1
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Figueira MI, Carvalho TMA, Macário-Monteiro J, Cardoso HJ, Correia S, Vaz CV, Duarte AP, Socorro S. The Pros and Cons of Estrogens in Prostate Cancer: An Update with a Focus on Phytoestrogens. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1636. [PMID: 39200101 PMCID: PMC11351860 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of estrogens in prostate cancer (PCa) is shrouded in mystery, with its actions going from angelic to devilish. The findings by Huggins and Hodges establishing PCa as a hormone-sensitive cancer have provided the basis for using estrogens in therapy. However, despite the clinical efficacy in suppressing tumor growth and the panoply of experimental evidence describing its anticarcinogenic effects, estrogens were abolished from PCa treatment because of the adverse secondary effects. Notwithstanding, research work over the years has continued investigating the effects of estrogens, reporting their pros and cons in prostate carcinogenesis. In contrast with the beneficial therapeutic effects, many reports have implicated estrogens in the disruption of prostate cell fate and tissue homeostasis. On the other hand, epidemiological data demonstrating the lower incidence of PCa in Eastern countries associated with a higher consumption of phytoestrogens support the beneficial role of estrogens in counteracting cancer development. Many studies have investigated the effects of phytoestrogens and the underlying mechanisms of action, which may contribute to developing safe estrogen-based anti-PCa therapies. This review compiles the existing data on the anti- and protumorigenic actions of estrogens and summarizes the anticancer effects of several phytoestrogens, highlighting their promising features in PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.I.F.)
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2
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Abaffy T, Matsunami H. 19-hydroxy Steroids in the Aromatase Reaction: Review on Expression and Potential Functions. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab050. [PMID: 34095690 PMCID: PMC8169043 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence related to the aromatase reaction in various biological processes spanning from mid-1960 to today is abundant; however, as our analytical sensitivity increases, a new look at the old chemical reaction is necessary. Here, we review an irreversible aromatase reaction from the substrate androstenedione. It proceeds in 3 consecutive steps. In the first 2 steps, 19-hydroxy steroids are produced. In the third step, estrone is produced. They can dissociate from the enzyme complex and either accumulate in tissues or enter the blood. In this review, we want to highlight the potential importance of these 19-hydroxy steroids in various physiological and pathological conditions. We focus primarily on 19-hydroxy steroids, and in particular on the 19-hydroxyandrostenedione produced by the incomplete aromatase reaction. Using a PubMed database and the search term “aromatase reaction,” 19-hydroxylation of androgens and steroid measurements, we detail the chemistry of the aromatase reaction and list previous and current methods used to measure 19-hydroxy steroids. We present evidence of the existence of 19-hydroxy steroids in brain tissue, ovaries, testes, adrenal glands, prostate cancer, as well as during pregnancy and parturition and in Cushing’s disease. Based on the available literature, a potential involvement of 19-hydroxy steroids in the brain differentiation process, sperm motility, ovarian function, and hypertension is suggested and warrants future research. We hope that with the advancement of highly specific and sensitive analytical methods, future research into 19-hydroxy steroids will be encouraged, as much remains to be learned and discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Abaffy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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3
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Utz B, Turpin R, Lampe J, Pouwels J, Klefström J. Assessment of the WAP-Myc mouse mammary tumor model for spontaneous metastasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18733. [PMID: 33127915 PMCID: PMC7599250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women. Despite significant therapeutic advances in recent years, breast cancer also still causes the greatest number of cancer-related deaths in women, the vast majority of which (> 90%) are caused by metastases. However, very few mouse mammary cancer models exist that faithfully recapitulate the multistep metastatic process in human patients. Here we assessed the suitability of a syngrafting protocol for a Myc-driven mammary tumor model (WAP-Myc) to study autochthonous metastasis. A moderate but robust spontaneous lung metastasis rate of around 25% was attained. In addition, increased T cell infiltration was observed in metastatic tumors compared to donor and syngrafted primary tumors. Thus, the WAP-Myc syngrafting protocol is a suitable tool to study the mechanisms of metastasis in MYC-driven breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Utz
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rita Turpin
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Lampe
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeroen Pouwels
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Juha Klefström
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Vickman RE, Franco OE, Moline DC, Vander Griend DJ, Thumbikat P, Hayward SW. The role of the androgen receptor in prostate development and benign prostatic hyperplasia: A review. Asian J Urol 2020; 7:191-202. [PMID: 32742923 PMCID: PMC7385520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a benign enlargement of the prostate in which incidence increases linearly with age, beginning at about 50 years old. BPH is a significant source of morbidity in aging men by causing lower urinary tract symptoms and acute urinary retention. Unfortunately, the etiology of BPH incidence and progression is not clear. This review highlights the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate development and the evidence for its involvement in BPH. The AR is essential for normal prostate development, and individuals with defective AR signaling, such as after castration, do not experience prostate enlargement with age. Furthermore, decreasing dihydrotestosterone availability through therapeutic targeting with 5α-reductase inhibitors diminishes AR activity and results in reduced prostate size and symptoms in some BPH patients. While there is some evidence that AR expression is elevated in certain cellular compartments, how exactly AR is involved in BPH progression has yet to be elucidated. It is possible that AR signaling within stromal cells alters intercellular signaling and a "reawakening" of the embryonic mesenchyme, loss of epithelial AR leads to changes in paracrine signaling interactions, and/or chronic inflammation aids in stromal or epithelial proliferation evident in BPH. Unfortunately, a subset of patients fails to respond to current medical approaches, forcing surgical treatment even though age or associated co-morbidities make surgery less attractive. Fundamentally, new therapeutic approaches to treat BPH are not currently forthcoming, so a more complete molecular understanding of BPH etiology is necessary to identify new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E. Vickman
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Daniel C. Moline
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Praveen Thumbikat
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
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5
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Liu TT, Ewald JA, Ricke EA, Bell R, Collins C, Ricke WA. Modeling human prostate cancer progression in vitro. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:893-902. [PMID: 30590461 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed mechanisms involved in prostate cancer (CaP) development and progression are not well understood. Current experimental models used to study CaP are not well suited to address this issue. Previously, we have described the hormonal progression of non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cells (BPH1) into malignant cells via tissue recombination. Here, we describe a method to derive human cell lines from distinct stages of CaP that parallel cellular, genetic and epigenetic changes found in patients with cancers. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. Using diverse analytical strategies, we show that the BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of CaP in human patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BCaP cells have altered gene expression of shared pathways with human and transgenic mouse CaP data, as well as, increasing genomic instability with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in advanced tumor cells. Together, these cell lines represent a unique model of human CaP progression providing a novel tool that will allow the discovery and experimental validation of mechanisms regulating human CaP development and progression. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. The BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of prostate cancer. The cells have altered gene expression with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion representing a unique model for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan A Ewald
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert Bell
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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6
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Wang Z, Deng T, Long X, Lin X, Wu S, Wang H, Ge R, Zhang Z, Wu CL, Taplin ME, Olumi AF. Methylation of SRD5A2 promoter predicts a better outcome for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229754. [PMID: 32134978 PMCID: PMC7058338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether SRD5A2 promoter methylation is associated with cancer progression during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in CRPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a Local CRPC cohort, 42 prostatic specimens were collected from patients who were diagnosed as CRPC and underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). In a metastatic CRPC (Met CRPC) cohort, 12 metastatic biopsies were collected from CRPC patients who would be treated with abiraterone plus dutasteride (Clinical Trial NCT01393730). As controls, 36 benign prostatic specimens were collected from patients undergoing prostate reduction surgery for symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The methylation status of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) site(s) at SRD5A2 promoter regions was tested. RESULTS Compared with benign prostatic tissue, CRPC samples demonstrated higher SRD5A2 methylation in the whole promoter region (Local CRPC cohort: P < 0.001; Met CRPC cohort: P <0.05). In Local CRPC cohort, a higher ratio of methylation was correlated with better OS (R2 = 0.33, P = 0.013). Hypermethylation of specific regions (nucleotides -434 to -4 [CpG# -39 to CpG# -2]) was associated with a better OS (11.3±5.8 vs 6.4±4.4 years, P = 0.001) and PFS (8.4±5.4 vs 4.5±3.9 years, P = 0.003) with cutoff value of 37.9%. Multivariate analysis showed that SRD5A2 methylation was associated with OS independently (whole promoter region: P = 0.035; specific region: P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrate that SRD5A2 methylation in promoter regions, specifically at CpG# -39 to -2, is significantly associated with better survival for CRPC patients treated with ADT. Recognition of epigenetic modifications of SRD5A2 may affect the choices and sequence of available therapies for management of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tuo Deng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingbo Long
- Department of Urology, Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueming Lin
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shulin Wu
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rongbin Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Aria F. Olumi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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7
