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Chen F, Chai J, Zhao J, Wu J, Chen B. Basic and clinical study of the effect of exogenous hyaluronic acid on the quality of acellular dermal matrix combined with thin intermediate split thickness skin graft. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:486. [PMID: 37932853 PMCID: PMC10626683 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To promote wound recovery in the recipient region, we studied the impact of exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) on acellular dermal matrix (ADM) paired with thin intermediate-thickness skin transplant. METHODS This study contains animal and clinical experiments. 50 Japanese big ear rabbits were separated into HA1, HA2, PADM, TS, and NS groups. Clinical part included 50 scar patients dividing into 5 groups (TS + HA + ADM 1, TS + ADM2, TS, TS + ADM and normal skin (NS)). RESULTS In the animal trial, after 56 days, the grafts contracted least in the HA2 group; HA2 had the highest microvascular density (MVD), HA concentration, and collagen I and III expression. In clinical work, ADM > HA + ADM2 > HA + ADM1 > TS > NS; Type I and III collagen: HA + ADM1 and HA + ADM2 were higher than ADM; HA content: TS > HA + ADM1 > HA + ADM 2 > ADM. CONCLUSIONS ADM, exogenous hyaluronic acid mixed with thin skin autograft has better biomechanical qualities and therapeutic impact than acellular dermal matrix alone, and the reconstructive result is near to self-thick skin autograft in all indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhuan Chen
- Comprehensive ward, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Jiake Chai
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Fourth Medical Center of Chinese, Burns Institute, Burn & Plastic Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Fourth Medical Center of Chinese, Burns Institute, Burn & Plastic Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Fourth Medical Center of Chinese, Burns Institute, Burn & Plastic Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Chen
- Medical Cosmetic Center, Beijing United Family Hospital and Clinics, 2 Jiangtai Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China.
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Unnikandam Veettil SR, Hwang D, Correia J, Bartlett MD, Schneider IC. Cancer cell migration in collagen-hyaluronan composite extracellular matrices. Acta Biomater 2021; 130:183-198. [PMID: 34116226 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a key component in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that participates in cancer growth and invasiveness. While the molecular weight (MW) dependent properties of HA can cause tumor-promoting and -repressing effects, the elevated levels of HA in the TME impedes drug delivery. The degradation of HA using hyaluronidases (HYALs), resulting in fragments of HA, is a way to overcome this, but the consequences of changes in HA molecular weight and concentration is currently unknown. Therefore, it is critical to understand the MW-dependent biological effects of HA. Here we examine the influence of HA molecular weight on biophysical properties that regulate cell migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In our study, we used vLMW, LMW and HMW HA at different physiologically relevant concentrations, with a particular interest in correlating the mechanical and structural properties to different cell functions. The elastic modulus, collagen network pore size and collagen fiber diameter increased with increasing HA concentration. Although the collagen network pore size increased, these pores were filled with the bulky HA molecules. Consequently, cell migration decreased with increase in HA concentration due to multiple, long-lived and unproductive protrusions, suggesting the influence of steric factors. Surprisingly, even though elastic modulus increased with HA molecular weight and concentration, gel compaction assays showed an increased degree of ECM compaction among HMW HA gels at high concentrations (2 and 4 mg mL-1 [0.2 and 0.4%]). These results were not seen in collagen gels that lacked HA, but had similar stiffness. HA appears to have the effect of decreasing migration and increasing collagen network contraction, but only at high HA molecular weight. Consequently, changes in HA molecular weight can have relatively large effects on cancer cell behavior. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hyaluronan (HA) is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Overproduction of HA in the TME results in poor prognosis and collapse of blood vessels, inhibiting drug delivery. Hyaluronidases have been used to enhance drug delivery. However, they lead to low molecular weight (MW) HA, altering the mechanical and structural properties of the TME and cancer cell behavior. Understanding how HA degradation affects cancer cell behavior is critical for uncovering detrimental effects of this therapy. Very little is known about how HA MW affects cancer cell behavior in tumor-mimicking collagen-HA composite networks. Here we examine how MW and HA content in collagen-HA networks alter structural and mechanical properties to regulate cell migration and matrix remodeling in 3D TME-mimicking environments.
