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Abdel-Hakeem SS, Abdel-Samiee MAZ, Youssef MSE, Abd-Elsadek SH, Abd-Elrahman SM, Abdel-Hakeem SS. Nanocurcumin: A Promising Therapeutic Candidate for Experimental Trichinellosis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:368-381. [PMID: 38323506 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In our pursuit of an alternative drug against Trichinella spiralis, we assessed the effectiveness of nanocurcumin in alleviating pathogenesis, parasitological factors, MMP-9 levels, and its expression in the enteral and parenteral phases of infection. The nanocurcumin particles, with a spherical shape and a size of 100 ± 20 nm, were used in the study. Eighty mice were divided into four groups: the control group, the untreated infected group, the nanocurcumin-treated group, and the albendazole-treated group. The nanocurcumin-treated group exhibited a statistically significant increase in the percentage of lymphocytes, along with a reduction in neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils compared to the untreated, infected group. Both the nanocurcumin (87.2 and 97.3%) and the albendazole-treated groups (99.8 and 98.2%) showed a significant reduction in the mean number of intestinal worms and encysted larvae, respectively. The treated groups exhibited normal intestinal villi, suppression of the inflammatory process, and fewer instances of degenerated larvae in the diaphragm and muscle compared to the untreated, infected group. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA analyses revealed a significant downregulation of MMP-9 levels in the intestines and muscles of the treated groups. Our data demonstrate that nanocurcumin contains highly versatile molecules capable of modulating biological activity against inflammation and its pathway markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salah Abdel-Hakeem
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Salah Eldin Youssef
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Lai CZ, Chen SJ, Huang CP, Chen HY, Tsai MY, Liu PL, Chen YH, Chen WC. Scrotal Pain after Varicocelectomy: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041070. [PMID: 37189688 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicocele is a frequently encountered urological disorder, which has a prevalence rate of 8 to 15% among healthy men. However, the incidence is higher in male patients with primary or secondary infertility, with up to 35 to 80% of varicocele cases occurring in this population. The clinical manifestations of varicocele typically include the presence of an asymptomatic mass that feels like a “bag of worms”, chronic scrotal pain, and infertility. Most patients with varicocele only undergo varicocelectomy after conservative treatments have failed. Unfortunately, some patients may still experience persistent scrotal pain due to a recurrence of varicocele, the development of hydrocele, neuralgia, referred pain, ureteral lesions, or nutcracker syndrome. Therefore, clinicians should consider these conditions as potential causes of postoperative scrotal pain, and take measures to address them. Several factors can assist in predicting surgical outcomes for patients with varicocele. Clinicians should consider these factors when deciding whether to perform surgery and what type of surgical intervention to use. By doing so, they can increase the likelihood of a successful surgical outcome and minimize the risk of complications such as postoperative scrotal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Zhi Lai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ju Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407219, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Tsai
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung Municipal Feng Shan Hospital (Under the Management of Chang Gung Medical Foundation), Kaohsiung 830025, Taiwan
| | - Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
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3
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Rivas MV, Musikant D, Díaz Peña R, Álvarez D, Pelazzo L, Rossi E, Martínez KD, Errea MI, Pérez OE, Varela O, Kolender AA. Carbohydrate-Derived Polytriazole Nanoparticles Enhance the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cilostazol. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44631-44642. [PMID: 36530317 PMCID: PMC9753171 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Poly(amide-triazole) and poly(ester-triazole) synthesized from d-galactose as a renewable resource were applied for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) by the emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The NPs were characterized as stable, spherical particles, and none of their components, including the stabilizer poly(vinyl alcohol), were cytotoxic for normal rat kidney cells. These NPs proved to be useful for the efficient encapsulation of cilostazol (CLZ), an antiplatelet and vasodilator drug currently used for the treatment of intermittent claudication, which is associated with undesired side-effects. In this context, the nanoencapsulation of CLZ was expected to improve its therapeutic administration. The carbohydrate-derived polymeric NPs were designed taking into account that the triazole rings of the polymer backbone could have attractive interactions with the tetrazole ring of CLZ. The activity of the nanoencapsulated CLZ was measured using a matrix metalloproteinase model in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation system. Interestingly, the encapsulated drug exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the free drug. The results are very promising since the stable, noncytotoxic NP systems efficiently reduced the inflammation response at low CLZ doses. In summary, the NPs were obtained through an innovative methodology that combines a carbohydrate-derived synthetic polymer, designed to interact with the drug, ease of preparation, adequate biological performance, and environmentally friendly production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Verónica Rivas
- Universidad
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono
(CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria,
Pabellón 2, C1428EHABuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Musikant
- Universidad
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Díaz Peña
- Universidad
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Álvarez
- Universidad
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Pelazzo
- Universidad
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono
(CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria,
Pabellón 2, C1428EHABuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Rossi
- Instituto
Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Lavardén 315, C1437FBGBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina D. Martínez
- Facultad
de Arquitectura Diseño y Urbanismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 3, C1428EHABuenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional
de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros
y Nanotecnología (ITPN), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 3, C1428EHABuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I. Errea
- Instituto
Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Lavardén 315, C1437FBGBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar E. Pérez
- Universidad
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Varela
- Universidad
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono
(CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria,
Pabellón 2, C1428EHABuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana A. Kolender
- Universidad
de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón
2, C1428EHABuenos
Aires, Argentina
- Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono
(CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria,
Pabellón 2, C1428EHABuenos Aires, Argentina
