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Wang P, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhou M, Liu J, Rui Y, Wu Y, Zhou T. A Novel Method to Assess Healing of Segmental Bone Defects using the Induced Membrane Technique. Orthop Surg 2024; 16:1991-1998. [PMID: 38946673 PMCID: PMC11293926 DOI: 10.1111/os.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical concerns exist regarding the quality of bony consolidation in the context of the induced membrane technique. This study evaluates the clinical process of bone grafting in the second stage of induced membrane bone union in patients with tibial bone defects to infer the possibility of non-union and establish a reliable and effective evaluation method combined with computed tomography (CT) to assess fracture healing. METHODS Patients with tibial bone defects who underwent the induced membrane technique at our hospital between February 2017 and February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The Hounsfield unit (HU) values of the patients were evaluated at different times during the second stage of bone grafting. Bone healing at the boundary value of the 120 HU output threshold (-1024 HU-3071 HU) was directionally selected, and the changes in the growth volume of union (new bone volume [selected according to HU value]/bone defect volume) were compared with analyzing individual class bone union. Method 1 involved X-rays revealing that at least three of the four cortices were continuous and at least 2 mm thick, with the patient being pain free. For Method 2, new bone volume (selected according to HU value/bone defect volume) at the stage was compared with analyzing individual class healing. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used for Methods 1 and 2. RESULTS A total of 42 patients with a segmental bone defect with a mean age of 40.5 years (40.5 ± 8.3 years) were included. The relationship between bone graft volume and time variation was analyzed by single factor repeated variable analysis (F = 6.477, p = 0.016). Further, curve regression analysis showed that the change in bone graft volume over time presented a logarithmic curve pattern (Y = 0.563 + 0.086 × ln(X), Ra2 = 0.608, p = 0.041). ROC curve analysis showed that Method 2 is superior to Method 1 (AUC: 86.3% vs. 68.3%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The induced membrane technique could be used to treat traumatic long bone defects, with fewer complications and a higher healing rate. The proposed imaging grading of HU (new bone volume/bone defect volume) can be used as a reference for the quality of bony consolidation with the induced membrane technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryWuxi No. 9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital)WuxiChina
| | - Yunhong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryWuxi No. 9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital)WuxiChina
| | - Yapeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryWuxi No. 9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital)WuxiChina
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryWuxi No. 9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital)WuxiChina
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryWuxi No. 9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital)WuxiChina
| | - Yongjun Rui
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryWuxi No. 9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital)WuxiChina
| | - Yongwei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryWuxi No. 9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital)WuxiChina
| | - Tong Zhou
- Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Blackflame Medical Technology Co., Ltd. FireplusShanghaiChina
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2
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Primorac D, Molnar V, Tsoukas D, Uzieliene I, Tremolada C, Brlek P, Klarić E, Vidović D, Zekušić M, Pachaleva J, Bernotiene E, Wilson A, Mobasheri A. Tissue engineering and future directions in regenerative medicine for knee cartilage repair: a comprehensive review. Croat Med J 2024; 65:268-287. [PMID: 38868973 PMCID: PMC11157252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates the current landscape and future directions of regenerative medicine for knee cartilage repair, with a particular focus on tissue engineering strategies. In this context, scaffold-based approaches have emerged as promising solutions for cartilage regeneration. Synthetic scaffolds, while offering superior mechanical properties, often lack the biological cues necessary for effective tissue integration. Natural scaffolds, though biocompatible and biodegradable, frequently suffer from inadequate mechanical strength. Hybrid scaffolds, combining elements of both synthetic and natural materials, present a balanced approach, enhancing both mechanical support and biological functionality. Advances in decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds have shown potential in promoting cell infiltration and integration with native tissues. Additionally, bioprinting technologies have enabled the creation of complex, bioactive scaffolds that closely mimic the zonal organization of native cartilage, providing an optimal environment for cell growth and differentiation. The review also explores the potential of gene therapy and gene editing techniques, including CRISPR-Cas9, to enhance cartilage repair by targeting specific genetic pathways involved in tissue regeneration. The integration of these advanced therapies with tissue engineering approaches holds promise for developing personalized and durable treatments for knee cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis. In conclusion, this review underscores the importance of continued multidisciplinary collaboration to advance these innovative therapies from bench to bedside and improve outcomes for patients with knee cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Primorac
- Dragan Primorac, Poliklinika Sv. Katarina, Branimirova 71E, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,
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3
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Trippel SB. Harnessing Growth Factor Interactions to Optimize Articular Cartilage Repair. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:135-143. [PMID: 37052852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The failure of cartilage healing is a major impediment to recovery from joint disease or trauma. Growth factors play a central role in cell function and have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents to promote cartilage repair. Decades of investigation have identified many growth factors that promote the formation of cartilage in vitro and in vivo. However, very few of these have progressed to human trials. A growth factor that robustly augments articular cartilage healing remains elusive. This is not surprising. Articular cartilage repair involves multiple cellular processes and it is unlikely that any single agent will be able to optimally regulate all of them. It is more likely that multiple regulatory molecules may be required to optimize the maintenance and restoration of articular cartilage. If this is the case, then interactions among growth factors may be expected to play a key role in determining their therapeutic value. This review explores the hypothesis that growth factor interactions could help optimize articular cartilage healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Trippel
- Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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4