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Fararjeh AS, Liu YN. ZBTB46, SPDEF, and ETV6: Novel Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2802. [PMID: 31181727 PMCID: PMC6600524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common killer among men in Western countries. Targeting androgen receptor (AR) signaling by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the current therapeutic regime for patients newly diagnosed with metastatic PCa. However, most patients relapse and become resistant to ADT, leading to metastatic castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and eventually death. Several proposed mechanisms have been proposed for CRPC; however, the exact mechanism through which CRPC develops is still unclear. One possible pathway is that the AR remains active in CRPC cases. Therefore, understanding AR signaling networks as primary PCa changes into metastatic CRPC is key to developing future biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for PCa and CRPC. In the current review, we focused on three novel biomarkers (ZBTB46, SPDEF, and ETV6) that were demonstrated to play critical roles in CRPC progression, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) drug resistance, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for patients treated with ADT or AR inhibition. In addition, we summarize how these potential biomarkers can be used in the clinic for diagnosis and as therapeutic targets of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulFattah Salah Fararjeh
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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8
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Liu TT, Thomas S, Mclean DT, Roldan-Alzate A, Hernando D, Ricke EA, Ricke WA. Prostate enlargement and altered urinary function are part of the aging process. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:2653-2669. [PMID: 31085797 PMCID: PMC6535061 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate disease incidence, both benign and malignant, directly correlates with age. Men under 40 years of age are rarely diagnosed with benign or malignant prostate disease, while 90% of men over the age of 80 have histological evidence of benign disease (benign prostatic hyperplasia; BPH). Although rodent models have been invaluable in the study of disease progression and treatment efficacy, the effect of age is often not considered. In examining aged (24-month-old) mice, we observed changes within the lower urinary tract that is typically associated with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) similar to models of BPH. In this study, we identify LUTD using functional testing as well as various imaging technologies. We also characterize the histological differences within the lower urinary tract between young (2-month-old) and aged mice including proliferation, stromal remodeling, and collagen deposition. Additionally, we examined serum steroid hormone levels, as steroid changes drive LUTD in mice and are known to change with age. We conclude that, with age, changes in prostate function, consistent with LUTD, are a consequence. Therapeutic targeting of endocrine and prostatic factors including smooth muscle function, prostate growth and fibrosis are likely to reestablish normal urinary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T. Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- K12 Kure, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samuel Thomas
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dalton T. Mclean
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Cancer Biology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alejandro Roldan-Alzate
- K12 Kure, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emily A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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9
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Sehgal PD, Bauman TM, Nicholson TM, Vellky JE, Ricke EA, Tang W, Xu W, Huang W, Ricke WA. Tissue-specific quantification and localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 2019; 89:99-108. [PMID: 31054895 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and estrogens, working together, promote prostate cancer (PRCA) initiation and progression, with androgens acting via androgen receptor (AR) and estrogens acting primarily through estrogen receptor α (ERα). While the interplay between these steroid hormones has been established, the interaction between steroid hormone receptors in prostatic disease remains unstudied. The goal of this study was to objectively determine the incidence, stage specificity, and tissue/cell type specificity of AR and ERα expression, both independently and simultaneously, during the progression of PRCA. Using multiplexed immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging analysis, AR, ERα, and smooth muscle α-actin expression was detected and quantitated in benign prostate tissue (BPT), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), PRCA, and metastasis (MET) from patient specimens (n=340). Epithelial AR expression was significantly increased in HGPIN, PRCA, and MET compared with BPT, whereas ERα expression in epithelial and stromal cells was highest in HGPIN. With analysis of AR and ERα coexpression, we identified a unique population of double-positive (AR+/ERα+) cells that increased in HGPIN specimens in both the stroma and the epithelium. Double-negative (AR-/ERα-) cells significantly decreased across PRCA progression, from 65% in BPT to 30% in MET. Preliminary analysis of this AR+/ERα+ population indicates potential cell type specificity in smooth muscle α-actin-negative stromal cells. This study demonstrates stage-, tissue-, and cell type-specific AR and ERα expression changes during PRCA progression, both independently and coexpressed. A more complete understanding of steroid hormones and their receptors in the initiation and progression of prostatic disease may elucidate improved strategies for PRCA prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka D Sehgal
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tyler M Bauman
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tristan M Nicholson
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98915, USA
| | - Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Weiping Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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10
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Vellky JE, Ricke EA, Huang W, Ricke WA. Expression and Localization of DDX3 in Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1256-1267. [PMID: 30926334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Survival rates decrease significantly when localized prostate cancer (CaP) becomes metastatic, emphasizing the need for improved targeted therapies. DDX3, an RNA helicase, has widespread functions in RNA regulation, in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Although DDX3 has been implicated as a prognostic marker for many cancers, including primary CaP, its expression, localization, and function in metastatic CaP have not been investigated. Analysis of metadata and cell line models found increased DDX3 expression in metastatic versus primary CaP and benign prostate. Quantification of DDX3 expression in 320 human prostate samples, representing different stages of CaP progression, revealed an increase in epithelial whole cell, cytoplasmic, and nuclear DDX3 in primary CaP compared with benign prostate. In metastatic tissues, cytoplasmic DDX3 remained highly expressed, whereas nuclear DDX3 significantly decreased compared with primary CaP, suggesting a potential role for cytoplasmic DDX3 in metastatic CaP. Genetic and pharmacologic loss of function for DDX3 in metastatic CaP produced a significant decrease in cell viability, proliferation, and motility but did not affect apoptosis. The data suggest that cytoplasmic DDX3 is highly expressed in metastatic CaP and that inhibition of DDX3 affects metastatic growth by decreasing proliferation and motility. These findings introduce a novel role for cytoplasmic DDX3 in CaP progression and provide a foundation for clinically targeting DDX3 in metastatic CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Cancer Biology Graduate Research Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wei Huang
- George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
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11
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Nicholson TM, Nguyen JL, Leverson GE, Taylor JA, Vom Saal FS, Wood RW, Ricke WA. Endocrine disruptor bisphenol A is implicated in urinary voiding dysfunction in male mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1208-F1216. [PMID: 30019933 PMCID: PMC6293302 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00582.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens, acting synergistically with androgens, are known from animal experiments to be important in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostate enlargement. Human exposure to environmental estrogens occurs throughout the life span, but the urologic health risks in men are largely unknown. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor implicated in male urogenital malformations. Given the role of estrogens in male LUTS, we studied the effects of BPA administered in combination with testosterone (T) on the urinary voiding behavior of adult male mice. Adult male mice underwent subcutaneous implantation with slow-release pellets of 25 mg BPA or 2.5 mg estradiol-17β (E2), plus 25 mg T, and were compared with untreated (UNT) mice that underwent sham surgery. We studied urinary voiding behavior noninvasively for 1 mo before treatment and for 4 mo after treatment. After euthanasia, we evaluated bladder volume and mass. Mice treated with T+BPA had increased bladder volume ( P < 0.05) and mass ( P < 0.01) compared with UNT mice. After 4 mo of treatment with T+BPA, three of five mice developed voiding dysfunction in the form of droplet voiding or an intermediate pattern of voiding different from both UNT and T+E2-treated mice. Treatment of male mice with BPA or estradiol induces voiding dysfunction that manifests at later time points, implicating the endocrine disruptor, BPA, as a contributor to male LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jalissa L Nguyen
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Glen E Leverson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Julia A Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Ronald W Wood
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, New York
| | - William A Ricke
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
- U54 George M. O'Brien Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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12
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McLean DT, Strand DW, Ricke WA. Prostate cancer xenografts and hormone induced prostate carcinogenesis. Differentiation 2017; 97:23-32. [PMID: 28923776 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advancement of transgenic and gene knockout animal models in the prostate cancer research, there is still a need for utilizing xenograft models. Xenografts can be grown in multiple sites/organs within immunocompromised animals such as mice and rats. Although prostate xenografts have been derived from many species, human cells and tissues are the most commonly used due to their potential clinical significance. Xenograft models that progress from one state or stage to another are commonly used to address important scientific questions including malignant transformation, metastatic spread, and castration resistance. Utilization of xenografts are commonly being used to assess the biology and genetics of prostate cancer, as well as, for therapeutic benefit. In addition to models for the study of prostate cancer, xenografts are also utilized as a tool in precision medicine where patient derived xenografts (PDX) can be grown in multiple animals and assessed for therapeutic efficacy. The popularity of such xenograft models and PDXs have led to availability of these resources through public and commercial institutions. In this review, we describe both traditional and emerging models of prostate cancer and their potential uses. Further development of current models and introduction of new models will likely provide new insights and better understanding of prostatic carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T McLean
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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13
