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Martemucci G, Khalil M, Di Luca A, Abdallah H, D’Alessandro AG. Comprehensive Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: How Nutrition, Dietary Polyphenols, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle Modifications Address Diabesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Neurodegenerative Conditions. Metabolites 2024; 14:327. [PMID: 38921462 PMCID: PMC11206163 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Several hallmarks of metabolic syndrome, such as dysregulation in the glucose and lipid metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, low-to-medium systemic inflammation, and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, represent a pathological bridge between metabolic syndrome and diabesity, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to highlight some therapeutic strategies against metabolic syndrome involving integrative approaches to improve lifestyle and daily diet. The beneficial effects of foods containing antioxidant polyphenols, intestinal microbiota control, and physical activity were also considered. We comprehensively examined a large body of published articles involving basic, animal, and human studie, as well as recent guidelines. As a result, dietary polyphenols from natural plant-based antioxidants and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, along with physical exercise, are promising complementary therapies to delay or prevent the onset of metabolic syndrome and counteract diabesity and cardiovascular diseases, as well as to protect against neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive decline. Modulation of the intestinal microbiota reduces the risks associated with MS, improves diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and exerts neuroprotective action. Despite several studies, the estimation of dietary polyphenol intake is inconclusive and requires further evidence. Lifestyle interventions involving physical activity and reduced calorie intake can improve metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Luca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.D.L.); (A.G.D.)
| | - Hala Abdallah
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70121 Bari, Italy;
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Radulescu D, Mihai FD, Trasca MET, Caluianu EI, Calafeteanu CDM, Radulescu PM, Mercut R, Ciupeanu-Calugaru ED, Marinescu GA, Siloşi CA, Nistor CCE, Danoiu S. Oxidative Stress in Military Missions-Impact and Management Strategies: A Narrative Analysis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:567. [PMID: 38792589 PMCID: PMC11121804 DOI: 10.3390/life14050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This narrative review comprehensively examines the impact of oxidative stress on military personnel, highlighting the crucial role of physical exercise and tailored diets, particularly the ketogenic diet, in minimizing this stress. Through a meticulous analysis of the recent literature, the study emphasizes how regular physical exercise not only enhances cardiovascular, cognitive, and musculoskeletal health but is also essential in neutralizing the effects of oxidative stress, thereby improving endurance and performance during long-term missions. Furthermore, the implementation of the ketogenic diet provides an efficient and consistent energy source through ketone bodies, tailored to the specific energy requirements of military activities, and significantly contributes to the reduction in reactive oxygen species production, thus protecting against cellular deterioration under extreme stress. The study also underlines the importance of integrating advanced technologies, such as wearable devices and smart sensors that allow for the precise and real-time monitoring of oxidative stress and physiological responses, thus facilitating the customization of training and nutritional regimes. Observations from this review emphasize significant variability among individuals in responses to oxidative stress, highlighting the need for a personalized approach in formulating intervention strategies. It is crucial to develop and implement well-monitored, personalized supplementation protocols to ensure that each member of the military personnel receives a regimen tailored to their specific needs, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of measures to combat oxidative stress. This analysis makes a valuable contribution to the specialized literature, proposing a detailed framework for addressing oxidative stress in the armed forces and opening new directions for future research with the aim of optimizing clinical practices and improving the health and performance of military personnel under stress and specific challenges of the military field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Radulescu
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Florina-Diana Mihai
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Major Emil-Tiberius Trasca
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Elena-Irina Caluianu
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Captain Dan Marian Calafeteanu
- Department of Ortopedics, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Patricia-Mihaela Radulescu
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Razvan Mercut
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | | | - Georgiana-Andreea Marinescu
- Department of Surgery, The Military Emergency Clinical Hospital ‘Dr. Stefan Odobleja’ Craiova, 200749 Craiova, Romania; (D.R.); (E.-I.C.); (P.-M.R.); (G.-A.M.)
| | - Cristian-Adrian Siloşi
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | | | - Suzana Danoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
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Morris JK, Kueck PJ, Kemna RE, Green ZD, John CS, Winter M, Billinger SA, Vidoni ED. Biomarker Responses to Acute Exercise and Relationship with Brain Blood Flow. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:283-292. [PMID: 38108352 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that aerobic exercise is beneficial for brain health, but these effects are variable between individuals and the underlying mechanisms that modulate these benefits remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the acute physiological response of bioenergetic and neurotrophic blood biomarkers to exercise in cognitively healthy older adults, as well as relationships with brain blood flow. METHODS We measured exercise-induced changes in lactate, which has been linked to brain blood flow, as well brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin related to brain health. We further quantified changes in brain blood flow using arterial spin labeling. RESULTS As expected, lactate and BDNF both changed with time post exercise. Intriguingly, there was a negative relationship between lactate response (area under the curve) and brain blood flow measured acutely following exercise. Finally, the BDNF response tracked strongly with change in platelet activation, providing evidence that platelet activation is an important mechanism for trophic-related exercise responses. CONCLUSIONS Lactate and BDNF respond acutely to exercise, and the lactate response tracks with changes in brain blood flow. Further investigation into how these factors relate to brain health-related outcomes in exercise trials is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K Morris
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fairway, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Paul J Kueck
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fairway, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Riley E Kemna
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fairway, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Zachary D Green
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fairway, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Casey S John
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fairway, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Michelle Winter
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fairway, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Sandra A Billinger
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fairway, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Eric D Vidoni
- The University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, Fairway, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
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Murata H, Tashiro S, Sakamoto H, Ishida R, Kuwabara M, Matsuda K, Shiokawa Y, Hirano T, Momozaki R, Maeda K, Wakabayashi H, Yamada S. Impact of rehabilitation dose on body mass index change in older acute patients with stroke: a retrospective observational study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1270276. [PMID: 38115884 PMCID: PMC10728649 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1270276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is established that a low body mass index (BMI) correlates with a diminished home discharge rate and a decline in activities of daily living (ADL) capacity among elderly stroke patients. Nevertheless, there exists a paucity of knowledge regarding strategies to mitigate BMI reduction during the acute phase. This investigation seeks to elucidate the impact of rehabilitation dose, as determined by both physical and occupational therapy, on BMI alterations, positing that a heightened rehabilitation dose could thwart BMI decline. Methods This retrospective, observational study was conducted in the stroke unit of a university hospital. Enrollees comprised individuals aged ≥65 years, hospitalized for stroke, and subsequently relocated to rehabilitation facilities between January 2019 and November 2020. The percentage change in BMI (%ΔBMI) was calculated based on BMI values at admission and discharge. Multivariate multiple regression analysis was employed to ascertain the influence of rehabilitation dose on %ΔBMI. Results A total of 187 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 94% experienced a reduction in BMI during acute hospitalization. Following adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors, multivariable analyzes revealed a positive association between rehabilitation dose and %ΔBMI (β = 0.338, p < 0.001). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that, in the context of acute stroke treatment, an augmented rehabilitation dose is associated with a diminished decrease in BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Murata
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Syoichi Tashiro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Rika Ishida
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kuwabara
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyorin University Hospital, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Matsuda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | | | - Teruyuki Hirano
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Momozaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Maeda
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Wakabayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Shin Yamada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
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Fernández-Puente E, Martín-Prieto E, Márquez CM, Palomero J. Effect of RONS-Induced Intracellular Redox Homeostasis in 6-NBDG/Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes and Single Isolated Skeletal Muscle Fibres. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098082. [PMID: 37175789 PMCID: PMC10179233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is essential to produce energy through ATP, which is needed by this organ to maintain vital functions. The impairment of glucose uptake compromises the metabolism and function of skeletal muscle and other organs and is a feature of diabetes, obesity, and ageing. There is a need for research to uncover the mechanisms involved in the impairment of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In this study, we adapted, developed, optimised, and validated a methodology based on the fluorescence glucose analogue 6-NBDG, combined with a quantitative fluorescence microscopy image analysis, to determine the glucose uptake in two models of skeletal muscle cells: C2C12 myotubes and single fibres isolated from muscle. It was proposed that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and redox homeostasis play an important role in the modulation of intracellular redox signalling pathways associated with glucose uptake. In this study, we prove that the prooxidative intracellular redox environment under oxidative eustress produced by RONS such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide improves glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. However, when oxidation is excessive, oxidative distress occurs, and cellular viability is compromised, although there might be an increase in the glucose uptake. Based on the results of this study, the determination of 6-NBDG/glucose uptake in myotubes and skeletal muscle cells is feasible, validated, and will contribute to improve future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Escarlata Fernández-Puente
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Martín-Prieto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Manuel Márquez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Andreadi A, Muscoli S, Tajmir R, Meloni M, Muscoli C, Ilari S, Mollace V, Della Morte D, Bellia A, Di Daniele N, Tesauro M, Lauro D. Recent Pharmacological Options in Type 2 Diabetes and Synergic Mechanism in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021646. [PMID: 36675160 PMCID: PMC9862607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a multifactorial disease with a critical impact worldwide. During prediabetes, the presence of various inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress will lead to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia will lead to micro- and macrovascular complications (cardiovascular disease, heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and atherosclerosis). The development through the years of pharmacological options allowed us to reduce the persistence of chronic hyperglycemia and reduce diabetic complications. This review aims to highlight the specific mechanisms with which the new treatments for type 2 diabetes reduce oxidative stress and insulin resistance and improve cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Andreadi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.L.)
