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Wang F, Liu Y, Li Y, Yang X, Zhao J, Yang B, Tang D, Zhang C, He Z, Ming D, Zhu X. Combining Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification to Ascertain the Mechanism of Action of Asparagus officinalis Against the Brain Damage Caused by Fluorosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39041630 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Asparagus officinalis (ASP) has antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, and immune system-enhancing effects. We explored the preventive and therapeutic consequences of ASP on the brain damage elicited by fluorosis through network pharmacology and in vivo experimental validation. We ascertained the pharmaceutically active ingredients and drug targets of ASP from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, predicted the disease targets of fluorosis-induced brain injury using GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases, obtained target protein-protein interaction networks in the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database, used Cytoscape to obtain key targets and active ingredients, and conducted enrichment analyses of key targets in the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Enrichment analyses showed that "mitogen-activated protein kinase" (MAPK), "phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B" (PI3K-Akt), "nuclear factor-kappa B" (NF-κB), and the "neurotrophin signaling pathway" were the most enriched biological processes and signaling pathways. ASP could alleviate fluorosis-based injury, improve brain-tissue damage, increase urinary fluoride content, and improve oxidation levels and inflammatory-factor levels in the body. ASP could also reduce dental fluorosis, bone damage, fluoride concentrations in blood and bone, and accumulation of lipid peroxide. Upon ASP treatment, expression of silent information regulator (SIRT)1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K, Akt, and B-cell lymphoma-2 in rat brain tissue increased gradually, whereas that of Bax, caspase-3, and p53 decreased gradually. We demonstrated that ASP could regulate the brain damage caused by fluorosis through the SIRT1/BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway, and reported the possible part played by ASP in preventing and treating fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanju Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dongxin Tang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chike Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhixu He
- National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Chang X, Guo Y, Zhang Q, Zheng X, Cui X, Hu J, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Wang X. GRP78 recognizes EV-F 3D protein and activates NF-κB to repress virus replication by interacting with CHUK/IKBKB. J Virol 2024; 98:e0026824. [PMID: 38775480 PMCID: PMC11237669 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00268-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are the causative agents associated with several human and animal diseases, posing a significant threat to human and animal health. As one of the host immune defense strategies, innate immunity plays a crucial role in defending against invading pathogens, where the host utilizes a variety of mechanisms to inhibit or eliminate the pathogen. Here, we report a new strategy for the host to repress enterovirus replication by the 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), also known as heat shock protein family A member 5 (HSPA5). The GRP78 recognizes the EV-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) 3D protein and interacts with the nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex (CHUK) and subunit beta gene (IKBKB) to facilitate the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which induces the production of inflammatory factors and leads to a broad inhibition of enterovirus replication. These findings demonstrate a new role of GRP78 in regulating host innate immunity in response to viral infection and provide new insights into the mechanism underlying enterovirus replication and NF-κB activation.IMPORTANCEGRP78 is known as a molecular chaperone for protein folding and plays a critical role in maintaining protein folding and participating in cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis, and metabolism. However, the functions of GRP78 to participate in enterovirus genome replication and innate immune responses are rarely documented. In this study, we explored the functions of the EV-3D-interacting protein GRP78 and found that GRP78 inhibits enterovirus replication by activating NF-κB through binding to EV-F 3D and interacting with the NF-κB signaling molecules CHUK/IKBKB. This is the first report that GRP78 interacts with CHUK/IKBKB to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, which leads to the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and inhibition of enterovirus replication. These results demonstrate a unique mechanism of virus replication regulation by GRP78 and provide insights into the prevention and treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junying Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Lai J, Li Z, Pan L, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Ma C, Guo J, Xu L. Research progress on pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of Enterovirus A71. Arch Virol 2023; 168:260. [PMID: 37773227 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has become a major global public health problem, especially for infants and young children. The results of epidemiological research show that EV-A71 infection can cause acute hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and complications of the nervous system in severe cases, including aseptic pediatric meningoencephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. Many studies have demonstrated that EV-A71 infection may trigger a variety of intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, which are interconnected to form a network that leads to the innate immune response, immune escape, inflammation, and apoptosis in the host. This article aims to provide an overview of the possible mechanisms underlying infection, signaling pathway activation, the immune response, immune evasion, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response caused by EV-A71 infection and an overview of potential therapeutic strategies against EV-A71 infection to better understand the pathogenesis of EV-A71 and to aid in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Lai
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Li
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yunxia Huang
- The Sixth Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Guo
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China.
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Wang F, Li Y, Tang D, Yang B, Tian T, Tian M, Meng N, Xie W, Zhang C, He Z, Zhu X, Ming D, Liu Y. Exploration of the SIRT1-mediated BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway in the mechanism of brain damage and learning and memory effects of fluorosis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1247294. [PMID: 37711250 PMCID: PMC10499441 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1247294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fluoride is considered an environmental pollutant that seriously affects organisms and ecosystems, and its harmfulness is a perpetual public health concern. The toxic effects of fluoride include organelle damage, oxidative stress, cell cycle destruction, inflammatory factor secretion, apoptosis induction, and synaptic nerve transmission destruction. To reveal the mechanism of fluorosis-induced brain damage, we analyzed the molecular mechanism and learning and memory function of the SIRT1-mediated BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway cascade reaction in fluorosis-induced brain damage through in vivo experiments. Methods This study constructed rat models of drinking water fluorosis using 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 150 mg/L fluoride, and observed the occurrence of dental fluorosis in the rats. Subsequently, we measured the fluoride content in rat blood, urine, and bones, and measured the rat learning and memory abilities. Furthermore, oxidative stress products, inflammatory factor levels, and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity were detected. The pathological structural changes to the rat bones and brain tissue were observed. The SIRT1, BDNF, TrkB, and apoptotic protein levels were determined using western blotting. Results All rats in the fluoride exposure groups exhibited dental fluorosis; decreased learning and memory abilities; and higher urinary fluoride, bone fluoride, blood fluoride, oxidative stress product, and inflammatory factor levels compared to the control group. The fluoride-exposed rat brain tissue had abnormal AchE and ChAT activity, sparsely arranged hippocampal neurons, blurred cell boundaries, significantly fewer astrocytes, and swollen cells. Furthermore, the nucleoli were absent from the fluoride-exposed rat brain tissue, which also contained folded neuron membranes, deformed mitochondria, absent cristae, vacuole formation, and pyknotic and hyperchromatic chromatin. The fluoride exposure groups had lower SIRT1, BDNF, and TrkB protein levels and higher apoptotic protein levels than the control group, which were closely related to the fluoride dose. The findings demonstrated that excessive fluoride caused brain damage and affected learning and memory abilities. Discussion Currently, there is no effective treatment method for the tissue damage caused by fluorosis. Therefore, the effective method for preventing and treating fluorosis damage is to control fluoride intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yanju Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Dongxin Tang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Tingting Tian
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Mengxian Tian
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Na Meng
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chike Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhixu He
- National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
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Hu K, Onintsoa Diarimalala R, Yao C, Li H, Wei Y. EV-A71 Mechanism of Entry: Receptors/Co-Receptors, Related Pathways and Inhibitors. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030785. [PMID: 36992493 PMCID: PMC10051052 DOI: 10.3390/v15030785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71, a non-enveloped single-stranded (+) RNA virus, enters host cells through three stages: attachment, endocytosis and uncoating. In recent years, receptors/co-receptors anchored on the host cell membrane and involved in this process have been continuously identified. Among these, hSCARB-2 was the first receptor revealed to specifically bind to a definite site of the EV-A71 viral capsid and plays an indispensable role during viral entry. It actually acts as the main receptor due to its ability to recognize all EV-A71 strains. In addition, PSGL-1 is the second EV-A71 receptor discovered. Unlike hSCARB-2, PSGL-1 binding is strain-specific; only 20% of EV-A71 strains isolated to date are able to recognize and bind it. Some other receptors, such as sialylated glycan, Anx 2, HS, HSP90, vimentin, nucleolin and fibronectin, were discovered successively and considered as "co-receptors" because, without hSCARB-2 or PSGL-1, they are not able to mediate entry. For cypA, prohibitin and hWARS, whether they belong to the category of receptors or of co-receptors still needs further investigation. In fact, they have shown to exhibit an hSCARB-2-independent entry. All this information has gradually enriched our knowledge of EV-A71's early stages of infection. In addition to the availability of receptors/co-receptors for EV-A71 on host cells, the complex interaction between the virus and host proteins and various intracellular signaling pathways that are intricately connected to each other is critical for a successful EV-A71 invasion and for escaping the attack of the immune system. However, a lot remains unknown about the EV-A71 entry process. Nevertheless, researchers have been continuously interested in developing EV-A71 entry inhibitors, as this study area offers a large number of targets. To date, important progress has been made toward the development of several inhibitors targeting: receptors/co-receptors, including their soluble forms and chemically designed compounds; virus capsids, such as capsid inhibitors designed on the VP1 capsid; compounds potentially interfering with related signaling pathways, such as MAPK-, IFN- and ATR-inhibitors; and other strategies, such as siRNA and monoclonal antibodies targeting entry. The present review summarizes these latest studies, which are undoubtedly of great significance in developing a novel therapeutic approach against EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghong Hu