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Yari D, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Movaffagh J, Shahroodi A, Shirzad M, Qujeq D, Moradi A. Biochemical Aspects of Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering; from Basic Science to Regenerative Medicine. THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY 2022; 10:229-244. [PMID: 35514762 PMCID: PMC9034797 DOI: 10.22038/abjs.2022.55549.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chondral defects are frequent and important causes of pain and disability. Cartilage has limited self-repair and regeneration capacity. The ideal approach for articular cartilage defects is the regeneration of hyaline cartilage with sustainable symptom-free constructs. Tissue engineering provides new strategies for the regeneration of functional cartilage tissue through optimized scaffolds with architectural, mechanical, and biochemical properties similar to the native cartilage tissue. In this review, the basic science of cartilage structure, interactions between proteins, stem cells, as well as biomaterials, scaffold characteristics and fabrication methods, as well as current and potential therapies in regenerative medicine will be discussed mostly from a biochemical point of view. Furthermore, the recent trends in scaffold-based therapies and supplementary factors in cartilage tissue engineering will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Yari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Jebrail Movaffagh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azadeh Shahroodi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moein Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Clinical Research Development Unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Li XJ, Zhu F, Li B, Zhang D, Liang CW. Recombinant human regenerating gene 4 attenuates the severity of osteoarthritis by promoting the proliferation of articular chondrocyte in an animal model. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:693-699. [PMID: 34488597 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210901163144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a dominant cause of morbidity and disability. As a chronic disease, its etiological risk factors and most therapies at present, are empirical and symptomatic. Regenerating gene 4 (Reg4) is involved in cell growth, survival, regeneration, adhesion, and resistance to apoptosis, which are partially thought to be the pathogenic mechanisms of OA. However, the proper role of Reg4 in OA is still unknown. METHODS In this study, a consecutive administration of rhReg4 was applied to normal Sprague-Dawley rats or rats after OA induction. Histological changes and chondrocyte proliferation in the articular cartilage were measured. RESULTS We found that RhReg4 promotes chondrocyte proliferation in normal rats, and RhReg4 attenuated the severity of OA in rats by promoting chondrocytes' proliferation in OA rats. CONCLUSION In conclusion, recombinant human regenerating gene 4 (rhReg4) attenuates the severity of osteoarthritis in OA animal models and may be used as a new method for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jia Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai. China
| | - Cheng-Wei Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai. China
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Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Regulation of articular chondrocyte catabolic genes by growth factor interaction. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11127-11139. [PMID: 30809855 PMCID: PMC6716380 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by a loss of articular cartilage homeostasis in which degradation exceeds formation. Several growth factors have been shown to promote cartilage formation by augmenting articular chondrocyte anabolic activity. This study tests the hypothesis that such growth factors also play an anticatabolic role. We transferred individual or combinations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor-I, bone morphogenetic protein-2, bone morphogenetic protein-7, transforming growth factor-β1, and fibroblast growth factor-2, into adult bovine articular chondrocytes and measured the expression of catabolic marker genes encoding A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 and -5, matrix metalloproteinases-3 and -13, and interleukin-6. When delivered individually, or in combination, these growth factor transgenes differentially regulated the direction, magnitude, and time course of expression of the catabolic marker genes. In concert, the growth factor transgenes regulated the marker genes in an interactive fashion that ranged from synergistic inhibition to synergistic stimulation. Synergistic stimulation prevailed over synergistic inhibition, reaching maxima of 15.2- and 2.7-fold, respectively. Neither the magnitude nor the time course of the effect of the transgene combinations could be predicted on the basis of the individual transgene effects. With few exceptions, the data contradict our hypothesis. The results demonstrate that growth factors that are traditionally viewed as chondrogenic tend also to promote catabolic gene expression. The competing actions of these potential therapeutic agents add an additional level of complexity to the selection of regulatory factors for restoring articular cartilage homeostasis or promoting repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University
School of Medicine
| | - Scott Mercer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University
School of Medicine
| | - George J. Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of
Medicine
| | - Stephen B. Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University
School of Medicine.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University
School of Medicine.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University
Purdue University Indianapolis,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Stephen B. Trippel: Department of Orthopaedics, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; ; Tel. (317)
278-0085; Fax. (317) 274-3702
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7
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Zhao R, Wang S, Jia L, Li Q, Qiao J, Peng X. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) and miR-140 overexpression via pNNS-conjugated chitosan-mediated gene transfer enhances the repair of full-thickness cartilage defects in a rabbit model. Bone Joint Res 2019; 8:165-178. [PMID: 30997042 PMCID: PMC6444021 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.83.bjr-2018-0222.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previously, we reported the improved transfection efficiency of a plasmid DNA-chitosan (pDNA-CS) complex using a phosphorylatable nuclear localization signal-linked nucleic kinase substrate short peptide (pNNS) conjugated to chitosan (pNNS-CS). This study investigated the effects of pNNS-CS-mediated miR-140 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) gene transfection both in rabbit chondrocytes and a cartilage defect model. Methods The pBudCE4.1-miR-140, pBudCE4.1-IL-1Ra, and negative control pBudCE4.1 plasmids were constructed and combined with pNNS-CS to form pDNA/pNNS-CS complexes. These complexes were transfected into chondrocytes or injected into the knee joint cavity. Results High IL-1Ra and miR-140 expression levels were detected both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, compared with the pBudCE4.1 group, the transgenic group presented with significantly increased chondrocyte proliferation and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, as well as increased collagen type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1), aggrecan (ACAN), and TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1) levels. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was reduced, as were a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 (ADAMTS-5) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 levels. In vivo, the exogenous genes reduced the synovial fluid GAG and NO concentrations and the ADAMTS-5 and MMP-13 levels in cartilage. In contrast, COL2A1, ACAN, and TIMP-1 levels were increased, and the cartilage Mankin score was decreased in the transgenic group compared with the pBudCE4.1 group. Double gene combination produced greater efficacies than each single gene, both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion This study suggests that pNNS-CS is a good candidate for treating cartilage defects via gene therapy, and that IL-1Ra in combination with miR-140 produces promising biological effects on cartilage defects. Cite this article: R. Zhao, S. Wang, L. Jia, Q. Li, J. Qiao, X. Peng. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) and miR-140 overexpression via pNNS-conjugated chitosan-mediated gene transfer enhances the repair of full-thickness cartilage defects in a rabbit model. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:165–178. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.83.BJR-2018-0222.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zhao
