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Cromer SJ, Thaweethai T, Wexler DJ. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in achievement of treatment goals within a clinical trial: a secondary analysis of the ACCORD trial. Diabetologia 2023; 66:2261-2274. [PMID: 37715820 PMCID: PMC10942722 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Clinical trial participation should theoretically reduce barriers to care by ensuring medication and healthcare access. We aimed to evaluate disparities in achieving diabetes treatment targets by race/ethnicity and educational attainment within the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00000620). METHODS The ACCORD trial included three interventions of varying participant burden: glycaemic (high burden), blood pressure (medium burden) and triglyceride-lowering (low burden). We examined adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for achievement of glycaemic targets, blood pressure targets and a ≥25% reduction in triglyceride levels (a proxy for adherence to fenofibrate therapy) in the first year, and for hypoglycaemia requiring medical assistance at any time, by treatment arm, race/ethnicity and educational attainment using multivariable models adjusted for demographics and clinical characteristics. We explored whether disparities in glycaemic goal achievement were mediated by hypoglycaemia, medication use, change in BMI or number of study visits attended. RESULTS Compared with White participants, participants who identified as Black, Hispanic and Other race/ethnicity were less likely to achieve glycaemic targets (aOR [95% CI]) 0.63 [0.55,0.71], 0.73 [0.61, 0.88], 0.82 [0.71, 0.96], respectively); Black participants but not Hispanic and Other race/ethnicity participants were less likely to achieve blood pressure targets (aOR [95% CI] 0.77 [0.65, 0.90], 1.01 [0.78, 1.32], 1.01 [0.81, 1.26], respectively); and Black, Hispanic and Other race/ethnicity participants were equally or more likely to achieve triglyceride reduction (aOR [95% CI] 1.77 [1.38, 2.28], 1.34 [0.98, 1.84], 1.43 [1.10, 1.85], respectively). Differences in goal achievement by educational attainment were generally not significant after adjusting for baseline characteristics. Rates of hypoglycaemia requiring medical assistance were highest among Black individuals and those with lower educational attainment. Associations between race/ethnicity and glycaemic control were partially mediated by differences in insulin dosing and oral medication use. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Racially/ethnically minoritised participants in the ACCORD trial were less likely to achieve high-burden (glycaemic) treatment goals but were generally similarly likely to achieve goals of less intensive interventions. Differences in glycaemic treatment goal achievement were partially mediated by differences in medication use but not mediated by hypoglycaemia, change in BMI or study visit attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Cromer
- Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tanayott Thaweethai
- Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah J Wexler
- Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Gesner M, Frishman WH. Drug Therapy for Hypertriglyceridemia and Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome: Focus on Volnesorsen. Cardiol Rev 2023; 31:325-329. [PMID: 36129324 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Volanesorsen is a new medication that may soon be used in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS). Volanesorsen works via binding to Apo C-III mRNA and degrading that mRNA, thus decreasing the synthesis of Apo C-III. This decreased synthesis of Apo C-III will increase the binding of triglycerides to LDL receptors and decrease triglyceride plasma levels. It is important to note that currently there are 3 other medication classes available for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, including niacin, fish oil/omega-3-fatty acids, and fibrates. However, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved medications to treat FCS. Recently, volanesorsen was approved in the European Union for the treatment of FCS, but that indication was denied in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration. This was due to the side effects of the drug. Volanesorsen may cause a decrease in platelet count, renal toxicity, and elevate liver enzymes. The current drug regimen for volanesorsen consists of 285 mg once a week by subcutaneous injection, with a recommendation to immediately stop the medication if any of these side effects are noted, to prevent long-term complications. With these side effects reported, fish oil/omega-3-fatty acids seem likely the best choice when it comes to treating hypertriglyceridemia. If FCS is debilitating or greatly affecting the patient's life, then one could recommend volanesorsen. Otherwise, at this time, the side effects of volanesorsen may be too severe to justify its use for mild episodes of FCS or hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William H Frishman
- Departments of Medicine and Cardiology, New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
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3
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Rauf A, Akram M, Anwar H, Daniyal M, Munir N, Bawazeer S, Bawazeer S, Rebezov M, Bouyahya A, Shariati MA, Thiruvengadam M, Sarsembenova O, Mabkhot YN, Islam MN, Emran TB, Hodak S, Zengin G, Khan H. Therapeutic potential of herbal medicine for the management of hyperlipidemia: latest updates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:40281-40301. [PMID: 35320475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, the most common form of dyslipidemia, is the main source of cardiovascular disorders, characterized by elevated level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in peripheral blood. It is caused by a defect in lipid metabolism in the surface of Apoprotein C-II or a defect in lipoprotein lipase activity as well as reported in genetic, dietary and environmental factors. Several electronic databases were investigated as information sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Semantic Scholar, MEDLINE and CNKI Scholar. The current review focused on the risk factors of dyslipidemia, synthetic medication with their side effects and different types of medicinal plants having significant potential for the management of hyperlipidemia. The management of hyperlipidemia mostly involves a constant decrease in lipid level using different remedial drugs like statin, fibrate, bile acid sequestrates and niacin. However, this extensive review suggested that the consequences of these drugs are arguable, due to their numerous adverse effects. The selected parts of herb plants are used intact or their extracts containing active phytoconstituents to regulate the lipids in blood level. It was also noted that the Chinese herbal medicine and combination therapy is promising for the lowering of hyperlipidemia. This review intends to provide a scientific base for future endeavors, such as in-depth biological and chemical investigations into previously researched topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hina Anwar
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Naveed Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 42, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 42, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathology, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Sergey Hodak
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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4
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Hassan RM, Ali IH, Abdel-Maksoud MS, Abdallah HMI, El Kerdawy AM, Sciandra F, Ghannam IAY. Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone-based fibrates as PPARα agonists with antihyperlipidemic activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100399. [PMID: 34958132 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to discover new antihyperlipidemic agents, a new set of quinazolinone-fibrate hybrids 9a-r bearing the essential features for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonistic activity was synthesized and the structures were confirmed by different spectral data. All the target compounds were screened for their PPARα agonistic activity. Compounds 9o and 9q exhibited potent activity, with EC50 values better than that of fenofibrate by 8.7- and 27-fold, respectively. Molecular docking investigations were performed for all the newly synthesized compounds in the active site of the PPARα receptor to study their interactions and energies in the receptor. Moreover, the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of compounds 9o and 9q were determined using Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Compound 9q exhibited effective hypolipidemic activity in a dose-dependent manner, where it significantly reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, it possesses a powerful antioxidant profile where it significantly elevated the levels of reduced glutathione as well as the total antioxidant capacity and significantly decreased the malondialdehyde level. The histopathological studies revealed that compound 9q improved the aortic architecture and hepatic steatosis. These findings support that compound 9q could be a promising lead compound for the development of new antihyperlipidemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hassan
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Islam H Ali
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M I Abdallah
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), Newgiza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Francesca Sciandra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta"-SCITEC (CNR) Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Iman A Y Ghannam
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Karantas ID, Okur ME, Okur NÜ, Siafaka PI. Dyslipidemia Management in 2020: An Update on Diagnosis and Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:815-834. [PMID: 32778041 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200810144004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the modern world and dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors. The current therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases involve the management of risk factors, especially dyslipidemia and hypertension. Recently, the updated guidelines of dyslipidemia management were presented, and the newest data were included in terms of diagnosis, imaging, and treatment. In this targeted literature review, the researchers presented the most recent evidence on dyslipidemia management by including the current therapeutic goals for it. In addition, the novel diagnostic tools based on theranostics are shown. Finally, the future perspectives on treatment based on novel drug delivery systems and their potential to be used in clinical trials were also analyzed. It should be noted that dyslipidemia management can be achieved by the strict lifestyle change, i.e., by adopting a healthy life, and choosing the most suitable medication. This review can help medical professionals as well as specialists of other sciences to update their knowledge on dyslipidemia management, which can lead to better therapeutic outcomes and newer drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet E Okur