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Motta NAV, Autran LJ, Brazão SC, Lopes RDO, Scaramello CBV, Lima GF, Brito FCFD. Could cilostazol be beneficial in COVID-19 treatment? Thinking about phosphodiesterase-3 as a therapeutic target. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 92:107336. [PMID: 33418248 PMCID: PMC7768212 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has emerged and rapidly spread across the world. The COVID-19 severity is associated to viral pneumonia with additional extrapulmonary complications. Hyperinflammation, dysfunctional immune response and hypercoagulability state are associated to poor prognosis. Therefore, the repositioning of multi-target drugs to control the hyperinflammation represents an important challenge for the scientific community. Cilostazol, a selective phosphodiesterase type-3 inhibitor (PDE-3), is an antiplatelet and vasodilator drug, that presents a range of pleiotropic effects, such as antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardioprotective activities. Cilostazol also can inhibit the adenosine uptake, which enhances intracellular cAMP levels. In the lungs, elevated cAMP promotes anti-fibrotic, vasodilator, antiproliferative effects, as well as mitigating inflammatory events. Interestingly, a recent study evaluated antiplatelet FDA-approved drugs through molecular docking-based virtual screening on viral target proteins. This study revealed that cilostazol is a promising drug against COVID-19 by inhibiting both main protease (Mpro) and Spike glycoprotein, reinforcing its use as a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19. Considering the complexity associated to COVID-19 pathophysiology and observing its main mechanisms, this article raises the hypothesis that cilostazol may act on important targets in development of the disease. This review highlights the importance of drug repurposing to address such an urgent clinical demand safely, effectively and at low cost, reinforcing the main pharmacological actions, to support the hypothesis that a multi-target drug such as cilostazol could play an important role in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Alice Vieira Motta
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Room 204-A, 24420-210 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lis Jappour Autran
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Room 204-A, 24420-210 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stephani Correia Brazão
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Room 204-A, 24420-210 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane de Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Room 204-A, 24420-210 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christianne Brêtas Vieira Scaramello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Room 204-A, 24420-210 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ferreira Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Room 204-A, 24420-210 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carla Ferreira de Brito
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LAFE), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Room 204-A, 24420-210 Niterói, RJ, Brazil,Corresponding author
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Taghavi S, Abdullah S, Duchesne J, Pociask D, Kolls J, Jackson-Weaver O. Interleukin 22 mitigates endothelial glycocalyx shedding after lipopolysaccharide injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 90:337-345. [PMID: 33502147 PMCID: PMC7872437 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) on the luminal surface of endothelial cells contributes to the permeability barrier of vessels and prevents activation of the coagulation cascade. Endothelial glycocalyx damage, which occurs in the shock state, results in endotheliopathy. Interleukin (IL)-22 is a cytokine with both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, and how IL-22 affects the EG has not been studied. We hypothesized that IL-22:Fc, a recombinant fusion protein with human IL-22 and the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (which extends the protein half-life), would not affect EG shedding in endothelium after injury. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lipopolysaccharide-injured cells (n = 284) were compared with HUVECs with LPS injury plus 0.375 μg/mL of IL-22:Fc treatment (n = 293) for 12 hours. These two cohorts were compared with control HUVECs (n = 286) and HUVECs exposed to IL-22:Fc alone (n = 269). Cells were fixed and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled wheat germ agglutinin to quantify EG. Total RNA was collected, and select messenger RNAs were quantified by real time - quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using SYBR green fluorescence. RESULTS Exposure of HUVECs to LPS resulted in degradation of the EG compared with control (5.86 vs. 6.09 arbitrary unit [AU], p = 0.01). Interleukin-22:Fc alone also resulted in degradation of EG (5.08 vs. 6.09 AU, p = 0.01). Treatment with IL-22:Fc after LPS injury resulted in less degradation of EG compared with LPS injury alone (5.86 vs. 5.08 AU, p = 0.002). Expression of the IL-22Ra1 receptor was not different for IL-22:Fc treated compared with LPS injury only (0.69 vs. 0.86 relative expression, p = 0.10). Treatment with IL-22:Fc after LPS injury resulted in less matrix metalloproteinase 2 (0.79 vs. 1.70 relative expression, p = 0.005) and matrix metalloproteinase 14 (0.94 vs. 2.04 relative expression, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-22:Fc alone induces EG degradation. However, IL-22:Fc treatment after LPS injury appears to mitigate EG degradation. This protective effect appears to be mediated via reduced expression of metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharven Taghavi
- From the Department of Surgery (S.T., S.A., J.D., O.J.-W.), and Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation (D.P., J.K.), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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6
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Lee HR, Park KY, Jeong YJ, Heo TH. Comparative effectiveness of different antiplatelet agents at reducing TNF-driven inflammatory responses in a mouse model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:432-438. [PMID: 31713877 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet drugs are conventionally used as treatments because of their anti-coagulation functions. However, their pleiotropic effects are of great significance to the treatment of ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have reported that an excessive amount of inflammation driven by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is closely related to the prevalence of atherosclerosis. As the drug selection criteria and evaluation methods related to the anti-TNF activity of antiplatelet drugs remain limited, our investigation of these drugs should prove beneficial. In this study, we compared the anti-TNF activity of three antiplatelet agents, namely clopidogrel, sarpogrelate, and cilostazol, using the TNF-induced inflammatory mouse model. After the oral administration of these drugs, acute inflammation was induced via injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or D-galactosamine (D-gal) and TNF. Serum TNF levels, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF in mouse heart tissue, macrophage accumulation in aortic lesions, and mouse survival were analysed to compare the anti-TNF effects of the three antiplatelet agents. Of the three antiplatelet agents, cilostazol significantly reduced the different levels under the most effective observation. In addition, cilostazol was found to attenuate the TNF-stimulated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) p65 in the aortic vascular smooth muscle cell line, MOVAS-1 and the D-gal plus TNF-challenged heart tissue of mouse. Therefore, cilostazol is the most ideal of the three antiplatelet drugs for the treatment of TNF-mediated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ri Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yeon Park
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jeong
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Saito S, Yamamoto Y, Ihara M. Development of a Multicomponent Intervention to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:490. [PMID: 31139139 PMCID: PMC6518668 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in vascular risk management have successfully reduced the prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in several epidemiologic investigations. It is now widely accepted that cerebrovascular disease is both directly and indirectly involved in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review the non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapeutic approaches for AD treatment. MIND [Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay] diet is an important dietary treatment for prevention of AD. Multi domain intervention including diet, exercise, cognitive training, and intensive risk managements also prevented cognitive decline in the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) study. To confirm these favorable effects of life-style intervention, replica studies are being planned worldwide. Promotion of β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance has emerged as a promising pharmacological approach because insufficient removal of Aβ is more important than excessive Aβ production in the pathogenesis of the majority of AD patients. Most AD brains exhibit accompanying cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and Aβ distribution in cerebral amyloid angiopathy closely corresponds with the intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD) route, emphasizing the importance of Aβ clearance. In view of these facts, promotion of the major vascular-mediated Aβ elimination systems, including capillary transcytosis, the glymphatic system, and IPAD, have emerged as new treatment strategies in AD. In particular, the beneficial effects of cilostazol were shown in several clinical observation studies, and cilostazol facilitated IPAD in a rodent AD model. The COMCID (Cilostazol for prevention of Conversion from MCI to Dementia) trial, evaluating the efficacy of cilostazol for patients with mild cognitive impairment is currently ongoing in Japan. Such therapeutic approaches involving maintenance of cerebrovascular integrity and promotion of vascular-mediated Aβ clearance have the potential to be mainstream treatments for sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Lee HR, Jo MK, Park KY, Jang YJ, Heo TH. Anti-TNF effect of combined pravastatin and cilostazol treatment in an in vivo mouse model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:179-184. [PMID: 30714456 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1569045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Pravastatin and cilostazol are used as lipid-lowering and antiplatelet agents, respectively. Regarding their well-known anti-inflammatory effects, the additive effect of the two drugs on anti-TNF functions has not yet been investigated. In the present investigation, the beneficial effect of combined pravastatin and cilostazol on their anti-TNF activities was assessed using an in vivo mouse model. Methods: Mice were pretreated with pravastatin and/or cilostazol (40 mg/kg of each), orally once two hour prior to an LPS (5 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge. One hour post challenge, blood and descending aorta were collected for serum TNF levels and immune cell infiltration analyses. For survival analysis, pravastatin and/or cilostazol (40 mg/kg of each) were administered 30 minutes prior to d-galactosamine administration (700 mg/kg, i.p.) and TNF (10 µg/kg, i.p.) challenge and mice survival was monitored. We also examined the effect of either drug or the combination of drugs on TNF-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling, using Western blot analysis. Results: Combined treatment of pravastatin and cilostazol significantly decreased serum TNF release and immune cell infiltration in the descending aorta following LPS administration, compared to each single treatment. Additionally, the combined drugs significantly decreased TNF-mediated mouse mortality and downregulated TNF-induced MAPK and NF-κB activation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that combined pravastatin and cilostazol is more effective for reducing TNF-driven inflammation through their anti-TNF activity than monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ri Lee
- a Laboratory of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-Based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Jo
- b College of Pharmacy , ILAb, Inc., NP513, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yeon Park
- a Laboratory of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-Based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jang
- a Laboratory of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-Based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- a Laboratory of Pharmaco-Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-Based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Republic of Korea
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Sakamoto T, Ohashi W, Tomita K, Hattori K, Matsuda N, Hattori Y. Anti-inflammatory properties of cilostazol: Its interruption of DNA binding activity of NF-κB from the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:120-131. [PMID: 30005227 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cilostazol, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III with anti-platelet, anti-mitogenic, and vasodilating properties, is widely used to treat ischemic symptoms of peripheral vascular disease. Ample evidence has suggested that cilostazol also exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect, but its anti-inflammatory mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we showed that cilostazol specifically inhibited expression of cytokines, which are induced by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with different Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Cilostazol was found to significantly reduce TLR-4 and TLR-3 ligands-stimulated NF-κB transcriptional activity, which was quantified by luciferase reporter assays. However, cilostazol was without effect on IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation after challenge with the TLR-4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cilostazol did not also prevent the LPS-induced increase in phosphorylated levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. On the other hand, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that cilostazol reduced the LPS-induced transcriptional activities of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α by preventing the recruitment of NF-κB p65 to these gene promoters. When cilostazol was given to mice by oral gavage daily for 7 days, LPS-induced aberrant pro-inflammatory cytokine production and end-organ tissue injury were significantly reduced. The results of this study suggest that cilostazol is capable of directly interrupting DNA binding activity of NF-κB proteins from the TLR signaling pathways. The therapy to specifically intervene in this pathway may be potentially beneficial for the prevention of different inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Wakana Ohashi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kohshi Hattori
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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Umebayashi R, Uchida HA, Kakio Y, Subramanian V, Daugherty A, Wada J. Cilostazol Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms but Not Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:903-912. [PMID: 29437572 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a permanent dilation of the abdominal aorta associated with rupture, which frequently results in fatal consequences. AAA tissue is commonly characterized by localized structural deterioration accompanied with inflammation and profound accumulation of leukocytes, although the specific function of these cells is unknown. Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, is commonly used for patients with peripheral vascular disease or stroke because of its anti-platelet aggregation effect and anti-inflammatory effect, which is vasoprotective effect. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cilostazol on angiotensin II-induced AAA formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed either normal diet or a diet containing cilostazol (0.1% wt/wt). After 1 week of diet consumption, mice were infused with angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg per minute) for 4 weeks. Angiotensin II infusion increased maximal diameters of abdominal aortas, whereas cilostazol administration significantly attenuated dilatation of abdominal aortas, thereby, reducing AAA incidence. Cilostazol also reduced macrophage accumulation, matrix metalloproteinases activation, and inflammatory gene expression in the aortic media. In cultured vascular endothelial cells, cilostazol reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesive molecules through activation of the cAMP-PKA (protein kinase A) pathway. CONCLUSIONS Cilostazol attenuated angiotensin II-induced AAA formation by its anti-inflammatory effect through phosphodiesterase III inhibition in the aortic wall. Cilostazol may be a promising new therapeutic option for AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Umebayashi
- From the Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.U., H.A.U., Y.K., J.W.) and Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease (H.A.U.), Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan; and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (V.S., A.D.) and Department of Physiology (V.S., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Haruhito A Uchida
- From the Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.U., H.A.U., Y.K., J.W.) and Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease (H.A.U.), Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan; and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (V.S., A.D.) and Department of Physiology (V.S., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.
