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Li J, Wan X, Xie D, Yuan H, Pei Q, Luo Y, Chen Y, Xian J, Ye T. SPDEF enhances cancer stem cell-like properties and tumorigenesis through directly promoting GALNT7 transcription in luminal breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:569. [PMID: 37633945 PMCID: PMC10460425 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luminal breast cancer (BC) is the predominant subtype of breast cancer with a sustained risk of late recurrence and death. Understanding the molecular mechanisms for the oncogenesis of luminal BC would improve the prognosis for this large subset of patients. SPDEF was reported to be dysregulated in breast cancers. However, the biological functions and underlying molecular mechanism of SPDEF in luminal BC remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the potential roles of SPDEF underlying subtype-specific functions in BC, especially in luminal subtypes. METHODS The expressions and clinicopathological characteristics of SPDEF in luminal BC patients were evaluated bioinformatically. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the oncogenic function and stemness maintenance of SPDEF in luminal BC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were conducted to determine the transcription regulation of GALNT7 by SPDEF. GALNT7 levels in serum from luminal BC patients were further detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS SPDEF is markedly upregulated in luminal BC and positively associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Furthermore, we confirmed that SPDEF enhanced the proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness of luminal BC cells in vitro as well the tumorigenicity in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated the stimulative effect of SPDEF on the progression and stemness of luminal BC, which is mediated by its directly transcriptional target GALNT7. Clinically, we verified that the GALNT7 can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic marker. Noteworthy, the combined detection of serum GALNT7 and traditional tumor markers can enhance diagnostic accuracy thus is of vital importance in the early diagnosis of luminal BC. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which SPDEF transcriptionally activates GALNT7 via directly binding to its promoter to promote cell proliferation, motility and stemness, and led to luminal BC tumorigenesis and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang, 157011, P. R. China
| | - Qin Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Yiyu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Xian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, P. R. China.
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2
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Bajkowska K, Sumardika IW, Tomonobu N, Chen Y, Yamamoto KI, Kinoshita R, Murata H, Gede Yoni Komalasari NL, Jiang F, Yamauchi A, Winarsa Ruma IM, Kasano-Camones CI, Inoue Y, Sakaguchi M. Neuroplastinβ-mediated upregulation of solute carrier family 22 member 18 antisense (SLC22A18AS) plays a crucial role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, leading to lung cancer cells' enhanced motility. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100768. [PMID: 32490214 PMCID: PMC7261704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent study revealed an important role of the neuroplastin (NPTN)β downstream signal in lung cancer dissemination in the lung. The molecular mechanism of the signal pathway downstream of NPTNβ is a serial activation of the key molecules we identified: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) adaptor, nuclear factor (NF)IA/NFIB heterodimer transcription factor, and SAM pointed-domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF). The question of how dissemination is controlled by SPDEF under the activated NPTNβ has not been answered. Here, we show that the NPTNβ-SPDEF-mediated induction of solute carrier family 22 member 18 antisense (SLC22A18AS) is definitely required for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the NPTNβ pathway in lung cancer cells. In vitro, the induced EMT is linked to the acquisition of active cellular motility but not growth, and this is correlated with highly disseminative tumor progression in vivo. The publicly available data also show the poor survival of SLC22A18AS-overexpressing lung cancer patients. Taken together, these data highlight a crucial role of SLC22A18AS in lung cancer dissemination, which provides novel input of this molecule to the signal cascade of NPTNβ. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of NPTNβ-mediated lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Bajkowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- University of Surrey, 11 Osterley Court, London TW7 4PX, England, UK
| | - I. Wayan Sumardika
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Nahoko Tomonobu
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Youyi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ken-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ni Luh Gede Yoni Komalasari
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar 80232, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | | | - Carlos Ichiro Kasano-Camones
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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3
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Meiners J, Schulz K, Möller K, Höflmayer D, Burdelski C, Hube-Magg C, Simon R, Göbel C, Hinsch A, Reiswich V, Weidemann S, Izbicki JR, Sauter G, Jacobsen F, Möller-Koop C, Mandelkow T, Blessin NC, Lutz F, Viehweger F, Lennartz M, Fraune C, Heinzer H, Minner S, Bonk S, Huland H, Graefen M, Schlomm T, Büscheck F. Upregulation of SPDEF is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5107-5118. [PMID: 31612022 PMCID: PMC6781494 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SAM pointed domain-containing Ets transcription factor (SPDEF), a member of the ETS transcription factor family, has been associated with prostate cancer development; however, its role in tumour development and progression is controversial. In the present study, SPDEF expression was analysed on a tissue microarray with >12,000 prostate cancer samples. SPDEF expression levels were higher in most prostate cancer samples than in normal prostate epithelium, suggesting SPDEF was upregulated in cancer. Nuclear SPDEF expression was identified in 80% of prostate cancer samples, and considered weak in 26.4%, moderate in 40.1% and strong in 13.5% of cases. SPDEF positivity was significantly associated with tumour stage, Gleason grade, lymph node metastasis and PSA recurrence (all P<0.0001). SPDEF overexpression was more common in ERG positive (94%) than in ERG negative cancer (69%; P<0.0001). Elevated SPDEF expression predicted poor prognosis independent from established prognostic parameters, including Gleason grade, pT, pN, serum PSA level and nodal status (P<0.01). In summary, SPDEF overexpression was associated with aggressive behaviour, particularly in ERG negative prostate cancer, and may have potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meiners