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Ü Okur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Panoraia I Siafaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Miceli DD, Vidal VP, Blatter MFC, Pignataro OP, Castillo VA. Fenofibrate treatment for severe hypertriglyceridemia in dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106578. [PMID: 33137654 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid disorders are relatively common in dogs. Hyperlipidemia can be primary or secondary to other diseases. In humans, fenofibrate is used to control hypertriglyceridemia. In dogs, there are no studies evaluating fenofibrate in hypertriglyceridemia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fenofibrate to control severe hypertriglyceridemia in dogs. A total of 124 dogs (n = 124) with severe hypertriglyceridemia (>300 mg/dL, 3.39 mmol/L) were randomly distributed in the fenofibrate group (n = 64) and the diet group (n = 60). Dogs of the fenofibrate group were treated with fenofibrate (10 mg/Kg) once daily. Dogs of the diet group were treated with low-fat diet (10%). Serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), liver enzymes, and creatine kinase concentrations were evaluated, before and after 1 mo of medical or dietary treatment. Triglyceride concentrations were reduced with fenofibrate (P < 0.001), and 85.93% of the dogs normalized their levels. Triglyceride concentrations also decreased with low-fat diet (P < 0.001), but only 26.6% of the dogs normalized their levels. Triglyceride concentrations were reduced with fenofibrate (P < 0.01) and with low-fat diet (P < 0.01). Of the cases with hypercholesterolemia, 53.7% and 50% of the dogs normalized their TC concentrations, with fenofibrate and diet, respectively. No significant adverse effects were observed (3% showed diarrhea). Fenofibrate was safe and effective in reducing and normalizing TG concentrations in dogs with severe hypertriglyceridemia, regardless of the cause of hyperlipidemia. The low-fat diet was effective in reducing, but not normalizing, TG concentrations. Fenofibrate and low-fat diet were effective in reducing TC concentrations. This is the first study evaluating fibrates in dogs with severe hypertriglyceridemia and comparing results with a low-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Miceli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, U. de Endocrinología-Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - V P Vidal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, U. de Endocrinología-Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M F C Blatter
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, U. de Endocrinología-Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O P Pignataro
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V A Castillo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, U. de Endocrinología-Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Valdez-Carrillo M, Abrell L, Ramírez-Hernández J, Reyes-López JA, Carreón-Diazconti C. Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment of Latin America: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44863-44891. [PMID: 32986197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are environmentally ubiquitous around the world, and the countries of Latin America (LATAM) are not the exception; however there is still little knowledge of the magnitude and conditions of their occurrence in LATAM and of the environmental consequences of their presence. The present work reviews 79 documents published from 2007 to 2019 on the occurrence, concentrations, and sources of PhACs and hormones in surface water (SW), wastewater (WW), and treated wastewater (TWW) in LATAM and on the circumstances of their release to the environment. Research efforts are reported in only ten countries and confirm the presence of 159 PhACs, mainly analgesics and anti-inflammatories, although extraordinarily high concentrations of carbamazepine (830 μg/L) and ethinylestradiol (6.8 μg/L) were found in Ecuador and Brazil, respectively. The analysis of maximum concentrations and the ecotoxicological risk assessment corroborate that (1) these values exceed the environmental concentrations found in other parts of the world, (2) the environmental risk posed by these concentrations is remarkably high, and (3) there is no statistically significant difference between the maximum concentrations found in WW and those found in TWW. The main source of PhACs in LATAM's aquatic environment is WW; hence, these countries should direct substantial efforts to develop efficient and cost-effective treatment technologies and plan and apply WW management strategies and regulations. This analysis presents the current states of occurrence, concentrations, and sources of PhACs in the aquatic environment of LATAM and outlines the magnitude of the environmental problem in that part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Valdez-Carrillo
- Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Instituto de Ingeniería, Calle de la Normal y Blvd. Benito Juarez s/n, Col. Insurgentes Sur, 21377, Mexicali, BC, Mexico
| | - Leif Abrell
- Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, Departments of Soil, Water & Environmental Science and Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1040 E. 4th St., Room 606/611, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jorge Ramírez-Hernández
- Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Instituto de Ingeniería, Calle de la Normal y Blvd. Benito Juarez s/n, Col. Insurgentes Sur, 21377, Mexicali, BC, Mexico
| | - Jaime A Reyes-López
- Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Instituto de Ingeniería, Calle de la Normal y Blvd. Benito Juarez s/n, Col. Insurgentes Sur, 21377, Mexicali, BC, Mexico
| | - Concepción Carreón-Diazconti
- Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Instituto de Ingeniería, Calle de la Normal y Blvd. Benito Juarez s/n, Col. Insurgentes Sur, 21377, Mexicali, BC, Mexico.
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8
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Park JC, Hagiwara A, Park HG, Lee JS. The glutathione S-transferase genes in marine rotifers and copepods: Identification of GSTs and applications for ecotoxicological studies. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111080. [PMID: 32510351 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various xenobiotics are constantly being released and accumulated into the aquatic environments and consequently, the aquatic organisms are continuously being exposed to exogenous stressors. Among various xenobiotic detoxifying enzymes, Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is one of the major xenobiotic detoxifying enzyme which is widely distributed among living organisms and thus, understanding of the nature of GSTs is crucial. Previous studies have shown GST activity in response to various xenobiotics yet, full identification of GSTs in marine invertebrates is still limited. This review covers information on the importance of GSTs as a biomarker for emerging chemicals and their response to wide ranges of environmental pollutants as well as in-depth phylogenetic analysis of marine invertebrates, including recently identified GSTs belonging to rotifers (Brachionus spp.) and copepods (Tigriopus japonicus and Paracyclopina nana), with unique class-specific features of GSTs, as well as a new suggestion of GST evolutionary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Resource Development, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Bazarbashi N, Miller M. Icosapent ethyl: drug profile and evidence of reduced residual cardiovascular risk in patients with statin-managed LDL-C cholesterol. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18:175-180. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2020.1749596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najdat Bazarbashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Fraz S, Lee AH, Pollard S, Srinivasan K, Vermani A, Wilson JY. Parental gemfibrozil exposure impacts zebrafish F 1 offspring, but not subsequent generations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:194-204. [PMID: 31132737 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil (GEM) is a fibrate lipid regulator and one of the most commonly occurring fresh water pharmaceuticals. The negative effects of fibrates including GEM on fish reproduction have been frequently reported including effects of F0 GEM exposure on reproduction of the unexposed F1 offspring. We predicted that chronic, direct exposure of zebrafish with low concentrations of GEM would adversely affect parental male reproduction and unexposed offspring for multiple generations. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 10 μg/L GEM for 6 weeks and a range of reproductive indices were analyzed. The F1-F4 offspring were reared in clean water from 3 distinct lineages where only a single or both parents were exposed and compared to a control lineage where parents were unexposed. Reproductive indices were examined in unexposed F1-F4 offspring to test the hypothesis of multi- or trans- generational impacts. Exposure to GEM caused a decline in breeding success and mean embryo production in F0 parents and a reduction in whole body 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), altered male courtship, aggression and sperm morphology. Our results indicate that paternal exposure alone is sufficient to result in reproductive effects in unexposed male offspring but that effects are mostly limited to F1. We suggest that GEM may act as a reproductive endocrine disruptor in fish and that chronic exposure reduced male reproductive fitness but not over multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Fraz
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Abigail H Lee
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Simon Pollard
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Krishna Srinivasan
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Abhilasha Vermani
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
| | - Joanna Y Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
