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Alkahtani ME, Elbadawi M, Chapman CAR, Green RA, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Basit AW. Electroactive Polymers for On-Demand Drug Release. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301759. [PMID: 37861058 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive materials have played a significant role in advancing society into the digital era. Such materials are able to harness the power of electricity and are used to control many aspects of daily life. Conductive polymers (CPs) are an emerging group of polymers that possess metal-like conductivity yet retain desirable polymeric features, such as processability, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Upon receiving an electrical stimulus, CPs can be tailored to achieve a number of responses, such as harvesting energy and stimulating tissue growth. The recent FDA approval of a CP-based material for a medical device has invigorated their research in healthcare. In drug delivery, CPs can act as electrical switches, drug release is achieved at a flick of a switch, thereby providing unprecedented control over drug release. In this review, recent developments in CP as electroactive polymers for voltage-stimuli responsive drug delivery systems are evaluated. The review demonstrates the distinct drug release profiles achieved by electroactive formulations, and both the precision and ease of stimuli response. This level of dynamism promises to yield "smart medicines" and warrants further research. The review concludes by providing an outlook on electroactive formulations in drug delivery and highlighting their integral roles in healthcare IoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal E Alkahtani
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moe Elbadawi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Christopher A R Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Rylie A Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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2
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Chapman CA, Fernandez-Patel S, Jahan N, Cuttaz EA, Novikov A, Goding JA, Green RA. Controlled electroactive release from solid-state conductive elastomer electrodes. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100883. [PMID: 38144517 PMCID: PMC10746364 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This work highlights the development of a conductive elastomer (CE) based electrophoretic platform that enables the transfer of charged molecules from a solid-state CE electrode directly to targeted tissues. Using an elastomer-based electrode containing poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanowires, controlled electrophoretic delivery of methylene blue (MB) and fluorescein (FLSC) was achieved with applied voltage. Electroactive release of positively charged MB and negatively charged FLSC achieved 33.19 ± 6.47 μg release of MB and 22.36 ± 3.05 μg release of FLSC, a 24 and 20-fold increase in comparison to inhibitory voltages over 1 h. Additionally, selective, and sequential release of the two oppositely charged molecules from a single CE device was demonstrated, showing the potential of this device to be used in multi-drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A.R. Chapman
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shanila Fernandez-Patel
- Tumour Immunogenomics and Immunosurveillance Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Estelle A. Cuttaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexey Novikov
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josef A. Goding
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rylie A. Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Hsiao YS, Quiñones ED, Yen SC, Yu J, Fang JT, Chen P, Juang RS. PEDOT:PSS-Based Bioelectrodes for Multifunctional Drug Release and Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21953-21964. [PMID: 37129106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is an innovative approach for the label-free and real-time detection of cell morphology, growth, and apoptosis, thereby playing an essential role as both a viable alternative and valuable complement to conventional biochemical/pharmaceutical analysis in the field of diagnostics. Constant improvements are naturally sought to further improve the effective range and reliability of this technology. In this study, we developed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conducting polymer (CP)-based bioelectrodes integrated into homemade ECIS cell-culture chamber slides for the simultaneous drug release and real-time biosensing of cancer cell viability under drug treatment. The CP comprised tailored PEDOT:PSS, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) capable of encapsulating antitumor chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX), docetaxel (DTX), and a DOX/DTX combination. This device can reliably monitor impedance signal changes correlated with cell viability on chips generated by cell adhesion onto a predetermined CP-based working electrode while simultaneously exhibiting excellent properties for both drug encapsulation and on-demand release from another CP-based counter electrode under electrical stimulation (ES) operation. Cyclic voltammetry curves and surface profile data of different CP-based coatings (without or with drugs) were used to analyze the changes in charge capacity and thickness, respectively, thereby further revealing the correlation between their drug-releasing performance under ES operation (determined using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy). Finally, antitumor drug screening tests (DOX, DTX, and DOX/DTX combination) were performed on MCF-7 and HeLa cells using our developed CP-based ECIS chip system to monitor the impedance signal changes and their related cell viability results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Edgar Daniel Quiñones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Yen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Tseng Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Shin Juang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
