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Suvarna K, Jayabal P, Ma X, Wang H, Chen Y, Weintraub ST, Han X, Houghton PJ, Shiio Y. Ceramide-induced cleavage of GPR64 intracellular domain drives Ewing sarcoma. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114497. [PMID: 39024100 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a cancer of bone and soft tissue in children and young adults primarily driven by the EWS-FLI1 fusion oncoprotein, which has been undruggable. Here, we report that Ewing sarcoma depends on secreted sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1), a ceramide-generating enzyme, and ceramide. We find that G-protein-coupled receptor 64 (GPR64)/adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2) responds to ceramide and mediates critical growth signaling in Ewing sarcoma. We show that ceramide induces the cleavage of the C-terminal intracellular domain of GPR64, which translocates to the nucleus and restrains the protein levels of RIF1 in a manner dependent on SPOP, a substrate adaptor of the Cullin3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase. We demonstrate that both SMPD1 and GPR64 are transcriptional targets of EWS-FLI1, indicating that SMPD1 and GPR64 are EWS-FLI1-induced cytokine-receptor dependencies. These results reveal the SMPD1-ceramide-GPR64 pathway, which drives Ewing sarcoma growth and is amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthi Suvarna
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Panneerselvam Jayabal
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiuye Ma
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yuzuru Shiio
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Xu Q, La T, Ye K, Wang L, Wang S, Hu Y, Teng L, Yan L, Li J, Zhang Z, Shao Z, Zhang YY, Zhao XH, Feng YC, Jin L, Baker M, Thorne RF, Zhang XD, Shao F, Cao H. KMT2A and chronic inflammation as potential drivers of sporadic parathyroid adenoma. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1734. [PMID: 38888967 PMCID: PMC11185127 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic parathyroid adenoma (PA) is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism, yet the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. METHODS Surgically removed PA samples, along with normal parathyroid gland (PG) tissues that were incidentally dissected during total thyroidectomy, were analysed using single-cell RNA-sequencing with the 10× Genomics Chromium Droplet platform and Cell Ranger software. Gene set variation analysis was conducted to characterise hallmark pathway gene signatures, and single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering were utilised to analyse transcription factor regulons. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to validate cellular components of PA tissues. siRNA knockdown and gene overexpression, alongside quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and cell proliferation assays, were conducted for functional investigations. RESULTS There was a pervasive increase in gene transcription in PA cells (PACs) compared with PG cells. This is associated with high expression of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A). High KMT2A levels potentially contribute to promoting PAC proliferation through upregulation of the proto-oncogene CCND2, which is mediated by the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3). PA tissues are heavily infiltrated with myeloid cells, while fibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages in PA tissues are commonly enriched with proinflammatory gene signatures relative to their counterparts in PG tissues. CONCLUSIONS We revealed the previously underappreciated involvement of the KMT2A‒STAT3/GATA3‒CCND2 axis and chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of PA. These findings underscore the therapeutic promise of KMT2A inhibition and anti-inflammatory strategies, highlighting the need for future investigations to translate these molecular insights into practical applications. HIGHLIGHTS Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals a transcriptome catalogue comparing sporadic parathyroid adenomas (PAs) with normal parathyroid glands. PA cells show a pervasive increase in gene expression linked to KMT2A upregulation. KMT2A-mediated STAT3 and GATA3 upregulation is key to promoting PA cell proliferation via cyclin D2. PAs exhibit a proinflammatory microenvironment, suggesting a potential role of chronic inflammation in PA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology of Zhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's Hospital ,Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Ting La
- National‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis & BiotherapyThe Second Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kaihong Ye
- Translational Research InstituteHenan Provincial and Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Cancer MetabolismHenan International Join Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Metabolism in CancerZhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's HospitalAcademy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Li Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of NephrologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Yifeng Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology of Zhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's Hospital ,Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Liu Teng
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology of Zhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's Hospital ,Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology of Zhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's Hospital ,Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Jinming Li
- Translational Research InstituteHenan Provincial and Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Cancer MetabolismHenan International Join Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Metabolism in CancerZhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's HospitalAcademy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Thyroid SurgeryHenan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Zehua Shao
- Children's Heart CenterHenan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuan Yuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Xiao Hong Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Yu Chen Feng
- School of Medicine and Public HealthThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lei Jin
- Translational Research InstituteHenan Provincial and Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Cancer MetabolismHenan International Join Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Metabolism in CancerZhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's HospitalAcademy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- School of Medicine and Public HealthThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mark Baker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rick F. Thorne
- Translational Research InstituteHenan Provincial and Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Cancer MetabolismHenan International Join Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Metabolism in CancerZhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's HospitalAcademy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- Translational Research InstituteHenan Provincial and Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Cancer MetabolismHenan International Join Laboratory of Non‐Coding RNA and Metabolism in CancerZhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's HospitalAcademy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Feng‐Min Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology of Zhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's Hospital ,Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Huixia Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology of Zhengzhou University People's HospitalZhengzhou University People's Hospital ,Henan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouChina