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schulz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Burdelski
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cosima Göbel
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Reiswich
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jacob R Izbicki
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Möller-Koop
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Mandelkow
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niclas C Blessin
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lutz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Viehweger
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximillian Lennartz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Prostate Cancer Center, Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Bonk
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Prostate Cancer Center, Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Prostate Cancer Center, Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Urology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Cao L, Xu C, Xiang G, Liu F, Liu X, Li C, Liu J, Meng Q, Jiao J, Niu Y. AR-PDEF pathway promotes tumour proliferation and upregulates MYC-mediated gene transcription by promoting MAD1 degradation in ER-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:136. [PMID: 30217192 PMCID: PMC6138935 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in 60%~ 70% oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer (BC) cases and promotes the growth of this cancer subtype. Expression of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF), a transcription factor, is highly restricted to epithelial cells in hormone-regulated tissues. MYC and its negative regulator MAD1 play an important role in BC progression. Previously, we found that PDEF expression is strongly correlated with AR expression. However, the relationship between AR and PDEF and the function of PDEF in ER-negative BC proliferation are unclear. Methods AR and PDEF expression in ER-negative BC tissues and cell lines was determined by performing immunohistochemistry or western blotting. Protein expression levels and location were analysed by performing western blotting, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. Co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to validate the regulation of AR–PDEF–MAD1–MYC axis. Moreover, the effect of AR and PDEF on BC progression was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that PDEF was overexpressed in ER-negative BC tissues and cell lines and appeared to function as an oncogene. PDEF expression levels were strongly correlated with AR expression in ER-negative BC, and PDEF transcription was positively regulated by AR. PDEF upregulated MYC-mediated gene transcription by promoting MAD1 degradation in ER-negative BC. Finally, we found that compared with the inhibition of AR expression alone, simultaneous inhibition of AR and PDEF expression further suppressed tumour proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Our data highlight the role of the AR–PDEF–MAD1–MYC axis in BC progression and suggest that PDEF can be used as a new clinical therapeutic target for treating ER-negative BC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0883-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Guomin Xiang
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Congying Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yun Niu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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5
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Luk IY, Reehorst CM, Mariadason JM. ELF3, ELF5, EHF and SPDEF Transcription Factors in Tissue Homeostasis and Cancer. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092191. [PMID: 30200227 PMCID: PMC6225137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium-specific ETS (ESE) transcription factors (ELF3, ELF5, EHF and SPDEF) are defined by their highly conserved ETS DNA binding domain and predominant epithelial-specific expression profile. ESE transcription factors maintain normal cell homeostasis and differentiation of a number of epithelial tissues, and their genetic alteration and deregulated expression has been linked to the progression of several epithelial cancers. Herein we review the normal function of the ESE transcription factors, the mechanisms by which they are dysregulated in cancers, and the current evidence for their role in cancer progression. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting or reactivating these factors as a novel means of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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6
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Wu J, Qin W, Wang Y, Sadik A, Liu J, Wang Y, Song P, Wang X, Sun K, Zeng J, Wang L. SPDEF is overexpressed in gastric cancer and triggers cell proliferation by forming a positive regulation loop with FoxM1. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9042-9054. [PMID: 30076647 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The SAM-pointed domain-containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) is an epithelial-specific transcription factor of the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family, which binds the target gene through the high-affinity sequence of GGAT. It is suggested that SPDEF targets the promoter activity of Forkhead Box M1 (FoxM1), which has been proven to be highly expressed in gastric cancer. We found that SPDEF was overexpressed both at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and at the protein level in human gastric cancer species. The gastric cancer cells transfected with the SPDEF expression plasmid or SPDEF small interfering RNA (siRNA) led to observations on the clone genetics assay that indicated the promotion or the inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation, respectively. Both mRNA and protein levels of FoxM1 were regulated by SPDEF in gastric cancer cells and FoxM1 was also overexpressed in the corresponding human gastric cancer species. The overexpression and inhibition of FoxM1 could upregulate and downregulate the mRNA and protein levels of SPDEF expression, respectively. The recovery experiments verified that the overexpression of FoxM1 could at least partially revert both the expression of SPDEF and the proliferation of the cell lines even with the siRNA inhibition of SPDEF. The result of the dual luciferase activity assay showed that SPDEF bound to the promoter of FoxM1 and activated it. FoxM1 might also bind to the promoter of SPDEF to affect its expression. The results were checked in vivo. In conclusion, SPDEF is overexpressed in gastric cancer, which can form a positive regulation loop with FoxM1 to promote gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Medical Administration, Shandong University Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Arsil Sadik
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jilan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kaiyue Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiping Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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7
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Tamura RE, Paccez JD, Duncan KC, Morale MG, Simabuco FM, Dillon S, Correa RG, Gu X, Libermann TA, Zerbini LF. GADD45α and γ interaction with CDK11p58 regulates SPDEF protein stability and SPDEF-mediated effects on cancer cell migration. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13865-79. [PMID: 26885618 PMCID: PMC4924684 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium-specific Ets transcription factor, SPDEF, plays a critical role in metastasis of prostate and breast cancer cells. While enhanced SPDEF expression blocks migration and invasion, knockdown of SPDEF expression enhances migration, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. SPDEF expression and activation is tightly regulated in cancer cells; however, the precise mechanism of SPDEF regulation has not been explored in detail. In this study we provide evidence that the cell cycle kinase CDK11p58, a protein involved in G2/M transition and degradation of several transcription factors, directly interacts with and phosphorylates SPDEF on serine residues, leading to subsequent ubiquitination and degradation of SPDEF through the proteasome pathway. As a consequence of CDK11p58 mediated degradation of SPDEF, this loss of SPDEF protein results in increased prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. In contrast, knockdown of CDK11p58 protein expression by interfering RNA or SPDEF overexpression inhibit migration and invasion of cancer cells. We demonstrate that CDK11p58 mediated degradation of SPDEF is attenuated by Growth Arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) α and, two proteins inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest. We show that GADD45 α and γ, directly interact with CDK11p58 and thereby inhibit CDK11p58 activity, and consequentially SPDEF phosphorylation and degradation, ultimately reducing prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Our findings provide new mechanistic insights into the complex regulation of SPDEF activity linked to cancer metastasis and characterize a previously unidentified SPDEF/CDK11p58/GADD45α/γ pathway that controls SPDEF protein stability and SPDEF-mediated effects on cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo E Tamura
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Juliano D Paccez
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kristal C Duncan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mirian G Morale
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fernando M Simabuco
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Dillon
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo G Correa
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xuesong Gu
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Towia A Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luiz F Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Medical Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Lo YH, Noah TK, Chen MS, Zou W, Borras E, Vilar E, Shroyer NF. SPDEF Induces Quiescence of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Changing the Transcriptional Targets of β-catenin. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:205-218.e8. [PMID: 28390865 PMCID: PMC7297058 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The canonical Wnt signaling pathway activates the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. This pathway is often activated in colorectal cancer cells, but strategies to block it in tumors have not been effective. The SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) suppresses formation of colon tumors by unclear mechanisms. We investigated these mechanisms and the effects of SPDEF on β-catenin activity in mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC), CRC cell lines, and mouse and human normal and cancer colonoids. METHODS We performed studies of Lgr5CreERT2; β-cateninexon3; Rosa26LSL-rtta-ires-EGFP; TRE-Spdef mice, which express an oncogenic form of β-catenin in Lgr5-positive ISCs upon administration of tamoxifen and SPDEF upon administration of tetracycline. CRC lines (HCT116 and SW480) were engineered to express inducible tagged SPDEF or vector (control) and subcutaneously injected into immunodeficient NSG mice. We generated SPDEF-inducible human colonoids, including a line derived from normal rectal mucosa (control) and an adenocarcinoma line derived from a patient with germline MUTYH mutation. Full-length and truncated forms of SPDEF were expressed in CRC cells; cells were assayed for β-catenin activity and studied in immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS Expression of SPDEF was sufficient to inhibit intestinal tumorigenesis by activated β-catenin, block tumor cell proliferation, and restrict growth of established tumors. In tumor cells with activated β -catenin, expression of SPDEF induced a quiescent state, which was reversed when SPDEF expression was stopped. In mouse and human normal and tumor-derived enteroids/colonoids, those that expressed SPDEF for 3 days were significantly smaller. SPDEF inhibited the transcriptional activity of β-catenin via a protein-protein interaction, independent of SPDEF DNA binding capacity. SPDEF disrupted β-catenin binding to TCF1 and TCF3, displacing β-catenin from enhancer regions of genes that regulate the cell cycle but not genes that regulate stem cell activities. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice and human CRC, we found that SPDEF induces a quiescent state in CRC cells by disrupting binding of β-catenin to TCF1 and TCF3 and regulation of genes that control the cell cycle. In this model, β-catenin activity determines the proliferation or quiescence of CRC cells based on the absence or presence of SPDEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Lo