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4
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Marchini E, Orlandi M, Bazzanella N, Boaretto R, Cristino V, Miotello A, Caramori S, Carli S. Electrodeposited PEDOT/Nafion as Catalytic Counter Electrodes for Cobalt and Copper Bipyridyl Redox Mediators in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29181-29194. [PMID: 36033653 PMCID: PMC9404163 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PEDOT-based counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are generally prepared by electrodeposition, which produces polymer films endowed with the best electrocatalytic properties. This translates in fast regeneration of the redox mediator, which allows the solar cell to sustain efficient photoconversion. The sustainable fabrication of DSSCs must consider the scaling up of the entire process, and when possible, it should avoid the use of large amounts of hazardous and/or inflammable chemicals, such as organic solvents for instance. This is why electrodeposition of PEDOT-based counter electrodes should preferably be carried out in aqueous media. In this study, PEDOT/Nafion was electrodeposited on FTO and comparatively evaluated as a catalytic material in DSSCs based on either cobalt or copper electrolytes. Our results show that the electrochemical response of PEDOT/Nafion toward Co(II/III-) or Cu(I/II)-based redox shuttles was comparable to that of PEDOT/ClO4 and significantly superior to that of PEDOT/PSS. In addition, when tested for adhesion, PEDOT/Nafion films were more stable for delamination if compared to PEDOT/ClO4, a feature that may prove beneficial in view of the long-term stability of solar devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Marchini
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Orlandi
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Bazzanella
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Rita Boaretto
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vito Cristino
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Miotello
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agrarian Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Carli
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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5
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SIROF stabilized PEDOT/PSS allows biocompatible and reversible direct current stimulation capable of driving electrotaxis in cells. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120949. [PMID: 34153784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrotaxis is a naturally occurring phenomenon in which ionic gradients dictate the directed migration of cells involved in different biological processes such as wound healing, embryonic development, or cancer metastasis. To investigate these processes, direct current (DC) has been used to generate electric fields capable of eliciting an electrotactic response in cells. However, the need for metallic electrodes to deliver said currents has hindered electrotaxis research and the application of DC stimulation as medical therapy. This study aimed to investigate the capability of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) on sputtered iridium oxide film (SIROF) electrodes to generate stable direct currents. The electrochemical properties of PEDOT/PSS allow ions to be released and reabsorbed depending on the polarity of the current flow. SIROF stabilized PEDOT/PSS electrodes demonstrated exceptional stability in voltage and current controlled DC stimulation for periods of up to 12 hours. These electrodes were capable of directing cell migration of the rat prostate cancer cell line MAT-LyLu in a microfluidic chamber without the need for chemical buffers. This material combination shows excellent promise for accelerating electrotaxis research and facilitating the translation of DC stimulation to medical applications thanks to its biocompatibility, ionic charge injection mechanisms, and recharging capabilities in a biological environment.
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6
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Bishal AK, Anderson ND, Ho Hung SK, Jokisaari JR, Klie RF, Koh A, Abdussalam W, Sukotjo C, Takoudis CG. Highly Conductive Collagen by Low-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Platinum. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44371-44380. [PMID: 32886478 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In modern biomaterial-based electronics, conductive and flexible biomaterials are gaining increasing attention for their wide range of applications in biomedical and wearable electronics industries. The ecofriendly, biodegradable, and self-resorbable nature of these materials makes them an excellent choice in fabricating green and transient electronics. Surface functionalization of these biomaterials is required to cater to the need of designing electronics based on these substrate materials. In this work, a low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) process of platinum (Pt) is presented to deposit a conductive thin film on collagen biomaterials, for the first time. Surface characterization revealed that a very thin ALD-deposited seed layer of TiO2 on the collagen surface prior to Pt deposition is an alternative for achieving a better nucleation and 100% surface coverage of ultrathin Pt on collagen surfaces. The presence of a pure metallic Pt thin film was confirmed from surface chemical characterization. Electrical characterization proved the existence of a continuous and conductive Pt thin film (∼27.8 ± 1.4 nm) on collagen with a resistivity of 295 ± 30 μΩ cm, which occurred because of the virtue of TiO2. Analysis of its electronic structures showed that the presence of metastable state due to the presence of TiO2 enables electrons to easily flow from valence into conductive bands. As a result, this turned collagen into a flexible conductive biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya K Bishal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Nickolas D Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sai Ken Ho Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ahyeon Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New York at Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Wildan Abdussalam