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von Keutz T, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Enhanced mixing of biphasic liquid-liquid systems for the synthesis of gem-dihalocyclopropanes using packed bed reactors. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-018-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Doummar J, Aoun M. Assessment of the origin and transport of four selected emerging micropollutants sucralose, Acesulfame-K, gemfibrozil, and iohexol in a karst spring during a multi-event spring response. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2018; 215:11-20. [PMID: 29983209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of vulnerability in karst systems reveals to be extremely challenging since it varies significantly with time and highly depends on the identification of diffuse and concentrated infiltration from surface karst features. The origin, consumed loads, and transport mode of selected micropollutants (MPs) including two artificial sweeteners (ASWs) Sucralose (SUC) and Acesulfame-K (ACE-K), in addition to other less investigated pharmaceuticals such as the lipid regulator Gemfibrozil (GEM), and the contrast media Iohexol (IOX) were investigated in a karst system under dynamic conditions. A detailed analysis of selected spring responses' chemograph and hydrograph following a multi precipitation event shows that three of the tracked MPs, especially ACE-K, and to the exception of IOX, can be used as specific indicators for point source domestic wastewater in karst systems. They have revealed to be persistent, source specific, conservative, and highly correlated with in-situ parameters easily measurable at the spring (chloride and turbidity). Even if the selected MPs are found in the system during low flow periods, they are mostly transported to the spring through fast flow pathways from flushed wastewater with surface water or flood rainwater. The highest mass inflow of ACE-K, IOX and GEM originated from a sinking stream, while SUC infiltrated exclusively through fast infiltration points (dolines). Their breakthrough curves coincide with the arrival of new waters and turbidity peaks. Unlike IOX, the mass fluxes of ASWs, and GEM to a lesser extent, can be linearly correlated with chloride mass fluxes and turbidity flux. Moreover, the variance of the normalized breakthrough curves of the MPs with respect to a mean transit time, increases in that order IOX<GEM<Turbidity<SUC<ACE-K indicating a higher restitution time for ACE-K with respect to other spring signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Doummar
- Department of Geology, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236/26, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Michel Aoun
- Department of Geology, American University of Beirut, PO Box: 11-0236/26, Beirut, Lebanon
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Luo WJ, Cheng TY, Wong KI, Fang WH, Liao KM, Hsieh YT, Su KY. Novel therapeutic drug identification and gene correlation for fatty liver disease using high-content screening: Proof of concept. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:106-117. [PMID: 29800612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a problem in obese people caused by increasing intake of high-calorie food such as fructose implicated in the elevated prevalence. It is necessary to identify novel drugs to develop effective therapies. In this study, we combined LOPAC® (The Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds) and High-Content screening to identify compounds that significantly reduced intracellular lipid droplets (LD) after high fat medium (HFM) treatment. Among 1280 compounds, we identified 239 compounds that reduced LD by >50%. Of these, 17 maintained cell viability. Nine of them were selected for validation using normal primary hepatocytes, of which five compounds showed dose-dependent efficacy. Whole genome transcriptomic network analysis was performed to construct the underlying regulatory network. There were 831 (711 up-regulated and 120 down-regulated genes) and 3480 (2009 up-regulated and 1471 down-regulated genes) genes that showed a significant change (>2-fold; p < 0.05) after 12 and 24 h HFM treatment, respectively. Gene enrichment and pathway analysis showed several immune responses mediated by MIF, IL-17, TLR, and IL-6. These compounds modulate lipogenesis via GSK3β and CREB1, which is followed by an alteration in the expression of several downstream genes related to hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis. CREB1 is a core transcription factor and may be a potential therapeutic target for liver disease. In conclusion, this proof of concept provides a strategy for identifying novel drugs for treatment of fatty liver disease as well as elucidates their underlying mechanisms. This research provides opportunity for developing future pharmaceutical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Ieng Wong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Horng Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Mao Liao
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yi Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Backes JM, Moriarty PM, Gibson CA. The Effect of Micronized Fenofibrate on Lipid Profiles of Patients Converted from Gemfibrozil. Hosp Pharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/001857870203700915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have established the efficacy of micronized fenofibrate (MF) and gemfibrozil in improving lipid profiles, there are limited comparative data on the lipid-lowering effects of these two agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mean changes in lipid values of hypertriglyceridemic patients crossed over from gemfibrozil to MF. The Medical charts of 21 patients were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were maintained on gemfibrozil 600 mg twice daily for a minimum of 3 months. The patient's last fasting lipid profile on gemfibrozil was compared to the first lipid profile after crossover to MF 200 to 201 mg/day. Patients were excluded if there were alterations in other lipid-lowering therapy during the cross-over or documented non-adherence. The lipid profiles after the crossover showed a significant reduction in triglycerides (56%; P < 0.05) and TC/HDL ratio (38%; P < 0.05) and a significant increase in HDL (22%; P < 0.05). There were nonsignificant changes in other lipid values: TC (-22%; P = 0.058), LDL (+5%; P = 0.866) and LDL/HDL ratio (+6; P = 1.0). The results show that MF had additional favorable effects on triglycerides, HDL, and TC/HDL ratio compared with gemfibrozil. A larger, randomized trial to confirm these effects is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick M. Moriarty
- Lipid, Atheroschlerosis, Metabolic, and LDL Apheresis Center, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Cheryl A. Gibson
- University of Kansas School of Medicine. 50th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology, March 18-21, 2001, Orlando, FL
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Hong M, Song KD, Lee HK, Yi S, Lee YS, Heo TH, Jun HS, Kim SJ. Fibrates inhibit the apoptosis of Batten disease lymphoblast cells via autophagy recovery and regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:349-355. [PMID: 26659390 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Batten disease (BD; also known as juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) is a genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is characterized by blindness, seizures, cognitive decline, and early death resulting from the inherited mutation of the CLN3 gene. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, disrupted autophagy, and enhanced apoptosis have been suggested to play a role in BD pathogenesis. Fibrates, a class of lipid-lowering drugs that induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) activation, are the most commonly used PPAR agonists. Assuming that fibrates have a neuroprotective effect, we studied the effects of fibrates, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil on apoptosis, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, and defective autophagy in BD lymphoblast cells. The viability of fibrate-treated BD lymphoblast cells increased to levels of normal lymphoblast cells. In addition, treatment with fibrates inhibited depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in BD lymphoblast cells. Defective autophagy in BD lymphoblast cells was normalized when treated with fibrates as indicated by increased acridine orange staining. The recovery of autophagy in BD lymphoblast cells is most likely attributed to the upregulation of autophagy proteins, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), and LC3 I/II, after treatment with fibrates. This study therefore suggests that fibrates may have a therapeutic potential against BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - SunShin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Lab of Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Jun
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 31499, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Biodegradation and effects on natural microbial communities. A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 106:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Zou J, Yue XY, Zheng SC, Zhang G, Chang H, Liao YC, Zhang Y, Xue MQ, Qi Z. Cholesterol modulates function of connexin 43 gap junction channel via PKC pathway in H9c2 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2019-25. [PMID: 24780378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that cholesterol modulates activity of protein kinase C (PKC), and PKC phosphorylates connexin 43 (Cx43) to regulate its function, respectively. However, it is not known whether cholesterol modulates function of Cx43 through regulating activity of PKC. In the present study, we demonstrated that cholesterol enrichment reduced the dye transfer ability of Cx43 in cultured H9c2 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that cholesterol enrichment enhanced the phosphorylated state of Cx43. Immunofluorescent images showed that cholesterol enrichment made the Cx43 distribution from condensed to diffused manner in the interface between the cells. In cholesterol enriched cells, PKC antagonists partially restored the dye transfer ability among the cells, downregulated the phosphorylation of Cx43 and redistributed Cx43 from the diffused manner to the condensed manner in the cell interface. In addition, reduction of cholesterol level suppressed PKC activity to phosphorylate Cx43 and restored Cx43 function in PKC agonist-treated cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that cholesterol enrichment upregulated the phosphorylated state of Cx43 at Ser368, while PKC antagonists reversed the effect. Taken together, cholesterol level in the cells plays important roles in regulating Cx43 function through activation of the PKC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiao-Yang Yue
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Zheng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guangwei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China; Xiamen Heart Center, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - He Chang
- Xiamen Heart Center, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yan-Chun Liao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mao-Qiang Xue
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Nan Lu, Xiamen 361102, China.