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Kubat Öktem E, Yazar M, Aysan E, Karabıyık Acar Ö. Computational drug repurposing for primary hyperparathyroidism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 583:112159. [PMID: 38228226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In hyperparathyroidism (hyperPTH), excessive amounts of PTH are secreted, interfering with calcium regulation in the body. Several drugs can control the disease's side effects, but none of them is an alternative treatment to surgery. Therefore, new drug candidates are necessary. In this study, three computationally repositioned drugs, DG 041, IMD 0354, and cucurbitacin I, are evaluated in an in vitro model of hyperPTH. First, we integrated publicly available transcriptomics datasets to propose drug candidates. Using 3D spheroids derived from a single primary hyperPTH patient, we assessed their in vitro efficacy. None of the proposed drugs affected the viability of healthy cell control (HEK293) or overactive parathyroid cells at the level of toxicity. This behavior was attributed to the non-cancerous nature of the parathyroid cells, establishing the hyperPTH disease model. Cucurbitacin I and IMD 0354 exhibited a slight inverse relationship between increased drug concentrations and cell viability, whereas DG 041 increased viability. Based on these results, further studies are needed on the mechanism of action of the repurposed drugs, including determining the effects of these drugs on cellular PTH synthesis and secretion and on the metabolic pathways that regulate PTH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kubat Öktem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34700, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yazar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, 34959, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erhan Aysan
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, 34718, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Karabıyık Acar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, 34959, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Adediwura VA, Miao Y. Mechanistic Insights into Peptide Binding and Deactivation of an Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Molecules 2023; 29:164. [PMID: 38202747 PMCID: PMC10780249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (ADGRGs) play critical roles in the reproductive, neurological, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. In particular, ADGRG2 plays a significant role in Ewing sarcoma cell proliferation, parathyroid cell function, and male fertility. In 2022, a cryo-EM structure was reported for the active ADGRG2 bound by an optimized peptide agonist IP15 and the Gs protein. The IP15 peptide agonist was also modified to antagonists 4PH-E and 4PH-D with mutations of the 4PH residue to Glu and Asp, respectively. However, experimental structures of inactive antagonist-bound ADGRs remain to be resolved, and the activation mechanism of ADGRs such as ADGRG2 is poorly understood. Here, we applied Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations to probe conformational dynamics of the agonist- and antagonist-bound ADGRG2. By performing GaMD simulations, we were able to identify important low-energy conformations of ADGRG2 in the active, intermediate, and inactive states, as well as explore the binding conformations of each peptide. Moreover, our simulations revealed critical peptide-receptor residue interactions during the deactivation of ADGRG2. In conclusion, through GaMD simulations, we uncovered mechanistic insights into peptide (agonist and antagonist) binding and deactivation of the ADGRG2. These findings will potentially facilitate rational design of new peptide modulators of ADGRG2 and other ADGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Department of Pharmacology and Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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Včelák J, Šerková Z, Zajíčková K. Molecular Genetic Aspects of Sporadic Multiglandular Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Physiol Res 2023; 72:S357-S363. [PMID: 38116772 PMCID: PMC10830163 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiglandular primary hyperparathyroidism (MGD) represents a rare form of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MGD is associated with hereditary PHPT, but the sporadic MGD is more common and affects a similar patient profile as single gland parathyroid disease (SGD). The distinction between SGD and MGD is of great clinical importance, especially for the strategy of parathyroidectomy. Based on the limited knowledge available, MGD is likely to be a genetically heterogeneous disease resulting from the interaction of germline and somatic DNA mutations together with epigenetic alterations. Furthermore, these events may combine and occur independently in parathyroid tumors within the same individual with MGD. Gene expression profiling has shown that SGD and MGD may represent distinct entities in parathyroid tumorigenesis. We are waiting for studies to analyze exactly which genes are different in SGD and MGD in order to identify potential biomarkers that can distinguish between the two forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Včelák
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Wu Q, Wang P, Peng Q, Kang Z, Deng Y, Li J, Chen Y, Li J, Ge F. Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor G2 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression and Serves as a Neutrophil-Related Prognostic Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16986. [PMID: 38069309 PMCID: PMC10707058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2) is an orphan adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which performs a tumor-promoting role in certain cancers; however, it has not been systematically investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study, we utilized multiple databases to analyze the expression and diagnostic and prognostic value of ADGRG2 in HCC and its correlation with immune infiltration and inflammatory factors. The function and upstream regulatory miRNA of ADGRG2 were validated through qPCR, Western blot, CCK8, wound healing, and dual luciferase assays. It turned out that ADGRG2 was significantly higher in HCC and had a poor survival rate, especially in AFP ≤ 400 ng/mL subgroups. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that ADGRG2 may be involved in cancer pathways and immune-related pathways. In vitro, siRNA-mediated ADGRG2 silencing could inhibit the proliferation and migration of Huh7 and HepG2 cells. There was a highly significant positive correlation between ADGRG2 and neutrophils. Moreover, NET-related genes were filtered and confirmed, such as ENO1 and S100A9. Meanwhile, the high expression of ADGRG2 was also accompanied by the highest number of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors and good immunotherapy efficacy. Finally, AGDGR2 may be sensitive to two drugs (PIK-93 and NPK76-II-72-1) and can be targeted by miR-326. In conclusion, ADGRG2 may serve as a novel biomarker and drug target for HCC diagnosis, immunotherapy, and prognosis and was related to neutrophils and the inflammatory process of liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Qihang Peng
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhongcui Kang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yiting Deng
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
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Nowicka-Bauer K, Kamieniczna M, Olszewska M, Kurpisz MK. Proteomic approach towards identification of seminal fluid biomarkers from individuals with severe oligozoospermia, cryptozoospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia: a pilot study. Transl Androl Urol 2023; 12:1497-1510. [PMID: 37969768 PMCID: PMC10643378 DOI: 10.21037/tau-23-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infertility becomes a global problem that affects to the same extent females and males. As reasons of male infertility can differ among individuals, the accurate diagnostics is essential for effective treatment. The most problematic both in diagnostics and in treatment are disturbances of spermatogenesis. Seminal fluid is rich in proteins that potentially can serve as markers for male infertility and among them, markers of spermatogenesis which are highly desired. Methods To find biomarkers of spermatogenesis, we applied comparative proteomics using nano ultra performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (nanoUPLC-MS/MS) followed by single-sample Western blotting (WB) using seminal fluid samples from males with different types of infertility including non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), cryptozoospermia (C) and severe oligozoospermia (SO). Then, the extensive survey on the identified proteins and their function in male reproductive system has been done. Results The proteomic approach has enabled to identified five seminal fluid proteins being potential markers of spermatogenesis disorders: ADGRG2, RAB3B, LTF, SLC2A3 and spermine synthase (SMS). Among them ADGRG2 seems to be strongly involved in male infertility. In addition, WB indicated that the distribution of LTF, SLC2A3 and SMS was not coherent among the individuals, especially in a group with NOA. Functional annotation analysis and search in proteomics databases revealed that vast majority of the proteins originated from extracellular environment. Conclusions The presented data point out several proteins that potentially can become biomarkers of male infertility. The data suggest, however, different mechanisms behind the male infertility indicating that the etiology is more complex. We assume that recognition of these mechanisms may lead to the creation of specific protein panel helpful in the management of male infertility and therefore, further studies are required.