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cortino Sukotjo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Christos G Takoudis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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7
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Promsuwan K, Meng L, Suklim P, Limbut W, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Mak WC. Bio-PEDOT: Modulating Carboxyl Moieties in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for Enzyme-Coupled Bioelectronic Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39841-39849. [PMID: 32805895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of chemical functional groups on conducting polymers (CPs) provides an effective way to tailor the physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of CPs, as well as serves as a functional interface for stable integration of CPs with biomolecules for organic bioelectronics (OBEs). Herein, we introduced a facile approach to modulate the carboxylate functional groups on the PEDOT interface through a systematic evaluation on the effect of a series of carboxylate-containing molecules as counterion dopant integrated into the PEDOT backbone, including acetate as monocarboxylate (mono-COO-), malate as dicarboxylate (di-COO-), citrate as tricarboxylate (tri-COO-), and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) as polycarboxylate (poly-COO-) bearing different amounts of molecular carboxylate moieties to create tunable PEDOT:COO- interfaces with improved polymerization efficiency. We demonstrated the modulation of PEDOT:COO- interfaces with various granulated morphologies from 0.33 to 0.11 μm, tunable surface carboxylate densities from 0.56 to 3.6 μM cm-2, and with improved electrochemical kinetics and cycling stability. We further demonstrated the effective and stable coupling of an enzyme model lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with the optimized PEDOT:poly-COO- interface via simple covalent chemistry to develop biofunctionalized PEDOT (Bio-PEDOT) as a lactate biosensor. The biosensing mechanism is driven by a sequential bioelectrochemical signal transduction between the bio-organic LDH and organic PEDOT toward the concept of all-polymer-based OBEs with a high sensitivity of 8.38 μA mM-1 cm-2 and good reproducibility. Moreover, we utilized the LDH-PEDOT biosensor for the detection of lactate in spiked serum samples with a high recovery value of 91-96% and relatively small RSD in the range of 2.1-3.1%. Our findings provide a new insight into the design and optimization of functional CPs, leading to the development of new OBEs for sensing, biosensing, bioengineering, and biofuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiattisak Promsuwan
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Lingyin Meng
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Phachara Suklim
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Wing Cheung Mak
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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8
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Ohayon D, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronics: From Functional Materials to Next-Generation Devices and Power Sources. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001439. [PMID: 32691880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) possess a unique set of features setting them apart from other materials. These properties make them ideal when interfacing the biological world electronically. Their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity can be used to detect weak biological signals, deliver charged bioactive molecules, and mechanically or electrically stimulate tissues. CPs can be functionalized with various (bio)chemical moieties and blend with other functional materials, with the aim of modulating biological responses or endow specificity toward analytes of interest. They can absorb photons and generate electronic charges that are then used to stimulate cells or produce fuels. These polymers also have catalytic properties allowing them to harvest ambient energy and, along with their high capacitances, are promising materials for next-generation power sources integrated with bioelectronic devices. In this perspective, an overview of the key properties of CPs and examination of operational mechanism of electronic devices that leverage these properties for specific applications in bioelectronics is provided. In addition to discussing the chemical structure-functionality relationships of CPs applied at the biological interface, the development of new chemistries and form factors that would bring forth next-generation sensors, actuators, and their power sources, and, hence, advances in the field of organic bioelectronics is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Gautam B, Ayalew H, Dhawan U, Aerathupalathu Janardhanan J, Yu H. Layer‐by‐layer assembly and electrically controlled disassembly of water‐soluble
Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
derivatives for bioelectronic interface. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskarchand Gautam
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Nankang Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Hailemichael Ayalew
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Nankang Taiwan
| | - Udesh Dhawan
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Nankang Taiwan
| | - Jayakrishnan Aerathupalathu Janardhanan
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Nankang Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Hsiao‐hua Yu
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Nankang Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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10