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Kim JK, Park JY, Lee DW, Ro DH, Lee MC, Han HS. Temperature-sensitive anti-adhesive poloxamer hydrogel decreases fascial adhesion in total knee arthroplasty: A prospective randomized controlled study. J Biomater Appl 2019; 34:386-395. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328219852890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae-Young Park
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Weon Lee
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyun Ro
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chul Lee
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Soo Han
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tracy LE, Minasian RA, Caterson E. Extracellular Matrix and Dermal Fibroblast Function in the Healing Wound. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:119-136. [PMID: 26989578 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Fibroblasts play a critical role in normal wound healing. Various extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagens, fibrin, fibronectin, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and matricellular proteins, can be considered potent protagonists of fibroblast survival, migration, and metabolism. Recent Advances: Advances in tissue culture, tissue engineering, and ex vivo models have made the examination and precise measurements of ECM components in wound healing possible. Likewise, the development of specific transgenic animal models has created the opportunity to characterize the role of various ECM molecules in healing wounds. In addition, the recent characterization of new ECM molecules, including matricellular proteins, dermatopontin, and FACIT collagens (Fibril-Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple helices), further demonstrates our cursory knowledge of the ECM in coordinated wound healing. Critical Issues: The manipulation and augmentation of ECM components in the healing wound is emerging in patient care, as demonstrated by the use of acellular dermal matrices, tissue scaffolds, and wound dressings or topical products bearing ECM proteins such as collagen, hyaluronan (HA), or elastin. Once thought of as neutral structural proteins, these molecules are now known to directly influence many aspects of cellular wound healing. Future Directions: The role that ECM molecules, such as CCN2, osteopontin, and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine, play in signaling homing of fibroblast progenitor cells to sites of injury invites future research as we continue investigating the heterotopic origin of certain populations of fibroblasts in a healing wound. Likewise, research into differently sized fragments of the same polymeric ECM molecule is warranted as we learn that fragments of molecules such as HA and tenascin-C can have opposing effects on dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Tracy
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raquel A. Minasian
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - E.J. Caterson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lee JS, Park JS, Kim HY. Long-Term Effect of Preservative-Free Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drop on Human Corneal Epithelial Cell. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2015.56.12.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Ho Yun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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6
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Chen PY, Hsieh HJ, Huang LLH. Shrinking mechanism of a porous collagen matrix immersed in solution. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 102:4581-9. [PMID: 24678021 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The porous structure of collagen-based matrices enables the infiltration of cells both in in vitro and clinical applications. Reconstituted porous collagen matrices often collapse when they are in contact with aqueous solutions; however, the mechanism for the collapse of the pores is not understood. We, therefore, investigated the interactions between the collagen matrix and different solutions, and discuss the mechanisms for the change in microstructure of the matrix on immersing it in solution. When a dried collagen matrix was immersed in aqueous solutions, the matrix shrunk and pores close to the surface closed. The shrinkage ratio and thickness of the compact microstructure close to the superficial area decreased with increasing ethanol content in the solution. The original porous structure of the collagen matrix was preserved when the matrix was immersed in absolute ethanol. The shrinkage of a porous collagen matrix in contact with aqueous solutions was attributed to the liquid/gas interfacial tension. The average pore diameter of the matrix also significantly affected the shrinkage of the matrix. The shrinkage of the matrix, explained using the Young-Laplace equation, was found to result from the pressure drop, and especially in the pores located superficially, leading to the collapse of the matrix microstructure. The integrity of the porous microstructure allows better penetration of cells in medical applications. The numbers of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts penetrated through the hydrated Col/PBS porous collagen matrices pre-immersed in absolute ethanol with subsequent water and DMEM culture medium replacements were significantly higher than those through matrices hydrated directly in DMEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kong CG, In Y, Cho HM, Suhl KH. The effects of applying adhesion prevention gel on the range of motion and pain after TKA. Knee 2011; 18:104-7. [PMID: 20060726 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A mixed solution of sodium hyaluronate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (HA/CMC) has been shown to be effective for decreasing postoperative adhesions in various kinds of surgeries. We evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of HA/CMC gel on the early postoperative range of motion and pain relief after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Thirty one patients who underwent bilateral TKA as a single-stage procedure for primary osteoarthritis were included in the study. At the completion of surgery, among both knees, the HA/CMC gel was applied to one knee (the HA/CMC group) and HA/CMC gel was not applied to the other knee (the control group). The primary outcome measure was the early assessment of range of motion and the secondary outcome measures were the VAS pain scores and the number of complications in each group. Periarticular application of HA/CMC gel was safe without causing any wound problems or infection. However, local application of HA/CMC gel neither increased the range of motion nor reduced the pain during the early postoperative period of TKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Gwan Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 65-1 Kumoh-Dong, Uijongbu-Si, Kyonggi-Do, 480-130, Republic of Korea
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8
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Finck CL, Harmegnies B, Remacle A, Lefebvre P. Implantation of Esterified Hyaluronic Acid in Microdissected Reinke's Space After Vocal Fold Microsurgery: Short- and Long-Term Results. J Voice 2010; 24:626-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Hsu FY, Hung YS, Liou HM, Shen CH. Electrospun hyaluronate-collagen nanofibrous matrix and the effects of varying the concentration of hyaluronate on the characteristics of foreskin fibroblast cells. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2140-7. [PMID: 20035907 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we propose a novel electrospinning fabrication process for the production of a nanofibrous matrix composed of collagen and hyaluronate. This procedure utilized 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol and formic acid as a mixed solvent. Fluorescence microscopy photographs revealed that the resulting electrospun nanofibers contained both collagen and hyaluronate. The mean diameter of the composite nanofibrous matrix (as observed using scanning electron micrographs) was approximately 200nm; this dimension is similar to that of native fibrous protein within the extracellular matrix. The expression of proteinases (e.g. matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been implicated in epidermal repair during wound healing. Moreover, the characteristics of scarless wounds are known to be related to a decreased ratio of TIMP to MMP expression. In the present study the ratio of expression of TIMP1 to MMP1 was lower in foreskin fibroblast cells that were cultured on a hyaluronate-collagen composite nanofibrous matrix than in those cultured on an exclusively collagen nanofibrous matrix. This indicates that the hyaluronate-collagen composite nanofibrous matrix could potentially be used as a wound dressing for the regeneration of scarless skin.
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Parenteau-Bareil R, Gauvin R, Berthod F. Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS 2010. [PMCID: PMC5445871 DOI: 10.3390/ma3031863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Parenteau-Bareil
- Laboratoire d’Organogénèse Expérimentale (LOEX), Centre de recherche FRSQ du CHA universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8 Canada; E-Mails: (R.P.B.); (R.G.)
- Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Robert Gauvin
- Laboratoire d’Organogénèse Expérimentale (LOEX), Centre de recherche FRSQ du CHA universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8 Canada; E-Mails: (R.P.B.); (R.G.)
- Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - François Berthod
- Laboratoire d’Organogénèse Expérimentale (LOEX), Centre de recherche FRSQ du CHA universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC, G1S 4L8 Canada; E-Mails: (R.P.B.); (R.G.)
- Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-418-682-7565; Fax: +1-418-682-8000
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Huang L, Gu H, Burd A. A reappraisal of the biological effects of hyaluronan on human dermal fibroblast. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:1177-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Allison D, Braun K, Wight T, Grande-Allen K. Differential effects of exogenous and endogenous hyaluronan on contraction and strength of collagen gels. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1019-26. [PMID: 19109082 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The addition of exogenous hyaluronan to biomaterial scaffolds has been an important area of investigation for many decades. The ability to manipulate endogenous production of hyaluronan via the hyaluronan syntheses has offered another mechanism to study the effect of hyaluronan. While the literature suggests that exogenously added hyaluronan and endogenously produced hyaluronan will have varying impacts on extracellular matrix organization and function, no studies have directly shown this phenomenon. In this investigation, we demonstrate that the addition of exogenous high molecular weight (approximately 1 MDa) hyaluronan and hyaluronan oligosaccharides have a distinct impact on both contraction and strength of smooth muscle cell-seeded collagen gels when compared to the effects of hyaluronan that is endogenously produced by the hyaluronan synthases. More specifically, the addition of exogenous high molecular weight hyaluronan resulted in more compact collagen gels with a higher ultimate tensile strength, whereas the endogenous overproduction of hyaluronan resulted in the opposite effect. We suggest that the addition of exogenous HA to collagen gels represents a model for the therapeutic administration of HA, whereas the addition of excess HA to a tissue via the endogenous overexpression of has represents a model for the pathological accumulation of HA.