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Rominah Onintsoa Diarimalala
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Sino-German Biomedical Center, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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Neural-Cell-Intrinsic NF-κB Signaling Enhances Reovirus Virulence. J Virol 2023; 97:e0144222. [PMID: 36541803 PMCID: PMC9888206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01442-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological effects of apoptosis associated with viral infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Reovirus is a neurotropic virus that causes apoptosis in neurons, leading to lethal encephalitis in newborn mice. Reovirus-induced encephalitis is diminished in mice with germ line ablation of NF-κB subunit p50. It is not known whether the proapoptotic function of NF-κB is mediated by neural-cell-intrinsic (neural-intrinsic) processes, NF-κB-regulated cytokine production by inflammatory cells, or a combination of both. To determine the contribution of cell type-specific NF-κB signaling in reovirus-induced neuronal injury, we established mice that lack NF-κB p65 expression in neural cells using the Cre/loxP recombination system. Following intracranial inoculation of reovirus, 50% of wild-type (WT) mice succumbed to infection, whereas more than 90% of mice lacking neural cell NF-κB p65 (Nsp65-/-) survived. While viral loads in brains of WT and Nsp65-/- mice were comparable, histological analysis revealed that reovirus antigen-positive areas in the brains of WT mice displayed increased immunoreactivity for cleaved caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis, relative to Nsp65-/- mice. These data suggest that neural-intrinsic NF-κB-dependent factors are essential mediators of reovirus neurovirulence. RNA sequencing analysis of reovirus-infected brain cortices of WT and Nsp65-/- mice suggests that NF-κB activation in neuronal cells upregulates genes involved in innate immunity, inflammation, and cell death following reovirus infection. A better understanding of the contribution of cell type-specific NF-κB-dependent signaling to viral neuropathogenesis could inform development of new therapeutics that target and protect highly vulnerable cell populations. IMPORTANCE Viral encephalitis contributes to illness and death in children and adults worldwide and has limited treatment options. Identifying common host factors upregulated by neurotropic viruses can enhance an understanding of virus-induced neuropathogenesis and aid in development of therapeutics. Although many neurotropic viruses activate NF-κB during infection, mechanisms by which NF-κB regulates viral neuropathogenesis and contributes to viral encephalitis are not well understood. We established mice in which NF-κB expression is ablated in neural tissue to study the function of NF-κB in reovirus neurovirulence and identify genes activated by NF-κB in response to reovirus infection in the central nervous system. Encephalitis following reovirus infection was dampened in mice lacking neural cell NF-κB. Reovirus induced a chemokine profile in the brain that was dependent on NF-κB signaling and was similar to chemokine profiles elicited by other neurotropic viruses. These data suggest common underlying mechanisms of encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses and potentially shared therapeutic targets.
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Activation of Host Cellular Signaling and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 Viral Proteins Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102190. [PMID: 36298746 PMCID: PMC9609926 DOI: 10.3390/v14102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis, known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in children worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 are the two viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enteroviruses. The identified EV71 receptors provide useful information for understanding viral replication and tissue tropism. Host factors interact with the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of EV71 to regulate viral translation. However, the specific molecular features of the respective viral genome that determine virulence remain unclear. Although a vaccine is currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Therefore, understanding the host-pathogen interaction could provide knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefits to anti-viral therapy development. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of viral ligands with the host receptors as well as the activation of immunerelated signaling pathways for innate immunity and the involvement of different cytokines and chemokines during host-pathogen interaction. The study also examined the roles of viral proteins, mainly 2A and 3C protease, interferons production and their inhibitory effects.
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Wu X, Wang S, Li C, Shi J, Peng Z, Liu C, Han H, Ma Y, Zheng L, Xu S, Du W, Li J, Zhang F. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of the Dicer and Ago2 Genes in BHK-21 Cell Promoted Seneca Virus A Replication and Enhanced Autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:865744. [PMID: 35573771 PMCID: PMC9093602 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.865744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a major form of antiviral defense in host cells, and Ago2 and Dicer are the major proteins of RNAi. The Senecavirus A (SVA) is a reemerging virus, resulting in vesicular lesions in sows and a sharp decline in neonatal piglet production. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to knock out Ago2 and Dicer genes in BHK-21 cell lines used for SVA vaccine production. Cell clones with homozygous frameshift mutations of Ago2 and Dicer genes were successfully identified. The two knockout cell lines were named BHK-DicerΔ- and BHK-Ago2Δ-. Results showed that the two genes’ knockout cell lines were capable of stable passage and the cell growth rate did not change significantly. The replication rate and virus titers of SVA were significantly increased in knockout cell lines, indicating that RNAi could inhibit SVA replication. In addition, compared with normal cells, autophagy was significantly enhanced after SVA-infected knockout cell lines, while there was no significant difference in autophagy between the knockout and normal cell lines without SVA. The results confirmed that SVA could enhance the autophagy in knockout cells and promote viral replication. The two knockout cell lines can obtain viruses with high viral titers and have good application prospects in the production of SVA vaccine. At the same time, the RNAi knockout cell lines provide convenience for further studies on RNAi and SVA resistance to RNAi, and it lays a foundation for further study of SVA infection characteristics and screening of new therapeutic drugs and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Li
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianli Shi
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Peng
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Han
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yingru Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaojian Xu
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Li, ; Fan Zhang,
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Li, ; Fan Zhang,
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Gunaseelan S, Ariffin MZ, Khanna S, Ooi MH, Perera D, Chu JJH, Chua JJE. Pharmacological perturbation of CXCL1 signaling alleviates neuropathogenesis in a model of HEVA71 infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:890. [PMID: 35173169 PMCID: PMC8850555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Human Enterovirus A71 (HEVA71) infection is typically a benign infection. However, in minority of cases, children can develop severe neuropathology that culminate in fatality. Approximately 36.9% of HEVA71-related hospitalizations develop neurological complications, of which 10.5% are fatal. Yet, the mechanism by which HEVA71 induces these neurological deficits remain unclear. Here, we show that HEVA71-infected astrocytes release CXCL1 which supports viral replication in neurons by activating the CXCR2 receptor-associated ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Elevated CXCL1 levels correlates with disease severity in a HEVA71-infected mice model. In humans infected with HEVA71, high CXCL1 levels are only present in patients presenting neurological complications. CXCL1 release is specifically triggered by VP4 synthesis in HEVA71-infected astrocytes, which then acts via its receptor CXCR2 to enhance viral replication in neurons. Perturbing CXCL1 signaling or VP4 myristylation strongly attenuates viral replication. Treatment with AZD5069, a CXCL1-specific competitor, improves survival and lessens disease severity in infected animals. Collectively, these results highlight the CXCL1-CXCR2 signaling pathway as a potential target against HFMD neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Zacky Ariffin
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Khanna
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Mong How Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - David Perera
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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10
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Synergetic contributions of viral VP1, VP3, and 3C to activation of the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR signaling pathway for Seneca Valley virus-induced autophagy. J Virol 2021; 96:e0155021. [PMID: 34757844 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01550-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, can activate autophagy via the PERK and ATF6 unfolded protein response pathways and facilitate viral replication; however, the precise molecular mechanism that regulates SVV-induced autophagy remains unclear. Here, we revealed that SVV infection inhibited the phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR) and activated phosphorylation of the serine/threonine kinase AKT. We observed that activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and p38 MAPK signaling by SVV infection promoted autophagy induction and viral replication; additionally, the SVV-induced autophagy was independent of the ULK1 complex. We further evaluated the role of viral protein(s) in the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR pathway during SVV-induced autophagy and found that VP1 induced autophagy, as evidenced by puncta colocalization with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in the cytoplasm and enhanced LC3-II levels. This might be associated with the interaction of VP1 with sequestosome 1 and promoting its degradation. In addition, the expression of VP1 enhanced AKT phosphorylation and AMPK phosphorylation, while MTOR phosphorylation was inhibited. These results indicate that VP1 induces autophagy by the AKT-AMPK-MTOR pathway. Additionally, expression of VP3 and 3C was found to activate autophagy induction via the ERK1/2 MAPK-MTOR and p38 MAPK-MTOR pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that SVV-induced autophagy has finely-tuned molecular mechanisms in which VP1, VP3, and 3C contribute synergistically to the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR pathway. IMPORTANCE Autophagy is an essential cellular catabolic process to sustain normal physiological processes that modulated by a variety of signaling pathways. Invading virus is a stimulus to induce autophagy that regulates viral replication. It has been demonstrated that Seneca Valley virus (SVV) induced autophagy via the PERK and ATF6 unfolded protein response pathways. However, the precise signaling pathway involved in autophagy is still poorly understood. In this study, our results demonstrated that viral proteins VP1, VP3, and 3C contribute synergistically to activation of the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR signaling pathway for SVV-induced autophagy. These findings reveal systemically the finely-tuned mocleular mechanism of SVV-induced autophagy, thereby facilitating to deeper insight into the development of potential control strategies against SVV infection.