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Liu C, Nguyen MA, Alvarez-Ciara A, Franklin M, Bennett C, Domena JB, Kleinhenz NC, Blanco Colmenares GA, Duque S, Chebbi AF, Bernard B, Olivier JH, Prasad A. Surface Modifications of an Organic Polymer-Based Microwire Platform for Sustained Release of an Anti-Inflammatory Drug. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4613-4625. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Michelle A. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Anabel Alvarez-Ciara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Melissa Franklin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Cassie Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Justin B. Domena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Noah C. Kleinhenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Gabriel A. Blanco Colmenares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Sebastian Duque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Aisha F. Chebbi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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11
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Seitanidou M, Blomgran R, Pushpamithran G, Berggren M, Simon DT. Modulating Inflammation in Monocytes Using Capillary Fiber Organic Electronic Ion Pumps. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900813. [PMID: 31502760 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) delivers ions and drugs from a source, through a charge selective membrane, to a target upon an electric bias. Miniaturization of this technology is crucial and will provide several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. To miniaturize OEIPs, new configurations have been developed based on glass capillary fibers filled with an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Fiber capillary OEIPs can be easily implanted in proximity to targeted cells and tissues. Herein, the efficacy of such a fiber capillary OEIP for modulation of inflammation in human monocytes is demonstrated. The devices are located on inflammatory monocytes and local delivery of salicylic acid (SA) is initiated. Highly localized SA delivery results in a significant decrease in cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6) levels after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The findings-the first use of such capillary OEIPs in mammalian cells or systems-demonstrate the utility of the technology for optimizing transport and delivery of different therapeutic substances at low concentrations, with the benefit of local and controlled administration that limits the adverse effect of oral/systemic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Giggil Pushpamithran
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
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12
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Carli S, Bianchi M, Zucchini E, Di Lauro M, Prato M, Murgia M, Fadiga L, Biscarini F. Electrodeposited PEDOT:Nafion Composite for Neural Recording and Stimulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900765. [PMID: 31489795 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays are used for recording and stimulation in neurosciences both in vitro and in vivo. The electrodeposition of conductive polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), is widely adopted to improve both the in vivo recording and the charge injection limit of metallic microelectrodes. The workhorse of conductive polymers in the neurosciences is PEDOT:PSS, where PSS represents polystyrene-sulfonate. In this paper, the counterion is the fluorinated polymer Nafion, so the composite PEDOT:Nafion is deposited onto a flexible neural microelectrode array. PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes exhibit comparable in vivo recording capability to the reference PEDOT:PSS, providing a large signal-to-noise ratio in a murine animal model. Importantly, PEDOT:Nafion exhibits a minimized polarization during electrical stimulation, thereby resulting in an improved charge injection limit equal to 4.4 mC cm-2 , almost 80% larger than the 2.5 mC cm-2 that is observed for PEDOT:PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Michele Bianchi
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Elena Zucchini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
- Section of Human PhysiologyUniversity of Ferrara 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Michele Di Lauro
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization FacilityIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)CNR 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
- Section of Human PhysiologyUniversity of Ferrara 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia 44121 Ferrara Italy
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia 41125 Modena Italy
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13
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Drug delivery systems based on intrinsically conducting polymers. J Control Release 2019; 309:244-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Boehler C, Oberueber F, Asplund M. Tuning drug delivery from conducting polymer films for accurately controlled release of charged molecules. J Control Release 2019; 304:173-180. [PMID: 31096016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Spatio-temporally controlled drug release based on conducting polymer films offers a powerful technology to improve the tissue integration for implantable neuroprobes. We here explore the release efficiency of such systems in order to improve the understanding of the release mechanism and allow for optimized implementation of this technology into future drug release applications. By exposing drug loaded PEDOT coatings of different thicknesses to a multitude of release signals, along with optimizing the steps during the polymer synthesis, we could identify a highly reproducible electrostatically controlled drug release next to a slow diffusion driven release component. The release efficiency was moreover observed to be higher for a cyclic voltammetry signal in comparison to release driven by a constant potential. Biphasic current pulses, as used during neural stimulation, did not allow for long enough diffusion times to yield efficient active drug expulsion from the polymer films. A quantitative analysis could confirm an overall linear dependency between drug release and film thickness. The amount of drug released in response to the trigger signals was however not linearly correlated with the amount of charge applied. By combining these findings we could develop a model which accurately describes the drug release mechanism from a PEDOT film. The proposed model thereby points the way for how actively controlled, and diffusion related, release can be tuned for obtaining delivery dynamics tailored to specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boehler