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Seo YK, Yoon HH, Song KY, Kwon SY, Lee HS, Park YS, Park JK. Increase in cell migration and angiogenesis in a composite silk scaffold for tissue-engineered ligaments. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:495-503. [PMID: 18924141 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of silk and collagen-hyaluronan (HA) in vitro by assessing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cell and T-lymphocyte cultures on scaffolds. The use of composite scaffolds as artificial ligaments in ACL reconstruction and their effects on angiogenesis were evaluated in vivo. The silk scaffold was knitted by hand and dry coated with collagen-HA, whereas the composite silk scaffold was made by covering a silk scaffold with a lyophilized collagen-HA substrate. The initial attachment and proliferation of human ACL cells on the composite silk scaffold was superior to the attachment and proliferation observed on the silk scaffold. The immune response was higher in both scaffolds after 72 h (p < 0.05) compared with the control culture condition without scaffolding, as assessed by T-lymphocyte cultures in vitro. There was no significant difference in the immune response in vitro between the silk and composite silk scaffolds. Silk and composite silk scaffolds were implanted as artificial ligaments in ACLs removed from the knees of dogs, and they were harvested 6 weeks after implantation. On gross examination, the onset of an inflammatory tissue reaction, such as synovitis, was seen in both the silk scaffold and the composite silk scaffold groups. An histological evaluation of the artificial ligament implants revealed the presence of monocytes in the silk composite scaffold and the absence of giant cells in all cases. MT staining in the composite silk scaffold-grafted group showed granulation tissue consisting of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, monocytes, and collagen fibers. In addition, CD31 staining revealed the formation of new blood vessels. On the other hand, no reparative tissues, such as blood vessels, collagen, and cells, were observed in the silk scaffold-grafted group. These results suggest that the lyophilized collagen-HA substrate is biocompatible in vitro and enhances new blood vessel and cell migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kwon Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Phil-Dong, Seoul, Korea
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Seo YK, Yoon HH, Park YS, Song KY, Lee WS, Park JK. Correlation between scaffold in vivo biocompatibility and in vitro cell compatibility using mesenchymal and mononuclear cell cultures. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:513-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ellis-Behnke R. Nano neurology and the four P's of central nervous system regeneration: preserve, permit, promote, plasticity. Med Clin North Am 2007; 91:937-62. [PMID: 17826112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
True nanomaterials are delivered as a specific structure, or combination of structures, designed to deliver the therapeutic intact, directly to the site, requiring a much lower dose. These materials use very specific and deliberate molecular structures that can interact with neurons or protein structures inside the cells. Until recently, functional recovery of the central nervous system (CNS) was an unattainable goal and nanotechnology was an invisible science. A well-planned treatment spaced over time will produce functional return in the CNS. The four P's of CNS regeneration is a new framework for approaching CNS injury and evidence shows that nanotechnology is currently being used for stroke rehabilitation and, in several clinical trials, the treatment of scar formation blockade in the spinal cord. The four components are preserve, permit, promote, and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutledge Ellis-Behnke
- MIT, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 46-6007, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Tsai SP, Hsieh CY, Hsieh CY, Wang DM, Huang LLH, Lai JY, Hsieh HJ. Preparation and cell compatibility evaluation of chitosan/collagen composite scaffolds using amino acids as crosslinking bridges. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Brown AL, Srokowski EM, Shu XZ, Prestwich GD, Woodhouse KA. Development of a Model Bladder Extracellular Matrix Combining Disulfide Cross-Linked Hyaluronan with Decellularized Bladder Tissue. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:648-57. [PMID: 16881043 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
[Image: see text] In this work we investigate the feasibility of modifying porcine-derived BAM to include HA with a view to developing a model, artificial extracellular matrix for the study of bladder cell-matrix interactions. HA-DPTH was incorporated into BAM disks and then cross-linked oxidatively to a disulfide containing hydrogel. Disks were seeded with bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMC) and UEC under three culture configurations and incubated for 3, 7, and 14 d. At each time point, matrix contraction was measured, and media supernatants assayed for cell-secreted gelatinase activity. To evaluate cell adherence and organization, triple immunofluorescent labeling of cell nuclei, actin cytoskeleton, and focal contacts was performed. HA-modified BAM exhibited a significant increase in matrix contraction and induced a higher level of cell-secreted gelatinase activity compared to unmodified BAM. Immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated that BSMCs remained adherent to both scaffold types over time. The distribution and organization of the cytoskeleton and focal contacts did not appear to be altered by the presence of HA. Interestingly, cellular infiltration into modified BAM was evident by 7 d and continued beyond 14 d, while BSMCs seeded onto unmodified BAM remained localized to the surface out to 14 d, with minimal infiltration evident only at day 28. These differences in cell infiltration support the gelatinase activity results. Increases in cell migration and matrix proteolysis in the presence of HA may be contributing factors toward BAM remodeling leading to increased matrix contraction with time. The model ECM developed in this work will be utilized for future studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms controlling key remodeling events associated with bladder repair. Matrix contraction of cell-seeded BAM scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