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Jha S, Simonds WF. Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:779-818. [PMID: 36961765 PMCID: PMC10502601 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest an increase in the overall incidence of parathyroid disorders, with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) being the most prevalent parathyroid disorder. PHPT is associated with morbidities (fractures, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease) and increased risk of death. The symptoms of PHPT can be nonspecific, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Approximately 15% of patients with PHPT have an underlying heritable form of PHPT that may be associated with extraparathyroidal manifestations, requiring active surveillance for these manifestations as seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2A. Genetic testing for heritable forms should be offered to patients with multiglandular disease, recurrent PHPT, young onset PHPT (age ≤40 years), and those with a family history of parathyroid tumors. However, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with heritable forms of PHPT remains unknown. Distinction between sporadic and heritable forms of PHPT is useful in surgical planning for parathyroidectomy and has implications for the family. The genes currently known to be associated with heritable forms of PHPT account for approximately half of sporadic parathyroid tumors. But the genetic cause in approximately half of the sporadic parathyroid tumors remains unknown. Furthermore, there is no systemic therapy for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare but potentially fatal cause of PHPT. Improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of parathyroid tumors will allow us to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
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Turaga SM, Sardiu ME, Vishwakarma V, Mitra A, Bantis LE, Madan R, Merchant ML, Klein JB, Samuel G, Godwin AK. Identification of small extracellular vesicle protein biomarkers for pediatric Ewing Sarcoma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1138594. [PMID: 37122563 PMCID: PMC10140755 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1138594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) is the second most common osseous malignancy in children and young adults after osteosarcoma, while it is the fifth common osseous malignancy within adult age population. The clinical presentation of EWS is quite often non-specific, with the most common symptoms at presentation consisting of pain, swelling or general discomfort. The dearth of clinically relevant diagnostic or predictive biomarkers continues to remain a pressing clinical challenge. Identification of tumor specific biomarkers can lend towards an early diagnosis, expedited initiation of therapy, monitoring of therapeutic response, and early detection of recurrence of disease. We carried-out a complex analysis of cell lines and cell line derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) using label-free-based Quantitative Proteomic Profiling with an intent to determine shared and distinct features of these tumor cells and their respective sEVs. We analyzed EWS cells with different EWS-ETS fusions (EWS-FLI1 type I, II, and III and EWS-ERG) and their corresponding sEVs. Non-EWS controls included osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and benign cells, i.e., osteoid osteoma and mesenchymal stem cells. Proteomic profiling identified new shared markers between cells and their corresponding cell-derived sEVs and markers which were exclusively enriched in EWS-derived sEVs. These exo-biomarkers identified were validated by in silico approaches of publicly available protein databases and by capillary electrophoresis based western analysis (Wes). Here, we identified a protein biomarker named UGT3A2 and found its expression highly specific to EWS cells and their sEVs compared to control samples. Clinical validation of UGT3A2 expression in patient tumor tissues and plasma derived sEV samples demonstrated its specificity to EWS, indicating its potential as a EWS biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya M. Turaga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Mihaela E. Sardiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Kansas Institute for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vikalp Vishwakarma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Amrita Mitra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Leonidas E. Bantis
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rashna Madan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Michael L. Merchant
- Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jon B. Klein
- Robley Rex Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Glenson Samuel
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Mercy-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Kansas Institute for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors-Structure and functions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:1-25. [PMID: 36707149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are an ancient class of receptors that represent some of the largest transmembrane-integrated proteins in humans. First recognized as surface markers on immune cells, it took more than a decade to appreciate their 7-transmembrane structure, which is reminiscent of GPCRs. Roughly 30 years went by before the first functional proof of an interaction with a G protein was published. Besides classic features of GPCRs (extracellular N terminus, 7-transmembrane region, intracellular C terminus), aGPCRs display a distinct N-terminal structure, which harbors the highly conserved GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain with the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) in addition to several functional domains. Several human diseases have been associated with variants of aGPCRs and subsequent animal models have been established to investigate these phenotypes. Much progress has been made in recent years to decipher the structure and functions of these receptors. This chapter gives an overview of our current understanding with respect to the molecular structural patterns governing aGPCR activation and the contribution of these giant molecules to the development of pathologies.
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Liebscher I, Cevheroğlu O, Hsiao CC, Maia AF, Schihada H, Scholz N, Soave M, Spiess K, Trajković K, Kosloff M, Prömel S. A guide to adhesion GPCR research. FEBS J 2022; 289:7610-7630. [PMID: 34729908 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a class of structurally and functionally highly intriguing cell surface receptors with essential functions in health and disease. Thus, they display a vastly unexploited pharmacological potential. Our current understanding of the physiological functions and signaling mechanisms of aGPCRs form the basis for elucidating further molecular aspects. Combining these with novel tools and methodologies from different fields tailored for studying these unusual receptors yields a powerful potential for pushing aGPCR research from singular approaches toward building up an in-depth knowledge that will facilitate its translation to applied science. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on aGPCRs in respect to structure-function relations, physiology, and clinical aspects, as well as the latest advances in the field. We highlight the upcoming most pressing topics in aGPCR research and identify strategies to tackle them. Furthermore, we discuss approaches how to promote, stimulate, and translate research on aGPCRs 'from bench to bedside' in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | | | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André F Maia
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Hannes Schihada
- C3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarina Trajković
- Biology of Robustness Group, Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Lala T, Hall RA. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: structure, signaling, physiology, and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1587-1624. [PMID: 35468004 PMCID: PMC9255715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans exhibiting a conserved general structure but diverse expression patterns and physiological functions. The large NH2 termini characteristic of AGPCRs confer unique properties to each receptor and possess a variety of distinct domains that can bind to a diverse array of extracellular proteins and components of the extracellular matrix. The traditional view of AGPCRs, as implied by their name, is that their core function is the mediation of adhesion. In recent years, though, many surprising advances have been made regarding AGPCR signaling mechanisms, activation by mechanosensory forces, and stimulation by small-molecule ligands such as steroid hormones and bioactive lipids. Thus, a new view of AGPCRs has begun to emerge in which these receptors are seen as massive signaling platforms that are crucial for the integration of adhesive, mechanosensory, and chemical stimuli. This review article describes the recent advances that have led to this new understanding of AGPCR function and also discusses new insights into the physiological actions of these receptors as well as their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Lala
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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13
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Kim SW. Gene expression profiles in parathyroid adenoma and normal parathyroid tissue. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:289-304. [PMID: 35953114 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A parathyroid adenoma comprises 80-85% as a cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. The clonal origin of most parathyroid adenomas suggests a defect at the level of the gene controlling growth of the parathyroid cell or the expression of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Two genes, MEN1 and CCND1, a tumor suppressor and a proto-oncogene respectively, have been solidly established as primary tumorigenic drivers in parathyroid adenomas. As well, germline and somatic mutation of other genes involved in cell cycle regulation or PTH regulation have been discovered in parathyroid adenomas. Moreover, comparative genomic studies between parathyroid adenomas and normal parathyroid tissues have suggested more complex genetic landscape. Microarray analysis have revealed differential expression profiles of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, growth factors, apoptotic pathway, or PTH synthesis or regulation pathway such as CASR, GCM2 and KL (Klotho). Furthermore, recent next-generation sequencing analysis reconfirmed previous finding or revealed novel finding, suggesting signal peptidase complex subunit (SPCS2), ribosomal proteins (RPL23, RPL26, RPN1, RPS25), the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (SEC11C, SEC11A, SEC61G), Klotho, cyclin D1, β-catenin, VDR, CaSR and GCM2 may be important factors contributing to the parathyroid adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Uljanovs R, Sinkarevs S, Strumfs B, Vidusa L, Merkurjeva K, Strumfa I. Immunohistochemical Profile of Parathyroid Tumours: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136981. [PMID: 35805976 PMCID: PMC9266566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry remains an indispensable tool in diagnostic surgical pathology. In parathyroid tumours, it has four main applications: to detect (1) loss of parafibromin; (2) other manifestations of an aberrant immunophenotype hinting towards carcinoma; (3) histogenesis of a neck mass and (4) pathogenetic events, including features of tumour microenvironment and immune landscape. Parafibromin stain is mandatory to identify the new entity of parafibromin-deficient parathyroid neoplasm, defined in the WHO classification (2022). Loss of parafibromin indicates a greater probability of malignant course and should trigger the search for inherited or somatic CDC73 mutations. Aberrant immunophenotype is characterised by a set of markers that are lost (parafibromin), down-regulated (e.g., APC protein, p27 protein, calcium-sensing receptor) or up-regulated (e.g., proliferation activity by Ki-67 exceeding 5%) in parathyroid carcinoma compared to benign parathyroid disease. Aberrant immunophenotype is not the final proof of malignancy but should prompt the search for the definitive criteria for carcinoma. Histogenetic studies can be necessary for differential diagnosis between thyroid vs. parathyroid origin of cervical or intrathyroidal mass; detection of parathyroid hormone (PTH), chromogranin A, TTF-1, calcitonin or CD56 can be helpful. Finally, immunohistochemistry is useful in pathogenetic studies due to its ability to highlight both the presence and the tissue location of certain proteins. The main markers and challenges (technological variations, heterogeneity) are discussed here in the light of the current WHO classification (2022) of parathyroid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romans Uljanovs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Stanislavs Sinkarevs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Boriss Strumfs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liga Vidusa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Kristine Merkurjeva
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Ilze Strumfa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hassan A, Khalaily N, Kilav-Levin R, Nechama M, Volovelsky O, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. Molecular Mechanisms of Parathyroid Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020111. [PMID: 35208186 PMCID: PMC8878033 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that induces morbidity and mortality in patients. How CKD stimulates the parathyroid to increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, gene expression and cell proliferation remains an open question. In experimental SHP, the increased PTH gene expression is post-transcriptional and mediated by PTH mRNA–protein interactions that promote PTH mRNA stability. These interactions are orchestrated by the isomerase Pin1. Pin1 participates in conformational change-based regulation of target proteins, including mRNA-binding proteins. In SHP, Pin1 isomerase activity is decreased, and thus, the Pin1 target and PTH mRNA destabilizing protein KSRP fails to bind PTH mRNA, increasing PTH mRNA stability and levels. An additional level of post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by microRNA (miRNA). Mice with parathyroid-specific knockout of Dicer, which facilitates the final step in miRNA maturation, lack parathyroid miRNAs but have normal PTH and calcium levels. Surprisingly, these mice fail to increase serum PTH in response to hypocalcemia or uremia, indicating a role for miRNAs in parathyroid stimulation. SHP often leads to parathyroid hyperplasia. Reduced expressions of parathyroid regulating receptors, activation of transforming growth factor α-epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin E2 and mTOR signaling all contribute to the enhanced parathyroid cell proliferation. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin prevents and corrects the increased parathyroid cell proliferation of SHP. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms that stimulate the parathyroid cell at multiple levels in SHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Hassan
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
| | - Nareman Khalaily
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
| | - Rachel Kilav-Levin
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
- Nursing, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem 91160, Israel
| | - Morris Nechama
- Pediatric Nephrology, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.N.); (O.V.)