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11
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Li Y, Bao Y, Zheng H, Qin Y, Hua B. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase Src participates in every step of cancer-induced bone pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111822. [PMID: 34147901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a refractory form of pain that has a high incidence in advanced tumors. Src protein tyrosine kinase is mainly composed of six domains, with two states of automatic inhibition and activation. The modular domain allows Src to conveniently regulate by and communicate with a variety of proteins, directly or indirectly participate in each step of the CIBP process. Src is beneficial to the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, and it can promote the metastases of primary tumors to bone. In the microenvironment of bone metastasis, it mainly mediates bone resorption, activates related peripheral receptors to participate in the formation of pain signals, and may promote the generation of pathological sensory nerve fibers. In the process of pain signal transmission, it mainly mediates NMDAR and central glial cells to regulate pain signal intensity and central sensitization, but it is not limited to these two aspects. Both basic experimentation and clinical research have shown encouraging potential, providing new ideas and inspiration for the prevention and treatment of CIBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinggang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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12
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Li W, Ali T, He K, Liu Z, Shah FA, Ren Q, Liu Y, Jiang A, Li S. Ibrutinib alleviates LPS-induced neuroinflammation and synaptic defects in a mouse model of depression. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:10-24. [PMID: 33181270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a close association between an altered immune system and major depressive disorders, and inhibition of neuroinflammation may represent an alternative mechanism to treat depression. Recently, the anti-inflammatory activity of ibrutinib has been reported. However, the effect of ibrutinib on neuroinflammation-induced depression and its underlying mechanism has not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the potential anti-depressive role and mechanism of ibrutinib against neuroinflammation-induced depression and synaptic defects. Our results showed that ibrutinib treatment significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and neuroinflammation via inhibiting NF-kB activation, decreasing proinflammatory cytokine levels, and normalizing redox signaling and its downstream components, including Nrf2, HO-1, and SOD2, as well as glial cell activation markers, such as Iba-1 and GFAP. Further, ibrutinib treatment inhibited LPS-activated inflammasome activation by targeting NLRP3/P38/Caspase-1 signaling. Interestingly, LPS reduced the number of dendritic spines and expression of BDNF, and synaptic-related markers, including PSD95, snap25, and synaptophysin, were improved by ibrutinib treatment in the hippocampal area of the mouse brain. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ibrutinib can alleviate neuroinflammation and synaptic defects, suggesting it has antidepressant potential against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Kaiwu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zizhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Fawad Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Qingguo Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Rd., Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Anlong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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13
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Majer A, McGreevy A, Booth TF. Molecular Pathogenicity of Enteroviruses Causing Neurological Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:540. [PMID: 32328043 PMCID: PMC7161091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses that primarily cause self-limiting gastrointestinal or respiratory illness. In some cases, these viruses can invade the central nervous system, causing life-threatening neurological diseases including encephalitis, meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). As we near the global eradication of poliovirus, formerly the major cause of AFP, the number of AFP cases have not diminished implying a non-poliovirus etiology. As the number of enteroviruses linked with neurological disease is expanding, of which many had previously little clinical significance, these viruses are becoming increasingly important to public health. Our current understanding of these non-polio enteroviruses is limited, especially with regards to their neurovirulence. Elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of these viruses is paramount for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the clinical diseases associated with neurotropic enteroviruses and discusses recent advances in the understanding of viral invasion of the central nervous system, cell tropism and molecular pathogenesis as it correlates with host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Majer
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alan McGreevy
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Timothy F Booth
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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14
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Sun W, Wu Y, Gao M, Tian Y, Qi P, Shen Y, Huang L, Shi L, Wang Y, Liu X. C-reactive protein promotes inflammation through TLR4/NF-κB/TGF-β pathway in HL-1 cells. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190888. [PMID: 31391207 PMCID: PMC6712437 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of heart arrhythmia. Currently, the pathogenesis of AF is not fully understood yet. A growing body of evidence highlighted the strong association between inflammation and the pathogenesis of AF. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammation marker with increased expression in AF. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if CRP promotes inflammation, which may sequentially mediate the onset of AF and the concurrent atrial fibrosis, through TLR4/NF-κB/TGF-β pathway. HL-1 cells were treated with either 25 or 50 μg/ml recombinant human CRP. TGF-β1 and NF-κB inhibitors were given either solely or together to the 50 μg/ml CRP-treated cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, the expression of apoptotic factors and TLR4, IL-6, TGF-β1, Smad2, and the phosphorylation of Smad2 were determined. Data showed that CRP induced dose-dependent inhibition on cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis, which was induced through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Such effects were reversed by inhibiting TGF-β1 and/or NF-κB. Inhibition of TGF-β1 and/or NF-κB also reduced the expression of TLR4 and IL-6. Inhibition of NF-κB alone weakened the expression of TGF-β1 and phosphorylation of Smad2. Our study demonstrated that CRP is not only a marker, but also an important mediator in the induction of inflammation and likely the pathogenesis of AF. We for the first time reported CRP-induced activation and cross-talk between TLR4 and NF-κB/TGF-β1 signaling pathway in a cardiomyocyte model. Reducing CRP and targeting TLR4/NF-κB/TGF-β1 pathway may provide new insights in the therapeutic interventions to inflammation-induced AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingyang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yujing Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese academy of Medicine sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xingpeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100037, China
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15
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Pyrethroid exposure and neurotoxicity: a mechanistic approach. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019; 70:74-89. [DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of synthetic insecticides that are used widely in and around households to control the pest. Concerns about exposure to this group of pesticides are now mainly related to their neurotoxicity and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration seen in Parkinson’s disease. The main neurotoxic mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, neuronal cell loss, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The main neurodegeneration targets are ion channels. However, other receptors, enzymes, and several signalling pathways can also participate in disorders induced by pyrethroids. The aim of this review is to elucidate the main mechanisms involved in neurotoxicity caused by pyrethroids deltamethrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin. We also review common targets and pathways of Parkinson’s disease therapy, including Nrf2, Nurr1, and PPARγ, and how they are affected by exposure to pyrethroids. We conclude with possibilities to be addressed by future research of novel methods of protection against neurological disorders caused by pesticides that may also find their use in the management/treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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16
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Zhao Q, Xiong Y, Xu J, Chen S, Li P, Huang Y, Wang Y, Chen WX, Wang B. Host MicroRNA hsa-miR-494-3p Promotes EV71 Replication by Directly Targeting PTEN. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:278. [PMID: 30234021 PMCID: PMC6130220 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes are driven by spatially and temporally regulated microRNAs (miRNAs)-dependent signaling events. Substantial evidence collected over the years indicates that miRNAs are pivotal regulators that contribute to the initiation and development of EV71-related disorders. Importantly, so far, no clinical trial has been undertaken to address the effect of miRNAs on EV71-related diseases. In this study, we show that EV71 infection results in up-regulation of hsa-miR-494-3p levels, and that EV71-induced hsa-miR-494-3p impacts PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by targeting PTEN. However, very little is known about the relationship between hsa-miR-494-3p and EV71 infection. The overall goal of the study is to get a better insight into whether or not hsa-miR-494-3p is involved in the EV71 infection. We found that the EV71 infection induces cellular apoptosis, and that this process can be counteracted by the over-expression of hsa-miR-494-3p mimics. We also present evidence that cell lines deficient in hsa-miR-494-3p are more sensitive to EV71-induced cell death than the corresponding control cells. Collectively, these findings confirm and extend the pervious observation suggesting that disturbances in miRNAs expression can influence EV71 propagation. In addition, they lend strong support to the ideas that hsa-miR-494-3p-mediated signaling pathway plays an important role in the EV71 replication, and that this may have profound implications on our views on EV71-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingru Xu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Institute of Microbiology, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Xian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Alfajaro MM, Cho EH, Park JG, Kim JY, Soliman M, Baek YB, Kang MI, Park SI, Cho KO. Feline calicivirus- and murine norovirus-induced COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway has proviral effects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200726. [PMID: 30021004 PMCID: PMC6051663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COXs)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling pathways are known to modulate a variety of homeostatic processes and are involved in various pathophysiological conditions. COXs/PGE2 signaling pathways have also been demonstrated to have proviral or antiviral effects, which appeared different even in the same virus family. A porcine sapovirus Cowden strain, a member of genus Sapovirus within the Caliciviridae family, induces strong COX-2/PGE2 but transient COX-1/PGE2 signaling to enhance virus replication. However, whether infections of other viruses in the different genera activate COXs/PGE2 signaling, and thus affect the replication of viruses, remains unknown. In the present study, infections of cells with the feline calicivirus (FCV) F9 strain in the genus Vesivirus and murine norovirus (MNV) CW-1 strain in the genus Norovirus only activated the COX-2/PGE2 signaling in a time-dependent manner. Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors or transfection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against COX-2 enzyme significantly reduced the production of PGE2 as well as FCV and MNV replications. The inhibitory effects of these pharmacological inhibitors against COX-2 enzyme on the replication of both viruses were restored by the addition of PGE2. Silencing of COX-1 via siRNAs and inhibition of COX-1 via an inhibitor also decrease the production of PGE2 and replication of both viruses, which can be attributed to the inhibition COX-1/PGE2 signaling pathway. These data indicate that the COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway has proviral effects for the replication of FCV and MNV, and pharmacological inhibitors against these enzymes serve as potential therapeutic candidates for treating FCV and MNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyo Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Bin Baek