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18
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Lyssimachou A, Thibaut R, Gisbert E, Porte C. Gemfibrozil modulates cytochrome P450 and peroxisome proliferation-inducible enzymes in the liver of the yellow European eel (Anguilla anguilla). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:862-871. [PMID: 23828728 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The human lipid regulator gemfibrozil (GEM) has been shown to induce peroxisome proliferation in rodents leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. Since GEM is found at biological active concentrations in the aquatic environment, the present study investigates the effects of this drug on the yellow European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Eels were injected with different concentrations of GEM (0.1 to 200 μg/g) and sampled 24- and 96-h post-injection. GEM was shown to inhibit CYP1A, CYP3A and CYP2K-like catalytic activities 24-h post-injection, but at 96-h post-injection, only CYP1A was significantly altered in fish injected with the highest GEM dose. On the contrary, GEM had little effect on the phase II enzymes examined (UDP-glucuronyltransferase and glutathione-S-transferase). Peroxisome proliferation inducible enzymes (liver peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase and catalase) were very weakly induced. No evidence of a significant effect on the endocrine system of eels was observed in terms of plasmatic steroid levels or testosterone esterification in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Lyssimachou
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Effects of three different fibrates on intrahepatic cholestasis experimentally induced in rats. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:781348. [PMID: 23997763 PMCID: PMC3753769 DOI: 10.1155/2013/781348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Activation of PPAR α modulates cholesterol metabolism and suppresses bile acid synthesis. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PPAR α agonists, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil, on acute cholestasis induced by ethinylestradiol (EE) plus chlorpromazine (CPZ) in rats. Method. 100 male albino rats (150-200 gm) were divided randomly into 10 equal groups. Control group received 1% methylcellulose vehicle; disease group received CPZ plus EE for 5 consecutive days; four groups received either ursodeoxycholic acid, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, or gemfibrozil for 7 days; 2 days before EE + CPZ, three other groups received one of the three fibrates after GW6471, a selective PPAR α antagonist in addition to EE + CPZ. The final group received GW6471 alone. Results. The three fibrates showed marked reduction (P < 0.05) in serum levels of ALP, GGT, ALT, AST, total bile acids, bilirubin, TNF α , and IL-1 β and in hepatic malondialdehyde level as well as a significant increase in bile flow rate (P < 0.05) in addition to improvements in histopathological parameters compared to diseased group. In groups which received GW6471, these effects were completely abolished with fenofibrate and partially blocked with bezafibrate and gemfibrozil. Conclusion. Short-term administration of fibrates to EE/CPZ-induced intrahepatic cholestatic rats exerted beneficial effects on hepatocellular damage and apoptosis. Fenofibrate anticholestatic effect was solely PPAR α dependent while other mechanisms played part in bezafibrate and gemfibrozil actions.
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20
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Stamatis NK, Konstantinou IK. Occurrence and removal of emerging pharmaceutical, personal care compounds and caffeine tracer in municipal sewage treatment plant in Western Greece. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:800-13. [PMID: 23688231 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.781359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A fourteen-month monitoring period (April 2007-May 2008) was realized to investigate the removal and occurrence of eight pharmaceutical and personal care compounds, two metabolites and caffeine across the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Agrinio city, located in Western Greece as well as in the discharging sampling point in Acheloos River, which receives the effluents of the plant. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for the isolation and pre-concentration of the target pollutants and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for their detection and quantification. All the selected compounds were detected in the wastewater samples. The concentrations determined in the influent of the municipal WWTP ranged between 65.3 and 6679 ng L(-1) recorded for triclosan and caffeine respectively, while in the effluent ranged between 24.9 and 552 ng L(-1) observed for triclosan and carbamazepine, respectively. The detected concentration levels in Acheloos River ranged from 37.6 ng L(-1) for caffeine to 305 ng L(-1) for paracetamol. Mean total removal efficiencies ranged between 46.3% for carbamazepine and 96.8% for naproxen. The results of this study demonstrate that most of the compounds are being reduced in low levels by municipal wastewater treatment processes but quite significant levels of pharmaceuticals enter river waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos K Stamatis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
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Lazzara R, Fernandes D, Faria M, López JF, Tauler R, Porte C. Changes in lipid content and fatty acid composition along the reproductive cycle of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha: its modulation by clofibrate exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 432:195-201. [PMID: 22728965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Total lipids and fatty acid profiles were determined along the reproductive cycle of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). A total of 33 fatty acids with carbon atoms from 14 to 22 were identified: palmitic acid (16:0) was the most abundant fatty acid (13-24%) followed by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7). Some individual fatty acids (16:0, 16:2n-4, 18:1n-7, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-4, 18:4n-3, 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3) were strongly related to reproductive events, while others having structural-type functions (18:0 and 22:6n-3) were rather stable during the study period. Multivariate analysis of the whole data set using the multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares method confirmed the strong relationship of fatty acid profiles with the reproductive cycle of zebra mussel. Additionally, the effects of the pharmaceutical clofibrate on lipid composition and fatty acid profiles were assessed following 7-day exposure of zebra mussels to a wide range of concentrations (20 ng/L to 2 mg/L). A significant reduction in total triglycerides (38%-48%) together with an increase in the amount of fatty acids per gram wet weight (1.5- to 2.2-fold) was observed in the exposed mussels. This work highlights the ability of clofibrate to induce changes on the lipidome of zebra mussels at concentrations as low as 200 ng/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimondo Lazzara
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA‐CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Anti-atherogenic property of ferulic acid in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed Western diet: Comparison with clofibrate. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2298-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alagona P. Fenofibric acid: a new fibrate approved for use in combination with statin for the treatment of mixed dyslipidemia. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010; 6:351-62. [PMID: 20531954 PMCID: PMC2879297 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two to three decades have seen an explosive growth in interest and information regarding cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment and treatment. Evidence for the role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in risk has led to a series of clinical guidelines/recommendations on the importance of LDL lowering with statin treatment. There is also substantial evidence on a number of lipoproteins in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and CV events. Health care professionals have not embraced easily novel approaches to identifying those at increased risk and more aggressive treatment. This is especially true for non-LDL factors. The use of non-statin drugs such as fibrates has been modest and many health care professionals avoid consideration of combination therapy due to an inordinate fear of toxicity. This review will attempt to provide appropriate background information on lipids/lipoproteins, including non-high density lipoprotein and risk, as well as data available on fibrates and combination pharmacologic therapy. We will review a new agent, TriLipix® (fenofibric acid), and its potential role in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alagona
- Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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König B, Koch A, Spielmann J, Hilgenfeld C, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Eder K. Activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma reduces triacylglycerol synthesis in rat hepatoma cells by reduction of nuclear SREBP-1. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 605:23-30. [PMID: 19248225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fibrates and thiazolidinediones, agonists of PPARalpha and PPARgamma, respectively, reduce triglyceride concentrations in rat liver and plasma. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in mammals is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c. Recently, it was shown that insulin-induced gene (Insig)-1, the key regulator of SREBP activity, is up-regulated by both activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma. In order to elucidate whether inhibition of SREBP-1 activation may contribute to the triacylglycerol lowering effect of PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists, we incubated rat hepatoma Fao cells with WY 14,643 and troglitazone, strong and selective agonists of PPARalpha and PPARgamma, respectively. Activation of both, PPARalpha and PPARgamma led to increased concentrations of Insig-1 and Insig-2a, with the most prominent effect on Insig-2a after troglitazone incubation. As a result, the amount of nuclear SREBP-1 was reduced in Fao cells by both WY 14,643 and troglitazone treatment. The reduction of nuclear SREBP-1 was associated with decreased mRNA concentrations of its target genes fatty acid synthase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, implicated in fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis. This was finally reflected in reduced rates of newly synthesized triacylglycerols from de novo-derived fatty acids and decreased intracellular and secreted triacylglycerol concentrations in Fao cells treated with WY 14,643 and troglitazone, respectively. Thus, these data suggest that the triacylglycerol reducing effect of fibrates and thiazolidinediones is partially caused by inhibition of SREBP-1 activation via up-regulation of Insig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina König
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