| | - Yuki Kakio
- From the Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.U., H.A.U., Y.K., J.W.) and Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease (H.A.U.), Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan; and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (V.S., A.D.) and Department of Physiology (V.S., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- From the Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.U., H.A.U., Y.K., J.W.) and Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease (H.A.U.), Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan; and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (V.S., A.D.) and Department of Physiology (V.S., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.U., H.A.U., Y.K., J.W.) and Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease (H.A.U.), Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan; and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (V.S., A.D.) and Department of Physiology (V.S., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jun Wada
- From the Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.U., H.A.U., Y.K., J.W.) and Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease (H.A.U.), Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan; and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (V.S., A.D.) and Department of Physiology (V.S., A.D.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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11
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Reduces Endothelin-1-Caused Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy by Inhibiting Nuclear Factor- κB and Adiponectin. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5609121. [PMID: 27807394 PMCID: PMC5078655 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5609121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy, although its underlying mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of PPARα activation on endothelin-1- (ET-1-) caused cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and explore its underlying mechanisms. Human cardiomyocytes (HCMs) were cultured with or without ET-1, whereafter the inhibitory effects of fenofibrate, a PPARα activator, on cell size and adiponectin protein were tested. We examined the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 proteins caused by ET-1 and the inhibition of the ERK and p38 pathways on ET-1-induced cell size and adiponectin expression. Moreover, we investigated the interaction of PPARα with adiponectin and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and coimmunoprecipitation. ET-1 treatment significantly increased cell size, suppressed PPARα expression, and enhanced the expression of adiponectin. Pretreatment with fenofibrate inhibited the increase in cell size and enhancement of adiponectin expression. ET-1 significantly activated the ERK and p38 pathways, whereas PD98059 and SB205380, respectively, inhibited them. Our results suggest that activated PPARα can decrease activation of adiponectin and NF-κB and inhibit ET-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Lima PRDS, Bandeira FCV, Rolim JC, Nogueira MRS, Pordeus MAA, de Oliveira AFB, Pitta GBB. Allium sativum Compared to Cilostazol as an Inhibitor of Myointimal Hyperplasia. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 31:291-299. [PMID: 27849301 PMCID: PMC5094421 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20160069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intimal hyperplasia is associated with graft failure and vascular sutures in the first year after surgery and in postangioplasty restenosis. Allium sativum (common garlic) lowers cholesterol and has antioxidant effects; it also has antiplatelet and antitumor properties and, therefore, has great potential to reduce or inhibit intimal hyperplasia of the arteries. Our objective is to determine if the garlic has an efficacy to inhibit myointimal hyperplasia compared to cilostazol. Methods Female New Zealand rabbits were divided into the following groups (n=10 each) according to treatment: group A, garlic, 800 µg×kg-1×day-1, orally; group C, cilostazol, 50 mg.day-1, orally; group PS, 10 ml of 0.9% physiological saline solution, orally. Our primary is the difference of the mean of myointimal hyperplasia. Statistical analysis was performed by using ANOVA and Tukey tests, as well as the Chi-square test. We calculated the 95% confidence interval for each point estimate, and the P value was set as < 0.05. Results Group PS had a mean hyperplasia rate of 35.74% (95% CI, 31.76-39.71%); group C, 16.21% (95% CI, 13.36-19.05%); and group A, 21.12% (95% CI, 17.26-25.01%); P < 0.0001. Conclusion We conclude that Allium sativum had the same efficacy in inhibiting myointimal hyperplasia when compared to the positive control, cilostazol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto da Silva Lima
- Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil and Centro
de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (Ceangio), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Janio Cipriano Rolim
- Vascular surgery in the Emergency Hospital and Trauma Dom Luiz Gonzaga
Fernandes, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Zhang F, Wang X, Xie Y, Du J, Lu P, Wang W. Sequential and timely transfection of hepatocyte growth factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 ameliorates hyperkinetic pulmonary artery hypertension in rabbits. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 150:634-43.e2. [PMID: 25940417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of sequential and timely transfection of the recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) gene and human monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (hMCP-1) gene on hyperkinetic pulmonary artery hypertension in a rabbit model. METHODS The rabbits with pulmonary artery hypertension were randomly separated into 5 groups: control; hHGF; hMCP-1; hHGF/hMCP-1 simultaneous transfection; and hHGF/hMCP-1 sequential, timely transfection. Two weeks after the transfection, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry examination were used to detect the expression of hHGF and hMCP-1. Four weeks later, the hemodynamic parameters were measured, and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining were performed, to investigate microvascular density and arterialization. RESULTS The final adenovirus coding with enhanced green fluorescent protein-hMCP-1 virus was 3 × 10(10) plaque-forming units/mL, and the purity of adenovirus coding with hHGF was 1.31. Three days after the transfection, enhance green fluorescent protein hMCP-1 green fluorescence was detected in the lung tissues and increased to its peak point in 1 week. Two weeks later, hHGF and hMCP-1 were expressed in all transfection groups. By the end of 4 weeks, the mean pulmonary artery pressure in the hHGF/hMCP-1 sequential and timely transfection group was lower than that in the other groups. Confirmed by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, the microvascular and arteriolar density in the lung tissues of the sequential and timely hHGF/hMCP-1 transfection group were higher than that in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Expression of hHGF and hMCP-1 were found in rabbit lung after gene transfection via an airway approach. By increasing the pulmonary microvascular density and promoting arterializations, sequential and timely hHGF/hMCP-1 transfection ameliorates the shunt flow-induced pulmonary artery hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Du
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Saito S, Ihara M. New therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:290. [PMID: 25368578 PMCID: PMC4202741 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown a strong relationship between Alzheimer’s disease (AD), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and cerebrovascular disease. Cognitive impairment in AD patients can result from cortical microinfarcts associated with CAA, as well as the synaptic and neuronal disturbances caused by cerebral accumulations of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins. The pathophysiology of AD may lead to a toxic chain of events consisting of Aβ overproduction, impaired Aβ clearance, and brain ischemia. Insufficient removal of Aβ leads to development of CAA and plays a crucial role in sporadic AD cases, implicating promotion of Aβ clearance as an important therapeutic strategy. Aβ is mainly eliminated by three mechanisms: (1) enzymatic/glial degradation, (2) transcytotic delivery, and (3) perivascular drainage (3-“d” mechanisms). Enzymatic degradation may be facilitated by activation of Aβ-degrading enzymes such as neprilysin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and insulin-degrading enzyme. Transcytotic delivery can be promoted by inhibition of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which mediates transcytotic influx of circulating Aβ into brain. Successful use of the RAGE inhibitor TTP488 in Phase II testing has led to a Phase III clinical trial for AD patients. The perivascular drainage system seems to be driven by motive force generated by cerebral arterial pulsations, suggesting that vasoactive drugs can facilitate Aβ clearance. One of the drugs promoting this system is cilostazol, a selective inhibitor of type 3 phosphodiesterase. The clearance of fluorescent soluble Aβ tracers was significantly enhanced in cilostazol-treated CAA model mice. Given that the balance between Aβ synthesis and clearance determines brain Aβ accumulation, and that Aβ is cleared by several pathways stated above, multi-drugs combination therapy could provide a mainstream cure for sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saito
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Japan
