unexposed male workers frequency-matched by age and smoking status from the same geographic region. Repeated personal exposure measurements were taken in workers before biological sample collection. Peripheral blood from all workers was used for the complete blood cell count and lymphocyte subsets analysis. Compared to unexposed workers, eosinophil counts in workers exposed to CB were increased by 30.8% (P = 0.07) after adjusting for potential confounders. When stratified by smoking status, statistically significant differences in eosinophils between CB exposed and unexposed workers were only present among never smokers (P = 0.040). Smoking is associated with alterations in various cell counts; however, no significant interaction between CB exposure and smoking status for any cell counts was observed. Given that inflammation, characterized in part by elevated eosinophils in peripheral blood, may be associated with increased cancer risk, our findings provide new biologic insights into the potential relationship between CB exposure and lung carcinogenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:589-604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bryan A Bassig
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Meng Ye
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ping Bin
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Meili Shen
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Toxicology School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xiaofa Yang
- Jiao Zuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Debra Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
| | - Shanfa Yu
- Henan Provincial Institute for Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
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41
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Wang Z, Zhu W, Qiu Y, Yi X, von dem Bussche A, Kane A, Gao H, Koski K, Hurt R. Biological and environmental interactions of emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1750-80. [PMID: 26923057 PMCID: PMC4820079 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00914f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials have become a major focus in materials chemistry research worldwide with substantial efforts centered on synthesis, property characterization, and technological application. These high-aspect ratio sheet-like solids come in a wide array of chemical compositions, crystal phases, and physical forms, and are anticipated to enable a host of future technologies in areas that include electronics, sensors, coatings, barriers, energy storage and conversion, and biomedicine. A parallel effort has begun to understand the biological and environmental interactions of synthetic nanosheets, both to enable the biomedical developments and to ensure human health and safety for all application fields. This review covers the most recent literature on the biological responses to 2D materials and also draws from older literature on natural lamellar minerals to provide additional insight into the essential chemical behaviors. The article proposes a framework for more systematic investigation of biological behavior in the future, rooted in fundamental materials chemistry and physics. That framework considers three fundamental interaction modes: (i) chemical interactions and phase transformations, (ii) electronic and surface redox interactions, and (iii) physical and mechanical interactions that are unique to near-atomically-thin, high-aspect-ratio solids. Two-dimensional materials are shown to exhibit a wide range of behaviors, which reflect the diversity in their chemical compositions, and many are expected to undergo reactive dissolution processes that will be key to understanding their behaviors and interpreting biological response data. The review concludes with a series of recommendations for high-priority research subtopics at the "bio-nanosheet" interface that we hope will enable safe and successful development of technologies related to two-dimensional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Yi
- School of Engineering, USA.
| | | | - Agnes Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, USA. and Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, USA
| | | | - Kristie Koski
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Robert Hurt
- School of Engineering, USA. and Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, USA
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42
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Thai SF, Wallace KA, Jones CP, Ren H, Grulke E, Castellon BT, Crooks J, Kitchin KT. Differential Genomic Effects of Six Different TiO2Nanomaterials on Human Liver HepG2 Cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:331-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheau-Fung Thai
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park; NC 27711 USA
| | - Kathleen A. Wallace
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park; NC 27711 USA
| | - Carlton P. Jones
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park; NC 27711 USA
| | - Hongzu Ren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park; NC 27711 USA
| | - Eric Grulke
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Benjamin T. Castellon
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park; NC 27711 USA
| | - James Crooks
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park; NC 27711 USA
| | - Kirk T. Kitchin
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park; NC 27711 USA
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43
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Pease C, Rücker T, Birk T. Review of the Evidence from Epidemiology, Toxicology, and Lung Bioavailability on the Carcinogenicity of Inhaled Iron Oxide Particulates. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:237-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pease
- Ramboll ENVIRON
UK Limited, 1 Broad Gate, The Headrow, Leeds LS1 8EQ, U.K
| | - Thomas Rücker
- Ramboll ENVIRON
Germany GmbH, Aschauer Straße
32a, 81549 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Birk
- Ramboll ENVIRON
Germany GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse
55, 45127 Essen, Germany
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44