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Oded Volovelsky
- Pediatric Nephrology, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.N.); (O.V.)
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Justin Silver
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
| | - Tally Naveh-Many
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Correspondence:
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16
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Suchý T, Kaczmarek I, Maricic T, Zieschang C, Schöneberg T, Thor D, Liebscher I. Evaluating the feasibility of Cas9 overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells for generation of genetic knock-out adipocyte cell lines. Adipocyte 2021; 10:631-645. [PMID: 34915813 PMCID: PMC8735834 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1990480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lines recapitulating physiological processes can represent alternatives to animal or human studies. The 3T3-L1 cell line is used to mimic adipocyte function and differentiation. Since transfection of 3T3-L1 cells is difficult, we used a modified 3T3-L1 cell line overexpressing Cas9 for a straightforward generation of gene knock-outs. As an example, we intended to generate 3T3-L1 cell lines deficient for adhesion G protein-coupled receptors Gpr64/Adgr2 and Gpr126/Adgr6 using the CRISPR/Cas approach. Surprisingly, all the generated knock-out as well as scramble control cell lines were unresponsive to isoprenaline in respect to adiponectin secretion and lipolysis in contrast to the wild type 3T3-L1 cells. We, therefore, analysed the properties of these stable Cas9-overexpressing 3T3-L1 cells. We demonstrate that this commercially available cell line exhibits dysfunction in cAMP signalling pathways as well as reduced insulin sensitivity independent of gRNA transfection. We tried transient transfection of plasmids harbouring Cas9 as well as direct introduction of the Cas9 protein as alternate approaches to the stable expression of this enzyme. We find that transfection of the Cas9 protein is not only feasible but also does not impair adipogenesis and, therefore, represents a preferable alternative to achieve genetic knock-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Suchý
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Kaczmarek
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomislav Maricic
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Zieschang
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Conserved residues in the extracellular loop 2 regulate Stachel-mediated activation of ADGRG2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14060. [PMID: 34234254 PMCID: PMC8263569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage and dissociation of a large N-terminal fragment and the consequent unmasking of a short sequence (Stachel) remaining on the N-terminus have been proposed as mechanisms of activation of some members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) family. However, the identity of residues that play a role in the activation of aGPCRs by the cognate Stachel remains largely unknown. Protein sequence alignments revealed a conserved stretch of residues in the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) of all 33 members of the aGPCR family. ADGRG2, an orphan aGPCR, plays a major role in male fertility, Ewing sarcoma cell proliferation, and parathyroid cell function. We used ADGRG2 as a model aGPCR and generated mutants of the conserved residues in the ECL2 via site-directed mutagenesis. We show that tryptophan and isoleucine in the ECL2 are essential for receptor stability and surface expression in the HEK293 cells. By adjusting the receptor surface expression levels, we show that mutation of these residues of ECL2 ablates the Stachel-mediated activation of multiple signaling pathways of ADGRG2. This study provides a novel understanding of the role of the ECL2 in Stachel-mediated signaling and degradation of ADGRG2, which may lay the foundation for the rational design of therapeutics to target aGPCRs.