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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18
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Antiviral and Inflammatory Cellular Signaling Associated with Enterovirus 71 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040155. [PMID: 29597291 PMCID: PMC5923449 DOI: 10.3390/v10040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has become a major threat to global public health, especially in infants and young children. Epidemiological studies have indicated that EV71 infection is responsible for severe and even fatal cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Accumulated evidence indicates that EV71 infection triggers a plethora of interactive signaling pathways, resulting in host immune evasion and inflammatory response. This review mainly covers the effects of EV71 infection on major antiviral and inflammatory cellular signal pathways. EV71 can activate cellular signaling networks including multiple cell surface and intracellular receptors, intracellular kinases, calcium flux, and transcription factors that regulate antiviral innate immunity and inflammatory response. Cellular signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of host innate immune and inflammatory pathogenesis. Elucidation of antiviral and inflammatory cellular signaling pathways initiated by EV71 will not only help uncover the potential mechanisms of EV71 infection-induced pathogenesis, but will also provide clues for the design of therapeutic strategies against EV71 infection.
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19
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Xue YC, Feuer R, Cashman N, Luo H. Enteroviral Infection: The Forgotten Link to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:63. [PMID: 29593492 PMCID: PMC5857577 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that primarily attacks motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to progressive paralysis and ultimately death. Currently there is no effective therapy. The majority of ALS cases are sporadic, with no known family history; unfortunately the etiology remains largely unknown. Contribution of Enteroviruses (EVs), a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses including poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, enterovirus-A71 and enterovirus-D68, to the development of ALS has been suspected as they can target motor neurons, and patients with prior poliomyelitis show a higher risk of motor neuron disease. Multiple efforts have been made to detect enteroviral genome in ALS patient tissues over the past two decades; however the clinical data are controversial and a causal relationship has not yet been established. Recent evidence from in vitro and animal studies suggests that enterovirus-induced pathology remarkably resembles the cellular and molecular phenotype of ALS, indicating a possible link between enteroviral infection and ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the nature of enteroviral infection, including route of infection, cells targeted, and viral persistence within the central nervous system (CNS). We review the molecular mechanisms underlying viral infection and highlight the similarity between viral pathogenesis and the molecular and pathological features of ALS, and finally, discuss the potential role of enteroviral infection in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a disease that shares common clinical, genetic, and pathological features with ALS, and the significance of anti-viral therapy as an option for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chao Xue
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ralph Feuer
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute at San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Neil Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Wang Y, Qin Y, Wang T, Chen Y, Lang X, Zheng J, Gao S, Chen S, Zhong X, Mu Y, Wu X, Zhang F, Zhao W, Zhong Z. Pyroptosis induced by enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus B3 infection affects viral replication and host response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2887. [PMID: 29440739 PMCID: PMC5811489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the primary causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), affecting children with severe neurological complications. Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death characterized by cell lysis and inflammatory response. Although proinflammatory response has been implicated to play important roles in EV71-caused diseases, the involvement of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of EV71 is poorly defined. We show that EV71 infection induced caspase-1 activation. Responding to the activation of caspase-1, the expression and secretion of both IL-1β and IL-18 were increased in EV71-infected cells. The treatment of caspase-1 inhibitor markedly improved the systemic response of the EV71-infected mice. Importantly, caspase-1 inhibitor suppressed EV71 replication in mouse brains. Similarly, pyroptosis was activated by the infection of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), an important member of the Enterovirus genus. Caspase-1 activation and the increased expression of IL-18 and NLRP3 were demonstrated in HeLa cells infected with CVB3. Caspase-1 inhibitor also alleviated the overall conditions of virus-infected mice with markedly decreased replication of CVB3 and reduced expression of caspase-1. These results indicate that pyroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of both EV71 and CVB3 infections, and the treatment of caspase-1 inhibitor is beneficial to the host response during enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiujuan Lang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuoyang Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yusong Mu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fengming Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
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21
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Chang Z, Wang Y, Bian L, Liu Q, Long JE. Enterovirus 71 antagonizes the antiviral activity of host STAT3 and IL-6R with partial dependence on virus-induced miR-124. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:3008-3025. [PMID: 29120300 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused major outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease. EV71 infections increase the production of many host cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and COX-2. Some of these molecules could stimulate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which plays a key role in regulating host immune responses and several viral diseases. However, the role of STAT3 in EV71 infection remains unknown. This study found that the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 (pY705-STAT3) are closely related to EV71 infection. Further experiments revealed that STAT3 exerts an anti-EV71 activity. However, the antiviral activity of STAT3 is partially antagonized by EV71-induced miR-124, which directly targets STAT3 mRNA. Similarly, IL-6R, the α-subunit of the IL-6 receptor complex, exhibits anti-EV71 activity and is directly targeted by the virus-induced miR-124. These results indicate that EV71 can evade host IL-6R- and STAT3-mediated antiviral activities by EV71-induced miR-124. This suggests that controlling miR-124 and the downstream targets, IL-6R and STAT3, might benefit the antiviral treatment of EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangmei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Liang Bian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jian-Er Long
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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22
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Wang HQ, Hu J, Yan HY, Wu S, Li YH. Corydaline inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by regulating COX-2 expression. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2017; 19:1124-1133. [PMID: 29034730 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1386658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a huge threat to the worldwide public health and there is no approved antiviral drug for EV71-induced disease therapy. Corydaline exists antiallergic and antinociceptive activities, but the anti-EV71 activity of corydaline is still not reported. In this study, corydaline could suppress the expression of viral structural and non-structural proteins. Furthermore, corydaline inhibits EV71 replication by suppressing the COX-2 expression and the phosphorylation of JNK MAPK and P38 MAPK but not ERK MAPK in vitro. Based on these findings, corydaline could be a potential lead or supplement for the development of new anti-EV71 agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qiang Wang
- a Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Jin Hu
- a Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Hai-Yan Yan
- a Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Shuo Wu
- a Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- a Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
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23
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Resveratrol inhibits urban particulate matter-induced COX-2/PGE 2 release in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes via the inhibition of activation of NADPH oxidase/ROS/NF-κB. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:113-123. [PMID: 28495310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a role in joint synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some evidence indicates that particulate matter (PM) in air pollution could contribute to the progression of RA. However, more research is needed to clarify this relationship. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found mainly in grapes and red wine, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we demonstrated that resveratrol reduced PM-induced COX-2/PGE2 expression in human FLSs, and attenuated PM-enhanced NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation. In addition, PM induced Akt, ERK1/2, or p38 MAPK activation, which was inhibited by resveratrol. Finally, we demonstrated that PM enhanced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and the NF-κB promoter activity, which were reduced by pretreatment with a ROS inhibitor or resveratrol. Thus, we concluded that resveratrol functions as a suppressor of PM-induced inflammatory signaling pathways by inhibiting COX-2/PGE2 expression.