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taeko K. Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Winnie Zou
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ester Borras
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, GI Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, GI Medical Oncology and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Archer LK, Frame FM, Maitland NJ. Stem cells and the role of ETS transcription factors in the differentiation hierarchy of normal and malignant prostate epithelium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:68-83. [PMID: 27185499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer of men in the UK and accounts for a quarter of all new cases. Although treatment of localised cancer can be successful, there is no cure for patients presenting with invasive prostate cancer and there are less treatment options. They are generally treated with androgen-ablation therapies but eventually the tumours become hormone resistant and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) for which there are no further successful or curative treatments. This highlights the need for new treatment strategies. In order to prevent prostate cancer recurrence and treatment resistance, all the cell populations in a heterogeneous prostate tumour must be targeted, including the rare cancer stem cell (CSC) population. The ETS transcription factor family members are now recognised as a common feature in multiple cancers including prostate cancer; with aberrant expression, loss of tumour suppressor function, inactivating mutations and the formation of fusion genes observed. Most notably, the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is present in approximately 50% of prostate cancers and in prostate CSCs. However, the role of other ETS transcription factors in prostate cancer is less well understood. This review will describe the prostate epithelial cell hierarchy and discuss the evidence behind prostate CSCs and their inherent resistance to conventional cancer therapies. The known and proposed roles of the ETS family of transcription factors in prostate epithelial cell differentiation and regulation of the CSC phenotype will be discussed, as well as how they might be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Archer
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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10
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Prostate-derived ETS factor improves prognosis and represses proliferation and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:52488-52500. [PMID: 28881746 PMCID: PMC5581045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-derived E-twenty-six (ETS) factor (PDEF), an epithelium-specific ETS transcription factor, regulates carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The prognostic importance and biologic functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been established. We investigated PDEF expression in 400 HCC patients using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. PDEF expression was significantly lower in tumors than in peritumoral tissues. Lower PDEF levels were associated with poorer prognosis in patients. PDEF was an independent predictor of overall survival in multivariate analysis. PDEF expression was suppressed in highly metastatic HCC cell lines, and shRNA-mediated down-regulation of PDEF in low-metastatic HCC cell lines (with high PDEF) significantly increased cellular proliferative and invasive capacity in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that PDEF may mediate transcription of several genes involved in apoptosis and the cell cycle. PDEF modulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition by up-regulating E-cadherin expression and down-regulating Slug and Vimentin expression, thereby lowering migration and invasion abilities of HCC cells. In conclusion, PDEF is associated with proliferation and invasiveness of HCC cells. It may serve as an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with HCC.
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11
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The androgen-induced protein AIbZIP facilitates proliferation of prostate cancer cells through downregulation of p21 expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37310. [PMID: 27853318 PMCID: PMC5112536 DOI: 10.1038/srep37310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen-Induced bZIP (AIbZIP) is structurally a bZIP transmembrane transcription factor belonging to the CREB/ATF family. This molecule is highly expressed in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells and is transcriptionally upregulated by androgen treatment. Here, we investigated molecular mechanism of androgen-dependent expression of AIbZIP and its physiological function in prostate cancer cells. Our data showed that SAM pointed domain-containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF), which is upregulated by androgen treatment, directly activates transcription of AIbZIP. Knockdown of AIbZIP caused a significant reduction in the proliferation of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells with robust expression of p21. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that AIbZIP interacts with old astrocyte specifically induced substance (OASIS), which is a CREB/ATF family transcription factor, and prevents OASIS from promoting transcription of its target gene p21. These findings showed that AIbZIP induced by the androgen receptor (AR) axis plays a crucial role in the proliferation of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells, and could be a novel target of therapy for prostate cancer.