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Mizoguchi S, Mori K, Wang Z, Liu T, Funahashi Y, Sato F, DeFranco DB, Yoshimura N, Mimata H. Effects of Estrogen Receptor β Stimulation in a Rat Model of Non-Bacterial Prostatic Inflammation. Prostate 2017; 77:803-811. [PMID: 28181685 PMCID: PMC5968815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence showing that chronic non-bacterial prostatic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). It has also been reported that estrogen receptor β (ERβ) could have an immunoprotective role in prostatic tissue. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ERβ-activation on not only prostatic inflammation, but also bladder overactive conditions in a rat model with nonbacterial prostatic inflammation. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks, n = 15) were divided into three groups: sham-saline group (n = 5), formalin-vehicle group (n = 5), and formalin-treatment group (n = 5). The sham-saline group had sham operation and 50 μl normal saline injected into each ventral lobe of the prostate. The formalin-vehicle group had 50 μl 5% formalin injection into bilateral ventral lobes of the prostate. The formalin-treatment group was treated with 3α-Adiol (a selective ERβ agonist precursor) at a dose of 3 mg/kg daily from 2 days before induction of prostatic inflammation, whereas formalin-vehicle rats received vehicle (olive oil). In each group, conscious cystometry was performed on day 28 after intraprostatic formalin injection or sham treatment. After cystometry, the bladder and prostate were harvested for evaluation of mRNA expression and histological analysis. RESULTS In cystometric investigation, the mean number of non-voiding contractions was significantly greater and voiding intervals were significantly shorter in formalin-vehicle rats than those in sham-saline rats (P < 0.05). In RT-qPCR analysis, mRNA expression of NGF, P2X2, and TRPA1 receptors was significantly increased in the bladder mucosa, and mRNA expression of TNF-α, iNOS and COX2 in the ventral lobes of prostate was significantly increased in formalin-vehicle rats compared with sham-saline rats (P < 0.05). In addition, relative mRNA expression ratio of ERβ to ERα (ERβ/ERα) in the ventral lobes of prostate was significantly decreased in formalin-vehicle rats compared with sham-saline rats (P < 0.05). These changes were ameliorated by 3α-Adiol administration in formalin-treatment rats. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ERβ activation by 3α-Adiol administration, which normalized the ERβ/ERα expression ratio in the prostate, can improve not only prostatic inflammation, but also bladder overactivity. Therefore, ERβ agonists might be useful for treating irritative bladder symptoms in patients with symptomatic BPH associated with prostatic inflammation. Prostate 77:803-811, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Mizoguchi
- Department of Urology, Oita University Graduate School of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mori
- Department of Urology, Oita University Graduate School of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Teresa Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yasuhito Funahashi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Urology, Oita University Graduate School of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Donald B. DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence to: Naoki Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 700 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
| | - Hiromitsu Mimata
- Department of Urology, Oita University Graduate School of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
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14
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Hu DP, Hu WY, Xie L, Li Y, Birch L, Prins GS. Actions of Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Human Prostate Stem/Progenitor Cells and Prostate Carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/1874070701610010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidences from epidemiological and animal-based studies indicate that early exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the developmental stage results in a variety of disorders including cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that early estrogen exposure results in life-long reprogramming of the prostate gland that leads to an increased incidence of prostatic lesions with aging. We have recently documented that bisphenol A (BPA), one of the most studied EDCs with estrogenic activity has similar effects in increasing prostate carcinogenic potential, supporting the connection between EDCs exposure and prostate cancer risk. It is well accepted that stem cells play a crucial role in development and cancer. Accumulating evidence suggest that stem cells are regulated by extrinsic factors and may be the potential target of hormonal carcinogenesis. Estrogenic EDCs which interfere with normal hormonal signaling may perturb prostate stem cell fate by directly reprogramming stem cells or breaking down the stem cell niche. Transformation of stem cells into cancer stem cells may underlie cancer initiation accounting for cancer recurrence, which becomes a critical therapeutic target of cancer management. We therefore propose that estrogenic EDCs may influence the development and progression of prostate cancer through reprogramming and transforming the prostate stem and early stage progenitor cells. In this review, we summarize our current studies and have updated recent advances highlighting estrogenic EDCs on prostate carcinogenesis by possible targeting prostate stem/progenitor cells. Using novel stem cell assays we have demonstrated that human prostate stem/progenitor cells express estrogen receptors (ER) and are directly modulated by estrogenic EDCs. Moreover, employing anin vivohumanized chimeric prostate model, we further demonstrated that estrogenic EDCs initiate and promote prostatic carcinogenesis in an androgen-supported environment. These findings support our hypothesis that prostate stem/progenitor cells may be the direct targets of estrogenic EDCs as a consequence of developmental exposure which carry permanent reprogrammed epigenetic and oncogenic events and subsequently deposit into cancer initiation and progression in adulthood.
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Ricke WA, Lee CW, Clapper TR, Schneider AJ, Moore RW, Keil KP, Abler LL, Wynder JL, López Alvarado A, Beaubrun I, Vo J, Bauman TM, Ricke EA, Peterson RE, Vezina CM. In Utero and Lactational TCDD Exposure Increases Susceptibility to Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Adulthood. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150:429-40. [PMID: 26865671 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and changes in the ratio of circulating testosterone and estradiol often occur concurrently in aging men and can lead to lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction. To explore the possibility of a fetal basis for the development of LUT dysfunction in adulthood, Tg(CMV-cre);Nkx3-1(+/-);Pten(fl/+) mice, which are genetically predisposed to prostate neoplasia, were exposedin uteroand during lactation to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 1 μg/kg po) or corn oil vehicle (5 ml/kg) after a single maternal dose on 13 days post coitus, and subsequently were aged without further manipulation, or at 8 weeks of age were exposed to exogenous 17 β-estradiol (2.5 mg) and testosterone (25 mg) (T+E2) via slow release subcutaneous implants.In uteroand lactational (IUL) TCDD exposure in the absence of exogenous hormone treatment reduced voiding pressure in adult mice, but otherwise had little effect on mouse LUT anatomy or function. By comparison, IUL TCDD exposure followed by exogenous hormone treatment increased relative kidney, bladder, dorsolateral prostate, and seminal vesicle weights, hydronephrosis incidence, and prostate epithelial cell proliferation, thickened prostate periductal smooth muscle, and altered prostate and bladder collagen fiber distribution. We propose a 2-hit model whereby IUL TCDD exposure sensitizes mice to exogenous-hormone-induced urinary tract dysfunction later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Ricke
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; Department of Urology; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; George M. O'Brien Benign Urology Center of Research Excellence
| | | | | | | | | | - Kimberly P Keil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lisa L Abler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | | | | | - Jenny Vo
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center
| | | | | | - Richard E Peterson
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; School of Pharmacy; and
| | - Chad M Vezina
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; Department of Urology; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; George M. O'Brien Benign Urology Center of Research Excellence; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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16
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Bauman TM, Ewald JA, Huang W, Ricke WA. CD147 expression predicts biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy independent of histologic and pathologic features. BMC Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26209327 PMCID: PMC4514016 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD147 is an MMP-inducing protein often implicated in cancer progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of CD147 in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and the prognostic ability of CD147 in predicting biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy. METHODS Plasma membrane-localized CD147 protein expression was quantified in patient samples using immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging, and expression was compared to clinico-pathological features (pathologic stage, Gleason score, tumor volume, preoperative PSA, lymph node status, surgical margins, biochemical recurrence status). CD147 specificity and expression were confirmed with immunoblotting of prostate cell lines, and CD147 mRNA expression was evaluated in public expression microarray datasets of patient prostate tumors. RESULTS Expression of CD147 protein was significantly decreased in localized tumors (pT2; p = 0.02) and aggressive PCa (≥pT3; p = 0.004), and metastases (p = 0.001) compared to benign prostatic tissue. Decreased CD147 was associated with advanced pathologic stage (p = 0.009) and high Gleason score (p = 0.02), and low CD147 expression predicted biochemical recurrence (HR 0.55; 95 % CI 0.31-0.97; p = 0.04) independent of clinico-pathologic features. Immunoblot bands were detected at 44 kDa and 66 kDa, representing non-glycosylated and glycosylated forms of CD147 protein, and CD147 expression was lower in tumorigenic T10 cells than non-tumorigenic BPH-1 cells (p = 0.02). Decreased CD147 mRNA expression was associated with increased Gleason score and pathologic stage in patient tumors but is not associated with recurrence status. CONCLUSIONS Membrane-associated CD147 expression is significantly decreased in PCa compared to non-malignant prostate tissue and is associated with tumor progression, and low CD147 expression predicts biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy independent of pathologic stage, Gleason score, lymph node status, surgical margins, and tumor volume in multivariable analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Bauman
- Departments of Urology ,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, 7107 Wisconsin Institutes of Medical Research (WIMR), 1111 Highland Ave., 53705, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Ewald
- Departments of Urology ,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, 7107 Wisconsin Institutes of Medical Research (WIMR), 1111 Highland Ave., 53705, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Wei Huang
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. .,University of Wisconsin O'Brien Urology Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - William A Ricke
- Departments of Urology ,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, 7107 Wisconsin Institutes of Medical Research (WIMR), 1111 Highland Ave., 53705, Madison, WI, USA. .,University of Wisconsin O'Brien Urology Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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17