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Bangalore S, Singh A, Toklu B, DiNicolantonio JJ, Croce K, Feit F, Bhatt DL. Efficacy of cilostazol on platelet reactivity and cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Open Heart 2014; 1:e000068. [PMID: 25332804 PMCID: PMC4189225 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilostazol overcomes high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) and reduces adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the role for triple antiplatelet therapy (TAPT) with cilostazol in addition to aspirin and clopidogrel after PCI is not well defined. METHODS We conducted a MEDLINE/EMBASE/CENTRAL search for randomised trials, until May 2014, evaluating TAPT compared with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) of aspirin and clopidogrel alone in patients undergoing PCI and reporting platelet reactivity and/or CV outcomes. The primary platelet reactivity outcome was differences in platelet reactivity unit (PRU) with secondary outcomes of %platelet inhibition and rate of HTPR. The primary CV outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), with secondary outcomes of death, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis (ST), target lesion revascularisation (TLR) and target vessel revascularisation (TVR) as well as safety outcomes of bleeding and drug discontinuations. RESULTS In 17 trials that evaluated platelet reactivity outcomes, the mean PRU value was 47.73 units lower with TAPT versus DAPT (95% CI -61.41 to -34.04, p<0.0001; mean PRU 182.90 vs 232.65). TAPT also increased platelet inhibition by 12.71% (95% CI 10.76 to 14.67, p<0.0001), and led to a 60% reduction in the risk of HTPR (relative risk=0.40; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.53) compared with DAPT. Moreover, among the 34 trials that evaluated CV outcomes, TAPT reduced the risk of MACE (incident rate ratio (IRR)=0.68; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.78), TLR (IRR=0.57; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.73), TVR (IRR=0.69; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.81) and ST (IRR=0.63; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.98) with no difference for other outcomes including bleeding, even in trials using drug-eluting stents. Drug discontinuation due to adverse effects was, however, higher with TAPT vs DAPT (IRR=1.59; 95% CI 1.32 to 1.91). CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing PCI, addition of cilostazol to DAPT results in decreased platelet reactivity and a significant reduction in CV outcomes including ST, even in the drug-eluting stent era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amita Singh
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bora Toklu
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Kevin Croce
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederick Feit
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Potential role of proteasome on c-jun related signaling in hypercholesterolemia induced atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2014; 2:732-8. [PMID: 25009774 PMCID: PMC4085352 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its complications are major causes of death all over the world. One of the major risks of atherosclerosis is hypercholesterolemia. During atherosclerosis, oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) regulates CD36-mediated activation of c-jun amino terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) and modulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) induction which stimulates inflammation with an invasion of monocytes. Additionally, inhibition of proteasome leads to an accumulation of c-jun and phosphorylated c-jun and activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) related increase of MMP expression. We have previously reported a significant increase in cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) mRNA levels in hypercholesterolemic rabbits and shown that vitamin E treatment prevented the cholesterol induced increase in CD36 mRNA expression. In the present study, our aim is to identify the signaling molecules/transcription factors involved in the progression of atherosclerosis following CD36 activation in an in vivo model of hypercholesterolemic (induced by 2% cholesterol containing diet) rabbits. In this direction, proteasomal activities by fluorometry and c-jun, phospo c-jun, JNK1, MMP-9 expressions by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting were tested in aortic tissues. The effects of vitamin E on these changes were also investigated in this model. As a result, c-jun was phosphorylated following decreased proteasomal degradation in hypercholesterolemic group. MMP-9 expression was also increased in cholesterol group rabbits contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, vitamin E showed its effect by decreasing MMP-9 levels and phosphorylation of c-jun.
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Key Words
- AP-1
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- Atherosclerosis
- CD36, cluster of differentiation 36
- ERAD, endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- Hypercholesterolemia
- JNK, c-Jun amino terminal kinase
- JNK1
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, matrix metallo proteinase
- Proteasome
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TNF a, tumor necrosis factor a
- UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system
- Vitamin E
- oxLDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
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Du L, Qu X, Zheng H, Li R, Wang J, Chen M, Zhao P, Zhang Z, Gong K. Reverse Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide R-D4F Inhibits Neointimal Formation following Carotid Artery Ligation in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1932-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cilostazol ameliorates systemic insulin resistance in diabetic db/db mice by suppressing chronic inflammation in adipose tissue via modulation of both adipocyte and macrophage functions. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 707:120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Yu BC, Lee DS, Bae SM, Jung WK, Chun JH, Urm SH, Lee DY, Heo SJ, Park SG, Seo SK, Yang JW, Choi JS, Park WS, Choi IW. The effect of cilostazol on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and type I procollagen in ultraviolet-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. Life Sci 2013; 92:282-8. [PMID: 23333827 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of type III phosphodiesterase that inhibits platelet aggregation. Cilostazol is a useful vasodilator, antithrombotic, and cardiotonic agent. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation increases the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) during skin photoaging. The UVB-induced increase of MMP-1 results in connective tissue damage, and the skin becomes wrinkled and aged. Here, we investigated the capacity of cilostazol to inhibit MMP-1 expression in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. MAIN METHODS Cultured human dermal fibroblasts were irradiated with UVB, followed by the addition of cilostazol to the culture medium. KEY FINDINGS Post-treatment with cilostazol attenuated UVB-induced production of MMP-1 and prevented the reduction of type I procollagen. Cilostazol inhibited UVB irradiation-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase, as well as activator protein-1 (AP-1) in dermal fibroblasts. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these results demonstrate that cilostazol regulates UVB-induced MMP-1 expression and type I procollagen synthesis by inhibiting MAPK signaling and AP-1 activity. Therefore, we suggest that cilostazol may be useful for the prevention and treatment of skin photodamage caused by UVB-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeng Chul Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Cilostazol suppresses LPS-stimulated maturation of DC2.4 cells through inhibition of NF-κB pathway. J Appl Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-012-0012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Li H, Xu H, Sun B. Lipopolysaccharide regulates MMP-9 expression through TLR4/NF-κB signaling in human arterial smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:774-8. [PMID: 22842850 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical to vascular smooth muscle cell migration in vivo. The dysregulation of MMPs is involved in the pathogenesis of abnormal arterial remodeling, aneurysm formation and atherosclerotic plaque instability. It has been confirmed that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) constitute a strong risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we aimed to determine a potential mechanism of LPS on MMP-9 expression in human arterial smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). RT-PCR analysis was used to detect MMP-9 mRNA expression and western blot analysis was performed to examine MMP-9 protein expression. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay was also employed to determine NF-κB binding activity. Results showed that LPS induced MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression in HASMCs in a TLR4-dependent manner. Notably, upon blocking the NF-κB binding with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, it was demonstrated that the expression of MMP-9 by LPS occurs through TLR4/NF-κB pathways. It was concluded that LPS induced MMP-9 expression through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Thus, the TLR4/NF-κB pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, College of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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Role of pigment epithelium-derived factor in stem/progenitor cell-associated neovascularization. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:871272. [PMID: 22685380 PMCID: PMC3364713 DOI: 10.1155/2012/871272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was first identified in retinal pigment epithelium cells. It is an endogenously produced protein that is widely expressed throughout the human body such as in the eyes, liver, heart, and adipose tissue; it exhibits multiple and varied biological activities. PEDF is a multifunctional protein with antiangiogenic, antitumorigenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective properties. More recently, PEDF has been shown to be the most potent inhibitor of stem/progenitor cell-associated neovascularization. Neovascularization is a complex process regulated by a large, interacting network of molecules from stem/progenitor cells. PEDF is also involved in the pathogenesis of angiogenic eye disease, tumor growth, and cardiovascular disease. Novel antiangiogenic agents with tolerable side effects are desired for the treatment of patients with various diseases. Here, we review the value of PEDF as an important endogenous antiangiogenic molecule; we focus on the recently identified role of PEDF as a possible new target molecule to influence stem/progenitor cell-related neovascularization.