- Institute of Nanomedicine Technology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Key Discipline of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Shandong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Weifang Peoples Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - L Jia
- Institute of Nanomedicine Technology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Key Discipline of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Shandong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Q Li
- Institute of Nanomedicine Technology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Key Discipline of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Shandong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - J Qiao
- Institute of Nanomedicine Technology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Key Discipline of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Shandong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - X Peng
- Institute of Nanomedicine Technology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Key Discipline of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Shandong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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8
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Shi S, Wang C, Chan A, Kirmani K, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Comparative Effectiveness of Structural versus Regulatory Protein Gene Transfer on Articular Chondrocyte Matrix Gene Expression. Cartilage 2019; 10:102-110. [PMID: 28703018 PMCID: PMC6376561 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517719317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The production of extracellular matrix is a necessary component of articular cartilage repair. Gene transfer is a promising method to improve matrix biosynthesis by articular chondrocytes. Gene transfer may employ transgenes encoding regulatory factors that stimulate the production of matrix proteins, or may employ transgenes that encode the proteins themselves. The objective of this study was to determine which of these 2 approaches would be the better choice for further development. We compared these 2 approaches using the transgenes encoding the structural matrix proteins, aggrecan or type II collagen, and the transgene encoding the anabolic factor, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). METHODS We transfected adult bovine articular chondrocytes with constructs encoding type II collagen, aggrecan, or IGF-I, and measured the expression of type II collagen ( COL2A1) and aggrecan ( ACAN) from their native genes and from their transgenes. RESULTS IGF-I gene ( IGF1) transfer increased the expression of the native chondrocyte COL2A1 and ACAN genes 2.4 and 2.9 times control, respectively. COL2A1 gene transfer did not significantly increase COL2A1 transcripts, even when the transgene included the genomic COL2A1 regulatory sequences stimulated by chondrogenic growth factors. In contrast, ACAN gene transfer increased ACAN transcripts up to 3.4 times control levels. IGF1, but not ACAN, gene transfer increased aggrecan protein production. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that the type II collagen and aggrecan production required for articular cartilage repair will be more effectively achieved by genes that encode anabolic regulatory factors than by genes that encode the matrix molecules themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kashif Kirmani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George J. Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen B. Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Richard L.
Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Stephen B. Trippel, Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 West Michigan
Street, Suite 115, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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9
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Peng X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, He Q, Yu Q. IGF‐1 and BMP‐7 synergistically stimulate articular cartilage repairing in the rabbit knees by improving chondrogenic differentiation of bone‐marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5570-5582. [PMID: 30417423 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian‐Bo Peng
- Department of Joint Surgery & Sports Medicine Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province Jinan China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province Jinan China
| | - Yue‐Qiu Wang
- Department of Joint Branch Jining No. 2 People’s Hospital, Shandong Province Jining China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Blood Transfusion Shandong Provincial Hospital Jinan China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Joint Surgery & Sports Medicine Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province Jinan China
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10
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Lee J, Lee JY, Chae BC, Jang J, Lee E, Son Y. Fully Dedifferentiated Chondrocytes Expanded in Specific Mesenchymal Stem Cell Growth Medium with FGF2 Obtains Mesenchymal Stem Cell Phenotype In Vitro but Retains Chondrocyte Phenotype In Vivo. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1673-1687. [PMID: 29251111 PMCID: PMC5753982 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717724794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Given recent progress in regenerative medicine, we need a means to expand chondrocytes in quantity without losing their regenerative capability. Although many reports have shown that growth factor supplementation can have beneficial effects, the use of growth factor-supplemented basal media has widespread effect on the characteristics of chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were in vitro cultured in the 2 most widely used chondrocyte growth media, conventional chondrocyte culture medium and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture medium, both with and without fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) supplementation. Their expansion rates, expressions of extracellular matrix-related factors, senescence, and differentiation potentials were examined in vitro and in vivo. Our results revealed that chondrocytes quickly dedifferentiated during expansion in all tested media, as assessed by the loss of type II collagen expression. The 2 basal media (chondrocyte culture medium vs. MSC culture medium) were associated with distinct differences in cell senescence. Consistent with the literature, FGF2 was associated with accelerated dedifferentiation during expansion culture and superior redifferentiation upon induction. However, chondrocytes expanded in FGF2-containing conventional chondrocyte culture medium showed MSC-like features, as indicated by their ability to direct ectopic bone formation and cartilage formation. In contrast, chondrocytes cultured in FGF2-supplemented MSC culture medium showed potent chondrogenesis and almost no bone formation. The present findings show that the chosen basal medium can exert profound effects on the characteristics and activity of in vitro-expanded chondrocytes and indicate that right growth factor/medium combination can help chondrocytes retain a high-level chondrogenic potential without undergoing hypertrophic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsun Lee