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Tam NNC, Zhang X, Xiao H, Song D, Levin L, Meller J, Ho SM. Increased susceptibility of estrogen-induced bladder outlet obstruction in a novel mouse model. J Transl Med 2015; 95:546-60. [PMID: 25706094 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of the prostate and lower urinary tract are common in elderly men. We investigated the role of metallothionein-1 (MT1) in prostate carcinogenesis by generating a prostate-specific, MT1-expressing mouse. Unexpectedly, genomic analyses revealed that a 12.1-kb genomic region harboring several conserved noncoding elements was unintentionally deleted, upstream of the transgene integration site in the mouse, which we named it 12.1ΔMT1. Male 12.1ΔMT1 mice chronically treated with testosterone (T) plus 17β-estradiol (E2) to induce prostate cancer exhibited no evidence of precancerous or cancerous lesions. Instead, most of them exhibited a bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) phenotype not observed in treated wild-type (WT) mice. Thus, we hypothesized that 12.1ΔMT1 is a novel model for studying the hormonal requirement for BOO induction. Adult male 12.1ΔMT1 and WT mice were treated with T, E2, bisphenol A (BPA), T+E2, or T+BPA for up to 6 months. Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of the prostate, bladder, and urethra were performed. No significant prostate pathologies were observed in WT or 12.1ΔMT1 mice treated with any of the hormone regimens. As expected, prostatic regression occurred in all E2-treated animals (WT and 12.1ΔMT1). Of great interest, despite a small prostate, 100% of E2-treated 12.1ΔMT1 mice, but only 40% of E2-treated WT mice, developed severe BOO (P<0.01). In contrast, T+E2 treatment was less effective than E2 treatment in inducing severe BOO in 12.1ΔMT1 mice (68%, P<0.05) and was completely ineffective in WT animals. Similarly, T, BPA, and T+BPA treatments did not induce BOO in either WT or 12.1ΔMT1 mice. The BOO pathology includes a thinner detrusor wall, narrowing of bladder neck and urethral lumen, and basal cell hyperplasia in the bladder body and urethra. These findings indicate that 12.1ΔMT1 mice exhibit enhanced susceptibility to E2-induced BOO that is independent of prostate enlargement but that is attenuated by the conjoint treatment with T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Ngai-Chung Tam
- 1] Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [3] Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- 1] Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [3] Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Linda Levin
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jarek Meller
- 1] Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [3] Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- 1] Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [3] Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [4] Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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de Jesus MM, Negrin AC, Taboga SR, Pinto-Fochi ME, Góes RM. Histopathological alterations in the prostates of Mongolian gerbils exposed to a high-fat diet and di-n-butyl phthalate individually or in combination. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 52:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Saffarini CM, McDonnell-Clark EV, Amin A, Huse SM, Boekelheide K. Developmental exposure to estrogen alters differentiation and epigenetic programming in a human fetal prostate xenograft model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122290. [PMID: 25799167 PMCID: PMC4370592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent non-cutaneous malignancy in men. There is strong evidence in rodents that neonatal estrogen exposure plays a role in the development of this disease. However, there is little information regarding the effects of estrogen in human fetal prostate tissue. This study explored early life estrogen exposure, with and without a secondary estrogen and testosterone treatment in a human fetal prostate xenograft model. Histopathological lesions, proliferation, and serum hormone levels were evaluated at 7, 30, 90, and 200-day time-points after xenografting. The expression of 40 key genes involved in prostatic glandular and stromal growth, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, hormone receptors and tumor suppressors was evaluated using a custom PCR array. Epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation was performed on whole tissue, and laser capture-microdissection (LCM) isolated epithelial and stromal compartments of 200-day prostate xenografts. Combined initial plus secondary estrogenic exposures had the most severe tissue changes as revealed by the presence of hyperplastic glands at day 200. Gene expression changes corresponded with the cellular events in the KEGG prostate cancer pathway, indicating that initial plus secondary exposure to estrogen altered the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ultimately resulting in apoptosis inhibition and an increase in cell cycle progression. DNA methylation revealed that differentially methylated CpG sites significantly predominate in the stromal compartment as a result of estrogen-treatment, thereby providing new targets for future investigation. By using human fetal prostate tissue and eliminating the need for species extrapolation, this study provides novel insights into the gene expression and epigenetic effects related to prostate carcinogenesis following early life estrogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia M. Saffarini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth V. McDonnell-Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Huse
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wen S, Chang HC, Tian J, Shang Z, Niu Y, Chang C. Stromal androgen receptor roles in the development of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia, and prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:293-301. [PMID: 25432062 PMCID: PMC4305176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is an androgen-sensitive organ that needs proper androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals for normal development. The progression of prostate diseases, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), also needs proper androgen/AR signals. Tissue recombination studies report that stromal, but not epithelial, AR plays more critical roles via the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions to influence the early process of prostate development. However, in BPH and PCa, much more attention has been focused on epithelial AR roles. However, accumulating evidence indicates that stromal AR is also irreplaceable and plays critical roles in prostate disease progression. Herein, we summarize the roles of stromal AR in the development of normal prostate, BPH, and PCa, with evidence from the recent results of in vitro cell line studies, tissue recombination experiments, and AR knockout animal models. Current evidence suggests that stromal AR may play positive roles to promote BPH and PCa progression, and targeting stromal AR selectively with AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9, may allow development of better therapies with fewer adverse effects to battle BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jing Tian
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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21
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Nicholson TM, Moses MA, Uchtmann KS, Keil KP, Bjorling DE, Vezina CM, Wood RW, Ricke WA. Estrogen receptor-α is a key mediator and therapeutic target for bladder complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2015; 193:722-9. [PMID: 25167991 PMCID: PMC4305478 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogens are important in prostate growth and have a role in benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, to our knowledge no current therapy directly targets estrogen action. Estrogens act primarily via estrogen receptors α and β. In a mouse model we evaluated the relative contribution of these receptors to bladder complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia. We also evaluated the prevention of these bladder complications using the selective estrogen receptor modulators raloxifene and tamoxifen (estrogen receptor-α selective antagonists), and R,R-THC (estrogen receptor-β selective antagonist). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male C57bl/6 mice received implants of 25 mg testosterone and 2.5 mg 17β-estradiol slow release pellets. Untreated controls underwent sham surgery. We evaluated the contributions of the estrogen receptor subtypes in ERαKO and ERβKO mice compared to their respective wild-type litter mates. Wild-type mice treated with testosterone plus 17β-estradiol were compared to mice treated with testosterone plus 17β-estradiol and 25 mg selective estrogen receptor modulators to evaluate the prevention of benign prostatic hyperplasia complications by selective estrogen receptor modulators. RESULTS Large bladders with urinary retention developed in ERαWT and ERβWT litter mates treated with testosterone plus 17β-estradiol but such bladders did not develop in ERαKO mice treated with testosterone plus 17β-estradiol. ERβKO mice treated with testosterone plus 17β-estradiol had large bladders with urinary retention and increased bladder mass. Cotreatment with the estrogen receptor-α antagonist raloxifene resulted in decreased bladder mass compared to that in wild-type mice treated with testosterone plus 17β-estradiol. Bladders in mice treated with the estrogen receptor-β antagonist R,R-THC were similar to those in testosterone plus 17β-estradiol treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen receptor-α but not β is a key mediator of bladder complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia and a potential target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan M Nicholson
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Michael A Moses
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Kristen S Uchtmann
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dale E Bjorling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ronald W Wood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
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22
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Moses MA, Henry EC, Ricke WA, Gasiewicz TA. The heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, has anticancer activity in a novel human prostate cancer progression model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:249-57. [PMID: 25604133 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major tea polyphenol, elicits anticancer effects. However, the mechanism of action is not fully understood. Our laboratory previously showed that EGCG inhibits heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). We used nontumorigenic (NT), tumorigenic, and metastatic cancer cells from a novel human prostate cancer progression model to test the hypotheses that certain stages are more or less sensitive to EGCG and that sensitivity is related to HSP90 inhibition. Treatment of cells with EGCG, novobiocin, or 17-AAG resulted in more potent cytotoxic effects on tumorigenic and metastatic cells than NT cells. When tumorigenic or metastatic cells were grown in vivo, mice supplemented with 0.06% EGCG in drinking water developed significantly smaller tumors than untreated mice. Furthermore, EGCG prevented malignant transformation in vivo using the full prostate cancer model. To elucidate the mechanism of EGCG action, we performed binding assays with EGCG-Sepharose, a C-terminal HSP90 antibody, and HSP90 mutants. These experiments revealed that EGCG-Sepharose bound more HSP90 from metastatic cells compared with NT cells and binding occurred through the HSP90 C-terminus. In addition, EGCG bound HSP90 mutants that mimic both complexed and uncomplexed HSP90. Consistent with HSP90 inhibitory activity, EGCG, novobiocin, and 17-AAG induced changes in HSP90-client proteins in NT cells and larger differences in metastatic cells. These data suggest that EGCG may be efficacious for the treatment of prostate cancer because it preferentially targets cancer cells and inhibits a molecular chaperone supportive of the malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Moses
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Ellen C Henry
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Thomas A Gasiewicz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