| | - Saverio Muscoli
- Division of Cardiology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rojin Tajmir
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Meloni
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Ilari
- Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - David Della Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine—Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine—Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine—Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.L.)
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Dos Santos AB, Costa-Beber LC, de Pelegrin Basso EG, Donato YH, Sulzbacher MM, Sulzbacher LM, Ludwig MS, Heck TG. Moderate aerobic training is safe and improves glucose intolerance induced by the association of high fat diet and air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:1908-1918. [PMID: 35925459 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are risk factors for insulin resistance, to which physical exercise is the most powerful non-pharmacological strategy. However, public concern over whether exercise could be protective in a polluted environment exists. Therefore, evaluating the possible benefits of exercise in polluted conditions in different contexts (age, gender, and cardiometabolic health) is imperative. In this sense, muscle plays a major role in maintaining glucose homeostasis, and its oxidative status is closely affected during exercise. This study tested whether moderate aerobic training could alleviate the metabolic and oxidative impairment in the gastrocnemius induced by the combination of a high-fat diet (HFD) and PM2.5 exposure. Female mice (B6129SF2/J) received HFD (58.3% of fat) or standard diet, intranasal instillation of 20 μg residual oil fly ash (ROFA: inorganic portion of PM2.5), or saline seven times per week for 19 weeks. In the 13th week, animals were submitted to moderate training or remained sedentary. Trained animals followed a progressive protocol for 6 weeks, ending at swimming with 5% body weight of workload for 60 min, while sedentary animals remained in shallow water. Aerobic moderate training attenuated weight gain and glucose intolerance and prevented muscle and pancreatic mass loss induced by a HFD plus ROFA exposure. Interestingly, a HFD combined with ROFA enhanced the catalase antioxidant activity, regardless of physical exercise. Therefore, our study highlights that, even in polluted conditions, moderate training is the most powerful non-pharmacological treatment for obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analú Bender Dos Santos
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande Do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario, Ijui, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijui, RS, Brazil
| | - Lílian Corrêa Costa-Beber
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande Do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario, Ijui, RS, 98700-000, Brazil.
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijui, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eloisa Gabriela de Pelegrin Basso
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande Do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario, Ijui, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
| | - Yohanna Hannah Donato
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande Do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario, Ijui, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijui, RS, Brazil
| | - Maicon Machado Sulzbacher
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande Do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario, Ijui, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijui, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Machado Sulzbacher
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande Do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario, Ijui, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijui, RS, Brazil
| | - Mirna Stela Ludwig
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande Do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario, Ijui, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijui, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gomes Heck
- Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern State's Rio Grande Do Sul (UNIJUI), Rua do Comercio, 3000 - Bairro Universitario, Ijui, RS, 98700-000, Brazil
- Postgraduation Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Ijui, RS, Brazil
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Llanos P, Palomero J. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) and Cytokines-Myokines Involved in Glucose Uptake and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244008. [PMID: 36552772 PMCID: PMC9776436 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance onset in skeletal muscle is characterized by the impairment of insulin signaling, which reduces the internalization of glucose, known as glucose uptake, into the cell. Therefore, there is a deficit of intracellular glucose, which is the main source for energy production in the cell. This may compromise cellular viability and functions, leading to pathological dysfunction. Skeletal muscle fibers continuously generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). An excess of RONS produces oxidative distress, which may evoke cellular damage and dysfunction. However, a moderate level of RONS, which is called oxidative eustress, is critical to maintain, modulate and regulate cellular functions through reversible interactions between RONS and the components of cellular signaling pathways that control those functions, such as the facilitation of glucose uptake. The skeletal muscle releases peptides called myokines that may have endocrine and paracrine effects. Some myokines bind to specific receptors in skeletal muscle fibers and might interact with cellular signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and AMPK, and facilitate glucose uptake. In addition, there are cytokines, which are peptides produced by non-skeletal muscle cells, that bind to receptors at the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells and interact with the cellular signaling pathways, facilitating glucose uptake. RONS, myokines and cytokines might be acting on the same signaling pathways that facilitate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, the experimental studies are limited and scarce. The aim of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding the role of RONS, myokines and cytokines as potential signals that facilitate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In addition, we encourage researchers in the field to lead and undertake investigations to uncover the fundamentals of glucose uptake evoked by RONS, myokines, and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Llanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jesus Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Alfonso X El Sabio, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-666-589-153
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Su H, Liu T, Li Y, Fan Y, Wang B, Liu M, Hu G, Meng Z, Zhang Q. Serum uric acid and its change with the risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study in China. Prim Care Diabetes 2021; 15:1002-1006. [PMID: 34217642 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of baseline uric acid levels and their changes from baseline to Year 1 with the risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study cohort included 9471 subjects without a history of diabetes at baseline. The incident diabetes was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association standard. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 2.9 years, we identified 762 type 2 diabetes cases. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of diabetes across baseline tertiles of serum uric acid were 1.00, 1.15, and 1.32 (P for trend = 0.018), respectively. Participants with hyperuricemia compared with those without had a 1.20-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.44) risk of diabetes. When uric acid was examined as a continuous variable, multivariable-adjusted HR of diabetes for each 1 mg/dL (60 μmol/L) increase in serum uric acid was 1.09 (95% CI 1.03-1.15). Compared with subjects with stable serum uric acid from baseline to Year 1 (±10%), those with uric acid gain ≥30% had a 30% (95% CI 1.01-1.79) increased risk of diabetes and those with uric acid loss ≥10% had a 21% (95% 0.62-0.99) decreased risk of diabetes. This positive association between baseline serum uric acid and diabetes risk was consistent among subjects younger and older than 45 years, non-obese and obese participants, and men. CONCLUSIONS High level of baseline serum uric acid and serum uric acid gain from baseline to Year 1 are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Su
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yupeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Baoping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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10
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Che J, Ma C, Lu J, Chen B, Shi Q, Jin X, Song R, Xu F, Gan L, Li J, Hu Y, Dong X. Discovery of seneciobipyrrolidine derivatives for the amelioration of glucose homeostasis disorders through 4E-BP1/Akt/AMPK signaling activation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 228:113954. [PMID: 34772527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modulating the glucose transport in skeletal muscle is a promising strategy for ameliorating glucose homeostasis disorders. However, the complicated mechanisms of glucose transport make it difficult to find compounds therapeutically relevant molecular mechanisms of action, while phenotypic screening is thought to be an alternative approach to mimic the cell state of interest. Here, we report (±)-seneciobipyrrolidine (1a) is first found to enhance glucose uptake in L6 myotubes through phenotype-based screening. Further SAR investigation led to the identfication of compound A27 (EC50 = 2.7 μM). Proteomiic analysis discloses the unique function mechanism of A27 through upregulating the level of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), subsequently enhancing the Akt and AMPK phosphorylation, thereby promoting the glucose uptake. Chronic oral administration of A27 significantly lowers blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance in db/db mice. This work is new research on seneciobipyrrolidine derivatives, providing a promising avenue for ameliorating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Che