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Cindoruk M, Kerem M, Karakan T, Salman B, Akin O, Alper M, Erdem O, Unal S. Peroxisome proliferators-activated alpha agonist treatment ameliorates hepatic damage in rats with obstructive jaundice: an experimental study. BMC Gastroenterol 2007; 7:44. [PMID: 18045488 PMCID: PMC2219993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-7-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation modulates cholesterol metabolism and suppresses bile acid synthesis. This study aims to evaluate the effect of short-term administration of fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, on proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and hepatocellular damage in cholestasis. Methods Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: I = sham operated, II = bile duct ligation (BDL), III = BDL + vehicle (gum Arabic), IV = BDL + fenofibrate (100 mg/kg/day). All rats were sacrificed on 7th day after obtaining blood samples and liver tissue. Total bilirubin, aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase, (GGT), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β), and total bile acid (TBA) in serum, and liver damage scores; portal inflammation, necrosis, bile duct number, in liver tissue were evaluated. Apoptosis in liver was also assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Results Fenofibrate administration significantly reduced serum total bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT, TNF-α, IL-1 β levels, and TBA (P < 0.01). Hepatic portal inflammation, hepatic necrosis, number of the bile ducts and apoptosis in rats with BDL were more prominent than the sham-operated animals (P < 0.01). PPARα induction improved all histopathologic parameters (P < 0.01), except for the number of the bile duct, which was markedly increased by fenofibrate therapy (P < 0.01). Conclusion Short-term administration of fenofibrate to the BDL rats exerts beneficial effects on hepatocellular damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Cindoruk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Runnalls TJ, Hala DN, Sumpter JP. Preliminary studies into the effects of the human pharmaceutical Clofibric acid on sperm parameters in adult Fathead minnow. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 84:111-8. [PMID: 17643504 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Clofibric acid (a persistent environmental metabolite of Clofibrate, a human pharmaceutical), on Fathead minnows were studied. Fibrates are used to prevent cardiovascular disease through their antilipidemic activity. In a series of experiments, in which fish were exposed to waterborne Clofibric acid, no convincing, reproducible antilipidemic effects were observed. In contrast, in three separate experiments, Clofibric acid affected the reproductive axis of fish. Spermatogenesis was apparently impaired, leading to a marked reduction in sperm count in two of the three experiments. Various measures of sperm motility were also reduced, although only significantly so at the highest concentration of Clofibric acid tested (1mg/L). There were also indications that plasma androgen concentrations were reduced. These effects of Clofibric acid on the reproductive axis of fish are similar to those that occur in some mammals as a side-effect of the drug. Taken together, a weight-of-evidence argument would suggest that the main discernable effect of Clofibric acid on fish is likely to be a reproductive, not an antilipidemic, one. Although some of these reproductive effects of Clofibric acid occurred only at a high concentration (1mg/L), others occurred at lower concentrations (microg/litre), near or similar to those reported in the aquatic environment (ng to low microg/litre range). Although we recognise that this is not a definitive study of the effects of Clofibric acid on fish reproduction, the results strongly suggest that Clofibric acid could adversely affect sperm parameters and androgen concentrations in adult Fathead minnows. Further studies are warranted. This may be an example of a drug in which an accidentally discovered side-effect found in mammals turns out to be the most important effect in a different vertebrate group, namely fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin J Runnalls
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
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Ahmed W, Ziouzenkova O, Brown J, Devchand P, Francis S, Kadakia M, Kanda T, Orasanu G, Sharlach M, Zandbergen F, Plutzky J. PPARs and their metabolic modulation: new mechanisms for transcriptional regulation? J Intern Med 2007; 262:184-98. [PMID: 17645586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as ligand-activated nuclear receptors involved in the transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism, energy balance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis are at the intersection of key pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Synthetic PPAR agonists like fibrates (PPAR-alpha) and thiazolidinediones (PPAR-gamma) are in therapeutic use to treat dyslipidaemia and diabetes. Despite strong encouraging in vitro, animal model, and human surrogate marker studies with these agents, recent prospective clinical cardiovascular trials have yielded mixed results, perhaps explained by concomitant drug use, study design, or a lack of efficacy of these agents on cardiovascular disease (independent of their current metabolic indications). The use of PPAR agents has also been limited by untoward effects. An alternative strategy to PPAR therapeutics is better understanding PPAR biology, the nature of natural PPAR agonists, and how these molecules are generated. Such insight might also provide valuable information about pathways that protect against the metabolic problems for which PPAR agents are currently indicated. This approach underscores the important distinction between the effects of synthetic PPAR agonists and the unequivocal biologic role of PPARs as key transcriptional regulators of metabolic and inflammatory pathways relevant to diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ahmed
- Cardiovascular Division, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Khetan SK, Collins TJ. Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a challenge to Green Chemistry. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2319-64. [PMID: 17530905 DOI: 10.1021/cr020441w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Khetan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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29
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De Truchis P, Kirstetter M, Perier A, Meunier C, Zucman D, Force G, Doll J, Katlama C, Rozenbaum W, Masson H, Gardette J, Melchior JC. Reduction in triglyceride level with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in HIV-infected patients taking potent antiretroviral therapy: a randomized prospective study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 44:278-85. [PMID: 17179770 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31802c2f3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the evolution of triglyceride (TG) levels in HIV-infected patients receiving stable potent antiretroviral therapy treated with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), a prospective double-blind randomized design for a reliable assessment of TG evolution was performed. One hundred twenty-two patients with TG levels >2 g/L and < or =10 g/L after a 4-week diet (baseline TG: 4.5 +/- 1.9 g/L) were randomized for 8 weeks to N-3 PUFAs (2 capsules containing 1 g of fish oil 3 times daily, n = 60), or placebo (1 g of paraffin oil capsules, n = 62). An 8-week open-label phase of N-3 PUFAs followed. Evaluation criteria were TG percent change at week 8, percentage of responders (normalization or > or =20% TG decrease), and safety issues. Ten patients with baseline TG levels >10 g/L were not randomized and received N-3 PUFAs as open treatment. The difference (PUFA - placebo) in TG percent change at week 8 was -24.6% (range: -40.9% to -8.4%; P = 0.0033), the median was -25.5% in the PUFA group versus 1% in the placebo group, and mean TG levels at week 8 were 3.4 +/- 1.8 g/L and 4.8 +/- 3.1 g/L, respectively. TG levels were normalized in 22.4% (PUFA) versus 6.5% (placebo) of patients (P = 0.013) with a > or =20% reduction in 58.6% (PUFA) versus 33.9% (placebo) of patients (P = 0.007). Under the open-label phase of N-3 PUFAs, the decrease in TG levels was sustained at week 16 for patients in the PUFA group (mean TG: 3.4 +/- 1.7 g/L), whereas a 21.2% decrease in TG levels occurred for patients in the placebo group (mean TG: 3.3 +/- 1.4 g/L). No significant differences were observed between groups in the occurrence of adverse events. The median TG change at week 8 was -43.6% (range: Q1-Q3; 95% CI: -66.5% to -4.6%) for patients with baseline TG levels >10 g/L. The difference in mean total cholesterol between groups (PUFA - placebo) at week 8 was -8.5% (P = 0.0117). This study demonstrated the efficacy of PUFAs to lower elevated TG levels in treated HIV-infected hypertriglyceridemic patients. N-3 PUFAs have a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Truchis
- AP-HP, University Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest-Versailles, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, 104 boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
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Zurita JL, Repetto G, Jos A, Salguero M, López-Artíguez M, Cameán AM. Toxicological effects of the lipid regulator gemfibrozil in four aquatic systems. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 81:106-15. [PMID: 17169444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gemfibrozil is a lipid-regulating agent widely used in patients at risk of coronary disease. Pharmaceutical products, such as gemfibrozil, are found in municipal effluents and represent a major source of contamination. To date, there is little available information about the adverse effects of gemfibrozil in aquatic organisms. For this reason, the toxic effects were investigated using model systems from four trophic levels. The most sensitive system was the immobilization of Daphnia magna, with a non-observed adverse effect level of 30 microM and a mean effective concentration of 120 microM after 72 h, followed by the inhibition of bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri, the hepatoma fish cell line PLHC-1 line and the inhibition of the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. Although protein content, neutral red uptake, methylthiazol metabolization and lysosomal function were reduced in PLHC-1 cells, stimulations were observed for lysosomal function, metallothionein levels and succinate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase activities. No changes were observed in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. The main morphological alterations were hydropic degeneration and loss of cells. Modulation studies on gemfibrozil toxicity were also carried out. General antioxidants and calcium chelators did not modify the toxicity of gemfibrozil, whereas a Fe(III) chelator, a membrane permeable sulphydryl-protecting compound and glutathione level modifying agents did change the toxicity. One of the possible mechanisms of gemfibrozil toxicity seems to be the binding to sulphydryl groups, including those of glutathione. According to the result, gemfibrozil should be classified as harmful to aquatic organisms. However, comparing the concentrations in water and the toxicity quantified in the assayed systems, gemfibrozil is not expected to represent acute risk to the aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Zurita
- National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences. Av. Dr Fedriani s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