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Oberueber
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Asplund
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Kleber C, Lienkamp K, Rühe J, Asplund M. Electrochemically Controlled Drug Release from a Conducting Polymer Hydrogel (PDMAAp/PEDOT) for Local Therapy and Bioelectronics. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801488. [PMID: 30835957 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the release of fluorescein from a photo-crosslinked conducting polymer hydrogel made from a hydrogel precursor poly(dimethylacrylamide-co-4-methacryloyloxy benzophenone (5%)-co-4-styrenesulfonate (2.5%)) (PDMAAp) and the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is investigated. Fluorescein, here used as a model for a drug, is actively released through application of an electrical trigger signal. The detected quantity is more than six times higher in comparison to that released from a conventional PEDOT/polysterene sulfonate (PSS) system. Release profiles, drug dose, and timing can be tailored by the application of different trigger signals and pretreatments. To demonstrate that the novel drug release system can be used for a drug relevant for local delivery to a neural interface, experiments are furthermore performed with the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (Dex). The conducting polymer hydrogel facilitates the active release of Dex, in comparison to the previously used PEDOT/Dex. It is suggested that PEDOT/PDMAAp is an interesting alternative for conducting polymer based drug release systems, with the potential to offer more volume for storage, yet retaining the excellent electrochemical properties known for PEDOT electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kleber
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Asplund
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
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16
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Stieglitz T. Why Neurotechnologies? About the Purposes, Opportunities and Limitations of Neurotechnologies in Clinical Applications. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-019-09406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeurotechnologies describe a field of science and engineering in which the nervous system is interfaced with technical devices. Fundamental research is conducted to explore functions of the brain, decipher the neural code and get a better understanding of diseases and disorders. Risk benefit assessment has been well established in all medical disciplines to treat patients best possible while minimizing jeopardizing their lives by the interventions. Is this set of assessment rules sufficient when the brain will be interfaced with a technical system and is this assessment enough? How will these new technologies change personality and society? This article will shortly review different stakeholders’ opinions and their expectation in the field, assembles information the state-of-the art in medical applications of neurotechnological implants and describes and assesses the fundamental technologies that are used to build up these implants starting with essential requirements of technical materials in contact with living tissue. The different paragraphs guide the reader through the main aspects of neurotechnologies and lay a foundation of knowledge to be able to contribute to the discussion in which cases implants will be beneficial and in which cases we should express serious concerns.
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Seitanidou M, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Overcoming transport limitations in miniaturized electrophoretic delivery devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1427-1435. [PMID: 30875418 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00038k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronic ion pumps (OEIPs) have been used for delivery of biological signaling compounds, at high spatiotemporal resolution, to a variety of biological targets. The miniaturization of this technology provides several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. One route to miniaturization is to develop OEIPs based on glass capillary fibers that are filled with a polyelectrolyte (cation exchange membrane, CEM). These devices can be easily inserted and brought into close proximity to targeted cells and tissues and could be considered as a starting point for other fiber-based OEIP and "iontronic" technologies enabling favorable implantable device geometries. While characterizing capillary OEIPs we observed deviations from the typical linear current-voltage behavior. Here we report a systematic investigation of these irregularities by performing experimental characterizations in combination with computational modelling. The cause of the observed irregularities is due to concentration polarization established at the OEIP inlet, which in turn causes electric field-enhanced water dissociation at the inlet. Water dissociation generates protons and is typically problematic for many applications. By adding an ion-selective cap that separates the inlet from the source reservoir this effect is then, to a large extent, suppressed. By increasing the surface area of the inlet with the addition of the cap, the concentration polarization is reduced which thereby allows for significantly higher delivery rates. These results demonstrate a useful approach to optimize transport and delivery of therapeutic substances at low concentrations via miniaturized electrophoretic delivery devices, thus considerably broadening the opportunities for implantable OEIP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