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Canliang Ma
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jialiang Lu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Binhui Chen
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiuqiu Shi
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lishe Gan
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Jingya Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongzhou Hu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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11
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Joseph JS, Anand K, Malindisa ST, Oladipo AO, Fagbohun OF. Exercise, CaMKII, and type 2 diabetes. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:386-399. [PMID: 33746668 PMCID: PMC7975583 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who exercise regularly are protected from type 2 diabetes and other metabolic syndromes, in part by enhanced gene transcription and induction of many signaling pathways crucial in correcting impaired metabolic pathways associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Exercise activates Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)II, resulting in increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity and glucose transport. CaMKII regulates many health beneficial cellular functions in individuals who exercise compared with those who do not exercise. The role of exercise in the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling pathways are explained at the onset. Followed by the role of exercise in the regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT)4 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis are explained. Next, the main functions of Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and the mechanism to activate it are illustrated, finally, an overview of the role of CaMKII in regulating GLUT4 expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and histone modification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitcy S. Joseph
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Occupational Health, A division of National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sibusiso T. Malindisa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adewale O. Oladipo
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Park Florida, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Oladapo F. Fagbohun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, First Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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12
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The acute vs. chronic effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity: nothing lasts forever. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2020; 10:149-161. [PMID: 34386716 PMCID: PMC8352615 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Regular exercise causes chronic adaptations in anatomy/physiology that provide first-line defense for disease prevention/treatment (‘exercise is medicine’). However, transient changes in function that occur following each exercise bout (acute effect) are also important to consider. For example, in contrast to chronic adaptations, the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity is predominantly rooted in a prolonged acute effect (PAE) that can last up to 72 h. Untrained individuals and individuals with lower insulin sensitivity benefit more from this effect and even trained individuals with high insulin sensitivity restore most of a detraining-induced loss following one session of resumed training. Consequently, exercise to combat insulin resistance that begins the pathological journey to cardiometabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) should be prescribed with precision to elicit a PAE on insulin sensitivity to serve as a first-line defense prior to pharmaceutical intervention or, when such intervention is necessary, a potential adjunct to it. Video Abstract: http://links.lww.com/CAEN/A27
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13
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Apostolova N, Iannantuoni F, Gruevska A, Muntane J, Rocha M, Victor VM. Mechanisms of action of metformin in type 2 diabetes: Effects on mitochondria and leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101517. [PMID: 32535544 PMCID: PMC7296337 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a very prevalent, multisystemic, chronic metabolic disorder closely related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. It is characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction and the presence of oxidative stress. Metformin is one of the safest and most effective anti-hyperglycaemic agents currently employed as first-line oral therapy for T2D. It has demonstrated additional beneficial effects, unrelated to its hypoglycaemic action, on weight loss and several diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders and metabolic diseases, including thyroid diseases. Despite the vast clinical experience gained over several decades of use, the mechanism of action of metformin is still not fully understood. This review provides an overview of the existing literature concerning the beneficial mitochondrial and vascular effects of metformin, which it exerts by diminishing oxidative stress and reducing leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Specifically, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in metformin's effect on gluconeogenesis, its capacity to interfere with major metabolic pathways (AMPK and mTORC1), its action on mitochondria and its antioxidant effects. We also discuss potential targets for therapeutic intervention based on these molecular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia - FISABIO (Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region), Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd (Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francesca Iannantuoni
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition. University Hospital Doctor Peset, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Gruevska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia - FISABIO (Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntane
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Milagros Rocha
- CIBERehd (Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases), Valencia, Spain; Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition. University Hospital Doctor Peset, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- CIBERehd (Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases), Valencia, Spain; Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition. University Hospital Doctor Peset, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Abstract
Polyphenols are characterised structurally by two or more hydroxyl groups attached to one or more benzene rings, and provide the taste and colour characteristics of fruits and vegetables. They are radical scavengers and metal chelators, but due to their low concentration in biological fluids in vivo their antioxidant properties seem to be related to enhanced endogenous antioxidant capacity induced via signalling through the Nrf2 pathway. Polyphenols also seem to possess anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to enhance vascular function via nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms. As a consequence, there is a rationale for supplementation with fruit-derived polyphenols both to enhance exercise performance, since excess reactive oxygen species generation has been implicated in fatigue development, and to enhance recovery from muscle damage induced by intensive exercise due to the involvement of inflammation and oxidative damage within muscle. Current evidence would suggest that acute supplementation with ~ 300 mg polyphenols 1–2 h prior to exercise may enhance exercise capacity and/or performance during endurance and repeated sprint exercise via antioxidant and vascular mechanisms. However, only a small number of studies have been performed to date, some with methodological limitations, and more research is needed to confirm these findings. A larger body of evidence suggests that supplementation with > 1000 mg polyphenols per day for 3 or more days prior to and following exercise will enhance recovery following muscle damage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The many remaining unanswered questions within the field of polyphenol research and exercise performance and recovery are highlighted within this review article.
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15
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Excess Accumulation of Lipid Impairs Insulin Sensitivity in Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061949. [PMID: 32178449 PMCID: PMC7139950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both glucose and free fatty acids (FFAs) are used as fuel sources for energy production in a living organism. Compelling evidence supports a role for excess fatty acids synthesized in intramuscular space or dietary intermediates in the regulation of skeletal muscle function. Excess FFA and lipid droplets leads to intramuscular accumulation of lipid intermediates. The resulting downregulation of the insulin signaling cascade prevents the translocation of glucose transporter to the plasma membrane and glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, leading to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms underlining metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle include accumulation of intracellular lipid derivatives from elevated plasma FFAs. This paper provides a review of the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin-related signaling pathways after excess accumulation of lipids.