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Management of Cholesterol Disorders. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Peraza MA, Burdick AD, Marin HE, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. The Toxicology of Ligands for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR). Toxicol Sci 2005; 90:269-95. [PMID: 16322072 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand activated transcription factors that modulate target gene expression in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands. Ligands for the PPARs have been widely developed for the treatment of various diseases including dyslipidemias and diabetes. While targeting selective receptor activation is an established therapeutic approach for the treatment of various diseases, a variety of toxicities are known to occur in response to ligand administration. Whether PPAR ligands produce toxicity via a receptor-dependent and/or off-target-mediated mechanism(s) is not always known. Extrapolation of data derived from animal models and/or in vitro models, to humans, is also questionable. The different toxicities and mechanisms associated with administration of ligands for the three PPARs will be discussed, and important data gaps that could increase our current understanding of how PPAR ligands lead to toxicity will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A Peraza
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Grunfeld C. Fish oil for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV infection: fish or foul? Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1505-6. [PMID: 16231264 DOI: 10.1086/497276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Morikawa S, Murakami T, Yamazaki H, Izumi A, Saito Y, Hamakubo T, Kodama T. Analysis of the global RNA expression profiles of skeletal muscle cells treated with statins. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005; 12:121-31. [PMID: 16020911 DOI: 10.5551/jat.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the most effective drugs for hypercholesteloremia. However, a significant side effect of statin treatment is rhabdomyolysis. In order to study the effect of statins in skeletal muscle cells, we used a DNA microarray analysis to investigate the changes in gene expression profiles brought about by statins in two skeletal muscle cell lines, namely, differentiated rat L6 myotubes and a human skeletal muscle cell line (hSkMC). In both cell lines, the statins (atorvastatin, cerivastatin and pitavastatin) induced the expression of four genes, which relate to cholesterol metabolism, namely, HMG-CoA synthase 1, HMG-CoA reductase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase and isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase. Statin inhibited the synthesis of cholesterol at least five times more effectively in hSkMCs than in the hepatocytes. In addition, unlike in osteoblasts or coronary artery smooth muscle cells, statins upregulated the mRNA expression of cholesterol-associated enzymes in hSkMCs. These results provide basic information on skeletal muscle cells treated with statins and indicate that the cells are sensitive to the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, which may be related to the pathogenesis of muscle damage in statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Morikawa
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mimeault C, Woodhouse AJ, Miao XS, Metcalfe CD, Moon TW, Trudeau VL. The human lipid regulator, gemfibrozil bioconcentrates and reduces testosterone in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 73:44-54. [PMID: 15892991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Human and veterinarian pharmaceuticals have been detected in the aquatic environment for a number of years, but the potential for biological effects in exposed aquatic organism is only now being reported. The lipid regulator, gemfibrozil (GEM) is detected at microg/L concentrations in domestic wastewater and ng/L concentrations in surface waters. We investigated the uptake of GEM in goldfish (Carassius auratus) over a 96 h time period by measuring GEM in blood plasma using LC-MS/MS. Results indicated that GEM can be taken up from water through the gills. In goldfish exposed to GEM by a single intraperitoneal injection, concentrations of GEM in the blood plasma declined rapidly over 96 h post-injection, with a half-life estimated at approximately 19 h. Exposure of goldfish to waterborne GEM at an environmentally relevant concentration over 14 days resulted in a plasma bioconcentration factor of 113. In goldfish exposed to aqueous concentrations of GEM for 96 h or 14 days, plasma testosterone (T) was reduced by over 50% in fish from all treatments. As a possible mechanistic explanation for the observed reduction in T, levels of steroid acute regulatory (StAR) protein transcript in goldfish testes were assessed by RT-PCR. StAR protein is involved in the transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane for transformation by the first enzyme in steroidogenesis. After exposure to GEM for 96 h, a 50% decrease in StAR mRNA levels was observed in goldfish. Gonadal StAR mRNA levels were not affected in the 14 days exposure, indicating that the observed decreases in plasma testosterone were not solely due to impaired delivery of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Our results demonstrate that exposure to environmental levels of GEM leads to bioconcentration of the drug in plasma and the potential for endocrine disruption in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mimeault
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics and Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Grazia Perrone M, Santandrea E, Di Nunno L, Scilimati A, Tortorella V, Capitelli F, Bertolasi V. Reaction of caesium 4-chlorophenate and chlorohydrins from threonines: synthesis of clofibrate analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Perrone MG, Santandrea E, Dell'Uomo N, Giannessi F, Milazzo FM, Sciarroni AF, Scilimati A, Tortorella V. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new clofibrate analogues as potential PPARα agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:143-54. [PMID: 15694649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clofibrate is a lipid-profile modifying agent belonging to the fibrate class of drugs. Fibrates are known to exhibit their beneficial effects by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) and used in the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis and for the prevention of heart failure. Hereby, the preparation of two new sets of clofibrate analogues, ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxoalkanoates and ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxyalkanoates is described starting from commercially available 3-oxoalkanoates in fair to good yields. Treatment of 3-oxoalkanoates with SO2Cl2 yielded the corresponding 2-chloro-3-oxoalkanoates, that were then converted into 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxoalkanoates by reacting with sodium or caesium 4-chlorophenate. Reduction of the keto group with NaBH4 afforded the corresponding 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxyalkanoates in very high yields and with variable diastereoselectivity. Biological evaluation of the compounds was performed by a transactivation assay in a transiently transfected monkey kidney fibroblast cell line. The newly synthesised clofibrate analogues failed to show noticeable levels of PPAR activation at concentrations where clofibrate showed an evident activity, suggesting that the structural modifications caused the loss of PPAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Perrone
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via E.Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Perrone MG, Santandrea E, Scilimati A, Syldatk C, Tortorella V, Capitelli F, Bertolasi V. Diastereo- and enantioselective bioreduction of ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxobutanoate clofibrate analogues by Kluyveromyces marxianus and other whole cell biocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Le Jossic-Corcos C, Duclos S, Ramirez LC, Zaghini I, Chevillard G, Martin P, Pineau T, Bournot P. Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation on pathways contributing to cholesterol homeostasis in rat hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2004; 1683:49-58. [PMID: 15238219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activation by fibrates controls expression of several genes involved in hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Other genes could be indirectly controlled in response to changes in cellular cholesterol availability. To further understand how fibrates may affect cholesterol synthesis, we investigated in parallel the changes in the metabolic pathways contributing to cholesterol homeostasis in liver. Ciprofibrate increased HMG-CoA reductase and FPP synthase mRNA levels in rat hepatocytes, together with cholesterogenesis from [(14)C] acetate and [(3)H] mevalonate. The up-regulation observed in fenofibrate- and WY-14,643-treated mice was abolished in PPARalpha-null mice, showing an essential role of PPARalpha. Among the three sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) mRNA species, only SREBP-1c level was significantly increased. In ciprofibrate-treated hepatocytes, cholesterol efflux was decreased, in parallel with cholesteryl ester storage and bile acids synthesis. As expected, AOX expression was strongly induced, supporting evidence of the peroxisome proliferation. Taken together, these results show that fibrates can cause cholesterol depletion in hepatocytes, possibly in part as a consequence of an important requirement of cholesterol for peroxisome proliferation, and increase cholesterogenesis by a compensatory phenomenon afterwards. Such cholesterogenesis regulation could occur in vivo, in species responsive to the peroxisome proliferative effect of PPARalpha ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Le Jossic-Corcos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, GDR CNRS no. 2583, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Le Jossic-Corcos C, Pastori GM, Duclos S, Kawabe Y, Pineau T, Bournot P. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activators induce hepatic farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene expression in rodents. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 88:203-11. [PMID: 15084352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrates are hypolipidemic drugs that exert multiple effects on lipid metabolism by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and modulating the expression of many target genes. In order to investigate the link between PPARalpha and cholesterol synthesis, we analysed the effect of fibrates on expression of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPP synthase) gene, known to be regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), in conjunction with HMG-CoA reductase. In wild-type mice, both fenofibrate and WY 14,643 induced FPP synthase gene expression, an effect impaired in PPARalpha-null mice. A three-fold induction was observed in ciprofibrate-treated rat hepatocytes, in primary culture. This effect was decreased in presence of 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside (DRB) and cycloheximide (CHX), transcription and translation inhibitors, respectively. Acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX), a bona fide PPARalpha target gene, was induced by ciprofibrate but slower and more strongly than FPP synthase. In addition, induction of FPP synthase gene expression was abolished in the presence of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH Chol). Thus, activation of PPARalpha by fibrates induced FPP synthase gene expression in both hepatocytes in culture and in mouse liver. This effect is likely to be dependent on cellular sterol level, possibly through SREBP-mediated transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Le Jossic-Corcos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (GDR CNRS no. 2583), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon 21000, France.