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Liu Z, Murphy JP, Maghirang R, Devlin D. Health and Environmental Impacts of Smoke from Vegetation Fires: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2016.712148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Cordeiro L, Müller L, Gelesky MA, Wasielesky W, Fattorini D, Regoli F, Monserrat JM, Ventura-Lima J. Evaluation of coexposure to inorganic arsenic and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1214-1223. [PMID: 26354110 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) that occur concomitantly in the aquatic environment with other contaminants such as arsenic (As) is little known in crustaceans. The objective of the present study is to evaluate whether coexposure to nTiO2 can influence the accumulation, metabolism, and oxidative stress parameters induced by arsenic exposure in the gills and hepatopancreas of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Organisms were exposed by dissolving chemicals in seawater (salinity = 30) at nominal concentrations of 10 μg/L nTiO2 or As(III), dosed alone and in combination. Results showed that there was not a significant accumulation of As in either tissue type, but the coexposure altered the pattern of the metabolism. In the hepatopancreas, no changes were observed in the biochemical response, while in the gills, an increase in the glutamate-cysteine-ligase (GCL) activity was observed upon exposure to As or nTiO2 alone, an increase in the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels was observed upon exposure to As alone, and an increase in the total antioxidant capacity was observed upon exposure to nTiO2 or nTiO2 + As. However, these modulations were not sufficient enough to prevent the lipid damage induced by nTiO2 exposure. Our results suggest that coexposure to nTiO2 and As does not alter the toxicity of this metalloid in the gills and hepatopancreas of L. vannamei but does alter its metabolism, favoring its accumulation of organic As species considered moderately toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cordeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Müller
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Gelesky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Wilson Wasielesky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquacultura-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniele Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - José Marìa Monserrat
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquacultura-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Ventura-Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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46
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Abstract
Along with fast economic growth over the past few decades, the world is faced with cumulatively serious environmental pollution and now is paying increased attention to pollutional haze. In the last few years, multiple epidemiological studies and animal models have provided compelling evidences that inhalation of pollutional haze could be linked to several adverse health effects. Since the respiratory tract is the crucial passageway of entry of pollutional haze, the lung is the main affected organ. Therefore, here, we reviewed some of the important information around long-term exposure to pollutional haze and lung cancer, as well as highlight important roles of pollutional haze in human lung carcinogenesis, providing evidence for pollutional haze acting as another risk factor for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
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47
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Nakanishi J, Morimoto Y, Ogura I, Kobayashi N, Naya M, Ema M, Endoh S, Shimada M, Ogami A, Myojyo T, Oyabu T, Gamo M, Kishimoto A, Igarashi T, Hanai S. Risk Assessment of the Carbon Nanotube Group. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2015; 35:1940-56. [PMID: 25943334 PMCID: PMC4736668 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the health risks via inhalation and derived the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for the carbon nanotube (CNT) group rather than individual CNT material. We devised two methods: the integration of the intratracheal instillation (IT) data with the inhalation (IH) data, and the "biaxial approach." A four-week IH test and IT test were performed in rats exposed to representative materials to obtain the no observed adverse effect level, based on which the OEL was derived. We used the biaxial approach to conduct a relative toxicity assessment of six types of CNTs. An OEL of 0.03 mg/m(3) was selected as the criterion for the CNT group. We proposed that the OEL be limited to 15 years. We adopted adaptive management, in which the values are reviewed whenever new data are obtained. The toxicity level was found to be correlated with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-specific surface area (BET-SSA) of CNT, suggesting the BET-SSA to have potential for use in toxicity estimation. We used the published exposure data and measurement results of dustiness tests to compute the risk in relation to particle size at the workplace and showed that controlling micron-sized respirable particles was of utmost importance. Our genotoxicity studies indicated that CNT did not directly interact with genetic materials. They supported the concept that, even if CNT is genotoxic, it is secondary genotoxicity mediated via a pathway of genotoxic damage resulting from oxidative DNA attack by free radicals generated during CNT-elicited inflammation. Secondary genotoxicity appears to involve a threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nakanishi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH)KitakyushuJapan
| | - Isamu Ogura
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Environmental ChemistryNational Institute of Health SciencesTokyoJapan
| | - Masato Naya
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation BioSafety Research Center (BSRC)IwataJapan
| | - Makoto Ema
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Shigehisa Endoh
- Research Institute for Environmental Management TechnologyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukubaJapan
| | - Manabu Shimada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringHiroshima UniversityHigashihiroshimaJapan
| | - Akira Ogami
- Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH)KitakyushuJapan
| | - Toshihiko Myojyo
- Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH)KitakyushuJapan
| | - Takako Oyabu
- Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH)KitakyushuJapan
| | - Masashi Gamo
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Atsuo Kishimoto
- Policy Alternatives Research Institute, Graduate School of Public Policythe Tokyo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takuya Igarashi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
| | - Sosuke Hanai