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16
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Christiansen D, Eibye KH, Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Blood flow-restricted training enhances thigh glucose uptake during exercise and muscle antioxidant function in humans. Metabolism 2019; 98:1-15. [PMID: 31199953 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of blood-flow-restricted (BFR)-training on thigh glucose uptake at rest and during exercise in humans and the muscular mechanisms involved. Ten active men (~25 y; VO2max ~50 mL/kg/min) completed six weeks of training, where one leg trained with BFR (cuff pressure: ~180 mmHg) and the other leg without BFR. Before and after training, thigh glucose uptake was determined at rest and during exercise at 25% and 90% of leg incremental peak power output by sampling of femoral arterial and venous blood and measurement of femoral arterial blood flow. Furthermore, resting muscle samples were collected. After training, thigh glucose uptake during exercise was higher than before training only in the BFR-trained leg (p < 0.05) due to increased glucose extraction (p < 0.05). Further, BFR-training substantially improved time to exhaustion during exhaustive exercise (11 ± 5% vs. CON-leg; p = 0.001). After but not before training, NAC infusion attenuated (~50-100%) leg net glucose uptake and extraction during exercise only in the BFR-trained leg, which coincided with an increased muscle abundance of Cu/Zn-SOD (39%), GPX-1 (29%), GLUT4 (28%), and nNOS (18%) (p < 0.05). Training did not affect Mn-SOD, catalase, and VEGF abundance in either leg (p > 0.05), although Mn-SOD was higher in BFR-leg vs. CON-leg after training (p < 0.05). The ratios of p-AMPK-Thr172/AMPK and p-ACC-Ser79/ACC, and p-ACC-Ser79, remained unchanged in both legs (p > 0.05), despite a higher p-AMPK-Thr172 in BFR-leg after training (38%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, BFR-training enhances glucose uptake by exercising muscles in humans probably due to an increase in antioxidant function, GLUT4 abundance, and/or NO availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Christiansen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Kasper H Eibye
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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17
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Lima RDCL, Berg RS, Rønning SB, Afseth NK, Knutsen SH, Staerk D, Wubshet SG. Peptides from chicken processing by-product inhibit DPP-IV and promote cellular glucose uptake: potential ingredients for T2D management. Food Funct 2019; 10:1619-1628. [PMID: 30821796 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02450b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and stimulation of muscle glucose uptake are two of the key strategies for management of type-2-diabetes (T2D). In the present study, four protein hydrolysates generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken by-product, i.e., mechanical chicken deboning residue, were evaluated for their DPP-IV inhibitory activity as well as their effect on glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells. The DPP-IV inhibitory assay was performed at two concentrations (1000 μg mL-1 and 10 μg mL-1) for the crude chicken protein hydrolysates. The hydrolysate with the highest DPP-IV inhibition was selected for preparative-scale fractionation using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The SEC fractions were tested for DPP-IV inhibitory activity as well as their effect on glucose uptake and metabolic activity of skeletal muscle cells. The muscle cells were treated with the SEC fractions and glucose uptake was measured based on luminescence detection of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2DG6P). A fraction with peptides in the lower molecular weight range was shown to promote glucose uptake and to inhibit DPP-IV. Further chromatographic fractionation followed by inhibition assaying of the most potent SEC fraction led to isolation of five refined peptide fractions with more than 80% DPP-IV inhibition, which were subsequently analyzed with LC-HRMS/MS. This led to identification of 14 peptides as potential DPP-IV inhibitors from protein hydrolysates of mechanical chicken deboning residue.
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18
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Nonaka S, Kawakami S, Maruki-Uchida H, Mori S, Morita M. Piceatannol markedly upregulates heme oxygenase-1 expression and alleviates oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100643. [PMID: 31080897 PMCID: PMC6500920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Piceatannol (PIC), a phytochemical, is abundant in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds. In this study, we investigated the effects of PIC on the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and compared its effects with those of PIC analogues and polyphenols. We also evaluated its effects on hydrogen peroxide–induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in C2C12 myotubes. Treatment with PIC led to dose-dependent upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (Ho-1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) mRNA expression in C2C12 myotubes. PIC was the most potent inducer of Ho-1 among the PIC analogues and major polyphenols tested. In addition, treatment with PIC suppressed the hydrogen peroxide–induced increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Our results suggest that PIC protects skeletal muscles from oxidative stress by activating antioxidant enzymes such as HO-1 and SOD1 and can therefore help prevent oxidative stress–induced muscle dysfunction such as muscle fatigue and sarcopenia. PIC induced antioxidant enzymes in C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line. PIC was the most potent inducer of Ho-1 among other polyphenols tested. Induction potency of PIC for Sod1 was similar level with those of other polyphenols. PIC suppressed the hydrogen peroxide-induced increase in intracellular ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Nonaka
- Research and Development Institute, Health Science Research Center, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8504, Japan
| | - Shinpei Kawakami
- Research and Development Institute, Health Science Research Center, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroko Maruki-Uchida
- Research and Development Institute, Health Science Research Center, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8504, Japan
| | - Sadao Mori
- Research and Development Institute, Health Science Research Center, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8504, Japan
| | - Minoru Morita
- Research and Development Institute, Health Science Research Center, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8504, Japan
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19
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Montmorency cherry supplementation improves 15-km cycling time-trial performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:675-684. [PMID: 30617467 PMCID: PMC6394654 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-04058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aim Montmorency cherries are rich in polyphenols that possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasoactive properties. We investigated whether 7-day Montmorency cherry powder supplementation improved cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Methods 8 trained male cyclists (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak: 62.3 ± 10.1 ml kg−1 min−1) completed 10-min steady-state (SS) cycling at ~ 65% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak followed by a 15-km TT on two occasions. Participants consumed 6 pills per day (Montmorency cherry powder, MC; anthocyanin 257 mg day−1 or dextrose powder, PL) for a 7-day period, 3 pills in the morning and evening. Capillary blood [lactate] was measured at baseline, post SS and post TT. Pulmonary gas exchange and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) of m. vastus lateralis via near-infrared spectroscopy, were measured throughout. Results TT completion time was 4.6 ± 2.9% faster following MC (1506 ± 86 s) supplementation compared to PL (1580 ± 102 s; P = 0.004). Blood [lactate] was significantly higher in MC after SS (PL: 4.4 ± 2.1 vs. MC: 6.7 ± 3.3 mM, P = 0.017) alongside an elevated baseline TOI (PL: 68.7 ± 2.1 vs. MC: 70.4 ± 2.3%, P = 0.018). Discussion Montmorency cherry supplementation improved 15-km cycling TT performance. This improvement in exercise performance was accompanied by enhanced muscle oxygenation suggesting that the vasoactive properties of the Montmorency cherry polyphenols may underpin the ergogenic effects.
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Margaritelis NV, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Antioxidants in Personalized Nutrition and Exercise. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:813-823. [PMID: 30256898 PMCID: PMC6247356 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review highlights the idea that antioxidant supplementation can be optimized when tailored to the precise antioxidant status of each individual. A novel methodologic approach involving personalized nutrition, the mechanisms by which antioxidant status regulates human metabolism and performance, and similarities between antioxidants and other nutritional supplements are described. The usefulness of higher-level phenotypes for data-driven personalized treatments is also explained. We conclude that personally tailored antioxidant interventions based on specific antioxidant inadequacies or deficiencies could result in improved exercise performance accompanied by consistent alterations in redox profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece,Intensive Care Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,Address correspondence to NVM (e-mail: )
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios A Theodorou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Keyhanmanesh R, Hamidian G, Alipour MR, Ranjbar M, Oghbaei H. Protective effects of sodium nitrate against testicular apoptosis and spermatogenesis impairments in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Life Sci 2018; 211:63-73. [PMID: 30205097 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As nitric oxide (NO) production is essential for insulin signaling, glucose uptake, endothelial function, and regulation of apoptosis, the loss of bioavailable NO may be a mechanism underlying the development of diabetes complication. Dietary nitrate acts as a substrate for NO generation, thus serving as a physiological source of NO. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of nitrate supplementation on the apoptosis-induced testicular disorders in diabetic rats. MAIN METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups; control, control with 100 mg/L nitrate in distilled drinking water, diabetes, diabetes treated with 2-4 U/day NPH insulin, diabetes treated with 100 mg/L nitrate in distilled drinking water. After 8 weeks, blood samples, testis, and epididymis were collected to assess the apoptosis process and the stereology of testis tissue, sperm motility, morphology and DNA fragmentation, and also mRNA expression of miR-449a, p53, Pdcd4, and Pacs2 mRNA, as well as serum glucose, insulin, and NOx levels were investigated. KEY FINDINGS The results of this study indicated that nitrate treatment ameliorated the sperm parameters, testicular morphometrical and stereological alterations, reduced blood glucose, the number of TUNEL positive cells and tubules, and testicular expressions of p53, Pdcd4, and Pacs2 mRNA as well as increased body weight, serum insulin and NOx levels, and testicular expression of miR-449a in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. SIGNIFICANCE Our in vivo evidence revealed that nitrate treatment may has a favorable effect as an exogenous NO donor on experimental diabetic testicular damages in which NO bioavailability is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Minoo Ranjbar
- Department of Midwifery, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran
| | - Hajar Oghbaei
- Deptartment of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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22
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The Effect of Methyl-β-cyclodextrin on Apoptosis, Proliferative Activity, and Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells of Horses Suffering from Metabolic Syndrome (EMS). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020287. [PMID: 29385746 PMCID: PMC6017619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide, commonly used as a pharmacological agent to deplete membrane cholesterol. In this study, we examined the effect of MβCD on adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) isolated form healthy horses (ASCCTRL) and from horses suffering from metabolic syndrome (ASCEMS). We investigated the changes in the mRNA levels of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and found that MβCD application may lead to a significant improvement in glucose transport in ASCEMS. We also showed that MβCD treatment affected GLUT4 upregulation in an insulin-independent manner via an NO-dependent signaling pathway. Furthermore, the analysis of superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels showed that MβCD treatment was associated with an increased antioxidant capacity in ASCEMS. Moreover, we indicated that methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment did not cause a dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. Thereby, we propose the possibility of improving the functionality of ASCEMS by increasing their metabolic stability.