- 1 R&D Institute, Biosolution Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Yeon Lee
- 1 R&D Institute, Biosolution Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jeongho Jang
- 2 Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - EunAh Lee
- 2 Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea.,3 Impedance Imaging Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngsook Son
- 2 Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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11
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MicroRNA-140 Suppresses Human Chondrocytes Hypertrophy by Targeting SMAD1 and Controlling the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pathway in Osteoarthritis. Am J Med Sci 2018; 355:477-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Xiao Y, Li B, Liu J. miRNA‑27a regulates arthritis via PPARγ in vivo and in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5454-5462. [PMID: 29393373 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of microRNA (miR)‑27a in the development of arthritis and its mechanism of action. Initially, collagen was used to develop an in vivo rat model of arthritis. Changes in the miRs in the rats were analyzed. It was subsequently observed that miR‑27a expression was reduced in patients with arthritis, compared with the control group. In the present study an in vitro miR‑27a overexpression model of arthritis was established and it was observed that miR‑27a increased the proliferation of osteoblast‑like cells in vitro. miR‑27a overexpression promoted osteogenic differentiation, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteoporosis (OST) content, induced insulin‑like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP‑5) protein expression, reduced inflammation and suppressed peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and matrix metalloproteinase-17 (MMP‑17) protein expression in arthritis. However, miR‑27a downregulation inhibited osteogenic differentiation, increased inflammation and PPARγ and MMP‑17 protein expression and suppressed ALP and OST content in an in vitro model of arthritis. The PPARγ inhibitor reduced the function of miR‑27a downregulation on arthritis. Therefore the results of the present study revealed that miR‑27a regulates arthritis via PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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13
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Shi S, Kelly BJ, Wang C, Klingler K, Chan A, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Human IGF-I propeptide A promotes articular chondrocyte biosynthesis and employs glycosylation-dependent heparin binding. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:567-575. [PMID: 29174671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a key regulator of chondrogenesis, but its therapeutic application to articular cartilage damage is limited by rapid elimination from the repair site. The human IGF-I gene gives rise to three IGF-I propeptides (proIGF-IA, proIGF-IB and proIGF-IC) that are cleaved to create mature IGF-I. In this study, we elucidate the processing of IGF-I precursors by articular chondrocytes, and test the hypotheses that proIGF-I isoforms bind to heparin and regulate articular chondrocyte biosynthesis. METHODS Human IGF-I propeptides and mutants were overexpressed in bovine articular chondrocytes. IGF-I products were characterized by ELISA, western blot and FPLC using a heparin column. The biosynthetic activity of IGF-I products on articular chondrocytes was assayed for DNA and glycosaminoglycan that the cells produced. RESULTS Secreted IGF-I propeptides stimulated articular chondrocyte biosynthetic activity to the same degree as mature IGF-I. Of the three IGF-I propeptides, only one, proIGF-IA, strongly bound to heparin. Interestingly, heparin binding of proIGF-IA depended on N-glycosylation at Asn92 in the EA peptide. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that N-glycosylation determines the binding of a heparin-binding protein to heparin. CONCLUSION The biosynthetic and heparin binding abilities of proIGF-IA, coupled with its generation of IGF-I, suggest that proIGF-IA may have therapeutic value for articular cartilage repair. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data identify human pro-insulin-like growth factor IA as a bifunctional protein. Its combined ability to bind heparin and augment chondrocyte biosynthesis makes it a promising therapeutic agent for cartilage damage due to trauma and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Brian J Kelly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Ken Klingler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - George J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Stephen B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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14
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Adkar SS, Brunger JM, Willard VP, Wu CL, Gersbach CA, Guilak F. Genome Engineering for Personalized Arthritis Therapeutics. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:917-931. [PMID: 28887050 PMCID: PMC5657581 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arthritis represents a family of complex joint pathologies responsible for the majority of musculoskeletal conditions. Nearly all diseases within this family, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, are chronic conditions with few or no disease-modifying therapeutics available. Advances in genome engineering technology, most recently with CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized our ability to interrogate and validate genetic and epigenetic elements associated with chronic diseases such as arthritis. These technologies, together with cell reprogramming methods, including the use of induced pluripotent stem cells, provide a platform for human disease modeling. We summarize new evidence from genome-wide association studies and genomics that substantiates a genetic basis for arthritis pathogenesis. We also review the potential contributions of genome engineering in the development of new arthritis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunak S Adkar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jonathan M Brunger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Cytex Therapeutics, Inc., Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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15
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Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Concheiro A, Madry H, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Cucchiarini M. rAAV-mediated overexpression of TGF-β via vector delivery in polymeric micelles stimulates the biological and reparative activities of human articular chondrocytes in vitro and in a human osteochondral defect model. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6985-6996. [PMID: 29033566 PMCID: PMC5614797 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are clinically adapted vectors to durably treat human osteoarthritis (OA). Controlled delivery of rAAV vectors via polymeric micelles was reported to enhance the temporal and spatial presentation of the vectors into their targets. Here, we tested the feasibility of delivering rAAV vectors via poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (propylene oxide) (PPO) (poloxamer and poloxamine) polymeric micelles as a means to overexpress the therapeutic factor transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in human OA chondrocytes and in experimental human osteochondral defects. Application of rAAV-human transforming growth factor-beta using such micelles increased the levels of TGF-β transgene expression compared with free vector treatment. Overexpression of TGF-β with these systems resulted in higher proteoglycan deposition and increased cell numbers in OA chondrocytes. In osteochondral defect cultures, a higher deposition of type-II collagen and reduced hypertrophic events were noted. Delivery of therapeutic rAAV vectors via PEO-PPO-PEO micelles may provide potential tools to remodel human OA cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, R+ DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, R+ DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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16