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18
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Kaczmarek I, Suchý T, Prömel S, Schöneberg T, Liebscher I, Thor D. The relevance of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in metabolic functions. Biol Chem 2021; 403:195-209. [PMID: 34218541 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate a variety of physiological functions and have been proven to be outstanding drug targets. However, approximately one-third of all non-olfactory GPCRs are still orphans in respect to their signal transduction and physiological functions. Receptors of the class of Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are among these orphan receptors. They are characterized by unique features in their structure and tissue-specific expression, which yields them interesting candidates for deorphanization and testing as potential therapeutic targets. Capable of G-protein coupling and non-G protein-mediated function, aGPCRs may extend our repertoire of influencing physiological function. Besides their described significance in the immune and central nervous systems, growing evidence indicates a high importance of these receptors in metabolic tissue. RNAseq analyses revealed high expression of several aGPCRs in pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, liver, and intestine but also in neurons governing food intake. In this review, we focus on aGPCRs and their function in regulating metabolic pathways. Based on current knowledge, this receptor class represents high potential for future pharmacological approaches addressing obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomáš Suchý
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Abid HA, Inoue A, Gorvin CM. Heterogeneity of G protein activation by the calcium-sensing receptor. J Mol Endocrinol 2021; 67:41-53. [PMID: 34077389 PMCID: PMC8240730 DOI: 10.1530/jme-21-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays a fundamental role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+e) homeostasis by regulating parathyroid hormone release and urinary calcium excretion. The CaSR has been described to activate all four G protein subfamilies (Gαq/11, Gαi/o, Gα12/13, Gαs), and mutations in the receptor that cause hyper/hypocalcaemia, have been described to bias receptor signalling. However, many of these studies are based on measurements of second messengers or gene transcription that occurs many steps downstream of receptor activation and can represent convergence points of several signalling pathways. Therefore, to assess CaSR-mediated G protein activation directly, we took advantage of a recently described NanoBiT G protein dissociation assay system. Our studies, performed in HEK293 cells stably expressing CaSR, demonstrate that Ca2+e stimulation activates all Gαq/11 family and several Gαi/o family proteins, although Gαz was not activated. CaSR stimulated dissociation of Gα12/13 and Gαs from Gβ-subunits, but this occurred at a slower rate than that of other Gα-subunits. Investigation of cDNA expression of G proteins in three tissues abundantly expressing CaSR, the parathyroids, kidneys and pancreas, showed Gα11, Gαz, Gαi1 and Gα13 genes were highly expressed in parathyroid tissue, indicating CaSR most likely activates Gα11 and Gαi1 in parathyroids. In kidney and pancreas, the majority of G proteins were similarly expressed, suggesting CaSR may activate multiple G proteins in these cells. Thus, these studies validate a single assay system that can be used to robustly assess CaSR variants and biased signalling and could be utilised in the development of new pharmacological compounds targeting CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnat Ali Abid
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to C M Gorvin:
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Adhesion receptor ADGRG2/GPR64 is in the GI-tract selectively expressed in mature intestinal tuft cells. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101231. [PMID: 33831593 PMCID: PMC8105302 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective GPR64/ADGRG2 is an orphan Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (ADGR) known to be mainly expressed in the parathyroid gland and epididymis. This investigation aimed to delineate the cellular expression of GPR64 throughout the body with focus on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Methods Transgenic Gpr64mCherry reporter mice were histologically examined throughout the body and reporter protein expression in intestinal tuft cells was confirmed by specific cell ablation. The GPCR repertoire of intestinal Gpr64mCherry-positive tuft cells was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis and in situ hybridization. The Gpr64mCherry was crossed into the general tuft cell reporter Trpm5GFP to generate small intestinal organoids for time-lapse imaging. Intestinal tuft cells were isolated from small intestine, FACS-purified and transcriptionally compared using RNA-seq analysis. Results Expression of the Gpr64mCherry reporter was identified in multiple organs and specifically in olfactory microvillous cells, enteric nerves, and importantly in respiratory and GI tuft cells. In the small intestine, cell ablation targeting Gpr64-expressing epithelial cells eliminated tuft cells. Transcriptional analysis of small intestinal Gpr64mCherry -positive tuft cells confirmed expression of Gpr64 and the chemo-sensors Sucnr1, Gprc5c, Drd3, and Gpr41/Ffar3. Time-lapse studies of organoids from Trpm5GFP:Gpr64mCherry mice revealed sequential expression of initially Trpm5GFP and subsequently also Gpr64mCherry in maturing intestinal tuft cells. RNA-seq analysis of small intestinal tuft cells based on these two markers demonstrated a dynamic change in expression of transcription factors and GPCRs from young to mature tuft cells. Conclusions GPR64 is expressed in chemosensory epithelial cells across a broad range of tissues; however, in the GI tract, GPR64 is remarkably selectively expressed in mature versus young immunoregulatory tuft cells. GPR64-RFP is expressed mainly in chemosensory epithelial cells, including tuft cells. Maturing intestinal tuft cells initially express Trpm5 and subsequently Gpr64. Mature intestinal Gpr64+ tuft cells express Sucnr1, Gprc5c, Drd3, and Gpr41/Ffar3. RNAseq analysis reveals dynamic transcriptional change of mature vs. young tuft cells.
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21
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Sun Y, Zhang D, Ma ML, Lin H, Song Y, Wang J, Ma C, Yu K, An W, Guo S, He D, Yang Z, Xiao P, Hou G, Yu X, Sun JP. Optimization of a peptide ligand for the adhesion GPCR ADGRG2 provides a potent tool to explore receptor biology. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100174. [PMID: 33303626 PMCID: PMC7948503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion GPCR ADGRG2, also known as GPR64, is a critical regulator of male fertility that maintains ion/pH homeostasis and CFTR coupling. The molecular basis of ADGRG2 function is poorly understood, in part because no endogenous ligands for ADGRG2 have been reported, thus limiting the tools available to interrogate ADGRG2 activity. It has been shown that ADGRG2 can be activated by a peptide, termed p15, derived from its own N-terminal region known as the Stachel sequence. However, the low affinity of p15 limits its utility for ADGRG2 characterization. In the current study, we used alanine scanning mutagenesis to examine the critical residues responsible for p15-induced ADGRG2 activity. We next designed systematic strategies to optimize the peptide agonist of ADGRG2, using natural and unnatural amino acid substitutions. We obtained an optimized ADGRG2 Stachel peptide T1V/F3Phe(4-Me) (VPM-p15) that activated ADGRG2 with significantly improved (>2 orders of magnitude) affinity. We then characterized the residues in ADGRG2 that were important for ADGRG2 activation in response to VPM-p15 engagement, finding that the toggle switch W6.53 and residues of the ECL2 region of ADGRG2 are key determinants for VPM-p15 interactions and VPM-p15-induced Gs or arrestin signaling. Our study not only provides a useful tool to investigate the function of ADGRG2 but also offers new insights to guide further optimization of Stachel peptides to activate adhesion GPCR members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China; Department of Endocrinology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Daolai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming-Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Youchen Song
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junyan Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanshun Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wentao An
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengchao Guo
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongfang He
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guige Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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22
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Imam N, Alam A, Siddiqui MF, Ahmed MM, Malik MZ, Ikbal Khan MJ, Ishrat R. Identification of key regulators in parathyroid adenoma using an integrative gene network analysis. Bioinformation 2020; 16:910-922. [PMID: 34803267 PMCID: PMC8573468 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid adenoma (PA) is marked by a certain benign outgrowth in the surface of parathyroid glands. The transcriptome analysis of parathyroid adenomas can provide a deep insight into actively expressed genes and transcripts. Hence, we analyzed and compared the gene expression profiles of parathyroid adenomas and healthy parathyroid gland tissues from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We identified a total of 280 differentially expressed genes (196 up-regulated, 84 down-regulated), which are involved in a wide array of biological processes. We further constructed a gene interaction network and analyzed its topological properties to know the network structure and its hidden mechanism. This will help to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying parathyroid adenoma development. We thus identified 13 key regulators (PRPF19, SMC3, POSTN, SNIP1, EBF1, MEIS2, PAX9, SCUBE2, WNT4, ARHGAP10, DOCK5, CAV1 and VSIR), which are deep-rooted from top to bottom in the gene interaction network forming a backbone for the network. The structural features of the network are probably maintained by crosstalk between important genes within the network along with associated functional modules.Thus, gene-expression profiling and network approach could be used to provide an independent platform to glen insights from available clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhat Imam
- Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology, Department of Mathematics, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya-824234, Bihar, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Mohd Faizan Siddiqui
- International Medical Faculty, Osh State University, Osh City, 723500, Kyrgyz Republic, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mohd Murshad Ahmed
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Md. Jawed Ikbal Khan
- Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology, Department of Mathematics, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya-824234, Bihar, India
- Department of Mathematics, Mirza Ghalib College, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya-824234, Bihar, India
| | - Romana Ishrat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
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23
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Lin H, Sun Y, Wang M, Jia Y, Yu X, Jiang H, Xu W, Sun JP, Xu Z. Function and therapeutic potential of G protein-coupled receptors in epididymis. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5489-5508. [PMID: 32901914 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility rates for both females and males have increased continuously in recent years. Currently, effective treatments for male infertility with defined mechanisms or targets are still lacking. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of drug targets, but their functions and the implications for the therapeutic development for male infertility largely remain elusive. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that several members of the GPCR superfamily play crucial roles in the maintenance of ion-water homeostasis of the epididymis, development of the efferent ductules, formation of the blood-epididymal barrier and maturation of sperm. Knowledge of the functions, genetic variations and working mechanisms of such GPCRs, along with the drugs and ligands relevant to their specific functions, provide future directions and a great arsenal for new developments in the treatment of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingli Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, SCU-CUHK, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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24
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Xie T, Tang Y, Luo R, Zhang X, Wu S, Gu Y, Liu T, Hu F. GPR64 promotes cAMP pathway in tumor aggressiveness in sparsely granulated growth hormone cell adenomas. Endocrine 2020; 68:629-639. [PMID: 32180116 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is an increasing agreement that acromegaly caused by growth hormone (GH) cell adenoma has two distinct subtypes: densely granulated (DG) and sparsely granulated (SG). We hypothesized that differential molecular signatures may explain their behavior. METHODS Total transcriptome sequencing was performed on ten DG and seven SG adenomas. The differentially expressed RNAs were identified by bioinformatic analyses, and a candidate RNA was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed to detect the protein expression of the candidate. Clinical parameters were correlated with protein expression. Subsequently, cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle progression were analyzed after knockdown of the candidate in pituitary GH3 cells. Activation of the cAMP pathway was assessed by ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS We confirmed that there were obvious differentially expressed genes between the subtypes. Through gene profiling, we discovered that an orphan adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, GPR64, was overexpressed in more aggressive SG adenomas. Noticeably, GPR64 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation of GH3 tumor cells and decreased colony formation. The knockdown also induced cell cycle arrest in GH3 tumor cells. Further studies revealed that GPR64 knockdown decreased cAMP levels and the ratios of p-CREB/CREB, indicating that it suppressed the cAMP/CREB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that GPR64 may promote aggressiveness in SG-type GH cell adenomas and that it is a key factor regulating the cAMP pathway to promote aggressiveness of GH cell adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongkui Luo
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Digital Medical Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Silin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Maser RL, Calvet JP. Adhesion GPCRs as a paradigm for understanding polycystin-1 G protein regulation. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109637. [PMID: 32305667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-1, whose mutation is the most frequent cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, is an extremely large and multi-faceted membrane protein whose primary or proximal cyst-preventing function remains undetermined. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that modulation of cellular signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins is a critical function of polycystin-1. The presence of a cis-autocatalyzed, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteolytic cleavage site, or GPS, in its extracellular N-terminal domain immediately preceding the first transmembrane domain is one of the notable conserved features of the polycystin-1-like protein family, and also of the family of cell adhesion GPCRs. Adhesion GPCRs are one of five families within the GPCR superfamily and are distinguished by a large N-terminal extracellular region consisting of multiple adhesion modules with a GPS-containing GAIN domain and bimodal functions in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Recent advances from studies of adhesion GPCRs provide a new paradigm for unraveling the mechanisms by which polycystin-1-associated G protein signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. This review highlights the structural and functional features shared by polycystin-1 and the adhesion GPCRs and discusses the implications of such similarities for our further understanding of the functions of this complicated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Maser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
| | - James P Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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26
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Kilav-Levin R, Hassan A, Nechama M, Shilo V, Silver J, Ben-Dov IZ, Naveh-Many T. Post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating parathyroid hormone gene expression in secondary hyperparathyroidism. FEBS J 2020; 287:2903-2913. [PMID: 32191397 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates serum calcium levels and bone strength. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that correlates with morbidity and mortality. In experimental SHP, the increased PTH gene expression is due to increased PTH mRNA stability and is mediated by protein-PTH mRNA interactions. Adenosine-uridine-rich binding factor 1 (AUF1) stabilizes and K-homology splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) destabilizes PTH mRNA. The peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 acts on target proteins, including mRNA-binding proteins. Pin1 leads to KSRP dephosphorylation, but in SHP, parathyroid Pin1 activity is decreased and phosphorylated KSRP fails to bind PTH mRNA, leading to increased PTH mRNA stability and levels. A further level of post-transcriptional regulation occurs through microRNA (miRNA). Dicer mediates the final step of miRNA maturation. Parathyroid-specific Dicer knockout mice that lack miRNAs in the parathyroid develop normally. Surprisingly, these mice fail to increase serum PTH in response to both hypocalcemia and CKD, indicating that parathyroid Dicer and miRNAs are essential for stimulation of the parathyroid. Human and rodent parathyroids share similar miRNA profiles that are altered in hyperparathyroidism. The evolutionary conservation of abundant miRNAs and their regulation in hyperparathyroidism indicate their significance in parathyroid physiology and pathophysiology. let-7 and miR-148 antagonism modifies PTH secretion in vivo and in vitro, suggesting roles for specific miRNAs in parathyroid function. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the post-transcriptional mechanisms of PTH gene expression in SHP and the central contribution of miRNAs to the high serum PTH levels of both primary hyperparathyroidism and SHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kilav-Levin
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Nursing, Jerusalem College of Technology, Israel
| | - Alia Hassan
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Morris Nechama
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Pediatric Nephrology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vitali Shilo
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Justin Silver
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iddo Z Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tally Naveh-Many
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Suchý T, Zieschang C, Popkova Y, Kaczmarek I, Weiner J, Liebing AD, Çakir MV, Landgraf K, Gericke M, Pospisilik JA, Körner A, Heiker JT, Dannenberger D, Schiller J, Schöneberg T, Liebscher I, Thor D. The repertoire of Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in adipocytes and their functional relevance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:2124-2136. [PMID: 32203115 PMCID: PMC7508673 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are well-characterized regulators of a plethora of physiological functions among them the modulation of adipogenesis and adipocyte function. The class of Adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) and their role in adipose tissue, however, is poorly studied. With respect to the demand for novel targets in obesity treatment, we present a comprehensive study on the expression and function of this enigmatic GPCR class during adipogenesis and in mature adipocytes. METHODS The expression of all aGPCR representatives was determined by reanalyzing RNA-Seq data and by performing qPCR in different mouse and human adipose tissues under low- and high-fat conditions. The impact of aGPCR expression on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation was studied by siRNA-mediated knockdown of all expressed members of this receptor class. The biological characteristics and function of mature adipocytes lacking selected aGPCR were analyzed by mass spectrometry and biochemical methods (lipolysis, glucose uptake, adiponectin secretion). RESULTS More than ten aGPCR are significantly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and several aGPCR are differentially regulated under high-caloric conditions in human and mouse. Receptor knockdown of six receptors resulted in an impaired adipogenesis indicating their expression is essential for proper adipogenesis. The altered lipid composition was studied in more detail for two representatives, ADGRG2/GPR64 and ADGRG6/GPR126. While GPR126 is mainly involved in adipocyte differentiation, GPR64 has an additional role in mature adipocytes by regulating metabolic processes. CONCLUSIONS Adhesion GPCR are significantly involved in qualitative and quantitative adipocyte lipid accumulation and can control lipolysis. Factors driving adipocyte formation and function are governed by signaling pathways induced by aGPCR yielding these receptors potential targets for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Suchý
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Zieschang