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23
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Kumar N, Shaw P, Razzokov J, Yusupov M, Attri P, Uhm HS, Choi EH, Bogaerts A. Enhancement of cellular glucose uptake by reactive species: a promising approach for diabetes therapy. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9887-9894. [PMID: 35540836 PMCID: PMC9078705 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13389h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally known that antidiabetic activity is associated with an increased level of glucose uptake in adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. However, the role of exogenous reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in muscle development and more importantly in glucose uptake is largely unknown. We investigate the effect of RONS generated by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in glucose uptake. We show that the glucose uptake is significantly enhanced in differentiated L6 skeletal muscle cells after CAP treatment. We also observe a significant increase of the intracellular Ca++ and ROS level, without causing toxicity. One of the possible reasons for an elevated level of glucose uptake as well as intracellular ROS and Ca++ ions is probably the increased oxidative stress leading to glucose transport. Influenence of biocompatible microsecond dielectric barrier discharge (μs-DBD) plasma in glucose uptake and cell differentiation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Pankaj Attri
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Han Sup Uhm
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics
- Kwangwoon University
- Seoul 139-701
- Korea
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24
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Oleate Prevents Palmitate-Induced Atrophy via Modulation of Mitochondrial ROS Production in Skeletal Myotubes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2739721. [PMID: 28947926 PMCID: PMC5602654 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2739721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of saturated fatty acids contributes to lipotoxicity-related insulin resistance and atrophy in skeletal muscle. Conversely, unsaturated fatty acids like docosahexaenoic acid were proven to preserve muscle mass. However, it is not known if the most common unsaturated oleate will protect skeletal myotubes against palmitate-mediated atrophy, and its specific mechanism remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of oleate on atrophy-related factors in palmitate-conditioned myotubes. Exposure of myotubes to palmitate, but not to oleate, led to an induction of fragmented nuclei, myotube loss, atrophy, and mitochondrial superoxide in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of oleate to myotubes attenuated production of palmitate-induced mitochondrial superoxide in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of oleate or MitoTEMPO to palmitate-conditioned myotubes led to inhibition of palmitate-induced mRNA expression of proinflammatory (TNF-α and IL6), mitochondrial fission (Drp1 and Fis1), and atrophy markers (myostatin and atrogin1). In accordance with the gene expression data, our immunocytochemistry experiment demonstrated that oleate and MitoTEMPO prevented or attenuated palmitate-mediated myotube shrinkage. These results provide a mechanism indicating that oleate prevents palmitate-mediated atrophy via at least partial modulation of mitochondrial superoxide production.
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25
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Molecular mechanisms of ROS production and oxidative stress in diabetes. Biochem J 2017; 473:4527-4550. [PMID: 27941030 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160503c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are known to be associated with the development of metabolic diseases, including diabetes. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative systems of cells and tissues, is a result of over production of oxidative-free radicals and associated reactive oxygen species (ROS). One outcome of excessive levels of ROS is the modification of the structure and function of cellular proteins and lipids, leading to cellular dysfunction including impaired energy metabolism, altered cell signalling and cell cycle control, impaired cell transport mechanisms and overall dysfunctional biological activity, immune activation and inflammation. Nutritional stress, such as that caused by excess high-fat and/or carbohydrate diets, promotes oxidative stress as evident by increased lipid peroxidation products, protein carbonylation and decreased antioxidant status. In obesity, chronic oxidative stress and associated inflammation are the underlying factors that lead to the development of pathologies such as insulin resistance, dysregulated pathways of metabolism, diabetes and cardiovascular disease through impaired signalling and metabolism resulting in dysfunction to insulin secretion, insulin action and immune responses. However, exercise may counter excessive levels of oxidative stress and thus improve metabolic and inflammatory outcomes. In the present article, we review the cellular and molecular origins and significance of ROS production, the molecular targets and responses describing how oxidative stress affects cell function including mechanisms of insulin secretion and action, from the point of view of possible application of novel diabetic therapies based on redox regulation.
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26
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Poosala P, Ichinose H, Kitaoka T. Spatial Geometries of Self-Assembled Chitohexaose Monolayers Regulate Myoblast Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050686. [PMID: 27164094 PMCID: PMC4881512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion into functionally-distinct myotubes to form in vitro skeletal muscle constructs under differentiation serum-free conditions still remains a challenge. Herein, we report that our microtopographical carbohydrate substrates composed of bioactive hexa-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc6) modulated the efficiency of myoblast fusion without requiring horse serum or any differentiation medium during cell culture. Promotion of the differentiation of dissociated mononucleated skeletal myoblasts (C2C12; a mouse myoblast cell line) into robust myotubes was found only on GlcNAc6 micropatterns, whereas the myoblasts on control, non-patterned GlcNAc6 substrates or GlcNAc6-free patterns exhibited an undifferentiated form. We also examined the possible role of GlcNAc6 micropatterns with various widths in the behavior of C2C12 cells in early and late stages of myogenesis through mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. The spontaneous contraction of myotubes was investigated via the regulation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), which is involved in stimulating glucose uptake during cellular contraction. Narrow patterns demonstrated enhanced glucose uptake rate and generated a fast-twitch muscle fiber type, whereas the slow-twitch muscle fiber type was dominant on wider patterns. Our findings indicated that GlcNAc6-mediated integrin interactions are responsible for guiding myoblast fusion forward along with myotube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornthida Poosala
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Ichinose
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Margaritelis NV, Cobley JN, Paschalis V, Veskoukis AS, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Principles for integrating reactive species into in vivo biological processes: Examples from exercise physiology. Cell Signal 2016; 28:256-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Katz A. Role of reactive oxygen species in regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle during exercise. J Physiol 2016; 594:2787-94. [PMID: 26791627 DOI: 10.1113/jp271665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose derived from extracellular sources serves as an energy source in virtually all eukaryotic cells, including skeletal muscle. Its contribution to energy turnover increases with exercise intensity up to moderately heavy workloads. However, at very high workloads, the contribution of extracellular glucose to energy turnover is negligible, despite the high rate of glucose transport. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the stimulation of glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle preparations during intense repeated contractions. Consistent with this observation, heavy exercise is associated with significant production of ROS. However, during more mild to moderate stimulation or exercise conditions (in vitro, in situ and in vivo) antioxidants do not affect glucose transport. It is noteworthy that the production of ROS is limited or not observed under these conditions and that the concentration of the antioxidant used was extremely low. The results to date suggest that ROS involvement in activation of glucose transport occurs primarily during intense short-term exercise and that other mechanisms are involved during mild to moderate exercise. What remains puzzling is why ROS-mediated activation of glucose transport would occur under conditions where glucose transport is highest and utilization (i.e. phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase) is low. Possibly ROS production is involved in priming glucose transport during heavy exercise to accelerate glycogen biogenesis during the initial recovery period after exercise, as well as altering other aspects of intracellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abram Katz
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
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29
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Yamashita Y, Ueda-Wakagi M, Sakamoto M, Tachibana N, Wanezaki S, Kohno M, Ashida H. β-Conglycinin Peptides Improve Glucose Uptake through the AMPK Signaling Pathway in L6 Myotubes. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.21.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamashita
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University
| | - Manabu Ueda-Wakagi
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Food Research Institute
| | | | | | | | | | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University
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30
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Allu PKR, Chirasani VR, Ghosh D, Mani A, Bera AK, Maji SK, Senapati S, Mullasari AS, Mahapatra NR. Naturally occurring variants of the dysglycemic peptide pancreastatin: differential potencies for multiple cellular functions and structure-function correlation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4455-69. [PMID: 24338022 PMCID: PMC3924307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.520916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreastatin (PST), a chromogranin A-derived peptide, is a potent physiological inhibitor of glucose-induced insulin secretion. PST also triggers glycogenolysis in liver and reduces glucose uptake in adipocytes and hepatocytes. Here, we probed for genetic variations in PST sequence and identified two variants within its functionally important carboxyl terminus domain: E287K and G297S. To understand functional implications of these amino acid substitutions, we tested the effects of wild-type (PST-WT), PST-287K, and PST-297S peptides on various cellular processes/events. The rank order of efficacy to inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was: PST-297S > PST-287K > PST-WT. The PST peptides also displayed the same order of efficacy for enhancing intracellular nitric oxide and Ca(2+) levels in various cell types. In addition, PST peptides activated gluconeogenic genes in the following order: PST-297S ≈ PST-287K > PST-WT. Consistent with these in vitro results, the common PST variant allele Ser-297 was associated with significantly higher (by ∼17 mg/dl, as compared with the wild-type Gly-297 allele) plasma glucose level in our study population (n = 410). Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations predicted the following rank order of α-helical content: PST-297S > PST-287K > PST-WT. Corroboratively, circular dichroism analysis of PST peptides revealed significant differences in global structures (e.g. the order of propensity to form α-helix was: PST-297S ≈ PST-287K > PST-WT). This study provides a molecular basis for enhanced potencies/efficacies of human PST variants (likely to occur in ∼300 million people worldwide) and has quantitative implications for inter-individual variations in glucose/insulin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna K. R. Allu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036
| | - Venkat R. Chirasani
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, and
| | - Anitha Mani
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036
| | - Amal K. Bera
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036
| | - Samir K. Maji
- the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, and
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036
| | - Ajit S. Mullasari
- the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai 600037, India
| | - Nitish R. Mahapatra
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036
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31
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Mechanisms of action of brain insulin against neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:611-26. [PMID: 24398779 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin, a pancreatic hormone, is best known for its peripheral effects on the metabolism of glucose, fats and proteins. There is a growing body of evidence linking insulin action in the brain to neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin present in central nervous system is a regulator of central glucose metabolism nevertheless this glucoregulation is not the main function of insulin in the brain. Brain is known to be specifically vulnerable to oxidative products relative to other organs and altered brain insulin signaling may cause or promote neurodegenerative diseases which invalidates and reduces the quality of life. Insulin located within the brain is mostly of pancreatic origin or is produced in the brain itself crosses the blood-brain barrier and enters the brain via a receptor-mediated active transport system. Brain Insulin, insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-mediated signaling pathways play important roles in the regulation of peripheral metabolism, feeding behavior, memory and maintenance of neural functions such as neuronal growth and differentiation, neuromodulation and neuroprotection. In the present review, we would like to summarize the novel biological and pathophysiological roles of neuronal insulin in neurodegenerative diseases and describe the main signaling pathways in use for therapeutic strategies in the use of insulin to the cerebral tissues and their biological applications to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Eghbalzadeh K, Brixius K, Bloch W, Brinkmann C. Skeletal muscle nitric oxide (NO) synthases and NO-signaling in "diabesity"--what about the relevance of exercise training interventions? Nitric Oxide 2013; 37:28-40. [PMID: 24368322 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with obesity, or "diabesity", coincides with an altered nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in skeletal muscle. Three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) exist in human skeletal muscle tissue. Both neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are constitutively expressed under physiological conditions, producing low levels of NO, while the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is strongly up-regulated only under pathophysiological conditions, excessively increasing NO concentrations. Due to chronic inflammation, overweight/obese type 2 diabetic patients exhibit up-regulated protein contents of iNOS and concomitant elevated amounts of NO in skeletal muscle. Low muscular NO levels are important for attaining an adequate cellular redox state--thereby maintaining metabolic integrity--while high NO levels are believed to destroy cellular components and to disturb metabolic processes, e.g., through strongly augmented posttranslational protein S-nitrosylation. Physical training with submaximal intensity has been shown to attenuate inflammatory profiles and iNOS protein contents in the long term. The present review summarizes signaling pathways which induce iNOS up-regulation under pathophysiological conditions and describes molecular mechanisms by which high NO concentrations are likely to contribute to triggering skeletal muscle insulin resistance and to reducing mitochondrial capacity during the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. Based on this information, it discusses the beneficial effects of regular physical exercise on the altered NO metabolism in the skeletal muscle of overweight/obese type 2 diabetic subjects, thus unearthing new perspectives on training strategies for this particular patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Eghbalzadeh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Klara Brixius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Brinkmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.
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Koshinaka K, Kawamoto E, Abe N, Toshinai K, Nakazato M, Kawanaka K. Elevation of muscle temperature stimulates muscle glucose uptake in vivo and in vitro. J Physiol Sci 2013; 63:409-18. [PMID: 23836025 PMCID: PMC10718043 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether elevation of muscle temperature per se might be a stimulatory factor to increase muscle glucose uptake. Heat stimulation to rat hindlimbs increased glucose uptake measured in vivo in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles with a significant increase in muscle temperature. This thermal effect was observed again when glucose uptake was measured in vitro in both isolated muscles immediately after the heat stimulation in vivo. When heat stimulation was imposed on isolated EDL muscles, glucose uptake was facilitated in proportion to the increase in muscle temperature. The heat stimulation led to a significant amplification in the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt, and treatment with compound C, wortmannin, or LY294002 partially blocked the thermal effect on muscle glucose uptake. We provide evidence that elevation of muscle temperature per se can directly stimulate muscle glucose uptake and that this thermal effect is compound C-, wortmannin-, and LY294002-inhibitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Koshinaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan,
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34
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Capsaicin stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells via the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/AMPK/p38 MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:66-70. [PMID: 23958300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin has been reported to regulate blood glucose levels and to ameliorate insulin resistance in obese mice. This study demonstrates that capsaicin increases glucose uptake directly by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in C2C12 muscle cells, which manifested as an attenuation of glucose uptake when compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, was co-administered with capsaicin. However, the insulin signaling molecules insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Akt were not affected by capsaicin. Additional results showed that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is also involved in capsaicin-induced glucose transport downstream of AMPK because capsaicin increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation significantly and its specific inhibitor SB203580 inhibited capsaicin-mediated glucose uptake. Treatment with an AMPK inhibitor reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, but the p38 MAPK inhibitor had no effect on AMPK. Capsaicin stimulated ROS generation in C2C12 muscle cells, and when ROS were captured using the nonspecific antioxidant NAC, the increase in both capsaicin-induced AMPK phosphorylation and capsaicin-induced glucose uptake was attenuated, suggesting that ROS function as an upstream activator of AMPK. Taken together, these results suggest that capsaicin, independent of insulin, increases glucose uptake via ROS generation and consequent AMPK and p38 MAPK activations.