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Chen JL, Zou C, Chen Y, Zhu W, Liu W, Huang J, Liu Q, Wang D, Duan L, Xiong J, Cui J, Jia Z, Wang D. TGFβ1 induces hypertrophic change and expression of angiogenic factors in human chondrocytes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91316-91327. [PMID: 29207646 PMCID: PMC5710926 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) plays an important role in cartilage development. However, whether TGFβ1 stimulates chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) remains elusive, especially in the context of different treatment and tissue environments. In the present study, we investigated the role of TGFβ1 in human chondrocyte culture in vitro, focusing on the morphological change of chondrocytes and the expression of angiogenic factors upon TGFβ1 stimulation. We found increased expression of biomarkers indicating chondrocyte hypertrophy and the chondrocytes aggregated to form networks when they were treated with TGFβ1. DNA microarray analysis revealed significantly increased expression of genes related to blood vessel formation in TGFβ1 treatment group compared to control group. Matrigel assay further demonstrated that chondrocytes had the potential to form network-like structure. These results suggested that TGFβ1 induces the hypertrophic change of chondrocytes culture in vitro and induce expression of angiogenic biomarkers. Therefore, application of TGFβ1 for chondrocyte culture in practice should be considered prudentially and targeting TGFβ1 or relevant receptors to block the signaling pathway might be a strategy to prevent or alleviate progression of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Lin Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chang Zou
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Cancer Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen 518020, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020 China
| | - Yunfang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianghong Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qisong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Daming Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaofeng Jia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Centre for Sports Medicine and Engineering Technology, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
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17
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Brunger JM, Zutshi A, Willard VP, Gersbach CA, Guilak F. CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Engineering Inflammation-Resistant Tissues. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1111-1121. [PMID: 27813286 DOI: 10.1002/art.39982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) are found in elevated levels in diseased or injured tissues and promote rapid tissue degradation while preventing stem cell differentiation. This study was undertaken to engineer inflammation-resistant murine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through deletion of the IL-1 signaling pathway and to demonstrate the utility of these cells for engineering replacements for diseased or damaged tissues. METHODS Targeted deletion of the IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) gene in murine iPSCs was achieved using the RNA-guided, site-specific clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome engineering system. Clonal cell populations with homozygous and heterozygous deletions were isolated, and loss of receptor expression and cytokine signaling was confirmed by flow cytometry and transcriptional reporter assays, respectively. Cartilage was engineered from edited iPSCs and tested for its ability to resist IL-1-mediated degradation in gene expression, histologic, and biomechanical assays after a 3-day treatment with 1 ng/ml of IL-1α. RESULTS Three of 41 clones isolated possessed the IL-1RI+/- genotype. Four clones possessed the IL-1RI-/- genotype, and flow cytometry confirmed loss of IL-1RI on the surface of these cells, which led to an absence of NF-κB transcription activation after IL-1α treatment. Cartilage engineered from homozygous null clones was resistant to cytokine-mediated tissue degradation. In contrast, cartilage derived from wild-type and heterozygous clones exhibited significant degradative responses, highlighting the need for complete IL-1 blockade. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates proof-of-concept of the ability to engineer custom-designed stem cells that are immune to proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1) as a potential cell source for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Farshid Guilak
- Washington University and Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, Missouri
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18
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Huang Y, Wan G, Tao J. C1q/TNF-related protein-3 exerts the chondroprotective effects in IL-1β-treated SW1353 cells by regulating the FGFR1 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:41-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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19
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Shi S, Wang C, Acton AJ, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Role of sox9 in growth factor regulation of articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1391-400. [PMID: 25708223 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenic polypeptide growth factors influence articular chondrocyte functions that are required for articular cartilage repair. Sox9 is a transcription factor that regulates chondrogenesis, but its role in the growth factor regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis is poorly understood. We tested the hypotheses that selected chondrogenic growth factors regulate sox9 gene expression and protein production by adult articular chondrocytes and that sox9 modulates the actions of these growth factors. To test these hypotheses, we delivered insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and/or bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), or their respective transgenes to adult bovine articular chondrocytes, and measured changes in sox9 gene expression and protein production. We then knocked down sox9 gene expression with sox9 siRNA, and measured changes in the expression of the genes encoding aggrecan and types I and II collagen, and in the production of glycosaminoglycan, collagen and DNA. We found that FGF-2 or the combination of IGF-I, BMP-2, and BMP-7 increased sox9 gene expression and protein production and that sox9 knockdown modulated growth factor actions in a complex fashion that differed both with growth factors and with chondrocyte function. The data suggest that sox9 mediates the stimulation of matrix production by the combined growth factors and the stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation by FGF-2. The mitogenic effect of the combined growth factors and the catabolic effect of FGF-2 appear to involve sox9-independent mechanisms. Control of these molecular mechanisms may contribute to the treatment of cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Anthony J Acton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - George J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