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24
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Duan H, Zhu M, Xiong Q, Wang Y, Xu C, Sun J, Wang C, Zhang H, Xu P, Peng Y. Regulation of enterovirus 2A protease-associated viral IRES activities by the cell's ERK signaling cascade: Implicating ERK as an efficiently antiviral target. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:13-21. [PMID: 28351508 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study the ERK1/2 pathway was found to be crucially involved in positive regulation of the enterovirus A 71(EV-A71) IRES (vIRES), thereby contributing to the efficient replication of an important human enterovirus causing death in young children (<5yrs) worldwide. This study focuses on unraveling more about the detailed mechanism of ERK's involvement in this regulation of vIRES. Through the use of siRNAs and specifically pharmacological inhibitor U0126, the ERK cascade was shown to positively regulate EV-A71-mediated cleavage of eIF4GI that established the cellular conditions which favour vIRES-dependent translation. Site-directed mutagenesis of the viral 2A protease (2Apro) was undertaken to show that the positive regulation of virus replication by the ERK cascade was mediated through effects on both the cis-cleavage of the viral polyprotein by 2Apro and its trans-cleavage of cellular eIF4GI. This ERK-2Apro linked network coordinating vIRES efficiency was also found in other important human enteroviruses. This identification of the ERK cascade as having a key role in maintaining the 2Apro proteolytic activity required to maximize enterovirus IRES activity, expands current understanding of the diverse functions of the ERK signaling cascade in the regulation of viral translation, therefore providing a potentially comprehensive drug target for anti-enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuya Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yihong Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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25
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Sander WJ, O'Neill HG, Pohl CH. Prostaglandin E 2 As a Modulator of Viral Infections. Front Physiol 2017; 8:89. [PMID: 28261111 PMCID: PMC5306375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a major cause of infectious diseases worldwide. Inflammation and the immune system are the major host defenses against these viral infection. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an eicosanoid generated by cyclooxygenases, has been shown to modulate inflammation and the immune system by regulating the expression/concentration of cytokines. The effect of PGE2 on viral infection and replication is cell type- and virus-family-dependent. The host immune system can be modulated by PGE2, with regards to immunosuppression, inhibition of nitrogen oxide (NO) production, inhibition of interferon (IFN) and apoptotic pathways, and inhibition of viral receptor expression. Furthermore, PGE2 can play a role in viral infection directly by increasing the production and release of virions, inhibiting viral binding and replication, and/or stimulating viral gene expression. PGE2 may also have a regulatory role in the induction of autoimmunity and in signaling via Toll-like receptors. In this review the known effects of PGE2 on the pathogenesis of various infections caused by herpes simplex virus, rotavirus, influenza A virus and human immunodeficiency virus as well the therapeutic potential of PGE2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
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26
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Too IHK, Yeo H, Sessions OM, Yan B, Libau EA, Howe JLC, Lim ZQ, Suku-Maran S, Ong WY, Chua KB, Wong BS, Chow VTK, Alonso S. Enterovirus 71 infection of motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells undergoes a non-lytic exit pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36983. [PMID: 27849036 PMCID: PMC5111112 DOI: 10.1038/srep36983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causing Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, is regarded as the most important neurotropic virus worldwide. EV71 is believed to replicate in muscles and infect motor neurons to reach the central nervous system (CNS). To further investigate the mechanisms involved, we have employed the motor neuron cell line NSC-34. NSC-34 cells were permissive to EV71 and virus production yields were strain-dependent with differential efficacy at the entry, replication and egress steps. Furthermore, unlike all the other cell lines previously reported, EV71-infected NSC-34 cells neither displayed cytopathic effect nor underwent apoptosis. Instead, autophagy was markedly up-regulated and virus-containing autophagic vacuoles were isolated from the culture supernatant, providing the first experimental evidence that EV71 can adopt a non-lytic exit pathway. Finally, the ability of EV71 to infect productively NSC-34 cells correlated with its ability to invade the CNS in vivo, supporting the relevance of NSC-34 cells to study the intrinsic neurovirulence of EV71 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issac Horng Khit Too
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Huimin Yeo
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - October Michael Sessions
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Benedict Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
| | - Eshele Anak Libau
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Josephine L C Howe
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Ze Qin Lim
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Shalini Suku-Maran
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Kaw Bing Chua
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 5 A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Boon Seng Wong
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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27
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Xie GC, Guo NJ, Grénman R, Wang H, Wang Y, Vuorenmma M, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Li HY, Pang LL, Li DD, Jin M, Sun XM, Kong XY, Duan ZJ. Susceptibility of human tonsillar epithelial cells to enterovirus 71 with normal cytokine response. Virology 2016; 494:108-18. [PMID: 27107253 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A recent histopathologic study implicated human tonsillar crypt epithelium as an important site for EV71 replication in EV71-caused fatal cases. This study aimed to confirm the susceptibility of human tonsillar epithelium to EV71. Two human tonsillar epithelial cell lines (UT-SCC-60A and UT-SCC-60B) were susceptive to EV71, and PI3K/AKT, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK1/2 signal pathways were activated. Interferon-α, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12p40 were induced and regulated by PI3K/AKT, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK1/2 signal pathways. PI3K/AKT pathway activation appeared to suppress the induction of TNF-α, which induced cell survival by inhibiting GSK-3β. The activation of NF-κB was observed but inhibited by these pathways in EV71 infection. Furthermore, ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 were essential for efficient EV71 replication. Human tonsillar epithelial cells support EV71 replication and display innate antiviral immunity in vitro, indicating that human tonsillar epithelial cells may be novel targets for EV71 infection and replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Cheng Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ni-Jun Guo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hong Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Minna Vuorenmma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Ying Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Li Pang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Di Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Jin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Kong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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28
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Yang CC, Hsiao LD, Yang CM, Lin CC. Thrombin Enhanced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression and Migration of SK-N-SH Cells via PAR-1, c-Src, PYK2, EGFR, Erk1/2 and AP-1. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3476-3491. [PMID: 27181591 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders in the central nerve system (CNS). Thrombin has been known as one of the factors in pathological processes including migration, blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema formation, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. Thrombin has been shown to be a regulator of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression leading to cell migration. Among MMPs, the elevated expression of MMP-9 has been observed in patients with brain diseases, which may contribute to the pathology of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying thrombin-induced MMP-9 expression in SK-N-SH cells were not completely understood. Here, we used gelatin zymography, Western blot, real-time PCR, promoter activity assay, and cell migration assay to demonstrate that thrombin induced the expression of pro-form MMP-9 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA), and promoter activity in SK-N-SH cells, which were attenuated by pretreatment with the pharmacological inhibitor of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1, SCH79797), Gi-coupled receptor (GPA2), c-Src (PP1), Pyk2 (PF431396), EGFR (AG1478), PI3K (LY294002), Akt (SH-5), MEK1/2 (U0126), or AP-1 (TanshinoneIIA) and transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA) of PAR-1, Gi, c-Src, Pyk2, EGFR, Akt, p44, p42, or c-Jun. Moreover, thrombin-stimulated c-Src, Pyk2, EGFR, Akt, p42/p44 MAPK, or c-Jun phosphorylation was attenuated by their respective inhibitor of PP1, PF431396, AG1478, SH-5, U0126, or TanshinoneIIA. Finally, pretreatment with these inhibitors also blocked thrombin-induced SK-N-SH cell migration. Our results concluded that thrombin binding to PAR-1 receptor activated Gi-protein/c-Src/Pyk2/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/p42/p44 MAPK cascade, which in turn elicited AP-1 activation and ultimately evoked MMP-9 expression and cell migration in SK-N-SH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Ageing Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou, 5 Fu-Hsin Street, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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29
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Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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30
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Chang CY, Li JR, Ou YC, Chen WY, Liao SL, Raung SL, Hsiao AL, Chen CJ. Enterovirus 71 infection caused neuronal cell death and cytokine expression in cultured rat neural cells. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:789-800. [PMID: 26399559 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fatal enterovirus type-71 (EV71) cases are associated with central nervous system infection characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and activation, cytokine overproduction, and neuronal cell death. Although EV71 antigen has been detected in neurons and glia, the molecular mechanisms underlying EV71-associated neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death are not fully understood. Using cultured rodent neural cell models, we found that EV71 infection preferentially caused cell death in neurons but not brain-resident immune cells astrocytes and microglia. Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia responded to EV71 infection by releasing distinct profiles of cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and glutamate. EV71 infection-induced neuronal cell death correlated well with the elevated production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and glutamate as well as activation of microglia. Exogenous addition studies further demonstrated the neurotoxic potential of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and glutamate. EV71 infection-induced cytokine expression was accompanied by activation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and NF-κB. Intriguingly, EV71 susceptibility was accompanied by infection-elevated neuronal human scavenger receptor class B member 2 expression in cultured neural cells with age-dependent manner. Biochemical and pharmacological studies revealed that after EV71 infection, microglia and accompanied cytokines play an active role in triggering bystander damage to neurons involving the tyrosine kinase/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling cascade. These data suggest that bystander damage caused by activated glia particularly the microglia could be an alternative mechanism of EV71-associated neuronal cell death. However, its clinical importance and implication require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Ling Raung