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12
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Mahajan N. Signatures of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) in cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14335-14340. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Cavazzola LR, Carvalhal GF, Deves C, Renck D, Almeida R, Santos DIS. Relative mRNA expression of prostate-derived E-twenty-six factor and E-twenty-six variant 4 transcription factors, and of uridine phosphorylase-1 and thymidine phosphorylase enzymes, in benign and malignant prostatic tissue. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2886-2894. [PMID: 26137165 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent urological tumor, and the second most common cancer diagnosed in men. Incidence and mortality are variable and appear to depend on behavioral factors and genetic predisposition. The prostate-derived E-twenty-six factor (PDEF) and E-twenty-six variant 4 (ETV4) transcription factors, and the thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and uridine phosphorylase-1 (UP-1) enzymes, are reported to be components of the pathways leading to tumorigenesis and/or metastasis in a number of tumors. The present study aimed to analyze the mRNA expression levels of these proteins in prostatic cancerous and benign tissue, and their association with clinical and pathological variables. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the mRNA expression levels of PDEF, ETV4, TP and UP-1 were studied in 52 tissue samples (31 of benign prostatic hyperplasia and 21 of prostate adenocarcinomas) obtained from patients treated by transurethral resection of the prostate or by radical prostatectomy. Relative expression was assessed using the ∆-CT method. Data was analyzed using Spearman's tests for correlation. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. The results revealed that PDEF, ETV4, UP-1 and TP were expressed in 85.7, 90.5, 95.2 and 100% of the prostate cancer samples, and in 90.3, 96.8, 90.3 and 96.8% of the benign samples, respectively. PDEF and ETV4 exhibited a significantly higher relative expression level in the tumor samples compared with their benign counterparts. The relative expression of TP and UP-1 did not differ significantly between benign and cancerous prostate tissues. The relative expression of TP was moderately and significantly correlated with the expression of ETV4 in the benign tissues. The relative expression of UP-1 was significantly lower in T3 compared with T1 and T2 cancers. These findings indicate that PDEF, ETV4, TP and UP-1 are typically expressed in benign and malignant prostatic tissues. Further studies are necessary to define the role of these proteins as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Rostirola Cavazzola
- Center for Research on Molecular and Functional Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Franco Carvalhal
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Candida Deves
- Center for Research on Molecular and Functional Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Daiana Renck
- Center for Research on Molecular and Functional Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Almeida
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - DIóGENES Santiago Santos
- Center for Research on Molecular and Functional Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
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14
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Kim IJ, Kang TW, Jeong T, Kim YR, Jung C. HOXB13 regulates the prostate-derived Ets factor: implications for prostate cancer cell invasion. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:869-76. [PMID: 24898171 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HOXB13 has been shown to enhance the invasive potential of breast and endometrial tumors. HOXB13 is also abundant in castration-resistant prostate tumors. To determine the invasive potential of HOXB13 in prostate tumors, highly metastatic PC3 prostate cancer cells were manipulated to express HOXB13 and/or the prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF). The PDEF is believed to reduce the invasive potential of various tumors, including prostate tumors. To further demonstrate the functional correlation between HOXB13 and PDEF, transwell invasion and gelatin zymography assays were performed. In addition, the western blot analysis was used to demonstrate the expression of PDEF target proteins involved in cancer cell migration and invasion, MMP-9 and survivin. According to the results, HOXB13 promoted PC3 cell migration and invasion. The DNA microarray analysis demonstrated that HOXB13 significantly suppressed the expression of the PDEF. Accordingly, the expression of MMP-9 and survivin was regulated by HOXB13. In addition, HOXB13 promoted the invasive potential of PC3 cells while inhibiting the PDEF. The coexpression of HOXB13 and the PDEF led to moderate retardation of the number of invasive cells, indicating that HOXB13 functionally counteracted cell invasion by reducing PDEF expression. The western blot analysis demonstrated that HOXB13 counteracted the PDEF-mediated inhibition of the expression of PDEF target proteins such as MMP-9 and survivin. The results suggest that the HOXB13-mediated promotion of tumor cell invasion is accomplished mainly through the downregulation of PDEF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Je Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Won Kang
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeoh Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rang Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyong Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
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15
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Silencing of the EPHB3 tumor-suppressor gene in human colorectal cancer through decommissioning of a transcriptional enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4886-91. [PMID: 24707046 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314523111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine kinase Ephrin type-B receptor 3 (EPHB3) counteracts tumor-cell dissemination by regulating intercellular adhesion and repulsion and acts as tumor/invasion suppressor in colorectal cancer. This protective mechanism frequently collapses at the adenoma-carcinoma transition due to EPHB3 transcriptional silencing. Here, we identify a transcriptional enhancer at the EPHB3 gene that integrates input from the intestinal stem-cell regulator achaete-scute family basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 2 (ASCL2), Wnt/β-catenin, MAP kinase, and Notch signaling. EPHB3 enhancer activity is highly variable in colorectal carcinoma cells and precisely reflects EPHB3 expression states, suggesting that enhancer dysfunction underlies EPHB3 silencing. Interestingly, low Notch activity parallels reduced EPHB3 expression in colorectal carcinoma cell lines and poorly differentiated tumor-tissue specimens. Restoring Notch activity reestablished enhancer function and EPHB3 expression. Although essential for intestinal stem-cell maintenance and adenoma formation, Notch activity seems dispensable in colorectal carcinomas. Notch activation even promoted growth arrest and apoptosis of colorectal carcinoma cells, attenuated their self-renewal capacity in vitro, and blocked tumor growth in vivo. Higher levels of Notch activity also correlated with longer disease-free survival of colorectal cancer patients. In summary, our results uncover enhancer decommissioning as a mechanism for transcriptional silencing of the EPHB3 tumor suppressor and argue for an antitumorigenic function of Notch signaling in advanced colorectal cancer.