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TNF-α-decreased thrombomodulin expression in monocytes is inhibited by propofol through regulation of tristetraprolin and human antigen R activities. Shock 2012; 36:279-88. [PMID: 21610570 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182236e7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is expressed on the surface of monocytes and is a key regulator of actual immune capacity. Propofol is an anesthetic agent that exerts anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to determine whether propofol could modulate TM in TNF-α-stimulated monocytes. THP-1 cells and male New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. The results showed that TNF-α decreases the TM expression by mediating posttranscriptional modification, and this inhibition may be repressed by treatment with propofol. Immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assays were used to demonstrate that Rac1-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, Cdc42, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, as well as tristetraprolin (TTP) expression, all contributed to the downregulation of TM in TNF-α-treated cells. Propofol reversed the effects of TNF-α on TM downregulation. Propofol mediated the expression of intracellular TTP and the distribution of cytosolic human antigen R (HuR) and changed their interactions with the 3'-untranslated region of TM mRNA regulating by Cdc42 and Rac1. In addition, the animal study showed that propofol regulates TM, TTP, and HuR expression on monocytes in TNF-α-treated rabbits. In conclusion, the inhibition of TM expression in TNF-α-treated monocytes was mediated by the activation of NADPH oxidase and the expression of TTP. Propofol may inhibit the downregulation of TM by mediating NADPH oxidase and TTP inactivation and through the activation of HuR in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing TTP and HuR to control TM expression may be a promising approach for controlling systemic inflammation, and propofol may possess potential implications for the clinical immunity of monocytes after anesthesia or surgery.
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Kasahara Y, Nakagomi T, Matsuyama T, Stern D, Taguchi A. Cilostazol Reduces the Risk of Hemorrhagic Infarction After Administration of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in a Murine Stroke Model. Stroke 2012; 43:499-506. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.635417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Prior use of antiplatelet agents improves stroke outcome in patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy as shown by reduced arterial reocclusion, although the risk of cerebral hemorrhage can be increased.
Methods—
The effect of cilostazol, an antiplatelet drug that improves endothelial function through upregulation of intracellular cAMP, on cerebral hemorrhage after thrombolytic therapy was investigated using a highly reproducible transient ischemia model.
Results—
Treatment with cilostazol for 7 days before ischemia significantly suppressed the risk and severity of cerebral hemorrhage after injection of tissue-type plasminogen activator, although treatment with aspirin had no such protective effect compared with nontreated mice. Immunohistological analysis revealed that treatment with cilostazol suppressed disruption of the microvasculature in the ischemic area associated with reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity.
Conclusions—
Our results suggest that patients treated with cilostazol before onset of stroke could have a lower risk of cerebral hemorrhage after thrombolytic therapy and might also have a longer therapeutic time window for thrombolysis. Furthermore, the risk of cerebral hemorrhage can be significantly altered by prestroke therapies, and analysis of the effects of multiple drugs on tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced cerebral hemorrhage in animal models is essential for the extending safe and effective thrombolytic therapy to a wider group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kasahara
- From the Department of Cerebrovascular Disease (Y.K., A.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; the Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences (T.N., T.M.), Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; and the Executive Dean's Office (D.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- From the Department of Cerebrovascular Disease (Y.K., A.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; the Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences (T.N., T.M.), Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; and the Executive Dean's Office (D.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- From the Department of Cerebrovascular Disease (Y.K., A.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; the Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences (T.N., T.M.), Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; and the Executive Dean's Office (D.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - David Stern
- From the Department of Cerebrovascular Disease (Y.K., A.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; the Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences (T.N., T.M.), Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; and the Executive Dean's Office (D.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- From the Department of Cerebrovascular Disease (Y.K., A.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; the Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences (T.N., T.M.), Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; and the Executive Dean's Office (D.S.), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Park DW, Lee HK, Jeong TW, Kim JS, Bae YS, Chin BR, Baek SH. The JAK2-Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway is involved in toll-like receptor 2-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 regulation. Mol Med Rep 2012; 5:1063-7. [PMID: 22218715 PMCID: PMC3493083 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is an essential cytokine for the migration of monocytes into vessels, and is also involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the importance of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and the function of the Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) pathway in toll-like receptor (TLR2)-mediated MCP-1 expression. The TLR2 agonist, Pam3CSK4, induced MCP-1 expression in the Raw264.7 cell line. The induction of MCP-1 was seen in the bone marrow-derived macrophages of wild-type mice but not in TLR2 knockout mice. The TLR2-mediated MCP-1 induction was myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-independent. By contrast, the inactivation of JAK2 attenuated TLR2-mediated MCP-1 expression. The JAK inhibitor suppressed the phosphorylation of GSK3β as well as Akt by Pam3CSK4 stimulation. While the inactivation of Akt by LY294002 suppressed TLR2-mediated MCP-1 induction, the inactivation of GSK3β by LiCl potentiated TLR2-mediated MCP-1 induction. Furthermore, Akt inhibitor suppressed TLR2-mediated phosphorylation of GSK3β. Taken together, these results suggest that a MyD88-independent pathway exists in TLR2 signaling; the JAK2-Akt-GSK3β pathway is a novel MyD88-independent pathway for MCP-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Weon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, 210 Main Building, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-802, Republic of Korea