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Najib J. Fenofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia: a review of the data as they relate to the new suprabioavailable tablet formulation. Clin Ther 2002; 24:2022-50. [PMID: 12581543 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(02)80095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibric acid derivative fenofibrate is indicated as an adjunct to dietary modification in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia (types IIa and IIb hyperlipidemia, Fredrickson classification) to reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and apolipoprotein (apo) B, and to increase levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo A. It is also indicated as adjunctive therapy to diet for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia (types IV and V hyperlipidemia). Initially approved in the United States in a micronized capsule formulation, fenofibrate is now available in a new "suprabioavailable" tablet formulation that has increased bioavailability, achieving equivalent plasma concentrations at lower doses. The 67- and 200-mg micronized capsules can be considered equivalent to the 54- and 160-mg suprabioavailable tablets, respectively. OBJECTIVE This paper reviews the pharmacologic properties, clinical usefulness, and safety profile of fenofibrate in the management of dyslipidemias. METHODS Recent studies, abstracts, reviews, and consensus statements published in the English-language literature were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1966-January 2002), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-January 2002), and PharmaProjects (1990-January 2002) using the search terms fenofibrate, fibrates, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and dyslipidemia. RESULTS Fenofibrate is well absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma levels attained in 6 to 8 hours. The absolute bioavailability of fenofibrate cannot be determined due to its being virtually insoluble in aqueous media suitable for injection; however, after oral administration of a single dose of radiolabeled fenofibrate, approximately 60% of the dose appeared in urine, primarily as fenofibric acid and its glucuronated conjugate, and approximately 25% was excreted in the feces. The apparent volume of distribution is 0.89 L/kg in healthy volunteers, and protein binding is approximately 99% in healthy and hyperlipidemic patients. Neither fenofibrate nor fenofibric acid appears to undergo significant oxidative metabolism in vivo. Fenofibric acid has a half-life of 20 hours. Fenofibrate is effective in lowering TG levels and increasing HDL-C levels. Its LDL-C-lowering effect is greater than that of gemfibrozil. Adverse effects of fenofibrate appear to be similar to those of other fibrates, including gastrointestinal symptoms, cholelithiasis, hepatitis, myositis, and rash. Fenofibrate therapy has been associated with increases in serum aminotransferase levels, and clinical monitoring of these markers of liver function should be performed regularly. CONCLUSIONS Fenofibrate is effective in reducing levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C, and increasing levels of HDL-C in patients with dyslipidemias. Its efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and combined hyperlipidemia have been demonstrated in numerous clinical trials. Its use is accompanied by a low incidence of adverse effects and laboratory abnormalities. Fenofibrate protects against coronary heart disease not only through its effects on lipid parameters but also by producing alterations in LDL structure and, possibly, alterations in the various hemostatic parameters. Its uricosuric property may prove to be a useful adjunctive attribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Najib
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA.
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Athyros VG, Giouleme OI, Nikolaidis NL, Vasiliadis TV, Bouloukos VI, Kontopoulos AG, Eugenidis NP. Long-term follow-up of patients with acute hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34:472-5. [PMID: 11907366 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-200204000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An acute and potentially life-threatening complication of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is acute pancreatitis (AP). Hypertriglyceridemia, usually severe, may be primary in origin or secondary to alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, and use of drugs. STUDY The efficacy of treatment to prevent relapses in 17 patients with AP attributed to HTG was investigated in the current prospective study. The mean follow-up period of patients was 42 months. Hypertriglyceridemia-induced AP comprised 6.9% of all patients with AP (n = 246) hospitalized in our clinic during the study (6 years). RESULTS Causative conditions of HTG-induced AP were familial HTG in eight patients, HTG caused by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in five, HTG aggravated by drugs in two (one by tamoxifen and one by fluvastatin), familial hyperchylomicronemia (HCM) in one, and lipemia of pregnancy in one. During the acute phase of pancreatitis, patients underwent standard treatment. Thereafter, HTG was efficiently controlled with high dosages of fibrates or a fibrate plus acipimox, except for the patient with HCM, who was on a specific diet (the only source of fat was a special oil consisting of medium chain triglyceride) and taking a high dosage of acipimox. One of the patients died during the acute phase of pancreatitis with acute respiratory distress syndrome. During follow-up, maintenance treatment was successful and only one patient relapsed, because he discontinued diet and drug treatment. CONCLUSION Appropriate diet and drug treatment, including dose titration, of severe HTG is very effective in preventing relapses of HTG-induced AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios G Athyros
- Lipid Out-Patient, 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotelian University, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Abstract
Drug-induced myopathy and rhabdomyolysis are rare adverse drug reactions (ADR). They have been seen after the introduction of modern lipid-lowering drugs more regularly. The first description after medication with clofibrate dates back to 1968. Apparently, all fibrates can induce myopathy. It usually starts after a few days of medication, or after prolonged use, showing muscle weakness and/or pain. Concomitantly, the enzyme creatininephosphokinase (CPK) is raised dramatically. Muscular necrosis can follow leading secondarily to kidney failure, and eventually to death. For the class of statins, myopathy was more often seen after their introduction, and it became their most feared adverse effect, especially in combination of statins with other drugs (mibefradil, gemfibrozil, cyclosporin). In animal models the evolution of the disease and the mechanism of action may be elucidated. Though strong epidemiological data are lacking, the incidence of myopathy is probably similar for all lipid-lowering drugs and is in the range of 0.1-0.5% with monotherapy, increasing to 0.5-2.5% with combination therapy. Severe cases of rhabdomyolysis are rarer, but may have a significant mortality. The market success of cerivastatin within a short period has led to 100s of myopathies and some dozens of deaths. Though interactions on metabolism and ensuing high plasma levels can partially explain myopathy as intoxication, there are strong indications that other (endocrine, metabolic, genetic) factors might play a role in the pathophysiology. The patient population at risk should better be defined and withheld from myopathy-inducing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hodel
- HOVAT Pharma Consulting, Neubadstrasse 83, CH-4054 Basel, Switzerland.