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Lu Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lei X, Cui S, Zhao Z, Wang J. Etiology, pathogenesis, antivirals and vaccines of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Natl Sci Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), caused by enteroviruses, is a syndrome characterized by fever with vesicular eruptions mainly on the skin of the hands, feet, and oral cavity. HFMD primarily affects infants and young children. Although infection is usually self-limited, severe neurological complications in the central nervous system can present in some cases, which can lead to death. Widespread infection of HFMD across the Asia-Pacific region over the past two decades has made HFMD a major public health challenge, ranking first among the category C notifiable communicable diseases in China every year since 2008. This review summarizes our understanding of HFMD, focusing on the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as on progress toward antivirals and vaccines. The review also discusses the implications of these studies as they relate to the control and prevention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Asakawa T, Li W, Han S, Li Q, Xiao B, Namba H, Lu C, Dong Q. Neuroprotective effect of neuroserpin in oxygen-glucose deprivation- and reoxygenation-treated rat astrocytes in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123932. [PMID: 25874935 PMCID: PMC4395230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroserpin (NSP) reportedly exerts neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemic animal models and patients; however, the mechanism of protection is poorly understood. We thus attempted to confirm neuroprotective effects of NSP on astrocytes in the ischemic state and then explored the relative mechanisms. Astrocytes from neonatal rats were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). To confirm the neuroprotective effects of NSP, we measured the cell survival rate, relative lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; we also performed morphological methods, namely Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V assay. To explore the potential mechanisms of NSP, the release of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α related to NSP administration were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proteins related to the NF-κB, ERK1/2, and PI3K/Akt pathways were investigated by Western blotting. To verify the cause-and-effect relationship between neuroprotection and the NF-κB pathway, a NF-κB pathway inhibitor sc3060 was employed to observe the effects of NSP-induced neuroprotection. We found that NSP significantly increased the cell survival rate and reduced LDH release in OGD/R-treated astrocytes. It also reduced NO/TNF-α release. Western blotting showed that the protein levels of p-IKKBα/β and P65 were upregulated by the OGD/R treatment and such effects were significantly inhibited by NSP administration. The NSP-induced inhibition could be significantly reversed by administration of the NF-κB pathway inhibitor sc3060, whereas, expressions of p-ERK1, p-ERK2, and p-AKT were upregulated by the OGD/R treatment; however, their levels were unchanged by NSP administration. Our results thus verified the neuroprotective effects of NSP in ischemic astrocytes. The potential mechanisms include inhibition of the release of NO/TNF-α and repression of the NF-κB signaling pathways. Our data also indicated that NSP has little influence on the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tetsuya Asakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Han
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinying Li
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoguo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Japan
| | - Chuanzhen Lu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xun M, Ma CF, Du QL, Ji YH, Xu JR. Differential expression of miRNAs in enterovirus 71-infected cells. Virol J 2015; 12:56. [PMID: 25889836 PMCID: PMC4416288 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major etiological pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and can cause severe cerebral and pulmonary complications and even fatality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, play an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and thereby influencing various physiological and pathological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs act as key effector molecules in the complicated pathogen-host interactions. However, the roles of miRNAs in EV71 infection and pathogenesis are not well understood. Methods To identify special miRNAs involved in EV71 infection, a microarray assay was performed to study the expression pattern of miRNAs in EV71-infected human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells) and uninfected RD cells. We further predicted the putative target genes for the dysregulated miRNAs using the online bioinformatic algorithms (TargetScan, miRanda and PicTar) and carried out functional annotation including GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis for miRNA predicted targets. Then, the results of microarray were further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results Totally, 45 differentially expressed miRNAs ware identified by microarray, among which 36 miRNAs were up-regulated and 9 were down-regulated. 7166 predicted target genes for the dysregulated miRNAs were revealed by using TargetScan in conjunction with miRanda and PicTar. The GO annotation suggested that predicted targets of miRNAs were enriched into the category of signal transduction, regulation of transcription, metabolic process, protein phosphorylation, apoptotic process and immune response. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that these predicted target genes were involved in many important pathways, mainly including endocytosis and focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, melanogenesis and ErbB signaling pathway. The expression levels of 8 most differentially up-regulated miRNAs and 3 most differentially down-regulated miRNAs were confirmed by qRT-PCR. The expressions of hsa-miR-4530, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-6125, hsa-miR-494-3p, hsa-miR-638, hsa-miR-6743-5p, hsa-miR-4459 and hsa-miR-4443 detected by qRT-PCR were consistent with the microarray data. Conclusion These results might extend our understanding to the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs underlying the pathogenesis of EV71 infection, thus strengthening the preventative and therapeutic strategies of HFMD caused by EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chao-Feng Ma
- Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Quan-Li Du
- Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan-Hong Ji
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ji-Ru Xu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Wang H, Zhang D, Ge M, Li Z, Jiang J, Li Y. Formononetin inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by regulating COX- 2/PGE₂ expression. Virol J 2015; 12:35. [PMID: 25890183 PMCID: PMC4351682 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The activation of ERK, p38 and JNK signal cascade in host cells has been demonstrated to up-regulate of enterovirus 71 (EV71)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/ prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) expression which is essential for viral replication. So, we want to know whether a compound can inhibit EV71 infection by suppressing COX-2/PGE2 expression. Methods The antiviral effect of formononetin was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and the time course assays. The influence of formononetin for EV71 replication was determined by immunofluorescence assay, western blotting assay and qRT-PCR assay. The mechanism of the antiviral activity of formononetin was determined by western blotting assay and ELISA assay. Results Formononetin could reduce EV71 RNA and protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The time course assays showed that formononetin displayed significant antiviral activity both before (24 or 12 h) and after (0–6 h) EV71 inoculation in SK-N-SH cells. Formononetin was also able to prevent EV71-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and suppress the activation of ERK, p38 and JNK signal pathways. Furthermore, formononetin could suppress the EV71-induced COX-2/PGE2 expression. Also, formononetin exhibited similar antiviral activities against other members of Picornaviridae including coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and coxsackievirus B6 (CVB6). Conclusions Formononetin could inhibit EV71-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production via MAPKs pathway including ERK, p38 and JNK. Formononetin exhibited antiviral activities against some members of Picornaviridae. These findings suggest that formononetin could be a potential lead or supplement for the development of new anti-EV71 agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Dajun Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Miao Ge
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhuorong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Wang C, Gao L, Jin Y, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Regulation of host responses and viral replication by the mitogen-activated protein kinases in intestinal epithelial cells infected with Enterovirus 71. Virus Res 2015; 197:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Prediction of signaling pathways involved in enterovirus 71 infection by algorithm analysis based on miRNA profiles and their target genes. Arch Virol 2014; 160:173-82. [PMID: 25287131 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes major outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Host factors and signaling pathways exhibit important functions in the EV71 life cycle. We conducted algorithm analysis based on miRNA profiles and their target genes to identify the miRNAs and downstream signaling pathways involved in EV71 infection. The miRNA profiles of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells treated with interferon (IFN-)-α or IFN-γ were compared with those of cells infected with EV71. Genes targeted by differentially expressed miRNAs were identified and assigned to different signaling pathways according to public databases. The results showed that host miRNAs specifically responded to the viral infection and IFN treatment. Some miRNAs, including miR-124 and miR-491-3p, were regulated in opposite manners by the IFNs and EV71. Some signaling pathways regulated by both EV71 infection and IFN treatment were also predicted. These pathways included axon guidance, Wingless/Int1 (Wnt) signaling cascade, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)/PDGF, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TGF-βR)/TGF-β, SMAD2/3, insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), CDC42, ERB1, hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), protein kinase A (PKA), and IFN-γ pathways. The identified miRNA and downstream signaling pathways would help to elucidate the interaction between the virus and the host. The genomics method using algorithm analysis also provided a new way to investigate the host factors and signaling pathways critical for viral replication.