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Hase Y, Okamoto Y, Fujita Y, Kitamura A, Nakabayashi H, Ito H, Maki T, Washida K, Takahashi R, Ihara M. Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, prevents no-reflow and hemorrhage in mice with focal cerebral ischemia. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:523-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lin CP, Huang PH, Tsai HS, Wu TC, Leu HB, Liu PL, Chen YH. Monascus purpureus-fermented rice inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in human aortic smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1587-94. [PMID: 22060290 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis. Cholestin (Monascus purpureus-fermented rice) contains a naturally occurring statin, which has lipid-modulating, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cholestin extract on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). METHODS Zymography, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses were used for analysis of MMP expression of TNF-α-stimulated HASMCs. Gel shift assay was used for analysis of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also analysed. KEY FINDINGS The supplement of HASMCs with Cholestin extract significantly suppresses enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in TNF-α-stimulated HASMCs. RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses show that Cholestin extract significantly attenuates TNF-α-induced mRNA and protein expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Gel shift assays show that Cholestin treatment reduces TNF-α-activated NF-κB. Furthermore, Cholestin also attenuates intracellular ROS generation in TNF-α-treated HASMCs. The supplement with an ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (glutathione precursor) gives similar results to Cholestin. CONCLUSIONS Cholestin reduces TNF-α-stimulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression as well as downregulating NF-κB activation and intracellular ROS formation in HASMCs, supporting the notion that the natural compound Cholestin may have potential application in clinical atherosclerosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Pei Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of General, Laboratory, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cilostazol inhibits matrix invasion and modulates the gene expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:419-26. [PMID: 21925496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of monocytes into the subendothelium space plays an important role in the early stage of atherosclerosis. Cilostazol, a specific phosphodiesterase type III (PDE3) inhibitor, has been shown to exhibit anti-atherosclerotic effect. The present study aimed to investigate the modulating effects of cilostazol on monocyte invasion and the gene expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1. We found that PMA significantly increased the invasive ability and the MMP-9 activity of THP-1 cells, as analyzed by matrix invasion assay and gelatin zymography, respectively. The increased expression of MMP-9 was demonstrated at both the RNA and protein levels by RT/real-time PCR and western blot analysis. These changes were markedly inhibited by cilostazol in a dose-dependent manner, which also could be observed when cAMP analog was used. On the contrary, the expression of TIMP-1, an inhibitor of MMP-9, was significantly upregulated by cilostazol dose dependently at both the RNA and protein levels. Reverse zymography further confirmed the increase of TIMP-1 activity after cilostazol treatment. The increase of TIMP-1 by cilostazol, however, was not cAMP-dependent. Cilostazol reduced the MMP-9 promoter activity and suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, indicating that the inhibitory effect of cilostazol is at the transcriptional level. In conclusion, the present study provides an additional mechanism underlying the anti-atherosclerotic effect of cilostazol by inhibiting the monocyte invasion and modulating the gene expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in monocytes upon differentiating to macrophages.
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Timing of the restenosis following nitinol stenting in the superficial femoral artery and the factors associated with early and late restenoses. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 78:611-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.23064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Zhang Q, Huang JH, Xia RP, Duan XH, Jiang YB, Jiang Q, Sun WJ. Suppression of Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in a Rat Model by the Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitor Cilostazol. J Surg Res 2011; 167:e385-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Lee JWY, Lee BS, Lee JY, Ku HJ, Jeon SR, Kim JY, Ban JM, Sung SH, Shin HM, Park JE. The herbal extract HMC05 inhibits neointima formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries: possible therapeutic implications of HMC05. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:168-176. [PMID: 20883768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY In a previous study, HMC05, a water extract from eight medicinal herbs was demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory effects in murine macrophages and anti-atherosclerotic effects in apoE(-/-) mice. HSP27 expression was shown to be decreased in advanced atherosclerotic plaques of human carotid arteries. In the present study, the role of HMC05 in the prevention of restenosis and the possible mechanisms involved in the decrease of neointima formation were investigated using in vivo balloon injury rat model and in vitro biochemical assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat carotid artery balloon injury restenosis model was used. Different doses of HMC05 were administered to the rats by tube feeding, starting from four days before surgery and continuing twice per week for two weeks after carotid injury. Injured carotid arteries isolated from rats were embedded in paraffin block and tissue sections were stained with H&E to assess neointima formation. Mechanism by HMC05 that are involved in smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration was assessed by western blot assay, immunohistochemistry and confocal analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the medial area between the control and HMC05-treated groups. However, neointima formation was significantly inhibited in the HMC05-treated group, resulting in 47-fold lower intima to media ratios in rats treated with 25 mg/kg/day HMC05 as compared to the control. Surprisingly, monocytes infiltration in the neointima area was almost completely blocked by HMC05 administration. When rat vascular SMCs were treated with HMC05, the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells was dramatically inhibited in a dye uptake assay and in a scratch model in a culture dish, respectively. HMC05 dose-dependently inhibited PDGF-mediated MAPK and AKT activation. However, HMC05 did not affect PDGF-mediated HSP27 phosphorylation but it induced HSP27 overexpression and phosphorylation. In addition, medial SMCs in the arterial wall of rats treated with HMC05 showed a significant increase in HSP27 expression compared with that of the control rats. CONCLUSIONS HMC05, a strong anti-inflammatory reagent, might use HSP27 as an effector molecule in SMCs to reduce neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting PDGF-mediated MAPK and AKT activation. HMC05 could be a useful drug candidate for the prevention of restenosis after balloon injury of the arteries.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Becaplermin
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Catheterization
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Restenosis/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Neointima/prevention & control
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/prevention & control
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Rats
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Woon Yi Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Suppression of encephalitogenic T-cell responses by cilostazol is associated with upregulation of regulatory T cells. Neuroreport 2010; 21:629-35. [PMID: 20473232 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32833a4d4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cilostazol is a specific phosphodiesterase III inhibitor. Recent data show that cilostazol has anti-inflammatory effects and administration of cilostazol ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we used a mouse EAE model to explore the role of cilostazol in Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated immune responses. We found that cilostazol suppressed mitogen or antigen-induced T-cell responses and Th17 cell differentiation in vitro, which correlated with enhanced Treg-cell responses. Beginning of oral administration of cilostazol at the onset of EAE significantly inhibited encephalitogenic T cells, reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system, and ameliorated the severity of EAE. Moreover, administration of cilostazol markedly enhanced Treg-cell response in vivo. Cilostazol, therefore, may exert its therapeutic effects through upregulation of Treg-cell activity.