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yulia Popkova
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Weiner
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aenne-Dorothea Liebing
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mehmet Volkan Çakir
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell biology, Medical Faculty, Halle University, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Chang W, Tu CL, Jean-Alphonse FG, Herberger A, Cheng Z, Hwong J, Ho H, Li A, Wang D, Liu H, White AD, Suh I, Shen W, Duh QY, Khanafshar E, Shoback DM, Xiao K, Vilardaga JP. PTH hypersecretion triggered by a GABA B1 and Ca 2+-sensing receptor heterocomplex in hyperparathyroidism. Nat Metab 2020; 2:243-255. [PMID: 32694772 PMCID: PMC7377265 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms mediating tonic secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) are unclear. Here we demonstrate increased heterocomplex formation between the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B1 receptor (GABAB1R) in hyperplastic parathyroid glands (PTGs) of patients with primary and secondary HPT. Targeted ablation of GABAB1R or glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 and 2 in PTGs produces hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism, and prevents PTH hypersecretion in PTGs cultured from mouse models of hereditary HPT and dietary calcium-deficiency. Cobinding of the CaSR/GABAB1R complex by baclofen and high extracellular calcium blocks the coupling of heterotrimeric G-proteins to homomeric CaSRs in cultured cells and promotes PTH secretion in cultured mouse PTGs. These results combined with the ability of PTG to synthesize GABA support a critical autocrine action of GABA/GABAB1R in mediating tonic PTH secretion of PTGs and ascribe aberrant activities of CaSR/GABAB1R heteromer to HPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frederic G Jean-Alphonse
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Herberger
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jenna Hwong
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanson Ho
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alfred Li
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dawei Wang
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongda Liu
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alex D White
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Insoo Suh
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Quan-Yang Duh
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elham Khanafshar
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores M Shoback
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kunhong Xiao
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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29
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Bieth E, Hamdi SM, Mieusset R. Genetics of the congenital absence of the vas deferens. Hum Genet 2020; 140:59-76. [PMID: 32025909 PMCID: PMC7864840 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD) may have various clinical presentations depending on whether it is bilateral (CBAVD) or unilateral (CUAVD), complete or partial, and associated or not with other abnormalities of the male urogenital tract. CBAVD is usually discovered in adult men either during the systematic assessment of cystic fibrosis or other CFTR-related conditions, or during the exploration of isolated infertility with obstructive azoospermia. The prevalence of CAVDs in men is reported to be approximately 0.1%. However, this figure is probably underestimated, because unilateral forms of CAVD in asymptomatic fertile men are not usually diagnosed. The diagnosis of CAVDs is based on clinical, ultrasound, and sperm examinations. The majority of subjects with CAVD carry at least one cystic fibrosis-causing mutation that warrants CFTR testing and in case of a positive result, genetic counseling prior to conception. Approximately 2% of the cases of CAVD are hemizygous for a loss-of-function mutation in the ADGRG2 gene that may cause a familial form of X-linked infertility. However, despite this recent finding, 10–20% of CBAVDs and 60–70% of CUAVDs remain without a genetic diagnosis. An important proportion of these unexplained CAVDs coexist with a solitary kidney suggesting an early organogenesis disorder (Wolffian duct), unlike CAVDs related to CFTR or ADGRG2 mutations, which might be the result of progressive degeneration that begins later in fetal life and probably continues after birth. How the dysfunction of CFTR, ADGRG2, or other genes such as SLC29A3 leads to this involution is the subject of various pathophysiological hypotheses that are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bieth
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU, 31059, Toulouse, France.
| | - Safouane M Hamdi
- Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU, 31059, Toulouse, France.,EA3694 (Groupe de Recherche en Fertilité Humaine), Université Toulouse III, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Roger Mieusset
- EA3694 (Groupe de Recherche en Fertilité Humaine), Université Toulouse III, 31059, Toulouse, France.,Département d'Andrologie (Groupe Activité Médecine de la Reproduction), CHU, 31059, Toulouse, France
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30
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Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
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31
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Morgan RK, Anderson GR, Araç D, Aust G, Balenga N, Boucard A, Bridges JP, Engel FB, Formstone CJ, Glitsch MD, Gray RS, Hall RA, Hsiao CC, Kim HY, Knierim AB, Kusuluri DK, Leon K, Liebscher I, Piao X, Prömel S, Scholz N, Srivastava S, Thor D, Tolias KF, Ushkaryov YA, Vallon M, Van Meir EG, Vanhollebeke B, Wolfrum U, Wright KM, Monk KR, Mogha A. The expanding functional roles and signaling mechanisms of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:5-25. [PMID: 31168816 PMCID: PMC7891679 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the second largest family of GPCRs (33 members in humans). Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are defined by a large extracellular N-terminal region that is linked to a C-terminal seven transmembrane (7TM) domain via a GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain containing a GPCR proteolytic site (GPS). Most aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPS motif, but the cleaved fragments stay closely associated, with the N-terminal fragment (NTF) bound to the 7TM of the C-terminal fragment (CTF). The NTFs of most aGPCRs contain domains known to be involved in cell-cell adhesion, while the CTFs are involved in classical G protein signaling, as well as other intracellular signaling. In this workshop report, we review the most recent findings on the biology, signaling mechanisms, and physiological functions of aGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory K. Morgan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Garret R. Anderson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Program in Molecular and Structural Biology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antony Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, México
| | - James P. Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Perinatal Institute, Section of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline J. Formstone
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Guys Campus, Kings College London, London, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Maike D. Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Randy A. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Alexander B. Knierim
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Deva Krupakar Kusuluri
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Newborn Brain Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Mario Vallon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kevin M. Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kelly R. Monk
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Amit Mogha
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Azimzadeh P, Talamantez-Lyburn SC, Chang KT, Inoue A, Balenga N. Spatial regulation of GPR64/ADGRG2 signaling by β-arrestins and GPCR kinases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:26-43. [PMID: 31502283 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of activation, signaling, and trafficking of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have remained largely unknown. Several aGPCRs, including GPR56/ADGRG1 and GPR64/ADGRG2, show increased activity in the absence of their N-terminal fragment (NTF). This constitutive signaling is plausibly caused by the binding of extracellular N-terminal 15-25 amino acid-long tethered agonist to extracellular domains of the cognate aGPCRs. To test the role of NTF and tethered agonist in GPR64 signaling and endocytosis, we generated mutants that lack either NTF alone (ΔNTF) or NTF and tethered agonist (P622). We discover that unlike full-length GPR64, ΔNTF and P622 mutants interact with β-arrestin1 and β-arrestins2 and are constitutively internalized in steady states. However, only ΔNTF shows exaggerated basal activation of the Gαs -cAMP-CRE signaling cascade. Neither ΔNTF nor P622 shows constitutive activation of the Gα13 -SRE pathway, but both mutants respond to exogenously added agonistic peptide via CRE and SRE. GPCR kinases and dynamin mediate the constitutive internalization of ΔNTF and P622 to early endosomes, where ΔNTF constantly induces CRE. These data suggest that NTF not only shields the tethered agonist to prevent G protein signaling but also confers a conformation that inhibits the interaction with β-arrestins and the consequent endocytosis and sustained signaling from endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Azimzadeh
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Katarina T Chang
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Molecular and Structural Biology Program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:869-884. [PMID: 31462748 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) - one of the five main families in the GPCR superfamily - have several atypical characteristics, including large, multi-domain N termini and a highly conserved region that can be autoproteolytically cleaved. Although GPCRs overall have well-established pharmacological tractability, currently no therapies that target any of the 33 members of the aGPCR family are either approved or in clinical trials. However, human genetics and preclinical research have strengthened the links between aGPCRs and disease in recent years. This, together with a greater understanding of their functional complexity, has led to growing interest in aGPCRs as drug targets. A framework for prioritizing aGPCR targets and supporting approaches to develop aGPCR modulators could therefore be valuable in harnessing the untapped therapeutic potential of this family. With this in mind, here we discuss the unique opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating aGPCR functions, including target identification, target validation, assay development and safety considerations, using ADGRG1 as an illustrative example.