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Evidence of histidine and aspartic acid phosphorylation in human prostate cancer cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:161-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Black A, Pinsky PF, Grubb RL, Falk RT, Hsing AW, Chu L, Meyer T, Veenstra TD, Xu X, Yu K, Ziegler RG, Brinton LA, Hoover RN, Cook MB. Sex steroid hormone metabolism in relation to risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2374-82. [PMID: 25178985 PMCID: PMC4221438 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined action of androgens and estrogens-specifically their balance-may play a role in prostate carcinogenesis, but existing evidence is sparse and inconsistent. We investigated associations between serum sex steroid hormones, including estrogen metabolites, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer. METHODS In a case-control study nested within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial cohort, we measured serum estrone, estradiol, and 13 estrogen metabolites, in the 2-, 4-, or 16-hydroxylation pathways, using an LC/MS-MS assay. Cases (n = 195) were non-Hispanic white men ages 55 to 70 years when diagnosed with aggressive prostate cancer (stage III or IV and/or Gleason ≥7). Controls (n = 195) were non-Hispanic white men without prostate cancer who were frequency matched to cases by age and year at blood draw, and time since baseline screen. Only men with serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin measured previously were eligible. Logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS Risk of aggressive prostate cancer was strongly inversely associated with estradiol:testosterone ratio (OR4th quartile vs. 1st = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.12-0.59, Ptrend = 0.003) and positively associated with 2:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio (OR4th quartile vs. 1st = 2.44; 95% CI, 1.34-4.45, Ptrend = 0.001). Individual estrogen metabolites were unrelated to risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that sex steroid hormones, specifically the estrogen-androgen balance, may be important in the development of aggressive prostate cancer. IMPACT Improved understanding of the hormonal etiology of prostate cancer is critical for prevention and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Black
- Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and
| | - Paul F Pinsky
- Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Roni T Falk
- Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lisa Chu
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Palo Alto, California
| | - Tamra Meyer
- Surgeon General of the Army, Pharmacovigilance Center, U.S. Army Medical Command, Falls Church, Virginia
| | | | - Xia Xu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Kai Yu
- Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and
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25
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Yu Y, Lee JS, Xie N, Li E, Hurtado-Coll A, Fazli L, Cox M, Plymate S, Gleave M, Dong X. Prostate stromal cells express the progesterone receptor to control cancer cell mobility. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92714. [PMID: 24664419 PMCID: PMC3963951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reciprocal interactions between epithelium and stroma play vital roles for prostate cancer development and progression. Enhanced secretions of cytokines and growth factors by cancer associated fibroblasts in prostate tumors create a favorable microenvironment for cancer cells to grow and metastasize. Our previous work showed that the progesterone receptor (PR) was expressed specifically in prostate stromal fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. However, the expression levels of PR and its impact to tumor microenvironment in prostate tumors are poorly understood. METHODS Immunohistochemistry assays are applied to human prostate tissue biopsies. Cell migration, invasion and proliferation assays are performed using human prostate cells. Real-time PCR and ELISA are applied to measure gene expression at molecular levels. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry assays showed that PR protein levels were decreased in cancer associated stroma when compared with paired normal prostate stroma. Using in vitro prostate stromal cell models, we showed that conditioned media collected from PR positive stromal cells inhibited prostate cancer cell migration and invasion, but had minor suppressive impacts on cancer cell proliferation. PR suppressed the secretion of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) by stromal cells independent to PR ligands. Blocking PR expression by siRNA or supplementation of exogenous SDF-1 or IL-6 to conditioned media from PR positive stromal cells counteracted the inhibitory effects of PR to cancer cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of the PR in cancer associated stroma may contribute to the elevated SDF-1 and IL-6 levels in prostate tumors and enhance prostate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer Suehyun Lee
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ning Xie
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Estelle Li
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Antonio Hurtado-Coll
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Cox
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and VAPSHCS-GRECC, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Dagalakis U, Lodish M, Dombi E, Sinaii N, Sabo J, Baldwin A, Steinberg SM, Stratakis CA, Widemann BC. Puberty and plexiform neurofibroma tumor growth in patients with neurofibromatosis type I. J Pediatr 2014; 164:620-4. [PMID: 24321536 PMCID: PMC3943976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between pubertal progression and change in plexiform neurofibroma (PN) burden over time in pediatric and young adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and PNs. STUDY DESIGN Analyses accounted for sex, age, race, and chemotherapy. Forty-one patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (15 female and 26 male patients) were studied at the National Institutes of Health. Tanner stage, testosterone, progesterone, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor -1, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were assessed. Tumor volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging and lesion detection software developed locally. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether they were actively progressing through puberty (n = 16) or were peripubertal (n = 25) and were followed for an average of 20 months. Tumor growth rates in the puberty and peripubertal group were analyzed for a subset of patients. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in tumor burden change over time (cm(2)/kg per month) between the pubertal and peripubertal groups (-0.16 ± 0.34 vs 0.03 ± 1.8, P = .31) and in the PN growth rates before and during puberty (P = .90). Change in tumor volume/patient weight/time did not correlate with testosterone change/time in males or estradiol change/time in females. CONCLUSION These findings support that hormonal changes of puberty do not accelerate PN growth. Additional long-term follow-up of patients is necessary to further characterize the interaction between puberty and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urania Dagalakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Maya Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Eva Dombi
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Ninet Sinaii
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20982
| | - Jessica Sabo
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Andrea Baldwin
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Brigitte C. Widemann
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 20892
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27
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Lewis SR, Hedman CJ, Ziegler T, Ricke WA, Jorgensen JS. Steroidogenic factor 1 promotes aggressive growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells by stimulating steroid synthesis and cell proliferation. Endocrinology 2014; 155:358-69. [PMID: 24265454 PMCID: PMC3891934 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of prostate cancer on androgens provides a targeted means of treating advanced disease. Unfortunately, androgen deprivation therapies eventually become ineffective, leading to deadly castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). One of many factors implicated in the transition to CRPC is the onset of de novo steroidogenesis. Although reactivation of steroid receptors likely plays a pivotal role in aggressive CRPC, little is understood regarding the mechanisms whereby prostate cancer cells initiate and maintain steroidogenesis. We hypothesize that steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1, NR5A1, AD4BP), a key regulator of steroidogenesis in normal endocrine tissues, is expressed in CRPC where it stimulates aberrant steroidogenesis and fuels aggressive growth. Notably, SF1 is not expressed in normal prostate tissue. Our results indicated that SF1 was absent in benign cells but present in aggressive prostate cancer cell lines. Introduction of ectopic SF1 expression in benign human prostate epithelial cells (BPH-1) stimulated increased steroidogenic enzyme expression, steroid synthesis, and cell proliferation. In contrast, data from an aggressive human prostate cancer cell line (BCaPT10) demonstrated that SF1 was required for steroid-mediated cell growth because BCaPT10 cell growth was diminished by abiraterone treatment and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of SF1 (shSF1). SF1-depleted cells also exhibited defective centrosome homeostasis. Finally, whereas xenograft experiments in castrated hosts with BCaPT10 control transplants grew large, invasive tumors, BCaPT10-shSF1 knockdown transplants failed to grow. Therefore, we conclude that SF1 stimulates steroid accumulation and controls centrosome homeostasis to mediate aggressive prostate cancer cell growth within a castrate environment. These findings present a new molecular mechanism and therapeutic target for deadly CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biosciences (S.R.L., J.S.J.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (J.S.J., W.A.R.), Madison, Wisconsin 53792, Environmental Health Division (C.J.H.), Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (C.J.H., T.Z.) Madison, Wisconsin 53715; Institute of Clinical and Translational Research (J.S.J., C.J.H., T.Z., W.A.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705; and Department of Urology (W.A.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
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28
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Di Donato M, Giovannelli P, Cernera G, Di Santi A, Marino I, Bilancio A, Galasso G, Auricchio F, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. Non-genomic androgen action regulates proliferative/migratory signaling in stromal cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:225. [PMID: 25646090 PMCID: PMC4298220 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the major cause of cancer-related death among the male population of Western society, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) represents the first line in PCa treatment. However, although androgen receptor (AR) expression is maintained throughout the various stages of PCa, ADT frequently fails. Clinical studies have demonstrated that different androgen/AR signaling pathways operate in target tissues. AR stimulates growth and transformation of target cells, but under certain conditions slows down their proliferation. In this review, we discuss the role of AR in controlling different functions of mesenchymal and transformed mesenchymal cells. Findings here presented support the role of AR in suppressing proliferation and stimulating migration of stromal cells, with implications for current approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Santi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Marino
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bilancio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gabriella Castoria, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy e-mail:
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29
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Nicholson TM, Uchtmann KS, Valdez CD, Theberge AB, Miralem T, Ricke WA. Renal capsule xenografting and subcutaneous pellet implantation for the evaluation of prostate carcinogenesis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 24022657 DOI: 10.3791/50574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapies for two common prostate diseases, prostate cancer (PrCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), depend critically on experiments evaluating their hormonal regulation. Sex steroid hormones (notably androgens and estrogens) are important in PrCa and BPH; we probe their respective roles in inducing prostate growth and carcinogenesis in mice with experiments using compressed hormone pellets. Hormone and/or drug pellets are easily manufactured with a pellet press, and surgically implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the male mouse host. We also describe a protocol for the evaluation of hormonal carcinogenesis by combining subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation with xenografting of prostate cell recombinants under the renal capsule of immunocompromised mice. Moreover, subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation, in combination with renal capsule xenografting of BPH tissue, is useful to better understand hormonal regulation of benign prostate growth, and to test new therapies targeting sex steroid hormone pathways.