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Park WS, Jung WK, Lee DY, Moon C, Yea SS, Park SG, Seo SK, Park C, Choi YH, Kim GY, Choi JS, Choi IW. Cilostazol protects mice against endotoxin shock and attenuates LPS-induced cytokine expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages via MAPK inhibition and NF-kappaB inactivation: not involved in cAMP mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1077-85. [PMID: 20601185 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, is a platelet aggregation inhibitor and vasodilator that is useful for treating intermittent claudication. Experimental studies have shown that cilostazol has potent anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we examined the effect of cilostazol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and endotoxin shock in mice. Our results indicate that cilostazol inhibits LPS-stimulated up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner without appreciable cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Cilostazol did not enhance intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. To further elucidate the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of production of pro-inflammatory mediators by cilostazol, we examined the effect of cilostazol on LPS-stimulated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Our results clearly indicated that cilostazol treatment reduced on of MAPK phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activity, and that the inhibitory effect of cilostazol is independent of the cAMP pathway. In an animal model, cilostazol protected c57BL/6 mice from LPS-induced endotoxin shock, possibly through inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, cilostazol inhibits LPS-stimulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and protects mice from endotoxin shock, suggesting that cilostazol may be a novel therapeutic agent for the prevention of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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Jung WK, Lee DY, Park C, Choi YH, Choi I, Park SG, Seo SK, Lee SW, Yea SS, Ahn SC, Lee CM, Park WS, Ko JH, Choi IW. Cilostazol is anti-inflammatory in BV2 microglial cells by inactivating nuclear factor-kappaB and inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1274-85. [PMID: 20128801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cilostazol is a specific inhibitor of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase, which is widely used to treat ischemic symptoms of peripheral vascular disease. Although cilostazol has been shown to exhibit vasodilator properties as well as antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects, its cellular mechanism in microglia is unknown. In the present study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of cilostazol on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV2 microglia. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the effects of cilostazol on LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). KEY RESULTS Cilostazol suppressed production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibitory effects of cilostazol were not affected by treatment with an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, SQ 22536, indicating that these actions of cilostazol were cAMP-independent. Cilostazol significantly inhibited the DNA binding and transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB. Moreover, cilostazol blocked signalling upstream of NF-kappaB activation by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but without affecting the activity of p38 MAPK. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that suppression of the NF-kappaB, ERK, JNK signalling pathways may inhibit LPS-induced NO and PGE(2) production. Therefore, cilostazol may have therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokine production in activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Marine Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Endotoxemia caused by LPS is a life-threatening and inflammatory condition contributing to multiple organ failure. Viruses or bacteria require sialic acid (SA) for target-cell binding. We suggest that exogenous SA through masking or mediating the binding of LPS to the target cells may attenuate LPS-induced liver dysfunction and cecal ligation and puncture-induced shock. We found that SA can directly scavenge O2-, H2O2, and NO activity by a chemiluminescence analyzer and bind to LPS with high affinity using surface plasmon resonance. Intravenous SA significantly increased plasma SA concentration within 4 h. We then assessed the potential effect of SA on LPS-induced acute endotoxemia in the rat. Intravenous LPS (10-50 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased plasma endotoxin and reactive oxygen species in the blood, bile, and liver and increased plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels as well as TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels in the rats. Thirty minutes after LPS stimulation, SA decreased LPS-enhanced endotoxin level, oxidative stress, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and cytokine concentration and ameliorated histopathologic alteration in the liver. We found that SA increased LPS-depressed Mn-superoxide dismutase, CuZn-superoxide dismutase, and heat shock protein 70 and decreased LPS-enhanced iNOS and proapoptotic Bax protein expression in the liver by Western blot. Sialic acid was given after treatment to rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, and the hypotensive effect was blunted for 6 h. In conclusion, SA treatment can counteract LPS-enhanced acute endotoxemia and oxidative injury via a direct scavenging reactive oxygen species activity and neutralization potential.
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Tamaki S, Yamauchi M, Fukuoka A, Makinodan K, Koyama N, Tomoda K, Yoshikawa M, Kimura H. Production of inflammatory mediators by monocytes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Intern Med 2009; 48:1255-62. [PMID: 19652426 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is known to be a risk factor of cardiovascular events. However, the precise mechanism linking the two has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hypoxic stress on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) by monocytes. METHODS Thirty-three OSAS patients and 13 healthy control subjects were enrolled. The OSAS patients were classified as mild-to-moderate (13) and severe (20). Venous blood samples were collected before and after sleep as well as after long-term nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for the purpose of isolation of monocytes. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated using standard methods. Monocytes were cultured under lipopolysaccharide stimulation for 24 hours, and TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and MMP-9 in the culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. RESULTS In severe patients, the TNF-alpha production by monocytes was significantly elevated as compared to that before sleep (p<0.01). In all OSAS patients, the TNF-alpha production after sleep was significantly correlated with AHI (p<0.01), ODI (p<0.01) and % time in SpO(2)<90% (p<0.05), and inversely correlated with the lowest SpO(2) (p<0.01). The production of MCP-1 and MMP-9 by monocytes was significantly elevated compared to that before sleep in severe patients (p<0.05). The production of these mediators by monocytes was significantly decreased after long-term nasal CPAP treatment (p<0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicate that OSAS-induced hypoxic stress activates the production of inflammatory mediators by monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tamaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara
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Iyengar S, Rabbani LE. Beyond platelet inhibition: potential pleiotropic effects of ADP-receptor antagonists. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2008; 27:300-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-008-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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