| | - Stephen B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-5111
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20
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Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Gene therapy for human osteoarthritis: principles and clinical translation. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 16:331-46. [PMID: 26593049 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1124084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic joint disease. Its key feature is a progressive articular cartilage loss. Gene therapy for OA aims at delivering gene-based therapeutic agents to the osteoarthritic cartilage, resulting in a controlled, site-specific, long-term presence to rebuild the damaged cartilage. AREAS COVERED An overview is provided of the principles of gene therapy for OA based on a PubMed literature search. Gene transfer to normal and osteoarthritic cartilage in vitro and in animal models in vivo is reviewed. Results from recent clinical gene therapy trials for OA are discussed and placed into perspective. EXPERT OPINION Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors enable to directly transfer candidate sequences in human articular chondrocytes in situ, providing a potent tool to modulate the structure of osteoarthritic cartilage. However, few preclinical animal studies in OA models have been performed thus far. Noteworthy, several gene therapy clinical trials have been carried out in patients with end-stage knee OA based on the intraarticular injection of human juvenile allogeneic chondrocytes overexpressing a cDNA encoding transforming growth factor-beta-1 via retroviral vectors. In a recent placebo-controlled randomized trial, clinical scores were improved compared with placebo. These translational results provide sufficient reason to proceed with further clinical testing of gene transfer protocols for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- a Center of Experimental Orthopaedics , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- a Center of Experimental Orthopaedics , Saarland University , Homburg/Saar , Germany
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21
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Chen X, Song F, Jhamb D, Li J, Bottino MC, Palakal MJ, Stocum DL. The Axolotl Fibula as a Model for the Induction of Regeneration across Large Segment Defects in Long Bones of the Extremities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130819. [PMID: 26098852 PMCID: PMC4476796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the ability of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) fibula to regenerate across segment defects of different size in the absence of intervention or after implant of a unique 8-braid pig small intestine submucosa (SIS) scaffold, with or without incorporated growth factor combinations or tissue protein extract. Fractures and defects of 10% and 20% of the total limb length regenerated well without any intervention, but 40% and 50% defects failed to regenerate after either simple removal of bone or implanting SIS scaffold alone. By contrast, scaffold soaked in the growth factor combination BMP-4/HGF or in protein extract of intact limb tissue promoted partial or extensive induction of cartilage and bone across 50% segment defects in 30%-33% of cases. These results show that BMP-4/HGF and intact tissue protein extract can promote the events required to induce cartilage and bone formation across a segment defect larger than critical size and that the long bones of axolotl limbs are an inexpensive model to screen soluble factors and natural and synthetic scaffolds for their efficacy in stimulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Fengyu Song
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Indiana-University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Deepali Jhamb
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marco C. Bottino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Indiana-University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mathew J. Palakal
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David L. Stocum
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Henkelmann R, Schmal H, Pilz IH, Salzmann GM, Dovi-Akue D, Südkamp NP. Prospective clinical trial of patients who underwent ankle arthroscopy with articular diseases to match clinical and radiological scores with intra-articular cytokines. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2015; 39:1631-7. [PMID: 25947905 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-015-2797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is still a lack of reliable data on cytokine concentrations in the ankle and their value for prognosis. METHODS In a prospective clinical trial, lavage fluids were collected from 49 patients with an arthroscopy of the ankle. The fluids were investigated by ELISA for cytokine levels. Clinical scores (FFI, AOFAS) were evaluated both pre-operatively and then again 12 months after surgery (n = 43, 88%). Radiological changes were noted with the Kellgren-Lawrence-Score (KLS) and the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scoring System (AOSS). Based on the difference between the pre- and postoperative clinical scores, two groups were defined according to whether they had benefited from the surgical therapy (Δ score ≥ 10) or not (Δ score < 10). RESULTS The average clinical scores had improved to a statistically significant extent in the one-year follow-up (p < 0.01). BMP-2 (p = 0.02), IGF-1 (p = 0.04), BMP-7 (p = 0.01) and aggrecan (p = 0.04) showed significant correlations with pre-operative clinical and radiological scores (p = 0.02, p = 0.01, p = 0.01, p = 0.01). Furthermore, BMP-2 (p = 0.01), IGF-1/TPC (p = 0.03) and aggrecan (p = 0.01) correlated with scores after one year (p = 0.02, p = 0.01). High aggrecan concentrations were associated with a low clinical and a high radiological score at both time points, both indicating progress of cartilage degeneration in contrast to BMP-2 or IGF-1. Furthermore, MMP-13 concentrations were significantly higher in the non-benefit group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION BMP-2, IGF-1, aggrecan and MMP-13 seem to be involved in the degenerative process of cartilage in the ankle joint. Additionally, high synovial MMP-13 concentrations indicate a worse clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Henkelmann
- Clinic of Orthopaedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany,
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Stoddart MJ, Bara J, Alini M. Cells and secretome--towards endogenous cell re-activation for cartilage repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:135-45. [PMID: 25174306 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine approaches to cartilage tissue repair have mainly been concerned with the implantation of a scaffold material containing monolayer expanded cells into the defect, with the aim to differentiate the cells into chondrocytes. While this may be a valid approach, the secretome of the implanted cells and its effects on the endogenous resident cells, is gaining in interest. This review aims to summarize the knowledge on the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells, including knowledge from other tissues, in order to indicate how these mechanisms may be of value in repairing articular cartilage defects. Potential therapies and their effects on the repair of articular cartilage defects will be discussed, with a focus on the transition from classical cell therapy to the implantation of cell free matrices releasing specific cytokines.