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Ellis-Behnke RG, Liang YX, You SW, Tay DKC, Zhang S, So KF, Schneider GE. Nano neuro knitting: peptide nanofiber scaffold for brain repair and axon regeneration with functional return of vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5054-9. [PMID: 16549776 PMCID: PMC1405623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600559103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is often associated with materials fabrication, microelectronics, and microfluidics. Until now, the use of nanotechnology and molecular self assembly in biomedicine to repair injured brain structures has not been explored. To achieve axonal regeneration after injury in the CNS, several formidable barriers must be overcome, such as scar tissue formation after tissue injury, gaps in nervous tissue formed during phagocytosis of dying cells after injury, and the failure of many adult neurons to initiate axonal extension. Using the mammalian visual system as a model, we report that a designed self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold creates a permissive environment for axons not only to regenerate through the site of an acute injury but also to knit the brain tissue together. In experiments using a severed optic tract in the hamster, we show that regenerated axons reconnect to target tissues with sufficient density to promote functional return of vision, as evidenced by visually elicited orienting behavior. The peptide nanofiber scaffold not only represents a previously undiscovered nanobiomedical technology for tissue repair and restoration but also raises the possibility of effective treatment of CNS and other tissue or organ trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutledge G Ellis-Behnke
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusett Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
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Sawaguchi N, Majima T, Iwasaki N, Funakoshi T, Shimode K, Onodera T, Minami A. Extracellular matrix modulates expression of cell-surface proteoglycan genes in fibroblasts. Connect Tissue Res 2006; 47:141-8. [PMID: 16753807 DOI: 10.1080/03008200600685459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface proteoglycans are involved in many functions, including interactions with components of the extracellular microenvironment. They also act as coreceptors that bind and modify the actions of various growth factors, cytokines, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). This study investigated the regulation by the ECM of the expression of cell-surface proteoglycans (CD44, syndecan-1-4, betaglycan, glypican-1). We examined the changes in the expression levels of cell-surface proteoglycan genes in intact tendon, monolayer culture, and under various culture conditions. There was a significant increase in the expression of CD44 and syndecan-4 mRNAs during cell isolation from the tendon. With the switch to a 3D culture environment, there was a significant increase in the expression of CD44 at each passage point relative to its expression in 2D at those passage points. Syndecan-4 mRNA also increased steadily at each passage point in 3D culture environment. This influence on cell surface proteoglycans gene expression may indicate that collagen gel culture mimics in vivo tendon environment. This study provides further insight into the regulation of cell-surface proteoglycans in ligament and tendon fibroblasts by the ECM and 3D culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sawaguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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20
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Hahn MS, Teply BA, Stevens MM, Zeitels SM, Langer R. Collagen composite hydrogels for vocal fold lamina propria restoration. Biomaterials 2005; 27:1104-9. [PMID: 16154633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic voice impairment due to scarring of the vocal fold (VF) lamina propria (LP) can be debilitating in terms of quality of life. Due to the dependence of normal VF vibration on proper VF geometry, an implant inserted to restore appropriate shape and pliability to scarred LP should ideally maintain its insertion-dimensions while being replaced by newly synthesized extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present study, collagen-alginate and collagen-hyaluronan (HA) composite hydrogels were investigated for their ability to support ECM synthesis by VF fibroblasts with limited hydrogel compaction and/or resorption. Collagen-HA composites showed significant mass loss over 28 days of culture, with little evidence of new matrix production. Collagen-alginate composites, in contrast, resisted scaffold compaction and mass loss for at least 42 days in culture while allowing for ECM synthesis. Collagen-alginate hydrogels appear to be promising materials for VF restoration, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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21