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Ahn JI, Yoo JY, Kim TH, Kim YI, Broaddus RR, Ahn JY, Lim JM, Jeong JW. G-protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64) acts as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:810. [PMID: 31412816 PMCID: PMC6694613 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer. G-protein coupled receptor 64 (GPR64) belongs to a family of adhesion GPCRs and plays an important role in male fertility. However, the function of GPR64 has not been studied in endometrial cancer. Our objective is to investigate the role of GPR64 in endometrial cancer. METHODS We examined the levels of GPR64 in human endometrioid endometrial carcinoma by immunohistochemistry analysis. To determine a tumor suppressor role of GPR64 in endometrial cancer, we used a siRNA loss of function approach in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines. RESULTS GPR64 levels were remarkably lower in 10 of 21 (47.62%) of endometrial carcinoma samples compared to control. Depletion of GPR64 by siRNA transfection revealed an increase of colony formation ability, cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion activity in Ishikawa and HEC1A cells. The expression of Connexin 43 (Cx43), a member of the large family of gap junction proteins, was reduced through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in Ishikawa cells with GPR64-deficicy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GPR64 plays an important tumor suppressor role in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Il Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Young Im Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Russell R. Broaddus
- Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Ji Yeon Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mook Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Avenue NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
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35
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Genetic basis of functional variability in adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11036. [PMID: 31363148 PMCID: PMC6667449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous sizes of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) go along with complex genomic exon-intron architectures giving rise to multiple mRNA variants. There is a need for a comprehensive catalog of aGPCR variants for proper evaluation of the complex functions of aGPCRs found in structural, in vitro and animal model studies. We used an established bioinformatics pipeline to extract, quantify and visualize mRNA variants of aGPCRs from deeply sequenced transcriptomes. Data analysis showed that aGPCRs have multiple transcription start sites even within introns and that tissue-specific splicing is frequent. On average, 19 significantly expressed transcript variants are derived from a given aGPCR gene. The domain architecture of the N terminus encoded by transcript variants often differs and N termini without or with an incomplete seven-helix transmembrane anchor as well as separate seven-helix transmembrane domains are frequently derived from aGPCR genes. Experimental analyses of selected aGPCR transcript variants revealed marked functional differences. Our analysis has an impact on a rational design of aGPCR constructs for structural analyses and gene-deficient mouse lines and provides new support for independent functions of both, the large N terminus and the transmembrane domain of aGPCRs.
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36
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Insel PA, Sriram K, Gorr MW, Wiley SZ, Michkov A, Salmerón C, Chinn AM. GPCRomics: An Approach to Discover GPCR Drug Targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:378-387. [PMID: 31078319 PMCID: PMC6604616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for ∼35% of approved drugs but only ∼15% of the ∼800 human GPCRs are currently such targets. GPCRomics, the use of unbiased, hypothesis-generating methods [e.g., RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq)], with tissues and cell types to identify and quantify GPCR expression, has led to the discovery of previously unrecognized GPCRs that contribute to functional responses and pathophysiology and that may be therapeutic targets. The combination of GPCR expression data with validation studies (e.g., signaling and functional activities) provides opportunities for the discovery of disease-relevant GPCR targets and therapeutics. Here, we review insights from GPCRomic approaches, gaps in knowledge, and future directions by which GPCRomics can advance GPCR biology and the discovery of new GPCR-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew W Gorr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shu Z Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander Michkov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amy M Chinn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Balenga N, Koh J, Azimzadeh P, Hogue J, Gabr M, Stains JP, Olson JA. Parathyroid-Targeted Overexpression of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 5 (RGS5) Causes Hyperparathyroidism in Transgenic Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:955-963. [PMID: 30690792 PMCID: PMC8210536 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between impaired calcium sensing, dysregulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, and parathyroid cell proliferation in parathyroid neoplasia is not understood. We previously reported that a GTPase activating protein, regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (RGS5) is overexpressed in a subset of parathyroid tumors associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and that RGS5 can inhibit signaling from the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR). In vivo, we found that RGS5-null mice have abnormally low PTH levels. To gain a better understanding of the potential role of RGS5 overexpression in parathyroid neoplasia and PHPT and to investigate whether inhibition of CASR signaling can lead to parathyroid neoplasia, we created and characterized a transgenic mouse strain overexpressing RGS5 specifically in the parathyroid gland. These mice develop hyperparathyroidism, bone changes reflective of elevated PTH, and parathyroid neoplasia. Further, expression of exogenous RGS5 in normal human parathyroid cells results in impaired signaling from CASR and negative feedback on PTH secretion. These results provide evidence that RGS5 can modulate signaling from CASR and support a role for RGS5 in the pathogenesis of PHPT through inhibition of CASR signaling. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Balenga
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Koh
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pedram Azimzadeh
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joyce Hogue
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mostafa Gabr
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John A Olson
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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38
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Langenhan T. Adhesion G protein–coupled receptors—Candidate metabotropic mechanosensors and novel drug targets. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:5-16. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
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39
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Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are an evolutionarily ancient family of receptors that play key roles in many different physiological processes. These receptors are notable for their exceptionally long ectodomains, which span several hundred to several thousand amino acids and contain various adhesion-related domains, as well as a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain. The GAIN domain is conserved throughout almost the entire family and undergoes autoproteolysis to cleave the receptors into two noncovalently-associated protomers. Recent studies have revealed that the signaling activity of aGPCRs is largely determined by changes in the interactions among these protomers. We review recent advances in understanding aGPCR activation mechanisms and discuss the physiological roles and pharmacological properties of aGPCRs, with an eye toward the potential utility of these receptors as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA;
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA;
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40
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Abstract
Luciferase-based assays are applied to evaluate various cellular processes due to their sensitivity and feasibility. The field of GPCR research has also benefited from this enzymatic reaction both in deorphanization campaigns and in delineation of the signaling pathways. Here, we describe the details of this assay in GPCR studies in 96-well format and will provide examples where the assay can show constitutive activity of an orphan GPCR and demonstrate the impact of cell type on the efficacy and potency of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Azimzadeh
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John A Olson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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