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Activation of PI3K/Akt pathway limits JNK-mediated apoptosis during EV71 infection. Virus Res 2014; 192:74-84. [PMID: 25116390 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is frequently induced to inhibit virus replication during infection of Enterovirus 71 (EV71). On the contrary, anti-apoptotic pathway, such as PI3K/Akt pathway, is simultaneously exploited by EV71 to accomplish the viral life cycle. The relationship by which EV71-induced apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway remains to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that EV71 infection altered Bax conformation and triggered its redistribution from the cytosol to mitochondria in RD cells. Subsequently, cytochrome c was released from mitochondria to cytosol. We also found that c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) was activated during EV71 infection. The JNK specific inhibitor significantly inhibited Bax activation and cytochrome c release, suggesting that EV71-induced apoptosis was involved into a JNK-dependent manner. Meanwhile, EV71-induced Akt phosphorylation involved a PI3K-dependent mechanism. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway enhanced JNK phosphorylation and the JNK-mediated apoptosis upon EV71 infection. Moreover, PI3K/Akt pathway phosphorylated apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and negatively regulated the ASK1 activity. Knockdown of ASK1 significantly decreased JNK phosphorylation, which implied that ASK1 phosphorylation by Akt inhibited ASK1-mediated JNK activation. Collectively, these data reveal that activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway limits JNK-mediated apoptosis by phosphorylating and inactivating ASK1 during EV71 infection.
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Miró L, Pérez-Bosque A, Maijó M, Naftalin RJ, Moretó M. Vasopressin regulation of epithelial colonic proliferation and permeability is mediated by pericryptal platelet-derived growth factor A. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1325-34. [PMID: 25085844 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.080952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has trophic effects on the rat distal colon, increasing the growth of pericryptal myofibroblasts and reducing the colonic crypt wall permeability. This study aimed to reproduce in vitro the effects of AVP observed in vivo using cultures of human CCD-18Co myofibroblasts and T84 colonic epithelial cells. Proliferation of myofibroblasts was quantified by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation; the expression of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGFA), platelet-derived growth factor B, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-β and vascular endothelial growth factor was measured by PCR and the expression of epithelial junction proteins by Western blot. Arginine vasopressin stimulated myofibroblast proliferation and the expression of PDGFA without affecting the expression of platelet-derived growth factor B, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-β or vascular endothelial growth factor. These effects were prevented when AVP receptor inhibitors were present in the medium. Pre-incubation of CCD-18Co cells with anti-PDGF antibody or with an inhibitor of the PDGF receptor abolished the effects of AVP. When colonocytes were incubated with medium obtained from myofibroblasts incubated with AVP, both cell proliferation and the expression of epithelial junction proteins increased; however, direct incubation of colonocytes with AVP did not modify these variables. These results demonstrate that AVP stimulates myofibroblast proliferation and induces PDGFA secretion, implying that PDGFA mediates local myofibroblast proliferation by an autocrine feedback loop and regulates epithelial proliferation and permeability by a paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa Miró
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Pérez-Bosque
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Maijó
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Moretó
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Tsai MH, Lin ZC, Liang CJ, Yen FL, Chiang YC, Lee CW. Eupafolin inhibits PGE2 production and COX2 expression in LPS-stimulated human dermal fibroblasts by blocking JNK/AP-1 and Nox2/p47(phox) pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:240-51. [PMID: 24967690 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eupafolin, a major active component found in the methanol extracts of Phyla nodiflora, has been used to treat inflammation of skin. We examined its effects on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-treated human dermal fibroblasts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) production associated with increased COX-2 expression in Hs68 cells. This effect was blocked by eupafolin, TLR-4 antibody, antioxidants (APO and NAC), as well as inhibitors, including U0126 (ERK1/2), SB202190 (p38), SP600125 (JNK1/2), and Tanshinone IIA (AP-1). In gene regulation level, qPCR and promoter assays revealed that COX-2 expression was attenuated by eupafolin. In addition, eupafolin also ameliorated LPS-induced p47 phox activation and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity. Moreover, pretreatment with eupafolin and APO led to reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. Further, eupafolin attenuated LPS-induced increase in AP-1 transcription factor binding activity as well as the increase in the phosphorylation of c-Jun and c-Fos. In vivo studies have shown that in dermal fibroblasts of LPS treated mice, eupafolin exerted anti-inflammation effects by decreasing COX-2 protein levels. Our results reveal a novel mechanism for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of eupafolin that involved inhibition of LPS-induced ROS generation, suppression of MAPK phosphorylation, diminished DNA binding activity of AP-1 and attenuated COX-2 expression leading to reduced production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Our results demonstrate that eupafolin may be used to treat inflammatory responses associated with dermatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Jung Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Zhang H, Cong H, Song L, Tien P. The nuclear protein Sam68 is redistributed to the cytoplasm and is involved in PI3K/Akt activation during EV71 infection. Virus Res 2014; 180:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Role of redox signaling in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:484613. [PMID: 24455696 PMCID: PMC3884773 DOI: 10.1155/2013/484613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a redox signal, are produced by various enzymatic reactions and chemical processes, which are essential for many physiological functions and act as second messengers. However, accumulating evidence has implicated the pathogenesis of several human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders related to increased oxidative stress. Under pathological conditions, increasing ROS production can regulate the expression of diverse inflammatory mediators during brain injury. Elevated levels of several proinflammatory factors including cytokines, peptides, pathogenic structures, and peroxidants in the central nervous system (CNS) have been detected in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). These proinflammatory factors act as potent stimuli in brain inflammation through upregulation of diverse inflammatory genes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and adhesion molecules. To date, the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the expression of target proteins regulated by these factors are elusive. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the intracellular signaling pathways, especially ROS, involved in the expression of several inflammatory proteins induced by proinflammatory factors in brain resident cells. Understanding redox signaling transduction mechanisms involved in the expression of target proteins and genes may provide useful therapeutic strategies for brain injury, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Eupafolin and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kalanchoe gracilis Stem Extract Show Potent Antiviral Activities against Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:591354. [PMID: 24078828 PMCID: PMC3775429 DOI: 10.1155/2013/591354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) are main pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, occasionally causing aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in tropical and subtropical regions. Kalanchoe gracilis, Da-Huan-Hun, is a Chinese folk medicine for treating pain and inflammation, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our prior report (2012) cited K. gracilis leaf extract as moderately active against EV71 and CoxA16. This study further rates antienteroviral potential of K. gracilis stem (KGS) extract to identify potent antiviral fractions and components. The extract moderately inhibits viral cytopathicity and virus yield, as well as in vitro replication of EV71 (IC50 = 75.18 μg/mL) and CoxA16 (IC50 = 81.41 μg/mL). Ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of KGS extract showed greater antiviral activity than that of n-butanol or aqueous fraction: IC50 values of 4.21 μg/mL against EV71 and 9.08 μg/mL against CoxA16. HPLC analysis, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and plaque reduction assay indicate that eupafolin is a vital component of EA fraction showing potent activity against EV71 (IC50 = 1.39 μM) and CoxA16 (IC50 = 5.24 μM). Eupafolin specifically lessened virus-induced upregulation of IL-6 and RANTES by inhibiting virus-induced ERK1/2, AP-1, and STAT3 signals. Anti-enteroviral potency of KGS EA fraction and eupafolin shows the clinical potential against EV71 and CoxA16 infection.