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30
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Chang C, Lee SO, Yeh S, Chang TM. Androgen receptor (AR) differential roles in hormone-related tumors including prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast and liver. Oncogene 2013; 33:3225-34. [PMID: 23873027 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in many cell types and the androgen/AR signaling has been found to have important roles in modulating tumorigenesis and metastasis in several cancers including prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast and liver. However, whether AR has differential roles in the individual cells within these tumors that contain a variety of cell types remains unclear. Generation of AR knockout (ARKO) mouse models with deletion of AR in selective cells within tumors indeed have uncovered many unique AR roles in the individual cell types during cancer development and progression. This review will discuss the results obtained from various ARKO mice and different human cell lines with special attention to the cell type- and tissue-specific ARKO models. The understanding of various results showing the AR indeed has distinct and contrasting roles in each cell type within many hormone-related tumors (as stimulator in bladder, kidney and lung metastases vs as suppressor in prostate and liver metastases) may eventually help us to develop better therapeutic approaches by targeting the AR or its downstream signaling in individual cell types to better battle these hormone-related tumors in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chang
- 1] George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA [2] Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S O Lee
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - T M Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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31
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Sampson N, Neuwirt H, Puhr M, Klocker H, Eder IE. In vitro model systems to study androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R49-64. [PMID: 23447570 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common causes of male cancer-related death in Western nations. The cellular response to androgens is mediated via the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-inducible transcription factor whose dysregulation plays a key role during PCa development and progression following androgen deprivation therapy, the current mainstay systemic treatment for advanced PCa. Thus, a better understanding of AR signaling and new strategies to abrogate AR activity are essential for improved therapeutic intervention. Consequently, a large number of experimental cell culture models have been established to facilitate in vitro investigations into the role of AR signaling in PCa development and progression. These different model systems mimic distinct stages of this heterogeneous disease and exhibit differences with respect to AR expression/status and androgen responsiveness. Technological advances have facilitated the development of in vitro systems that more closely reflect the physiological setting, for example via the use of three-dimensional coculture to study the interaction of prostate epithelial cells with the stroma, endothelium, immune system and tissue matrix environment. This review provides an overview of the most commonly used in vitro cell models currently available to study AR signaling with particular focus on their use in addressing key questions relating to the development and progression of PCa. It is hoped that the continued development of in vitro models will provide more biologically relevant platforms for mechanistic studies, drug discovery and design ensuring a more rapid transfer of knowledge from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sampson
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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McNamara KM, Nakamura Y, Sasano H, Handelsman DJ, Simanainen U. Prostate epithelial AR inactivation leads to increased intraprostatic androgen synthesis. Prostate 2013; 73:316-27. [PMID: 22976924 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of steroid synthesis within the prostate is not well understood. In this study, we examined androgen synthesis and metabolism in the mouse prostate. METHODS Using LC-MSMS steroid assays, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR we examined the role of prostate epithelial AR in regulating 5αR expression and subsequent androgen metabolism by analyzing natural differences in epithelial AR expression between lobes as well as in the prostate epithelial AR knockout (PEARKO) mouse model. Subsequently, the role of intraprostatic androgen metabolism and epithelial AR in the generation and progression of prostate epithelial pathology was examined using long-term exogenous testosterone (T) + estradiol (E2) exposure. RESULTS Epithelial AR and 5αR2 expression as well as intraprostatic DHT followed the same lobe-specific pattern being lower in anterior than the other lobes (n = 6-8, P < 0.05). Lobe-specific 5αR2 expression was similar in PEARKO and wild-type (WT) prostate. However, PEARKO prostate had higher intraprostatic DHT content with significantly increased 5αR2 expression localized in abnormal epithelium. T + E2 treatment induced epithelial pathology was more common in PEARKO prostate compared to WT (20% vs. 2%), and was associated with increased 5αR2 expression (n = 6, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that androgen synthesis via 5αR2 expression is driven by its own product (DHT) acting on adjacent stromal cells in a paracrine loop leading to increased in situ androgen levels in the PEARKO prostate. This may form part of a feed-forward loop that promotes the development of epithelial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M McNamara
- Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Development of animal models underlining mechanistic connections between prostate inflammation and cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2013; 4:4-13. [PMID: 23539141 PMCID: PMC3609015 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v4.i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of animal models has indicated that the genetic, dietary and environmental factors and hormonal imbalance may influence the risk to develop prostate inflammatory lesions and prostate cancer (PC) confirming human epidemiologic data. It is now established that the prostate inflammatory response typically results in major changes in the local microenvironment of epithelial cells of the prostate gland, including an intense stromal remodeling, activation of fibroblasts, infiltration of immune cells such as mast cells, macrophages and B and T lymphocytes and collagen deposition. The immune cells recruited at prostate inflammatory lesions and myofibroblasts may contribute to the release of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that in turn can promote the oxidative stress, genomic instability and proliferation of epithelial cells. The accumulation of additional genetic and/or epigenetic alterations in prostatic stem/progenitor cells may subsequently culminate to their malignant transformation and PC initiation and progression and more particularly with advancing age. The potential mechanistic relationships between the molecular events associated with the persistent inflammatory response and prostate carcinogenesis have important implications for optimizing the current therapies against different prostatic disorders and PCs.
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34
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Biology and Clinical Relevance of Estrogen Receptors in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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35
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Taylor RA, Toivanen R, Frydenberg M, Pedersen J, Harewood L, Collins AT, Maitland NJ, Risbridger GP. Human epithelial basal cells are cells of origin of prostate cancer, independent of CD133 status. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1087-96. [PMID: 22593016 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Normal prostatic epithelium is composed of basal and luminal cells. Prostate cancer can be initiated in both benign basal and luminal stem cells, but because basal cell markers are not expressed in patient tumors, the former result was unexpected. Since the cells of origin of prostate cancer are important therapeutic targets, we sought to provide further proof that basal stem cells have tumorigenic potential. Prostatic basal cells were enriched based on α2β1integrin(hi) expression and further enriched for stem cells using CD133 in nontumorigenic BPH-1 cells. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were also used as a source of normal stem cells. To test their tumorigenicity, we used two alternate stromal-based approaches; (a) recombination with human cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) or (b) recombination with embryonic stroma (urogenital mesenchyme) and treated host mice with testosterone and 17β-estradiol. Enriched α2β1integrin(hi) basal cells from BPH-1 cells resulted in malignant tumor formation using both assays of tumorigenicity. Surprisingly, the tumorigenic potential did not reside in the CD133(+) stem cells but was consistently observed in the CD133(-) population. CAFs also failed to induce prostatic tumors from hESCs. These data confirmed that benign human basal cells include cells of origin of prostate cancer and reinforced their importance as therapeutic targets. In addition, our data suggested that the more proliferative CD133(-) basal cells are more susceptible to tumorigenesis compared to the CD133(+)-enriched stem cells. These findings challenge the current dogma that normal stem cells and cells of origin of cancer are the same cell type(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renea A Taylor
- Prostate and Breast Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, [corrected] Victoria, Australia.
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36
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Nicholson TM, Ricke EA, Marker PC, Miano JM, Mayer RD, Timms BG, vom Saal FS, Wood RW, Ricke WA. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol induce glandular prostatic growth, bladder outlet obstruction, and voiding dysfunction in male mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5556-65. [PMID: 22948219 PMCID: PMC3473198 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) are common in older men and can contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms that significantly impact quality of life. Few existing models of BOO and BPH use physiological levels of hormones associated with disease progression in humans in a genetically manipulable organism. We present a model of BPH and BOO induced in mice with testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E(2)). Male mice were surgically implanted with slow-releasing sc pellets containing 25 mg T and 2.5 mg E(2) (T+E(2)). After 2 and 4 months of hormone treatment, we evaluated voiding patterns and examined the gross morphology and histology of the bladder, urethra, and prostate. Mice treated with T+E(2) developed significantly larger bladders than untreated mice, consistent with BOO. Some mice treated with T+E(2) had complications in the form of bladder hypertrophy, diverticula, calculi, and eventual decompensation with hydronephrosis. Hormone treatment caused a significant decrease in the size of the urethral lumen, increased prostate mass, and increased number of prostatic ducts associated with the prostatic urethra, compared with untreated mice. Voiding dysfunction was observed in mice treated with T+E(2), who exhibited droplet voiding pattern with significantly decreased void mass, shorter void duration, and fewer sustained voids. The constellation of lower urinary tract abnormalities, including BOO, enlarged prostates, and voiding dysfunction seen in male mice treated with T+E(2) is consistent with BPH in men. This model is suitable for better understanding molecular mechanisms and for developing novel strategies to address BPH and BOO.