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Shih HN, Fang JF, Chen JH, Yang CL, Chen YH, Sung TH, Shih LY. Reduction in experimental peridural adhesion with the use of a crosslinked hyaluronate/collagen membrane. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 71:421-8. [PMID: 15389509 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The research goals were to fabricate a crosslinked hyaluronate (HA)/collagen membrane and study its efficacy in preventing peridural adhesion. Different weight ratios of HA/collagen membranes crosslinked with carbodiimide were tested for biocompatibility and biodegradability first. Forty-eight adult New Zealand white rabbits underwent an L6 laminectomy. Sixteen rabbits each received a weight ratio of HA/collagen = 60/40 membrane (Membrane A) or a 40/60 membrane (Membrane B) on the exposed dura. The last 16 rabbits received no treatment and served as controls. No adverse reaction of the membranes was noted. Magnetic resonance images revealed a hyposignal space between the dura and the scar tissues at Membrane B-treated laminectomy site 3 months after surgery. Histological examination showed that the amount of scarring decreased with time in all groups. Amount of scarring decreased significantly at laminectomy sites treated with either membrane. Compared with the control group, the extent of peridural adhesion decreased significantly in the Membrane B-treated group at 3 months after surgery; while it decreased substantially, but not significantly, in the Membrane A-treated group. The carbodiimide-crosslinked HA/collagen membrane is a safe and effective antiadhesive material in vivo. When placed onto the laminectomy site, the membrane with a weight ratio of HA/collagen = 40/60 appears to reduce peridural scar adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Nung Shih
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
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22
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Funakoshi T, Majima T, Iwasaki N, Yamane S, Masuko T, Minami A, Harada K, Tamura H, Tokura S, Nishimura SI. Novel chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibers as a scaffold in ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 74:338-46. [PMID: 16013058 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the feasibility of using novel chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid polymer fibers as a scaffold in ligament tissue engineering, their mechanical properties and ability to promote cellular adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production were studied in vitro. Chitosan fibers and chitosan-based 0.05% and 0.1% hyaluronan hybrid fibers were developed by the wet spinning method. Hyaluronan coating significantly increased mechanical properties, compared to the chitosan fibers. Rabbit fibroblasts adhesion onto hybrid fibers was significantly greater than for the control and chitosan fibers. For analysis of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix production, a three-dimensional scaffold was created by simply piling up each fiber. At 1 day after cultivation, the DNA content in the hybrid scaffolds was higher than that in the chitosan scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fibroblasts had produced collagen fibers after 14 days of culture. Immunostaining for type I collagen was clearly predominant in the hybrid scaffolds, and the mRNA level of type I collagen in the hybrid scaffolds were significantly greater than that in the chitosan scaffold. The present study revealed that hyaluronan hybridization with chitosan fibers enhanced fiber mechanical properties and in vitro biological effects on the cultured fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanao Funakoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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23
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Boraldi F, Croce MA, Quaglino D, Sammarco R, Carnevali E, Tiozzo R, Pasquali-Ronchetti I. Cell-matrix interactions of in vitro human skin fibroblasts upon addition of hyaluronan. Tissue Cell 2003; 35:37-45. [PMID: 12589728 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(02)00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Normal human skin fibroblasts were grown in a three-dimensional collagen gel or in monolayer in the presence or absence of high molecular weight hyaluronan (HA) to assess the influence of extracellular HA on cell-matrix interactions. HA incorporated into the collagen gel or added to the culture medium did not modify lattice retraction with time. The effect was independent from HA molecular weight (from 7.5 x 10(5) to 2.7 x 10(6) Da) and concentration (from 0.1 up to 1 mg/ml). HA did not affect shape and distribution of fibroblasts within the gel, whereas it induced the actin filaments to organise into thicker cables running underneath the plasma membrane. The same phenomenon was observed in fibroblasts grown in monolayer. By contrast, vimentin cytoskeleton and cell-substrate focal adhesions were not modified by exogenous HA. The number of fibroblasts attached to HA-coated dishes was always significantly lower compared to plastic and to collagen type I-coated plates. By contrast, adhesion was not affected by soluble HA added to the medium nor by anti-CD44 and anti-RHAMM-IHABP polyclonals. After 24-h seeding on collagen type I or on plastic, cells were large and spread. Conversely, cells adherent to HA-coated surfaces were long, thin and aligned into rows; alcian blue showed that cells were attached to the plastic in between HA bundles. Therefore, normal human skin fibroblasts exhibit very scarce, if any, adhesion to matrix HA, either soluble or immobilised. Moreover, even at high concentration, HA molecules do not exert any visco-mechanical effect on lattice retraction and do not interfere with fibroblast-collagen interactions nor with focal adhesion contacts of fibroblasts with the substrate. This is probably relevant in organogenesis and wound repair. By contrast, HA greatly modifies the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting that CD44-mediated signal transduction by HA may affect cell locomotion and orientation, as indicated by the fusiform shape of fibroblasts grown in the presence of immobilised HA. A role of HA in cell orientation could be relevant for the deposition of collagen fibrils in regeneration and tissue remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, Modena 41100, Italy