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Song P, Kim JH, Ghim J, Yoon JH, Lee A, Kwon Y, Hyun H, Moon HY, Choi HS, Berggren PO, Suh PG, Ryu SH. Emodin regulates glucose utilization by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5732-42. [PMID: 23303186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.441477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase has been described as a key signaling protein that can regulate energy homeostasis. Here, we aimed to characterize novel AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-activating compounds that have a much lower effective concentration than metformin. As a result, emodin, a natural anthraquinone derivative, was shown to stimulate AMPK activity in skeletal muscle and liver cells. Emodin enhanced GLUT4 translocation and [(14)C]glucose uptake into the myotube in an AMPK-dependent manner. Also, emodin inhibited glucose production by suppressing the expression of key gluconeogenic genes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, in hepatocytes. Furthermore, we found that emodin can activate AMPK by inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory complex I activity, leading to increased reactive oxygen species and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase activity. Finally, we confirmed that a single dose administration of emodin significantly decreased the fasting plasma glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance in C57Bl/6J mice. Increased insulin sensitivity was also confirmed after daily injection of emodin for 8 days using an insulin tolerance test and insulin-stimulated PI3K phosphorylation in wild type and high fat diet-induced diabetic mouse models. Our study suggests that emodin regulates glucose homeostasis in vivo by AMPK activation and that this may represent a novel therapeutic principle in the treatment of type 2 diabetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parkyong Song
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Samadder A. Ameliorative potentials of Syzygium jambolanum extract against arsenic-induced stress in L6 cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 10:1293-302. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Lambertucci RH, Leandro CG, Vinolo MA, Nachbar RT, dos Reis Silveira L, Hirabara SM, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. The Effects of Palmitic Acid on Nitric Oxide Production by Rat Skeletal Muscle: Mechanism via Superoxide and iNOS Activation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30:1169-80. [DOI: 10.1159/000343307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Caloric Restriction and the Nutrient-Sensing PGC-1α in Mitochondrial Homeostasis: New Perspectives in Neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:759583. [PMID: 22829833 PMCID: PMC3399559 DOI: 10.1155/2012/759583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial activity progressively declines during ageing and in many neurodegenerative diseases. Caloric restriction (CR) has been suggested as a dietary intervention that is able to postpone the detrimental aspects of aging as it ameliorates mitochondrial performance. This effect is partially due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis. The nutrient-sensing PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that promotes the expression of mitochondrial genes and is induced by CR. It is believed that many of the mitochondrial and metabolic benefits of CR are due to increased PGC-1α activity. The increase of PGC-1α is also positively linked to neuroprotection and its decrement has been involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge about the role of PGC-1α in neuronal homeostasis and the beneficial effects of CR on mitochondrial biogenesis and function. We also discuss how PGC-1α-governed pathways could be used as target for nutritional intervention to prevent neurodegeneration.
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Lambertucci RH, Silveira LDR, Hirabara SM, Curi R, Sweeney G, Pithon-Curi TC. Effects of moderate electrical stimulation on reactive species production by primary rat skeletal muscle cells: cross talk between superoxide and nitric oxide production. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2511-8. [PMID: 21898396 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a moderate electrical stimulation on superoxide and nitric oxide production by primary cultured skeletal muscle cells were evaluated. The involvement of the main sites of these reactive species production and the relationship between superoxide and nitric oxide production were also examined. Production of superoxide was evaluated by cytochrome c reduction and dihydroethidium oxidation assays. Electrical stimulation increased superoxide production after 1 h incubation. A xanthine oxidase inhibitor caused a partial decrease of superoxide generation and a significant amount of mitochondria-derived superoxide was also observed. Nitric oxide production was assessed by nitrite measurement and by using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2-DA) assay. Using both methods an increased production of nitric oxide was obtained after electrical stimulation, which was also able to induce an increase of iNOS content and NF-κB activation. The participation of superoxide in nitric oxide production was investigated by incubating cells with DAF-2-DA in the presence or absence of electrical stimulation, a superoxide generator system (xanthine-xanthine oxidase), a mixture of NOS inhibitors and SOD-PEG. Our data show that the induction of muscle contraction by a moderate electrical stimulation protocol led to an increased nitric oxide production that can be controlled by superoxide generation. The cross talk between these reactive species likely plays a role in exercise-induced maintenance and adaptation by regulating muscular glucose metabolism, force of contraction, fatigue, and antioxidant systems activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Herling Lambertucci
- Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Bornø A, Ploug T, Bune LT, Rosenmeier JB, Thaning P. Purinergic receptors expressed in human skeletal muscle fibres. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:255-64. [PMID: 22052557 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors are present in most tissues and thought to be involved in various signalling pathways, including neural signalling, cell metabolism and local regulation of the microcirculation in skeletal muscles. The present study aims to determine the distribution and intracellular content of purinergic receptors in skeletal muscle fibres in patients with type 2 diabetes and age-matched controls. Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis were obtained from six type 2 diabetic patients and seven age-matched controls. Purinergic receptors were analysed using light and confocal microscopy in immunolabelled transverse sections of muscle biopsies. The receptors P2Y(4), P2Y(11) and likely P2X(1) were present intracellularly or in the plasma membrane of muscle fibres and were thus selected for further detailed morphological analysis. P2X(1) receptors were expressed in intracellular vesicles and sarcolemma. P2Y(4) receptors were present in sarcolemma. P2Y(11) receptors were abundantly and diffusely expressed intracellularly and were more explicitly expressed in type I than in type II fibres, whereas P2X(1) and P2Y(4) showed no fibre-type specificity. Both diabetic patients and healthy controls showed similar distribution of receptors. The current study demonstrates that purinergic receptors are located intracellularly in human skeletal muscle fibres. The similar cellular localization of receptors in healthy and diabetic subjects suggests that diabetes is not associated with an altered distribution of purinergic receptors in skeletal muscle fibres. We speculate that the intracellular localization of purinergic receptors may reflect a role in regulation of muscle metabolism; further studies are nevertheless needed to determine the function of the purinergic system in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bornø
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Barquissau V, Morio B. Physiopathologie de l’insulinorésistance dans le muscle squelettique et implication des fonctions mitochondriales. NUTR CLIN METAB 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Öberg AI, Yassin K, Csikasz RI, Dehvari N, Shabalina IG, Hutchinson DS, Wilcke M, Östenson CG, Bengtsson T. Shikonin increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells and improves plasma glucose levels in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22510. [PMID: 21818330 PMCID: PMC3144218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is considerable interest in identifying compounds that can improve glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle, due to its large mass, is the principal organ for glucose disposal in the body and we have investigated here if shikonin, a naphthoquinone derived from the Chinese plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon, increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Shikonin increases glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle myotubes, but does not phosphorylate Akt, indicating that in skeletal muscle cells its effect is medaited via a pathway distinct from that used for insulin-stimulated uptake. Furthermore we find no evidence for the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in shikonin induced glucose uptake. Shikonin increases the intracellular levels of calcium in these cells and this increase is necessary for shikonin-mediated glucose uptake. Furthermore, we found that shikonin stimulated the translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the cell surface in L6 myoblasts. The beneficial effect of shikonin on glucose uptake was investigated in vivo by measuring plasma glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Treatment with shikonin (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) once daily for 4 days significantly decreased plasma glucose levels. In an insulin sensitivity test (s.c. injection of 0.5 U/kg insulin), plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in the shikonin-treated rats. In conclusion, shikonin increases glucose uptake in muscle cells via an insulin-independent pathway dependent on calcium. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Shikonin increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells via an insulin-independent pathway dependent on calcium. The beneficial effects of shikonin on glucose metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo, show that the compound possesses properties that make it of considerable interest for developing novel treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette I. Öberg