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Perets R, Kaplan T, Stein I, Hidas G, Tayeb S, Avraham E, Ben-Neriah Y, Simon I, Pikarsky E. Genome-wide analysis of androgen receptor targets reveals COUP-TF1 as a novel player in human prostate cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46467. [PMID: 23056316 PMCID: PMC3464259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen activity plays a key role in prostate cancer progression. Androgen receptor (AR) is the main mediator of androgen activity in the prostate, through its ability to act as a transcription mediator. Here we performed a genome-wide analysis of human AR binding to promoters in the presence of an agonist or antagonist in an androgen dependent prostate cancer cell line. Many of the AR bound promoters are bound in all examined conditions while others are bound only in the presence of an agonist or antagonist. Several motifs are enriched in AR bound promoters, including the AR Response Element (ARE) half-site and recognition elements for the transcription factors OCT1 and SOX9. This suggests that these 3 factors could define a module of co-operating transcription factors in the prostate. Interestingly, AR bound promoters are preferentially located in AT rich genomic regions. Analysis of mRNA expression identified chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor 1 (COUP-TF1) as a direct AR target gene that is downregulated upon binding by the agonist liganded AR. COUP-TF1 immunostaining revealed nucleolar localization of COUP-TF1 in epithelium of human androgen dependent prostate cancer, but not in adjacent benign prostate epithelium. Stromal cells both in human and mouse prostate show nuclear COUP-TF1 staining. We further show that there is an inverse correlation between COUP-TF1 expression in prostate stromal cells and the rising levels of androgen with advancing puberty. This study extends the pool of recognized putative AR targets and identifies a negatively regulated target of AR – COUP-TF1 – which could possibly play a role in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Perets
- Department of Pathology and Lautenberg center for immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tommy Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Stein
- Department of Pathology and Lautenberg center for immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy Hidas
- Department of Pathology and Lautenberg center for immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Urology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shay Tayeb
- Department of Pathology and Lautenberg center for immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eti Avraham
- Department of Pathology and Lautenberg center for immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yinon Ben-Neriah
- Department of Pathology and Lautenberg center for immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itamar Simon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Department of Pathology and Lautenberg center for immunology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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38
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A perspective on the role of estrogen in hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2012; 334:28-33. [PMID: 22939996 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are thought to cause prostate cancer, but the precise mechanisms by which they do so are unclear. Data, mostly from animal studies, suggest that for androgens to cause prostate cancer they must be aromatized to estrogen and act in concert with these estrogen metabolites. Androgen-receptor mediated activity of androgens and estrogen receptor-mediated effects of estrogen metabolites are likely to be necessary, but estrogen genotoxicity appears to be a probable critical factor as well. Only when all these mechanisms are active, may prostate carcinogenesis result. Convincing proof-of-concept studies are needed to definitively test this concept which, if proven, may lead to clinically feasible chemoprevention approaches interfering with these mechanisms.
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Lai KP, Yamashita S, Huang CK, Yeh S, Chang C. Loss of stromal androgen receptor leads to suppressed prostate tumourigenesis via modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:791-807. [PMID: 22745041 PMCID: PMC3494077 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interaction is crucial to mediate normal prostate and prostate cancer (PCa) development. The indispensable roles of mesenchymal/stromal androgen receptor (AR) for the prostate organogenesis have been demonstrated by using tissue recombination from wild-type and testicular feminized mice. However, the stromal AR functions in the tumour microenvironment and the underlying mechanisms governing the interactions between the epithelium and stroma are not completely understood. Here, we have established the first animal model with AR deletion in stromal fibromuscular cells (dARKO, AR knockout in fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) in the Pten(+/-) mouse model that can spontaneously develop prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). We found that loss of stromal fibromuscular AR led to suppression of PIN lesion development with alleviation of epithelium proliferation and tumour-promoting microenvironments, including extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, immune cell infiltration and neovasculature formation due, in part, to the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Finally, targeting stromal fibromuscular AR with the AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9®, resulted in the reduction of PIN development/progression, which might provide a new approach to suppress PIN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Pao Lai
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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40
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Hu WY, Shi GB, Hu DP, Nelles JL, Prins GS. Actions of estrogens and endocrine disrupting chemicals on human prostate stem/progenitor cells and prostate cancer risk. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 354:63-73. [PMID: 21914459 PMCID: PMC3249013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen reprogramming of the prostate gland as a function of developmental exposures (aka developmental estrogenization) results in permanent alterations in structure and gene expression that lead to an increased incidence of prostatic lesions with aging. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with estrogenic activity have been similarly linked to an increased prostate cancer risk. Since it has been suggested that stem cells and cancer stem cells are potential targets of cancer initiation and disease management, it is highly possible that estrogens and EDCs influence the development and progression of prostate cancer through reprogramming and transforming the prostate stem and early stage progenitor cells. In this article, we review recent literature highlighting the effects of estrogens and EDCs on prostate cancer risk and discuss recent advances in prostate stem/progenitor cell research. Our laboratory has recently developed a novel prostasphere model using normal human prostate stem/progenitor cells and established that these cells express estrogen receptors (ERs) and are direct targets of estrogen action. Further, using a chimeric in vivo prostate model derived from these normal human prostate progenitor cells, we demonstrated for the first time that estrogens initiate and promote prostatic carcinogenesis in an androgen-supported environment. We herein discuss these findings and highlight new evidence using our in vitro human prostasphere assay for perturbations in human prostate stem cell self-renewal and differentiation by natural steroids as well as EDCs. These findings support the hypothesis that tissue stem cells may be direct EDC targets which may underlie life-long reprogramming as a consequence of developmental and/or transient adult exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Suite 132, M/C 955, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guang-Bin Shi
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Suite 132, M/C 955, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dan-Ping Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Suite 132, M/C 955, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jason L Nelles
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Suite 132, M/C 955, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Suite 132, M/C 955, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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41
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Ricke EA, Williams K, Lee YF, Couto S, Wang Y, Hayward SW, Cunha GR, Ricke WA. Androgen hormone action in prostatic carcinogenesis: stromal androgen receptors mediate prostate cancer progression, malignant transformation and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1391-8. [PMID: 22535887 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that prostatic carcinogenesis is androgen dependent and that androgens mediate their effects primarily through epithelial cells; however, definitive proof of androgen hormone action in prostate cancer (PRCA) progression is lacking. Here we demonstrate through genetic loss of function experiments that PRCA progression is androgen dependent and that androgen dependency occurs via prostatic stromal androgen receptors (AR) but not epithelial AR. Utilizing tissue recombination models of prostatic carcinogenesis, loss of AR function was evaluated by surgical castration or genetic deletion. Loss of AR function prevented prostatic carcinogenesis, malignant transformation and metastasis. Tissue-specific evaluation of androgen hormone action demonstrated that epithelial AR was not necessary for PRCA progression, whereas stromal AR was essential for PRCA progression, malignant transformation and metastasis. Stromal AR was not necessary for prostatic maintenance, suggesting that the lack of cancer progression due to stromal AR deletion was not related to altered prostatic homeostasis. Gene expression analysis identified numerous androgen-regulated stromal factors. Four candidate stromal AR-regulated genes were secreted growth factors: fibroblast growth factors-2, -7, -10 and hepatocyte growth factor which were significantly affected by androgens and anti-androgens in stromal cells grown in vitro. These data support the concept that androgens are necessary for PRCA progression and that the androgen-regulated stromal microenvironment is essential to carcinogenesis, malignant transformation and metastasis and may serve as a potential target in the prevention of PRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Ricke
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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42
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Lapek JD, McGrath JL, Ricke WA, Friedman AE. LC/LC-MS/MS of an innovative prostate human epithelial cancer (PHEC) in vitro model system. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 893-894:34-42. [PMID: 22425387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the proteomic characterization of a novel in vitro prostate cancer model system, the clonal prostatic human epithelial cancer (PHEC) cell lines. The model is composed of three cell lines representing the three progressive cancer states found in vivo: non-tumorigenic, tumorigenic, and metastatic. The cell lines were evaluated for differential protein expression between states using two dimensional liquid:liquid chromatographic separation followed by mass spectral identification. The proteins from cellular extracts were first separated using liquid:liquid primary separation based on their isoelectric points and hydrophobicity. The resulting peptide fractions were applied to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) separation for mass determination and protein identification based on Mascot database inquiry. Over 200 proteins that change expression over the course of progression of this in vitro prostate cancer model were discovered during the comparative analysis of the three cell lines. The importance of these proteins on prostate cancer progression remains to be elucidated with further characterizations. The combination of the two dimensional liquid:liquid separation and mass spectral identifications was used to successfully analyze differential protein expression between multiple cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lapek
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
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43
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Mehta V, Vezina CM. Potential protective mechanisms of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2012; 82:211-9. [PMID: 21684673 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an evolutionarily conserved ligand activated transcription factor best known for its role in mediating toxic responses to dioxin-like environmental contaminants. However, AHR signaling has also emerged as an active participant in processes of normal development and disease progression. Here, we review the role of AHR signaling in prostate development and disease processes, with a particular emphasis on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Inappropriate AHR activation has recently been associated with a decreased risk of symptomatic BPH in humans and has been shown to impair prostate development and disrupt endocrine signaling in rodents. We highlight known physiological responses to AHR activation in prostate and other tissues and discuss potential mechanisms by which it may act in adult human prostate to protect against symptomatic BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsal Mehta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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44