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24
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Ramanujan S, Pluen A, McKee TD, Brown EB, Boucher Y, Jain RK. Diffusion and convection in collagen gels: implications for transport in the tumor interstitium. Biophys J 2002; 83:1650-60. [PMID: 12202388 PMCID: PMC1302261 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)73933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion coefficients of tracer molecules in collagen type I gels prepared from 0-4.5% w/v solutions were measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. When adjusted to account for in vivo tortuosity, diffusion coefficients in gels matched previous measurements in four human tumor xenografts with equivalent collagen concentrations. In contrast, hyaluronan solutions hindered diffusion to a lesser extent when prepared at concentrations equivalent to those reported in these tumors. Collagen permeability, determined from flow through gels under hydrostatic pressure, was compared with predictions obtained from application of the Brinkman effective medium model to diffusion data. Permeability predictions matched experimental results at low concentrations, but underestimated measured values at high concentrations. Permeability measurements in gels did not match previous measurements in tumors. Visualization of gels by transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy revealed networks of long collagen fibers at lower concentrations along with shorter fibers at high concentrations. Negligible assembly was detected in collagen solutions pregelation. However, diffusion was similarly hindered in pre and postgelation samples. Comparison of diffusion and convection data in these gels and tumors suggests that collagen may obstruct diffusion more than convection in tumors. These findings have significant implications for drug delivery in tumors and for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroja Ramanujan
- E. L. Steele Laboratory for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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25
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Zohar R, Suzuki N, Suzuki K, Arora P, Glogauer M, McCulloch CA, Sodek J. Intracellular osteopontin is an integral component of the CD44-ERM complex involved in cell migration. J Cell Physiol 2000; 184:118-30. [PMID: 10825241 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(200007)184:1<118::aid-jcp13>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted glycoprotein with mineral- and cell-binding properties that can regulate cell activities through integrin receptors. Previously, we identified an intracellular form of osteopontin with a perimembranous distribution in migrating fetal fibroblasts (Zohar et al., J Cell Physiol 170:88-98, 1997). Since OPN and CD44 expression are increased in migrating cells, we analyzed the relationship of these proteins with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. A distinct co-localization of perimembranous OPN and cell-surface CD44 was observed in fetal fibroblasts, periodontal ligament cells, activated macrophages, and metastatic breast cancer cells. The co-localization of OPN and CD44 was prominent at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts, where OPN also co-localized with the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) protein ezrin, as well as in cell processes and at attachment sites of hyaluronan-coated beads. The subcortical location of OPN in these cells was verified by cell-surface biotinylation experiments in which biotinylated CD44 and non-biotinylated OPN were isolated from complexes formed with hyaluronan-coated beads and identified with immunoblotting. That perimembranous OPN represents secreted protein internalized by endocytosis or phagocytosis appeared to be unlikely since exogenous OPN that was added to cell cultures could not be detected inside the cells. A physical association with OPN, CD44, and ERM, but not with vinculin or alpha-actin, was indicated by immunoadsorption and immunoblotting of cell proteins in complexes extracted from hyaluronan-coated beads. The functional significance of OPN in this complex was demonstrated using OPN-/- and CD-/- mouse fibroblasts which displayed impaired migration and a reduced attachment to hyaluronan-coated beads. These studies indicate that OPN exists as an integral component of a hyaluronan-CD44-ERM attachment complex that is involved in the migration of embryonic fibroblasts, activated macrophages, and metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zohar
- MRC Group in Periodontal Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
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26