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Elsherbiny ME, Emara M, Godbout R. Interaction of brain fatty acid-binding protein with the polyunsaturated fatty acid environment as a potential determinant of poor prognosis in malignant glioma. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:562-70. [PMID: 23981365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common adult brain cancers. In spite of aggressive treatment, recurrence occurs in the great majority of patients and is invariably fatal. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are abundant in brain, particularly ω-6 arachidonic acid (AA) and ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Although the levels of ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are tightly regulated in brain, the ω-6:ω-3 ratio is dramatically increased in malignant glioma, suggesting deregulation of fundamental lipid homeostasis in brain tumor tissue. The migratory properties of malignant glioma cells can be modified by altering the ratio of AA:DHA in growth medium, with increased migration observed in AA-rich medium. This fatty acid-dependent effect on cell migration is dependent on expression of the brain fatty acid binding protein (FABP7) previously shown to bind DHA and AA. Increased levels of enzymes involved in eicosanoid production in FABP7-positive malignant glioma cells suggest that FABP7 is an important modulator of AA metabolism. We provide evidence that increased production of eicosanoids in FABP7-positive malignant glioma growing in an AA-rich environment contributes to tumor infiltration in the brain. We discuss pathways and molecules that may underlie FABP7/AA-mediated promotion of cell migration and FABP7/DHA-mediated inhibition of cell migration in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa E Elsherbiny
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
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Zhang FF, Morioka N, Nakashima-Hisaoka K, Nakata Y. Spinal astrocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α and/or interferon-γ attenuate connexin 43-gap junction via c-jun terminal kinase activity. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:745-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Kazue Nakashima-Hisaoka
- Department of Pharmacology; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
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Nair S, Akil A, Craig ME. Enterovirus infection, β-cell apoptosis and type 1 diabetes. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Hsieh HL, Lin CC, Chan HJ, Yang CM, Yang CM. c-Src-dependent EGF receptor transactivation contributes to ET-1-induced COX-2 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:152. [PMID: 22747786 PMCID: PMC3410791 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is elevated and participates in the regulation of several brain inflammatory disorders. The deleterious effects of ET-1 on endothelial cells may aggravate brain inflammation mediated through the upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying ET-1-induced COX-2 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells remain unclear. Objective The goal of this study was to examine whether ET-1-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release were mediated through a c-Src-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway in brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3 cells). Methods The expression of COX-2 induced by ET-1 was evaluated by Western blotting and RT-PCR analysis. The COX-2 regulatory signaling pathways were investigated by pretreatment with pharmacological inhibitors, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and promoter activity reporter assays. Finally, we determined the PGE2 level as a marker of functional activity of COX-2 expression. Results First, the data showed that ET-1-induced COX-2 expression was mediated through a c-Src-dependent transactivation of EGFR/PI3K/Akt cascade. Next, we demonstrated that ET-1 stimulated activation (phosphorylation) of c-Src/EGFR/Akt/MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2) and then activated the c-Jun/activator protein 1 (AP-1) via Gq/i protein-coupled ETB receptors. The activated c-Jun/AP-1 bound to its corresponding binding sites within COX-2 promoter, thereby turning on COX-2 gene transcription. Ultimately, upregulation of COX-2 by ET-1 promoted PGE2 biosynthesis and release in bEnd.3 cells. Conclusions These results demonstrate that in bEnd.3 cells, c-Src-dependent transactivation of EGFR/PI3K/Akt and MAPKs linking to c-Jun/AP-1 cascade is essential for ET-1-induced COX-2 upregulation. Understanding the mechanisms of COX-2 expression and PGE2 release regulated by ET-1/ETB system on brain microvascular endothelial cells may provide rational therapeutic interventions for brain injury and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Yang CM, Lin CC, Lee IT, Lin YH, Yang CM, Chen WJ, Jou MJ, Hsiao LD. Japanese encephalitis virus induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via a ROS/c-Src/PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/MAPKs-dependent AP-1 pathway in rat brain astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:12. [PMID: 22251375 PMCID: PMC3298505 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection is a major cause of acute encephalopathy in children, which destroys central nervous system (CNS) cells, including astrocytes and neurons. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 has been shown to degrade components of the basal lamina, leading to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to contribute to neuroinflammatory responses in many neurological diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms of JEV-induced MMP-9 expression in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1 cells) are largely unclear. METHODS In this study, the effect of JEV on expression of MMP-9 was determined by gelatin zymography, western blot analysis, RT-PCR, and promoter assay. The involvement of AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos), c-Src, PDGFR, PI3K/Akt, and MAPKs in these responses were investigated by using the selective pharmacological inhibitors and transfection with siRNAs. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that JEV induces expression of pro-form MMP-9 via ROS/c-Src/PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/MAPKs-dependent, AP-1 activation in RBA-1 cells. JEV-induced MMP-9 expression and promoter activity were inhibited by pretreatment with inhibitors of AP-1 (tanshinone), c-Src (PP1), PDGFR (AG1296), and PI3K (LY294002), and by transfection with siRNAs of c-Jun, c-Fos, PDGFR, and Akt. Moreover, JEV-stimulated AP-1 activation was inhibited by pretreatment with the inhibitors of c-Src, PDGFR, PI3K, and MAPKs. CONCLUSION From these results, we conclude that JEV activates the ROS/c-Src/PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/MAPKs pathway, which in turn triggers AP-1 activation and ultimately induces MMP-9 expression in RBA-1 cells. These findings concerning JEV-induced MMP-9 expression in RBA-1 cells imply that JEV might play an important role in CNS inflammation and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Health Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Caleb M Yang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-June Chen
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jie Jou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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MEK1–ERKs signal cascade is required for the replication of Enterovirus 71 (EV71). Antiviral Res 2012; 93:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zheng Z, Li H, Zhang Z, Meng J, Mao D, Bai B, Lu B, Mao P, Hu Q, Wang H. Enterovirus 71 2C Protein Inhibits TNF-α–Mediated Activation of NF-κB by Suppressing IκB Kinase β Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2202-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Rhoades RE, Tabor-Godwin JM, Tsueng G, Feuer R. Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system. Virology 2011; 411:288-305. [PMID: 21251690 PMCID: PMC3060663 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) frequently infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce neurological diseases. Although the CNS is composed of many different cell types, the spectrum of tropism for each EV is considerable. These viruses have the ability to completely shut down host translational machinery and are considered highly cytolytic, thereby causing cytopathic effects. Hence, CNS dysfunction following EV infection of neuronal or glial cells might be expected. Perhaps unexpectedly given their cytolytic nature, EVs may establish a persistent infection within the CNS, and the lasting effects on the host might be significant with unanticipated consequences. This review will describe the clinical aspects of EV-mediated disease, mechanisms of disease, determinants of tropism, immune activation within the CNS, and potential treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ralph Feuer
- Corresponding author. Cell & Molecular Biology Joint Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive; San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA. Fax: +1 619 594 0777.
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