- Department of Physiology, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamal Yassin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert I. Csikasz
- Department of Physiology, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nodi Dehvari
- Department of Physiology, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina G. Shabalina
- Department of Physiology, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dana S. Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Physiology, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Levinger I, Zebaze R, Jerums G, Hare DL, Selig S, Seeman E. The effect of acute exercise on undercarboxylated osteocalcin in obese men. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:1621-6. [PMID: 20734028 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to examine if the reduction in glucose post-exercise is mediated by undercarboxylated osteocalcin (unOC). Obese men were randomly assigned to do aerobic or power exercises. The change in unOC levels was correlated with the change in glucose levels post-exercise. The reduction in glucose post-acute exercise may be partly related to increased unOC. INTRODUCTION Osteocalcin (OC) in its undercarboxylated (unOC) form may contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. As exercise reduces serum glucose and improves insulin sensitivity in obese individuals and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we hypothesised that this benefit was partly mediated by unOC. METHODS Twenty-eight middle-aged (52.4 ± 1.2 years, mean ± SEM), obese (BMI = 32.1 ± 0.9 kg m(-2)) men were randomly assigned to do either 45 min of aerobic (cycling at 75% of VO(2peak)) or power (leg press at 75% of one repetition maximum plus jumping sequence) exercises. Blood samples were taken at baseline and up to 2 h post-exercise. RESULTS At baseline, unOC was negatively correlated with glucose levels (r = -0.53, p = 0.003) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (r = -0.37, p = 0.035). Both aerobic and power exercises reduced serum glucose (from 7.4 ± 1.2 to 5.1 ± 0.5 mmol L(-1), p = 0.01 and 8.5 ± 1.2 to 6.0 ± 0.6 mmol L(-1), p = 0.01, respectively). Aerobic exercise significantly increased OC, unOC and high-molecular-weight adiponectin, while power exercise had a limited effect on OC and unOC. Overall, those with higher baseline glucose and HbA1c had greater reductions in glucose levels after exercise (r = -0.46, p = 0.013 and r = -0.43, p = 0.019, respectively). In a sub-group of obese people with T2DM, the percentage change in unOC levels was correlated with the percentage change in glucose levels post-exercise (r = -0.51, p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS This study reports that the reduction in serum glucose post-acute exercise (especially aerobic exercise) may be partly related to increased unOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Levinger
- Institute for Sport, Exercise and Active Living, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Merry TL, Dywer RM, Bradley EA, Rattigan S, McConell GK. Local hindlimb antioxidant infusion does not affect muscle glucose uptake during in situ contractions in rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1275-83. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01335.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose uptake during highly fatiguing ex vivo contraction conditions via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In this study we investigated the role of ROS in the regulation of glucose uptake and AMPK signaling during low-moderate intensity in situ hindlimb muscle contractions in rats, which is a more physiological protocol and preparation. Male hooded Wistar rats were anesthetized, and then N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was infused into the epigastric artery (125 mg·kg−1·h−1) of one hindlimb (contracted leg) for 15 min before this leg was electrically stimulated (0.1-ms impulse at 2 Hz and 35 V) to contract at a low-moderate intensity for 15 min. The contralateral leg did not receive stimulation or local NAC infusion (rest leg). NAC infusion increased ( P < 0.05) plasma cysteine and cystine (by ∼360- and 1.4-fold, respectively) and muscle cysteine (by 1.5-fold, P = 0.001). Although contraction did not significantly alter muscle tyrosine nitration, reduced (GSH) or oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, S-glutathionylation of protein bands at ∼250 and 150 kDa was increased ( P < 0.05) ∼1.7-fold by contraction, and this increase was prevented by NAC. Contraction increased ( P < 0.05) skeletal muscle glucose uptake 20-fold, AMPK phosphorylation 6-fold, ACCβ phosphorylation 10-fold, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation 60-fold, and the muscle fatigued by ∼30% during contraction and NAC infusion had no significant effect on any of these responses. This was despite NAC preventing increases in S-glutathionylation with contraction. In conclusion, unlike during highly fatiguing ex vivo contractions, local NAC infusion during in situ low-moderate intensity hindlimb contractions in rats, a more physiological preparation, does not attenuate increases in skeletal muscle glucose uptake or AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Merry
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria; and
| | - R. M. Dywer
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - E. A. Bradley
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - S. Rattigan
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - G. K. McConell
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria; and
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Merry TL, Wadley GD, Stathis CG, Garnham AP, Rattigan S, Hargreaves M, McConell GK. N-Acetylcysteine infusion does not affect glucose disposal during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise in humans. J Physiol 2010; 588:1623-34. [PMID: 20308250 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.184333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling is required for normal increases in glucose uptake during contraction of isolated mouse skeletal muscle, and that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved. The aim of this study was to determine whether ROS signalling is involved in the regulation of glucose disposal and AMPK activation during moderate-intensity exercise in humans. Nine healthy males completed 80 min of cycle ergometry at 62 +/- 1% of peak oxygen consumption ( V(O(2)peak).A 6,6-(2)H-glucose tracer was infused at rest and during exercise, and in a double-blind randomised cross-over design, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or saline (CON) was co-infused. NAC was infused at 125 mg kg(1) h(1) for 15 min and then at 25 mg kg(1) h(1) for 20 min before and throughout exercise. NAC infusion elevated plasma NAC and cysteine, and muscle NAC and cysteine concentrations during exercise. Although neither NAC infusion nor exercise significantly affected muscle reduced or oxidised glutathione (GSH or GSSG) concentration (P > 0.05), S-glutathionylation (an indicator of oxidative stress) of a protein band of approximately 270 kDa was increased approximately 3-fold with contraction and this increase was prevented by NAC infusion. Despite this, exercised-induced increases in tracer determined glucose disposal, plasma lactate, plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and decreases in plasma insulin were not affected by NAC infusion. In addition, skeletal muscle AMPKalpha and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-beta (ACCbeta) phosphorylation increased during exercise by approximately 3- and approximately 6-fold (P < 0.05), respectively, and this was not affected by NAC infusion. Unlike findings in mouse muscle ex vivo, NAC does not attenuate skeletal muscle glucose disposal or AMPK activation during moderate-intensity exercise in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L Merry
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Exercise and possible molecular mechanisms of protection from vascular disease and diabetes: the central role of ROS and nitric oxide. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 118:341-9. [PMID: 19922417 DOI: 10.1042/cs20090433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that hypertension and endothelial dysfunction are associated with an insulin-resistant state and thus with the development of T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus). Insulin signalling is impaired in target cells and tissues, indicating that common molecular signals are involved. The free radical NO* regulates cell metabolism, insulin signalling and secretion, vascular tone, neurotransmission and immune system function. NO* synthesis is essential for vasodilation, the maintenance of blood pressure and glucose uptake and, thus, if levels of NO* are decreased, insulin resistance and hypertension will result. Decreased blood levels of insulin, increased AngII (angiotensin II), hyperhomocysteinaemia, increased ADMA (asymmetric omega-NG,NG-dimethylarginine) and low plasma L-arginine are all conditions likely to decrease NO* production and which are associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We suggest in the present article that the widely reported beneficial effects of exercise in the improvement of metabolic and cardiovascular health are mediated by enhancing the flux of muscle- and kidney-derived amino acids to pancreatic and vascular endothelial cells aiding the intracellular production of NO*, therefore resulting in normalization of insulin secretion, vascular tone and insulin sensitivity. Exercise may also have an impact on AngII and ADMA signalling and the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in muscle, so reducing the progression and development of vascular disease and diabetes. NO* synthesis will be increased during exercise in the vascular endothelial cells so promoting blood flow. We suggest that exercise may promote improvements in health due to positive metabolic and cytokine-mediated effects.
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