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Ellis I, Banyard J, Schor SL. Differential response of fetal and adult fibroblasts to cytokines: cell migration and hyaluronan synthesis. Development 1997; 124:1593-600. [PMID: 9108375 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124.8.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that fetal skin fibroblasts display an elevated level of migratory activity compared to adult cells and that this may result from inherent differences in the production of hyaluronan (HA) by these cells. Data presented in this communication indicate that the elevated level of fetal fibroblast migration into 3D-collagen gels and HA synthesis by these cells were not affected by epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). In contrast, both cell migration and HA synthesis by fetal fibroblasts were inhibited by transforming growth factor-betal (TGF-beta1). Adult fibroblasts responded to these cytokines in a distinct fashion: i.e. cell migration and HA synthesis were stimulated by EGF, PDGF, aFGF and bFGF, but remained unaffected by TGF-beta1. Gel-filtration chromatography revealed that these effects of cytokines on HA synthesis were predominantly confined to the production of high molecular mass (>106 kDa) species. Co-exposure of cells to both cytokines and Streptomyces hyaluronidase revealed that (1) the elevated migration of control fetal fibroblasts was inhibited by hyaluronidase, (2) this inhibition was partially restored by co-exposure to EGF, PDGF, aFGF and bFGF, but remained unaffected by TGF-beta1, (3) the migration of control adult fibroblasts was unaffected by hyaluronidase and partially stimulated by EGF, aFGF and bFGF (when compared to the effects of these cytokines on cells cultured in the absence of hyaluronidase) and (4) neither PDGF nor TGF-beta1 affected the migration of hyaluronidase-treated adult cells. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between cell migration and HA synthesis by both fetal and adult fibroblasts in the presence and absence of cytokines (r2=0.9277, P<0.0001), with the exception of adult fibroblasts exposed to PDGF. Taken together, these findings suggest that (1) the migration of fetal and adult fibroblasts is differentially modulated by exogenous cytokines and (2) with the possible exception of the effects of PDGF on adult fibroblasts, cytokine-induced modulation of cell migration appears to utilise both HA-dependent and HA-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ellis
- The Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, The Dental School, University of Dundee, Scotland
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27
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Lee PC, Huang LL, Chen LW, Hsieh KH, Tsai CL. Effect of forms of collagen linked to polyurethane on endothelial cell growth. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1996; 32:645-53. [PMID: 8953155 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199612)32:4<645::aid-jbm18>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Collagen has been widely coated or grafted onto polymer surfaces to improve the biocompatibility of materials. To better support the growth of endothelial cells on polyurethane (PU), collagen was grafted to the carboxyl group enriched PU through 1,2-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)ethane linking. Our results demonstrated that collagen in various conditions may result in different forms being grafted to the PU substrate, which subsequently affected the growth of endothelial cells. Collagen predialyzed against physiological phosphate buffered saline (PBS) could be reconstituted into native type fibrils with a bigger diameter at 37 degrees C than could collagen neutralized by titration with NaOH. At low temperature, titrated collagen formed floss-like fibrils packed in a ball with cobblestone-like morphology. The amount of collagen grafted was related to the condition of the collagen used, which in consequence affected the diameter of the collagen fibril formed and the growth of endothelial cells. In conclusion, reconstituted collagen fibrils formed from collagen in PBS at 37 degrees C grafted in the highest amounts to an epoxy-PU substrate and that optimally supported the growth of endothelial cells. Such prepared materials may be potentially good vascular bioprosthetic materials and may provide a wide range of biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Lee
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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28
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Berthod F, Sahuc F, Hayek D, Damour O, Collombel C. Deposition of collagen fibril bundles by long-term culture of fibroblasts in a collagen sponge. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1996; 32:87-93. [PMID: 8864876 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199609)32:1<87::aid-jbm10>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human fibroblasts cultured for 10 days in a collagen sponge migrated through the pores of the sponge and expressed a moderate mitotic activity, which stabilized after 10 days, and a high collagen and protein synthesis. Between 10 and 27 days, the newly synthesized collagen filled the pores of the sponge. This matrix accumulation induced a delayed decrease of collagen and protein synthesis. Finally, after 27 days of culture, the fibroblasts expressed low biosynthetic activities similar to the ones exhibited in vivo. The newly synthesized matrix was highly differentiated, as shown by the presence of a dense network of quarter-staggered collagen fibrils (42 nm +/- 6 nm in diameter) surrounding the cells. The size and the shape of these fibrils demonstrated that the newly synthesized procollagen was fully processed in collagen by removal of their N- and C-terminal propeptides. Moreover, these fibrils were packed in bundles organized into an interwoven network that mimics the pattern of the papillary dermis. These findings show that fibroblasts cultured for one month in a collagen sponge construct large amounts of a highly differentiated connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Berthod
- Laboratoire des Substituts Cutanés, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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