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16
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Findlay VJ, LaRue AC, Turner DP, Watson PM, Watson DK. Understanding the role of ETS-mediated gene regulation in complex biological processes. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 119:1-61. [PMID: 23870508 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ets factors are members of one of the largest families of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, regulating critical functions in normal cell homeostasis, which when perturbed contribute to tumor progression. The well-documented alterations in ETS factor expression and function during cancer progression result in pleiotropic effects manifested by the downstream effect on their target genes. Multiple ETS factors bind to the same regulatory sites present on target genes, suggesting redundant or competitive functions. The anti- and prometastatic signatures obtained by examining specific ETS regulatory networks will significantly improve our ability to accurately predict tumor progression and advance our understanding of gene regulation in cancer. Coordination of multiple ETS gene functions also mediates interactions between tumor and stromal cells and thus contributes to the cancer phenotype. As such, these new insights may provide a novel view of the ETS gene family as well as a focal point for studying the complex biological control involved in tumor progression. One of the goals of molecular biology is to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Such an understanding of the molecular basis of cancer will provide new possibilities for: (1) earlier detection, as well as better diagnosis and staging of disease; (2) detection of minimal residual disease recurrences and evaluation of response to therapy; (3) prevention; and (4) novel treatment strategies. Increased understanding of ETS-regulated biological pathways will directly impact these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Bae T, Rho K, Choi JW, Horimoto K, Kim W, Kim S. Identification of upstream regulators for prognostic expression signature genes in colorectal cancer. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:86. [PMID: 24006872 PMCID: PMC3847874 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Gene expression signatures have been commonly used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer subtyping. However, expression signatures frequently include many passengers, which are not directly related to cancer progression. Their upstream regulators such as transcription factors (TFs) may take a more critical role as drivers or master regulators to provide better clues on the underlying regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Results In order to identify prognostic master regulators, we took the known 85 prognostic signature genes for colorectal cancer and inferred their upstream TFs. To this end, a global transcriptional regulatory network was constructed with total >200,000 TF-target links using the ARACNE algorithm. We selected the top 10 TFs as candidate master regulators to show the highest coverage of the signature genes among the total 846 TF-target sub-networks or regulons. The selected TFs showed a comparable or slightly better prognostic performance than the original 85 signature genes in spite of greatly reduced number of marker genes from 85 to 10. Notably, these TFs were selected solely from inferred regulatory links using gene expression profiles and included many TFs regulating tumorigenic processes such as proliferation, metastasis, and differentiation. Conclusions Our network approach leads to the identification of the upstream transcription factors for prognostic signature genes to provide leads to their regulatory mechanisms. We demonstrate that our approach could identify upstream biomarkers for a given set of signature genes with markedly smaller size and comparable performances. The utility of our method may be expandable to other types of signatures such as diagnosis and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejeong Bae
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, South Korea.
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Buchwalter G, Hickey MM, Cromer A, Selfors LM, Gunawardane RN, Frishman J, Jeselsohn R, Lim E, Chi D, Fu X, Schiff R, Brown M, Brugge JS. PDEF promotes luminal differentiation and acts as a survival factor for ER-positive breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:753-67. [PMID: 23764000 PMCID: PMC3711136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and can be classified based on gene expression profiles that reflect distinct epithelial subtypes. We identify prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF) as a mediator of mammary luminal epithelial lineage-specific gene expression and as a factor required for tumorigenesis in a subset of breast cancers. PDEF levels strongly correlate with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive luminal breast cancer, and PDEF transcription is inversely regulated by ER and GATA3. Furthermore, PDEF is essential for luminal breast cancer cell survival and is required in models of endocrine resistance. These results offer insights into the function of this ETS factor that are clinically relevant and may be of therapeutic value for patients with breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Buchwalter
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Michele M. Hickey
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anne Cromer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Laura M. Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jason Frishman
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Rinath Jeselsohn
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Elgene Lim
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - David Chi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Xiaosong Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.), (M.B.)
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.), (M.B.)