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TsukubaJapan
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48
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Asare N, Duale N, Slagsvold HH, Lindeman B, Olsen AK, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Meczynska-Wielgosz S, Kruszewski M, Brunborg G, Instanes C. Genotoxicity and gene expression modulation of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:312-21. [PMID: 26923343 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1071443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) caused apoptosis, necrosis and DNA strand breaks in different cell models in vitro. These findings warranted analyses of their relevance in vivo. We investigated the genotoxic potential and gene expression profiles of silver particles of nano- (Ag20, 20 nm) and submicron- (Ag200, 200 nm) size and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs, 21 nm) in selected tissues from exposed male mice including the gonades. A single dose of 5 mg/kg bw nanoparticles was administered intravenously to male mice derived from C57BL6 (WT) and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase knock-out (Ogg1(-/-) KO). Testis, lung and liver were harvested one and seven days post-exposure and analyzed for DNA strand breaks and oxidized purines employing the Comet assay with Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) treatment, and sperm DNA fragmentation by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). Based on an initial screening of a panel of 21 genes, seven genes were selected and their expression levels were analyzed in all lung and testis tissues sampled from all animals (n = 6 mice/treatment group) using qPCR. AgNPs, in particular Ag200, caused significantly increased levels of DNA strand breaks and alkali labile sites in lung, seven days post-exposure. Fpg-sensitive lesions were significantly induced in both testis and lung. The transcript level of some key genes; Atm, Rad51, Sod1, Fos and Mmp3, were significantly induced compared to controls, particularly in lung samples from Ag200-exposed KO mice. We conclude that the Ag200 causes genotoxicity and distinct gene expression patterns in selected DNA damage response and repair related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Asare
- a Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Nur Duale
- a Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hege H Slagsvold
- a Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway .,b Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection , Tønsberg , Norway
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- a Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ann Karin Olsen
- a Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Sylwia Meczynska-Wielgosz
- d Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Center for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- e Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research , Institute of Rural Health , Lublin , Poland , and.,f Faculty of Medicine , University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów , Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- a Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- a Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
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49
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Alarifi S, Ali D. Mechanisms of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes-Induced Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Mouse Fibroblast Cells. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:258-65. [PMID: 25998517 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extensive production and wide application of carbon nanotubes have made investigations of its toxic potentials necessary. In the present study, we explored the underlying mechanism through which multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induce toxicity in mouse fibroblast cells (L929). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and neutral red uptake viability assays were used to examine mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity was observed in L929 cells. The MWCNTs significantly increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and decreased glutathione. It was observed that the MWCNTs induced caspase 3 activity. The highest DNA strand breakage was detected by comet assay at 300 µg/mL of MWCNTs. Thus, the data indicate that MWCNTs induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in L929 cells via oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Saud Alarifi and Daoud Ali contributed equally to this work
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Saud Alarifi and Daoud Ali contributed equally to this work
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Characterization and Cytotoxicity of PM<0.2, PM0.2-2.5 and PM2.5-10 around MSWI in Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:5076-89. [PMID: 25985309 PMCID: PMC4454955 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential impact of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), which is an anthropogenic source of aerosol emissions, is of great public health concern. This study investigated the characterization and cytotoxic effects of ambient ultrafine particles (PM<0.2), fine particles (PM0.2-2.5) and coarse particles (PM2.5-10) collected around a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant in the Pudong district of Shanghai. METHODS Mass concentrations of trace elements in particulate matter (PM) samples were determined using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). The cytotoxicity of sampled atmospheric PM was evaluated by cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells. RESULT The mass percentage of PM0.2-2.5 accounted for 72.91% of the total mass of PM. Crustal metals (Mg, Al, and Ti) were abundant in the coarse particles, while the anthropogenic elements (V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were dominant in the fine particles. The enrichment factors of Zn, Cd and Pb in the fine and ultrafine particles were extremely high (>100). The cytotoxicity of the size-resolved particles was in the order of coarse particles < fine particles < ultrafine particles. CONCLUSIONS Fine particles dominated the MSWI ambient particles. Emissions from the MSWI could bring contamination of anthropogenic elements (Zn, Cd and Pb) into ambient environment. The PM around the MSWI plant displayed an additive toxic effect, and the ultrafine and fine particles possessed higher biological toxicity than the coarse particles.
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