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18
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Evaluation of drug loading capacity and release characteristics of PEDOT/naproxen system: Effect of doping ions. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Carli S, Trapella C, Armirotti A, Fantinati A, Ottonello G, Scarpellini A, Prato M, Fadiga L, Ricci D. Biochemically Controlled Release of Dexamethasone Covalently Bound to PEDOT. Chemistry 2018; 24:10300-10305. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Univeristy of Ferrara; 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Facility; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Anna Fantinati
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Univeristy of Ferrara; 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Giuliana Ottonello
- Analytical Chemistry Facility; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Alice Scarpellini
- Electron Microscopy Facility; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Davide Ricci
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 44121 Ferrara Italy
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20
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Yasin MN, Brooke RK, Rudd S, Chan A, Chen WT, Waterhouse GI, Evans D, Rupenthal ID, Svirskis D. 3-Dimensionally ordered macroporous PEDOT ion-exchange resins prepared by vapor phase polymerization for triggered drug delivery: Fabrication and characterization. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Rudmann L, Alt MT, Ashouri Vajari D, Stieglitz T. Integrated optoelectronic microprobes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 50:72-82. [PMID: 29414738 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics opened not only new exciting opportunities to interrogate the nervous system but also requires adequate probes to facilitate these wishes. Therefore, a multidisciplinary effort is essential to match these technical opportunities with biological needs in order to establish a stable and functional material-tissue interface. This in turn can address an optical intervention of the genetically modified, light sensitive cells in the nervous system and recording of electrical signals from single cells and neuronal networks that result in behavioral changes. In this review, we present the state of the art of optoelectronic probes and assess advantages and challenges of the different design approaches. At first, we discuss mechanisms and processes at the material-tissue interface that influence the performance of optoelectronic probes in acute and chronic implantations. We classify optoelectronic probes by their property of delivering light to the tissue: by waveguides or by integrated light sources at the sites of intervention. Both approaches are discussed with respect to size, spatial resolution, opportunity to integrate electrodes for electrical recording and potential interactions with the target tissue. At last, we assess translational aspects of the state of the art. Long-term stability of probes and the opportunity to integrate them into fully implantable, wireless systems are a prerequisite for chronic applications and a transfer from fundamental neuroscientific studies into treatment options for diseases and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rudmann
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK & BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M T Alt
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK & BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Ashouri Vajari
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK & BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - T Stieglitz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK & BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Heizmann S, Kilias A, Ruther P, Egert U, Asplund M. Active Control of Dye Release for Neuronal Tracing Using PEDOT-PSS Coated Electrodes. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2018; 26:299-306. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2016.2606559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Multilayer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-dexamethasone and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate-carbon nanotubes coatings on glassy carbon microelectrode arrays for controlled drug release. Biointerphases 2017; 12:031002. [PMID: 28704999 DOI: 10.1116/1.4993140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors present an electrochemically controlled, drug releasing neural interface composed of a glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode array combined with a multilayer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating. The system integrates the high stability of the GC electrode substrate, ideal for electrical stimulation and electrochemical detection of neurotransmitters, with the on-demand drug-releasing capabilities of PEDOT-dexamethasone compound, through a mechanically stable interlayer of PEDOT-polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)-carbon nanotubes (CNT). The authors demonstrate that such interlayer improves both the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the neural interface, when compared with a single PEDOT-dexamethasone coating. Moreover, the multilayer coating is able to withstand 10 × 106 biphasic pulses and delamination test with negligible change to the impedance spectra. Cross-section scanning electron microscopy images support that the PEDOT-PSS-CNT interlayer significantly improves the adhesion between the GC substrate and PEDOT-dexamethasone coating, showing no discontinuities between the three well-interconnected layers. Furthermore, the multilayer coating has superior electrochemical properties, in terms of impedance and charge transfer capabilities as compared to a single layer of either PEDOT coating or the GC substrate alone. The authors verified the drug releasing capabilities of the PEDOT-dexamethasone layer when integrated into the multilayer interface through repeated stimulation protocols in vitro, and found a pharmacologically relevant release of dexamethasone.