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Noah TK, Lo YH, Price A, Chen G, King E, Washington MK, Aronow BJ, Shroyer NF. SPDEF functions as a colorectal tumor suppressor by inhibiting β-catenin activity. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1012-1023.e6. [PMID: 23376423 PMCID: PMC3738069 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Expression of the SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF or prostate-derived ETS factor) is regulated by Atoh1 and is required for the differentiation of goblet and Paneth cells. SPDEF has been reported to suppress the development of breast, prostate, and colon tumors. We analyzed levels of SPDEF in colorectal tumor samples from patients and its tumor-suppressive functions in mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We analyzed levels of SPDEF messenger RNA and protein in more than 500 human CRC samples and more than 80 nontumor controls. Spdef(-/-)and wild-type mice (controls) were either bred with Apc(Min/+) mice, or given azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and DSS, to induce colorectal tumors. Expression of Spdef also was induced transiently by administration of tetracycline to Spdef(dox-intestine) mice with established tumors, induced by the combination of AOM and DSS or by breeding with Apc(Min/+) mice. Colon tissues were collected and analyzed for tumor number, size, grade, and for cell proliferation and apoptosis. We also analyzed the effects of SPDEF expression in HCT116 and SW480 human CRC cells. RESULTS In colorectal tumors from patients, loss of SPDEF was observed in approximately 85% of tumors and correlated with progression from normal tissue, to adenoma, to adenocarcinoma. Spdef(-/-); Apc(Min/+) mice developed approximately 3-fold more colon tumors than Spdef(+/+); Apc(Min/+) mice. Likewise, Spdef(-/-) mice developed approximately 3-fold more colon tumors than Spdef(+/+) mice after administration of AOM and DSS. After administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and DSS, invasive carcinomas were observed exclusively in Spdef(-/-) mice. Conversely, expression of SPDEF was sufficient to promote cell-cycle exit in cells of established adenomas from Spdef(dox-intestine); Apc(Min/+) mice and in Spdef(dox-intestine) mice after administration of AOM + DSS. SPDEF inhibited the expression of β-catenin-target genes in mouse colon tumors, and interacted with β-catenin to block its transcriptional activity in CRC cell lines, resulting in lower levels of cyclin D1 and c-MYC. CONCLUSIONS SPDEF is a colon tumor suppressor and a candidate therapeutic target for colon adenomas and adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Steffan JJ, Koul S, Meacham RB, Koul HK. The transcription factor SPDEF suppresses prostate tumor metastasis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29968-78. [PMID: 22761428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.379396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) plays a significant role in tumorigenesis in prostate, breast, colon, and ovarian cancer. However, there are no in vivo studies with respect to the role of SPDEF in tumor metastasis. The present study examined the effects of SPDEF on tumor cell metastasis using prostate tumor cells as a model. Utilizing two experimental metastasis models, we demonstrate that SPDEF inhibits cell migration and invasion in vitro and acts a tumor metastasis suppressor in vivo. Using stable expression of SPDEF in PC3-Luc cells and shRNA-mediated knockdown of SPDEF in LNCaP-Luc cells, we demonstrate for the first time that SPDEF diminished the ability of disseminated tumors cells to survive at secondary sites and establish micrometastases. These effects on tumor metastasis were not a result of the effect of SPDEF on cell growth as SPDEF expression had no effect on cell growth in vitro or subcutaneous tumor xenograft-growth in vivo. Transcriptional analysis of several genes associated with tumor metastasis, invasion, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition demonstrated that SPDEF expression selectively down-regulated MMP9 and MMP13 in prostate cancer cells. Further analysis indicated that forced MMP9 or MMP13 expression rescued the invasive phenotype in SPDEF expressing PC3 cells in vitro, suggesting that the effects of SPDEF on tumor invasion are mediated, in part, through the suppression of MMP9 and MMP13 expression. These results demonstrate for the first time, in any system, that SPDEF functions as a tumor metastasis suppressor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Steffan
- Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Hollenhorst PC. RAS/ERK pathway transcriptional regulation through ETS/AP-1 binding sites. Small GTPases 2012; 3:154-8. [PMID: 22653334 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.19630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is activated by mutation in many cancers. Neighboring ETS and AP-1 DNA binding sequences can act as response elements for transcriptional activation by this pathway. ERK phosphorylation of an ETS transcription factor is one mechanism of activating the RAS/ERK gene expression program that can promote cancer cell phenotypes such as proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Recent genome-wide mapping of ETS proteins over-expressed by chromosomal rearrangement in prostate cancer reveals a second mechanism for activation of this gene expression program. An oncogenic subset of ETS transcription factors can activate RAS/ERK target genes even in the absence of RAS/ERK pathway activation by binding ETS/AP-1 sequences. Thus, regulation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis via ETS/AP-1 sequence elements depends on which ETS protein is bound, and the status of the RAS/ERK pathway. This commentary will focus on what is known about the selectivity of ETS/AP-1 sequences for different ETS transcription factors and the transcriptional consequences of ETS protein selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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Turner DP, Findlay VJ, Moussa O, Semenchenko VI, Watson PM, LaRue AC, Desouki MM, Fraig M, Watson DK. Mechanisms and functional consequences of PDEF protein expression loss during prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2011; 71:1723-35. [PMID: 21446014 PMCID: PMC3128180 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ets is a large family of transcriptional regulators with functions in most biological processes. While the Ets family gene, prostate-derived epithelial factor (PDEF), is expressed in epithelial tissues, PDEF protein expression has been found to be reduced or lost during cancer progression. The goal of this study was to examine the mechanism for and biologic impact of altered PDEF expression in prostate cancer. METHODS PDEF protein expression of prostate specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry. RNA and protein expression in cell lines were measured by q-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cellular growth was determined by quantifying viable and apoptotic cells over time. Cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. Migration and invasion were determined by transwell assays. PDEF promoter occupancy was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). RESULTS While normal prostate epithelium expresses PDEF mRNA and protein, tumors show no or decreased PDEF protein expression. Re-expression of PDEF in prostate cancer cells inhibits cell growth. PDEF expression is inversely correlated with survivin, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and slug expression and ChIP studies identify survivin and uPA as direct transcriptional targets of PDEF. This study also shows that PDEF expression is regulated via a functional microRNA-204 (miR-204) binding site within the 3'UTR. Furthermore, we demonstrate the biologic significance of miR-204 expression and that miR-204 is over-expressed in human prostate cancer specimens. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the reported studies demonstrate that PDEF is a negative regulator of tumor progression and that the miR-204-PDEF regulatory axis contributes to PDEF protein loss and resultant cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Turner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Omar Moussa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Victor I. Semenchenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Patricia M. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Amanda C. LaRue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Mohamed M Desouki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Mostafa Fraig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Dennis K Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Hollings Cancer Center, Room H0310, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. Telephone 843-792-3962,
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Findlay VJ, Turner DP, Yordy JS, McCarragher B, Shriver MR, Szalai G, Watson PM, Larue AC, Moussa O, Watson DK. Prostate-Derived ETS Factor Regulates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition through Both SLUG-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:120-9. [PMID: 21779485 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911410424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-year survival rate is very low when breast cancer becomes metastatic. The metastatic process is governed by a network of molecules of which SLUG is known to play a major role as a regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF) has been proposed as a tumor suppressor, possibly through inhibition of invasion and metastasis; therefore, understanding the mechanism of PDEF regulation may help to better understand its role in breast cancer progression. This study shows for the first time that the transcription factor SLUG is a direct target of PDEF in breast cancer. We show that the expression of PDEF is able to suppress/dampen EMT through the negative regulation of SLUG. In addition, we show that PDEF is also able to regulate downstream targets of SLUG, namely E-cadherin, in both SLUG-dependent and -independent manners, suggesting a critical role for PDEF in regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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24
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Steffan JJ, Koul HK. Prostate derived ETS factor (PDEF): A putative tumor metastasis suppressor. Cancer Lett 2011; 310:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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25
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Ghadersohi A, Sharma S, Zhang S, Azrak RG, Wilding GE, Manjili MH, Li F. Prostate-derived Ets transcription factor (PDEF) is a potential prognostic marker in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 2011; 71:1178-88. [PMID: 21656828 PMCID: PMC3112264 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced expression of prostate-derived Ets transcription factor (PDEF) leads to morphologic change as well as increased migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. However, the clinical relevance of PDEF expression and its relationship to anti-apoptotic protein survivin is yet to be determined. METHODS Tissue microarrays of 73 prostate carcinomas and their adjacent benign prostate tissue, as well as 50 benign prostates were evaluated for PDEF expression by immunohistochemistry. Results were confirmed in available tumor tissues using Western blot and RT-PCR. Expression of survivin in prostate carcinoma and benign tissues were determined using Western blot. Results and correlation with clinical data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Patients' specimens with low Gleason scores (GS < 5) expressed higher levels of PDEF protein and lower levels of survivin protein when compared with moderate-to-high GS tumors (GS > 6). Patients with PDEF-positive tumor survived significantly longer (P < 0.0001) than patients with PDEF-negative tumor, and the 8-year survival rate was 94% and 40%, respectively. PDEF expression was detected at the highest levels in benign tissues and was down-regulated or lost in 30 recently diagnosed prostate carcinomas. Re-expression of PDEF in prostate cancer cells inhibited survivin expression. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with methylseleninic acid resulted in restoration of PDEF expression, down-regulation of survivin, and inhibition of tumor cell growth when compared with untreated controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated an inverse correlation between PDEF and survivin expression, and that up-regulation of PDEF was associated with a favorable prognosis in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghadersohi
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Washington MN, Weigel NL. 1{alpha},25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits growth of VCaP prostate cancer cells despite inducing the growth-promoting TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1409-17. [PMID: 20147525 PMCID: PMC2850246 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists have been shown to reduce the growth of several prostate cancer cell lines. However, the effects of VDR activation have not been examined in the presence of the recently identified androgen-regulated TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions, which occur in a high percentage of prostate cancers and play a role in growth and invasiveness. In a previous microarray study, we found that VDR activation induces TMPRSS2 expression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Here we show that the natural VDR agonist 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and its synthetic analog EB1089 increase expression of TMPRSS2:ERG mRNA in VCaP prostate cancer cells; this results in increased ETS-related gene (ERG) protein expression and ERG activity as demonstrated by an increase in the ERG target gene CACNA1D. In VCaP cells, we were not able to prevent EB1089-mediated TMPRSS2:ERG induction with an androgen receptor antagonist, Casodex, although in LNCaP cells, as reported for some other common androgen receptor and VDR target genes, Casodex reduces EB1089-mediated induction of TMPRSS2. However, despite inducing the fusion gene, VDR agonists reduce VCaP cell growth and expression of the ERG target gene c-Myc, a critical factor in VDR-mediated growth inhibition. Thus, the beneficial effects of VDR agonist treatment override some of the negative effects of ERG induction, although others remain to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele N Washington
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza BCM130, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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