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Welsh M, Moffat L, McNeilly A, Brownstein D, Saunders PTK, Sharpe RM, Smith LB. Smooth muscle cell-specific knockout of androgen receptor: a new model for prostatic disease. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3541-51. [PMID: 21733831 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-driven stromal-epithelial interactions play a key role in normal prostate development and function as well as in the progression of common prostatic diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. However, exactly how, and via which cell type, androgens mediate their effects in the adult prostate remains unclear. This study investigated the role for smooth muscle (SM) androgen signaling in normal adult prostate homeostasis and function using mice in which androgen receptor was selectively ablated from prostatic SM cells. In adulthood the knockout (KO) mice displayed a 44% reduction in prostate weight and exhibited histological abnormalities such as hyperplasia, inflammation, fibrosis, and reduced expression of epithelial, SM, and stem cell identify markers (e.g. p63 reduced by 27% and Pten by 31%). These changes emerged beyond puberty and were not explained by changes in serum hormones. Furthermore, in response to exogenous estradiol, adult KO mice displayed an 8.5-fold greater increase in prostate weight than controls and developed urinary retention. KO mice also demonstrated a reduced response to castration compared with controls. Together these results demonstrate that prostate SM cells are vital in mediating androgen-driven stromal-epithelial interactions in adult mouse prostates, determining cell identity and function and limiting hormone-dependent epithelial cell proliferation. This novel mouse model provides new insight into the possible role for SM androgen action in prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Welsh
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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45
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Ho SM, Lee MT, Lam HM, Leung YK. Estrogens and prostate cancer: etiology, mediators, prevention, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40:591-614, ix. [PMID: 21889723 PMCID: PMC3167093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay targets for hormonal prostate cancer (PCa) therapies are based on negating androgen action. Recent epidemiologic and experimental data have pinpointed the key roles of estrogens in PCa development and progression. Racial and geographic differences, as well as age-associated changes, in estrogen synthesis and metabolism contribute significantly to the etiology. This article summarizes how different estrogens/antiestrogens/estrogen mimics contribute to prostate carcinogenesis, the roles of the different mediators of estrogen in the process, and the potentials of new estrogenic/antiestrogenic compounds for prevention and treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, and the Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ming-tsung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-0595, Fax 513-558-0071,
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-0595, Fax 513-558-0071,
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, and The Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Telephone 513-558-5181, Fax 513-558-0071,
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46
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Cunha GR, Ricke WA. A historical perspective on the role of stroma in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:168-72. [PMID: 21723032 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the concept that the neo-formation of ductal-acinar architecture in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is due to the reactivation of embryonic inductive activity by BPH stroma, an idea enunciated by John McNeal. The concept is the synthesis of McNeal's astute pathological inference based upon developmental biology and supported by the mesenchymal-epithelial interaction studies. In a broader context, McNeal's concept of framing epithelial pathogenesis in terms of developmental biological principals has been extended more recently into the field of carcinogenesis under the umbrella of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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47
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Hu WY, Shi GB, Lam HM, Hu DP, Ho SM, Madueke IC, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Prins GS. Estrogen-initiated transformation of prostate epithelium derived from normal human prostate stem-progenitor cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2150-63. [PMID: 21427218 PMCID: PMC3100619 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether estrogens with testosterone support are sufficient to transform the normal human prostate epithelium and promote progression to invasive adenocarcinoma using a novel chimeric prostate model. Adult prostate stem/early progenitor cells were isolated from normal human prostates through prostasphere formation in three-dimensional culture. The stem/early progenitor cell status and clonality of prostasphere cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and Hoechst staining. Normal prostate progenitor cells were found to express estrogen receptor α, estrogen receptor β, and G protein-coupled receptor 30 mRNA and protein and were responsive to 1 nm estradiol-17β with increased numbers and prostasphere size, implicating them as direct estrogen targets. Recombinants of human prostate progenitor cells with rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme formed chimeric prostate tissue in vivo under the renal capsule of nude mice. Cytodifferentiation of human prostate progenitor cells in chimeric tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using epithelial cell markers (p63, cytokeratin 8/18, and androgen receptor), whereas human origin and functional differentiation were confirmed by expression of human nuclear antigen and prostate-specific antigen, respectively. Once mature tissues formed, the hosts were exposed to elevated testosterone and estradiol-17β for 1-4 months, and prostate pathology was longitudinally monitored. Induction of prostate cancer in the human stem/progenitor cell-generated prostatic tissue was observed over time, progressing from normal histology to epithelial hyperplasia, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, and prostate cancer with local renal invasion. These findings provide the first direct evidence that human prostate progenitor cells are estrogen targets and that estradiol in an androgen-supported milieu is a carcinogen for human prostate epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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48
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Nicholson TM, Ricke WA. Androgens and estrogens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: past, present and future. Differentiation 2011; 82:184-99. [PMID: 21620560 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common clinical problems in urology. While the precise molecular etiology remains unclear, sex steroids have been implicated in the development and maintenance of BPH. Sufficient data exists linking androgens and androgen receptor pathways to BPH and use of androgen reducing compounds, such as 5α-reductase inhibitors which block the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, are a component of the standard of care for men with LUTS attributed to an enlarged prostate. However, BPH is a multifactorial disease and not all men respond well to currently available treatments, suggesting factors other than androgens are involved. Testosterone, the primary circulating androgen in men, can also be metabolized via CYP19/aromatase into the potent estrogen, estradiol-17β. The prostate is an estrogen target tissue and estrogens directly and indirectly affect growth and differentiation of prostate. The precise role of endogenous and exogenous estrogens in directly affecting prostate growth and differentiation in the context of BPH is an understudied area. Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been shown to promote or inhibit prostate proliferation signifying potential roles in BPH. Recent research has demonstrated that estrogen receptor signaling pathways may be important in the development and maintenance of BPH and LUTS; however, new models are needed to genetically dissect estrogen regulated molecular mechanisms involved in BPH. More work is needed to identify estrogens and associated signaling pathways in BPH in order to target BPH with dietary and therapeutic SERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan M Nicholson
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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49
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Hughes MW, Wu P, Jiang TX, Lin SJ, Dong CY, Li A, Hsieh FJ, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. In search of the Golden Fleece: unraveling principles of morphogenesis by studying the integrative biology of skin appendages. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:388-407. [PMID: 21437328 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mythological story of the Golden Fleece symbolizes the magical regenerative power of skin appendages. Similar to the adventurous pursuit of the Golden Fleece by the multi-talented Argonauts, today we also need an integrated multi-disciplined approach to understand the cellular and molecular processes during development, regeneration and evolution of skin appendages. To this end, we have explored several aspects of skin appendage biology that contribute to the Turing activator/inhibitor model in feather pattern formation, the topo-biological arrangement of stem cells in organ shape determination, the macro-environmental regulation of stem cells in regenerative hair waves, and potential novel molecular pathways in the morphological evolution of feathers. Here we show our current integrative biology efforts to unravel the complex cellular behavior in patterning stem cells and the control of regional specificity in skin appendages. We use feather/scale tissue recombination to demonstrate the timing control of competence and inducibility. Feathers from different body regions are used to study skin regional specificity. Bioinformatic analyses of transcriptome microarrays show the potential involvement of candidate molecular pathways. We further show Hox genes exhibit some region specific expression patterns. To visualize real time events, we applied time-lapse movies, confocal microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to analyze the morphogenesis of cultured embryonic chicken skin explants. These modern imaging technologies reveal unexpectedly complex cellular flow and organization of extracellular matrix molecules in three dimensions. While these approaches are in preliminary stages, this perspective highlights the challenges we face and new integrative tools we will use. Future work will follow these leads to develop a systems biology view and understanding in the morphogenetic principles that govern the development and regeneration of ectodermal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Hughes
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, HMR 315B, 2011 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Yu L, Wang CY, Shi J, Miao L, Du X, Mayer D, Zhang J. Estrogens promote invasion of prostate cancer cells in a paracrine manner through up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in prostatic stromal cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:773-81. [PMID: 21248144 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests an enhancing effect of estrogens on prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), which plays an important role in prostate cancer invasion, is mainly expressed in prostatic stromal cells (PrSC). Here we show that estradiol (E(2)) treatment up-regulates MMP2 production in PrSC, which promotes PCa cell invasion in a paracrine manner. Conditioned medium (CM) was collected from E(2)-treated prostatic stromal cell line WPMY-1 and primary PrSC. The CM of E(2)-treated WPMY-1 and PrSC promoted invasion of PCa cells, as measured by Matrigel transwell assays. Treatment with E(2) and 1,3,5-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole, an estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) specific agonist, significantly up-regulated MMP2 expression in WPMY-1 and PrSC cells at both mRNA and protein levels. The CM treated with an anti-MMP2 antibody lost the stimulatory effect on invasion of PCa cells. The ER inhibitor ICI 182,780, as well as a TGFβ1 neutralizing antibody and ERα-specific small interfering RNA effectively suppressed E(2)-induced MMP2 expression in WPMY-1 cells. Mechanistic studies showed that E(2) up-regulated MMP2 in an indirect manner: E(2) induced TGFβ1 expression via ERα; TGFβ1 stimulated MMP2 expression in PrSC; the invasion of PCa cells were stimulated by elevated MMP2 expression induced by E(2) in a paracrine manner. Our data show that E(2) induces MMP2 expression in WPMY-1 and PrSC cells, which was mediated by TGFβ1. The effect of E(2) on invasion of PCa cells is mediated by up-regulation of MMP2 in a paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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