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Interaction of ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling pathways in TGF-β1-induced TIMP-3 expression in rat chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Zhao R, Peng X, Li Q, Song W. Effects of phosphorylatable short peptide-conjugated chitosan-mediated IL-1Ra and igf-1 gene transfer on articular cartilage defects in rabbits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112284. [PMID: 25390659 PMCID: PMC4229204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported an improvement in the transfection efficiency of the plasmid DNA-chitosan (pDNA/CS) complex by the utilization of phosphorylatable short peptide-conjugated chitosan (pSP-CS). In this study, we investigated the effects of pSP-CS-mediated gene transfection of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) combined with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in rabbit chondrocytes and in a rabbit model of cartilage defects. pBudCE4.1-IL-1Ra+igf-1, pBudCE4.1-IL-1Ra and pBudCE4.1-igf-1 were constructed and combined with pSP-CS to form pDNA/pSP-CS complexes. These complexes were transfected into rabbit primary chondrocytes or injected into the joint cavity. Seven weeks after treatment, all rabbits were sacrificed and analyzed. High levels of IL-1Ra and igf-1 expression were detected both in the cell culture supernatant and in the synovial fluid. In vitro, the transgenic complexes caused significant proliferation of chondrocytes, promotion of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II synthesis, and inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. In vivo, the exogenous genes resulted in increased collagen II synthesis and reduced NO and GAG concentrations in the synovial fluid; histological studies revealed that pDNA/pSP-CS treatment resulted in varying degrees of hyaline-like cartilage repair and Mankin score decrease. The co-expression of both genes produced greater effects than each single gene alone both in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that pSP-CS is a good candidate for use in gene therapy for the treatment of cartilage defects and that igf-1 and IL-1Ra co-expression produces promising biologic effects on cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglan Zhao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Peng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Advances and challenges in gene-based approaches for osteoarthritis. J Gene Med 2014; 15:343-55. [PMID: 24006099 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a paramount cause of physical disability for which there is no definitive cure, is mainly characterized by the gradual loss of the articular cartilage. Current nonsurgical and reconstructive surgical therapies have not met success in reversing the OA phenotype so far. Gene transfer approaches allow for a long-term and site-specific presence of a therapeutic agent to re-equilibrate the metabolic balance in OA cartilage and may consequently be suited to treat this slow and irreversible disorder. The distinct stages of OA need to be respected in individual gene therapy strategies. In this context, molecular therapy appears to be most effective for early OA. A critical step forward has been made by directly transferring candidate sequences into human articular chondrocytes embedded within their native extracellular matrix via recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Although extensive studies in vitro attest to a growing interest in this approach, data from animal models of OA are sparse. A phase I dose-escalating trial was recently performed in patients with advanced knee OA to examine the safety and activity of chondrocytes modified to produce the transforming growth factor β1 via intra-articular injection, showing a dose-dependent trend toward efficacy. Proof-of-concept studies in patients prior to undergoing total knee replacement may be privileged in the future to identify the best mode of translating this approach to clinical application, followed by randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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27
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Lamplot JD, Liu B, Yin L, Zhang W, Wang Z, Luther G, Wagner E, Li R, Nan G, Shui W, Yan Z, Rames R, Deng F, Zhang H, Liao Z, Liu W, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Ye J, Deng Y, Qiao M, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Angeles J, Shi LL, He TC, Ho SH. Reversibly Immortalized Mouse Articular Chondrocytes Acquire Long-Term Proliferative Capability While Retaining Chondrogenic Phenotype. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1053-66. [PMID: 24800751 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x681054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering holds great promise for treating cartilaginous pathologies including degenerative disorders and traumatic injuries. Effective cartilage regeneration requires an optimal combination of biomaterial scaffolds, chondrogenic seed cells, and biofactors. Obtaining sufficient chondrocytes remains a major challenge due to the limited proliferative capability of primary chondrocytes. Here we investigate if reversibly immortalized mouse articular chondrocytes (iMACs) acquire long-term proliferative capability while retaining the chondrogenic phenotype. Primary mouse articular chondrocytes (MACs) can be efficiently immortalized with a retroviral vector-expressing SV40 large T antigen flanked with Cre/loxP sites. iMACs exhibit long-term proliferation in culture, although the immortalization phenotype can be reversed by Cre recombinase. iMACs express the chondrocyte markers Col2a1 and aggrecan and produce chondroid matrix in micromass culture. iMACs form subcutaneous cartilaginous masses in athymic mice. Histologic analysis and chondroid matrix staining demonstrate that iMACs can survive, proliferate, and produce chondroid matrix. The chondrogenic growth factor BMP2 promotes iMACs to produce more mature chondroid matrix resembling mature articular cartilage. Taken together, our results demonstrate that iMACs acquire long-term proliferative capability without losing the intrinsic chondrogenic features of MACs. Thus, iMACs provide a valuable cellular platform to optimize biomaterial scaffolds for cartilage regeneration, to identify biofactors that promote the proliferation and differentiation of chondrogenic progenitors, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Lamplot