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24
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Boehler C, Kleber C, Martini N, Xie Y, Dryg I, Stieglitz T, Hofmann U, Asplund M. Actively controlled release of Dexamethasone from neural microelectrodes in a chronic in vivo study. Biomaterials 2017; 129:176-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Boehler C, Oberueber F, Schlabach S, Stieglitz T, Asplund M. Long-Term Stable Adhesion for Conducting Polymers in Biomedical Applications: IrOx and Nanostructured Platinum Solve the Chronic Challenge. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:189-197. [PMID: 27936546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) have frequently been described as outstanding coating materials for neural microelectrodes, providing significantly reduced impedance or higher charge injection compared to pure metals. Usability has until now, however, been limited by poor adhesion of polymers like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to metallic substrates, ultimately precluding long-term applications. The aim of this study was to overcome this weakness of CPs by introducing two novel adhesion improvement strategies that can easily be integrated with standard microelectrode fabrication processes. Iridium Oxide (IrOx) demonstrated exceptional stability for PEDOT coatings, resulting in polymer survival over 10 000 redox cycles and 110 days under accelerated aging conditions at 60 °C. Nanostructured Pt was furthermore introduced as a purely mechanical adhesion promoter providing 10-fold adhesion improvement compared to smooth Pt substrates by simply altering the morphology of Pt. This layer can be realized in a very simple process that is compatible with any electrode design, turning nanostructured Pt into a universal adhesion layer for CP coatings. By the introduction of these adhesion-promoting strategies, the weakness of CP-based neural probes can ultimately be eliminated and true long-term stable use of PEDOT on neural probes will be possible in future electrode generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boehler
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center & Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Oberueber
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center & Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schlabach
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center & Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Asplund
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center & Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Jonsson A, Sjöström TA, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Chemical delivery array with millisecond neurotransmitter release. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601340. [PMID: 27847873 PMCID: PMC5099981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Technologies that restore or augment dysfunctional neural signaling represent a promising route to deeper understanding and new therapies for neurological disorders. Because of the chemical specificity and subsecond signaling of the nervous system, these technologies should be able to release specific neurotransmitters at specific locations with millisecond resolution. We have previously demonstrated an organic electronic lateral electrophoresis technology capable of precise delivery of charged compounds, such as neurotransmitters. However, this technology, the organic electronic ion pump, has been limited to a single delivery point, or several simultaneously addressed outlets, with switch-on speeds of seconds. We report on a vertical neurotransmitter delivery device, configured as an array with individually controlled delivery points and a temporal resolution of 50 ms. This is achieved by supplementing lateral electrophoresis with a control electrode and an ion diode at each delivery point to allow addressing and limit leakage. By delivering local pulses of neurotransmitters with spatiotemporal dynamics approaching synaptic function, the high-speed delivery array promises unprecedented access to neural signaling and a path toward biochemically regulated neural prostheses.
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27
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An electrically controlled drug delivery system based on conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) matrix. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 108:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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A Simple Approach for Molecular Controlled Release based on Atomic Layer Deposition Hybridized Organic-Inorganic Layers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19574. [PMID: 26791399 PMCID: PMC4726427 DOI: 10.1038/srep19574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
On-demand release of bioactive substances with high spatial and temporal control offers ground-breaking possibilities in the field of life sciences. However, available strategies for developing such release systems lack the possibility of combining efficient control over release with adequate storage capability in a reasonably compact system. In this study we present a new approach to target this deficiency by the introduction of a hybrid material. This organic-inorganic material was fabricated by atomic layer deposition of ZnO into thin films of polyethylene glycol, forming the carrier matrix for the substance to be released. Sub-surface growth mechanisms during this process converted the liquid polymer into a solid, yet water-soluble, phase. This layer permits extended storage for various substances within a single film of only a few micrometers in thickness, and hence demands minimal space and complexity. Improved control over release of the model substance Fluorescein was achieved by coating the hybrid material with a conducting polymer film. Single dosage and repetitive dispensing from this system was demonstrated. Release was controlled by applying a bias potential of ±0.5 V to the polymer film enabling or respectively suppressing the expulsion of the model drug. In vitro tests showed excellent biocompatibility of the presented system.