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Cardiovascular Risk Management in Type 2 Diabetes: From Clinical Trials to Clinical Practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00019616-200111000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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45
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Zhang X, Chen L, Hardwick JP. Promoter activity and regulation of the CYP4F2 leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase gene by peroxisomal proliferators and retinoic acid in HepG2 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 378:364-76. [PMID: 10860554 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human liver CYP4F2 gene (Accession No. AF221943) encodes a leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase that metabolizes leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) to a less potent proinflammatory eicosanoid, 20-OH-LTB(4). We sequenced a 6.7-kb genomic fragment of the human CYP4F2 gene that has the first five exons and 500 bp of the 5'-flanking region. The major transcription start site was found to be 49 bp upstream of the 3' end of exon 1 and the ATG translation initiation codon was located in exon 2. Besides the TATA box at -39 bp and basal transcription factor binding sites, the promoter region and 412-bp intron 1 have several putative binding sites for nuclear factors that may mediate the inflammatory response and lipid homeostasis. We found two DR1 elements in the 5' promoter, a DR2 element in intron 1, and RXR/RAR binding sites in both intron 1 and the 5' promoter. DNase I footprinting revealed three protected sequences, with the region containing two CAATT boxes at -71 and -111 bp important in CYP4F2 gene expression. Luciferase reporter assays showed that the 500-bp upstream sequence has strong promoter activity. Transient transfection experiments identified two sites in the 5' promoter and intron 1 that cooperate in gene transcription while exon 1 and a GC-rich region flanking exon 1 inhibit transcription. trans-Retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid stimulate promoter activity 3- and 6-fold, respectively, while cotransfection with RXRalpha or RAR/RXRalpha further enhanced activity. Peroxisome proliferators inhibit CYP4F2 gene promoter activity and cotransfection with PPARalpha or PPARalpha/RXRalpha can slightly attenuate this inhibition. Both saturated fatty acids and 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid (12-OH-C(12)) can stimulate CYP4F2 gene promoter activity. Therefore, the CYP4F2 gene is repressed by peroxisomal proliferators and induced by retinoic acid, with RAR/RXRalpha mediating the induction while PPARalpha/RXR functions neither in the repression nor in the induction by peroxisomal proliferators or retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA
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Munday MR, Hemingway CJ. The regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase--a potential target for the action of hypolipidemic agents. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1999; 39:205-34. [PMID: 10470374 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(98)00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ACC exists as two major isoforms ACC1 or ACC alpha, and ACC2 or ACC beta, and there is evidence that they play separate roles in the production of malonyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis and the control of mitochondrial beta-oxidation, respectively. ACC alpha can be regulated at the level of gene expression, allosteric regulation of the enzyme, and reversible phosphorylation by AMP-PK. Emerging lines of research suggest that similar mechanisms of regulation exist for ACC beta. Its inactivation in heart and skeletal muscle through phosphorylation by AMP-PK is becoming well-established. ACC is an important target of certain hypolipidemic drugs such as the fibrates. This is not simply because ACC alpha inhibition decreases the synthesis of a lipid component of VLDL because fatty acids synthesized de novo in liver are not always major contributors to VLDL lipid (158); it is also because ACC beta inhibition leads to a decrease in malonyl-CoA levels and the disinhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Partitioning fatty acids towards oxidation and away from esterification is an important aspect of the lipid-lowering effects of fibrates. Fibrates could use any of the mechanisms of ACC regulation to decrease activity. They could repress ACC gene expression through the activation of PPAR alpha, and fibroyl-CoA esters could inhibit ACC allosterically just as TOFyl-CoA does. However, we have demonstrated a rapid inactivation of ACC in cultured rat hepatocytes by gemfibrozil that is mediated by activation of AMP-PK and the subsequent phosphorylation of ACC. The end result is the inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and a possible activation of beta-oxidation as evidenced by the increased production of ketone bodies. The mechanism through which fibrates activate the AMP-PK cascade, the role of PPAR alpha, the physiological responses of biosynthesis and oxidation and the use of these mechanisms by other hypolipidemic agents are areas of ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Munday
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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Iacopino AM. Diabetic periodontitis: possible lipid-induced defect in tissue repair through alteration of macrophage phenotype and function. Oral Dis 1995; 1:214-29. [PMID: 8705829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1995.tb00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in the United States affecting approximately 13 million people. The five 'classic' complications which have historically been associated with the condition are microangiopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, microvascular disease, and delayed wound healing. Recently, periodontal disease (PD) has been declared the 'sixth' major complication of diabetes as diabetics demonstrate an increased incidence and severity of PD. The cellular and molecular basis for diabetic PD is unknown. HYPOTHESIS Recent evidence suggests that PD and delayed dermal wound healing may be manifestations of the same general systemic deficit in diabetes involving impairment of the cellular and molecular signal of wounding via alterations in macrophage phenotype. Diabetes-induced hyperlipidemia may interfere with the normal cellular and molecular signal of wounding by alteration of macrophage function and subsequent dysregulation of cytokines at the wound site. RESULTS Preliminary data in both animal models and humans suggests that hyperglycemia, in combination with elevations of serum low density lipoproteins and triglycerides, leads to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which may alter macrophage phenotype. This may be responsible for dysregulation of macrophage cytokine production and increased inflammatory tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss. IMPLICATIONS Future investigations will consider diabetic PD in the context of a generalized systemic wound healing deficit that manifests as PD in the face of constant pathologic wounding of the gingiva (bacterial plaque) or delayed dermal wound healing in instances of periodic traumatic wounding to other parts of the body. These types of studies will provide information concerning defective tissue repair in diabetics that will have clinical relevance for the understanding of PD and delayed dermal healing as well as applications of appropriate and specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Iacopino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Restorative Dentistry, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas 75266-0677, USA
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48
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Spence JD, Munoz CE, Hendricks L, Latchinian L, Khouri HE. Pharmacokinetics of the combination of fluvastatin and gemfibrozil. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76:80A-83A. [PMID: 7604806 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(05)80024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
High-risk patients with dyslipidemias resistant to diet and single-agent pharmacotherapy may require combination therapy to achieve target levels of low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein. Combinations of fibrates and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are effective, but because of safety concerns related to myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, it is important to consider the possibility of pharmacokinetic interactions when such combinations are used. In this study, the area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration, and time to maximum concentration for fluvastatin and gemfibrozil are compared, when used alone and in combination, in patients with hyperlipidemia and either coronary or carotid atherosclerosis, or a family history of coronary artery disease. A total of 17 patients were studied in a random sequence, open-label, crossover study of fluvastatin at 20 mg twice daily, gemfibrozil at 600 mg twice daily, and the combination of the 2 drugs. No significant difference was observed in area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration, and time to maximum concentration when comparing the combination with each drug alone. These pharmacokinetic data add support to the clinical observations that the combination of fluvastatin and gemfibrozil is both effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Spence
- University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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49
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Protocol for a prospective collaborative overview of all current and planned randomized trials of cholesterol treatment regimens. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75:1130-4. [PMID: 7762499 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration aims to provide reliable information about the effects on mortality and morbidity of treatments that modify blood lipid levels for a wide range of patient populations and risk groups. This protocol prospectively defines study eligibility, the main questions to be addressed, and statistical methods to be used. Additionally, by establishing a register of ongoing and planned trials prior to any trial results being known, this systematic overview attempts to avoid the methodologic problems and potential data-dependency of a retrospective project. The collaboration expects to have individual patient data on > 60,000 subjects by the year 2000, including 12,000 women and 20,000 elderly subjects, and should have good power to examine any effects on non-coronary artery disease events. Overall, there should be about 1,900 non-coronary artery disease deaths and > 2,000 total cancer events.
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50
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Abstract
The effects of fibrates on lipoprotein profiles and lipoprotein physiology, as well as on selected coagulation and fibrinolytic factors are reviewed. It is concluded that the action of fibrates on these systems is such as to render the fibrates beneficial in atherosclerosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schonfeld
- Div. Atherosclerosis, Nutrition and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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