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Choe S, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Ligand- and stage-dependent divergent functions of BMP signaling in the differentiation of embryonic skeletogenic progenitors in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:735-48. [PMID: 24038612 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key molecules in the differentiation of skeletal tissues. We have investigated whether differentiation of limb embryonic mesodermal progenitors into different connective tissue lineages depends on specific stimulation of distinct BMP ligands or on the differential response of target cells to a common BMP stimulus. We show that Bmp2,4,5,7 and Gdf5 exhibit differential expression domains during the formation of tendons, cartilages, and joint tissues in digit development, but their respective effects on digit progenitors cell cultures cannot sustain the divergent differentiation of these cells into tendons, joints, and cartilage. However, the influence of BMPs differs based on the culture length. Early cultures respond to any of the BMPs by inducing chondrogenic factors and inhibiting fibrogenic and osteogenic markers. Later, a second phase of the culture occurs when BMPs attenuate their prochondrogenic influence and promote the fibrogenic marker Scleraxis. At advanced culture stages, BMPs inhibit prochondrogenic and profibrogenic markers and promote osteogenic markers. The switch from the prochondrogenic to the profibrogenic response appears critically dependent on the basal expression of Noggin. Thus, the differential regulation of Scleraxis at these stages was abrogated by treatments with a BMP-analogous compound (AB204) that escapes NOGGIN antagonism. Gene regulation experiments in absence of protein synthesis during the first period of culture indicate that BMPs activate at the same time master chondrogenic and fibrogenic genes together with cofactors responsible for driving the signaling cascade toward chondrogenesis or fibrogenesis. Gene-silencing experiments indicate that Id2 is one of the factors limiting the profibrogenic influence of BMPs. We propose that connective tissues are dynamic structures composed of cartilage, fibrous tissue, and bone that form in successive steps from the differentiation of common progenitors. This sequential differentiation is regulated by BMPs through a process that is dependent on the basal expression of BMP cofactors or signaling modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Shi S, Chan AG, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Endogenous versus exogenous growth factor regulation of articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:54-60. [PMID: 24105960 PMCID: PMC3936796 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic growth factors that regulate the function of articular chondrocytes are candidates for articular cartilage repair. Such factors may be delivered by pharmacotherapy in the form of exogenous proteins, or by gene therapy as endogenous proteins. It is unknown whether delivery method influences growth factor effectiveness in regulating articular chondrocyte reparative functions. We treated adult bovine articular chondrocytes with exogenous recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), or with the genes encoding these growth factors for endogenous production. Treatment effects were measured as change in chondrocyte DNA content, glycosaminoglycan production, and aggrecan gene expression. We found that IGF-I stimulated chondrocyte biosynthesis similarly when delivered by either exogenous or endogenous means. In contrast, exogenous TGF-β1 stimulated these reparative functions, while endogenous TGF-β1 had little effect. Endogenous TGF-β1 became more bioactive following activation of the transgene protein product. These data indicate that effective mechanisms of growth factor delivery for articular cartilage repair may differ for different growth factors. In the case of IGF-I, gene therapy or protein therapy appear to be viable options. In contrast, TGF-β1 gene therapy may be constrained by a limited ability of chondrocytes to convert latent complexes to an active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Albert G. Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Scott Mercer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - George J. Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stephen B. Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Shi S, Mercer S, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Growth factor regulation of growth factor production by multiple gene transfer to chondrocytes. Growth Factors 2013; 31:32-8. [PMID: 23302100 PMCID: PMC3976180 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2012.750652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Of the many classes of molecules regulated by growth factors, growth factors themselves are not well investigated. We tested the hypothesis that combinations of endogenous growth factors interactively regulate the production of other growth factors. Growth factors have therapeutic potential for articular cartilage repair, and gene transfer is a promising approach to growth factor delivery. We tested the hypothesis using adult bovine articular chondrocytes treated with combinations of cDNAs encoding insulin-like growth factor I, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and protein-7, transforming growth factor β1, and fibroblast growth factor 2. We found that these growth factor transgenes regulated each other's growth factor production. This regulation ranged from stimulation to inhibition. Regulation by multiple transgenes was not predictable from the regulatory actions of the individual transgenes. Such interactions may be important for the selection of growth factor genes for cell-based therapies, including articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5111, USA
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