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29
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Severt SY, Ostrovsky-Snider NA, Leger JM, Murphy AR. Versatile Method for Producing 2D and 3D Conductive Biomaterial Composites Using Sequential Chemical and Electrochemical Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25281-25288. [PMID: 26544990 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and conductive biocompatible materials are attractive candidates for a wide range of biomedical applications including implantable electrodes, tissue engineering, and controlled drug delivery. Here, we demonstrate that chemical and electrochemical polymerization techniques can be combined to create highly versatile silk-conducting polymer (silk-CP) composites with enhanced conductivity and electrochemical stability. Interpenetrating silk-CP composites were first generated via in situ deposition of polypyrrole during chemical polymerization of pyrrole. These composites were sufficiently conductive to serve as working electrodes for electropolymerization, which allowed an additional layer of CP to be deposited on the surface. This sequential method was applied to both 2D films and 3D sponge-like silk scaffolds, producing conductive materials with biomimetic architectures. Overall, this two-step technique expanded the range of available polymers and dopants suitable for the synthesis of mechanically robust, biocompatible, and highly conductive silk-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Y Severt
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Washington University , 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9150, United States
| | - Nicholas A Ostrovsky-Snider
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Washington University , 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9150, United States
| | - Janelle M Leger
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Washington University , 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9150, United States
| | - Amanda R Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Washington University , 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9150, United States
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30
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Boehler C, Stieglitz T, Asplund M. Nanostructured platinum grass enables superior impedance reduction for neural microelectrodes. Biomaterials 2015; 67:346-53. [PMID: 26232883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Micro-sized electrodes are essential for highly sensitive communication at the neural interface with superior spatial resolution. However, such small electrodes inevitably suffer from high electrical impedance and thus high levels of thermal noise deteriorating the signal to noise ratio. In order to overcome this problem, a nanostructured Pt-coating was introduced as add-on functionalization for impedance reduction of small electrodes. In comparison to platinum black deposition, all used chemicals in the deposition process are free from cytotoxic components. The grass-like nanostructure was found to reduce the impedance by almost two orders of magnitude compared to untreated samples which was lower than what could be achieved with conventional electrode coatings like IrOx or PEDOT. The realization of the Pt-grass coating is performed via a simple electrochemical process which can be applied to virtually any possible electrode type and accordingly shows potential as a universal impedance reduction strategy. Elution tests revealed non-toxicity of the Pt-grass and the coating was found to exhibit strong adhesion to the metallized substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boehler
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - T Stieglitz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Asplund
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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Anderson M, Shelke NB, Manoukian OS, Yu X, McCullough LD, Kumbar SG. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Strategies: Electrically Stimulating Polymer Based Nerve Growth Conduits. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 43:131-59. [PMID: 27278739 PMCID: PMC5266796 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2015014015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of large peripheral nerve damages ranges from the use of an autologous nerve graft to a synthetic nerve growth conduit. Biological grafts, in spite of many merits, show several limitations in terms of availability and donor site morbidity, and outcomes are suboptimal due to fascicle mismatch, scarring, and fibrosis. Tissue engineered nerve graft substitutes utilize polymeric conduits in conjunction with cues both chemical and physical, cells alone and or in combination. The chemical and physical cues delivered through polymeric conduits play an important role and drive tissue regeneration. Electrical stimulation (ES) has been applied toward the repair and regeneration of various tissues such as muscle, tendon, nerve, and articular tissue both in laboratory and clinical settings. The underlying mechanisms that regulate cellular activities such as cell adhesion, proliferation, cell migration, protein production, and tissue regeneration following ES is not fully understood. Polymeric constructs that can carry the electrical stimulation along the length of the scaffold have been developed and characterized for possible nerve regeneration applications. We discuss the use of electrically conductive polymers and associated cell interaction, biocompatibility, tissue regeneration, and recent basic research for nerve regeneration. In conclusion, a multifunctional combinatorial device comprised of biomaterial, structural, functional, cellular, and molecular aspects may be the best way forward for effective peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Namdev B. Shelke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Ohan S. Manoukian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ
| | | | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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Asplund M, Boehler C, Stieglitz T. Anti-inflammatory polymer electrodes for glial scar treatment: bringing the conceptual idea to future results. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:9. [PMID: 24860493 PMCID: PMC4026681 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymer films offer a convenient route for the functionalization of implantable microelectrodes without compromising their performance as excellent recording units. A micron thick coating, deposited on the surface of a regular metallic electrode, can elute anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of glial scarring as well as growth factors for the support of surrounding neurons. Electro-activation of the polymer drives the release of the substance and should ideally provide a reliable method for controlling quantity and timing of release. Driving signals in the form of a constant potential (CP), a slow redox sweep or a fast pulse are all represented in literature. Few studies present such release in vivo from actual recording and stimulating microelectronic devices. It is essential to bridge the gap between studies based on release in vitro, and the intended application, which would mean release into living and highly delicate tissue. In the biological setting, signals are limited both by available electronics and by the biological safety. Driving signals must not be harmful to tissue and also not activate the tissue in an uncontrolled manner. This review aims at shedding more light on how to select appropriate driving parameters for the polymer electrodes for the in vivo setting. It brings together information regarding activation thresholds for neurons, as well as injury thresholds, and puts this into context with what is known about efficient driving of release from conducting polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Asplund
- Biomedical Microtechnology, IMTEK, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies FRIAS, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Boehler
- Biomedical Microtechnology, IMTEK, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies FRIAS, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Biomedical Microtechnology, IMTEK, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany
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