1
|
De la Cadena A, Park J, Tehrani KF, Renteria CA, Monroy GL, Boppart SA. Simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multi-harmonic microscopy driven by the supercontinuum generated from a bulk nonlinear crystal. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:491-505. [PMID: 38404303 PMCID: PMC10890845 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy encompasses several imaging techniques that leverage laser technology to probe intrinsic molecules of biological specimens. These native molecules produce optical fingerprints that allow nonlinear microscopes to reveal the chemical composition and structure of cells and tissues in a label-free and non-destructive fashion, information that enables a plethora of applications, e.g., real-time digital histopathology or image-guided surgery. Because state-of-the-art lasers exhibit either a limited bandwidth or reduced wavelength tunability, nonlinear microscopes lack the spectral support to probe different biomolecules simultaneously, thus losing analytical potential. Therefore, a conventional nonlinear microscope requires multiple or tunable lasers to individually excite endogenous molecules, increasing both the cost and complexity of the system. A solution to this problem is supercontinuum generation, a nonlinear optical phenomenon that supplies broadband femtosecond radiation, granting a wide spectrum for concurrent molecular excitation. This study introduces a source for nonlinear multiphoton microscopy based on the supercontinuum generation from a yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal, an approach that allows simultaneous label-free autofluorescence multi-harmonic imaging of biological samples and offers a practical and compact alternative for the clinical translation of nonlinear microscopy. While this supercontinuum covered the visible spectrum (550-900 nm) and the near-infrared region (950-1200 nm), the pulses within 1030-1150 nm produced label-free volumetric chemical images of ex vivo chinchilla kidney, thus validating the supercontinuum from bulk crystals as a powerful source for multimodal nonlinear microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro De la Cadena
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kayvan F. Tehrani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carlos A. Renteria
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Label-free Imaging and Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shaked NT, Boppart SA, Wang LV, Popp J. Label-free biomedical optical imaging. NATURE PHOTONICS 2023; 17:1031-1041. [PMID: 38523771 PMCID: PMC10956740 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-023-01299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Label-free optical imaging employs natural and nondestructive approaches for the visualisation of biomedical samples for both biological assays and clinical diagnosis. Currently, this field revolves around multiple broad technology-oriented communities, each with a specific focus on a particular modality despite the existence of shared challenges and applications. As a result, biologists or clinical researchers who require label-free imaging are often not aware of the most appropriate modality to use. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review of and comparison among different label-free imaging modalities and discusses common challenges and applications. We expect this review to facilitate collaborative interactions between imaging communities, push the field forward and foster technological advancements, biophysical discoveries, as well as clinical detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natan T Shaked
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research, Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Du X, Gao C, Zhang Z, Su B, Li XL. A pair of ionic 1D Cu(II) chain enantiomers simultaneously displaying large second- and third-harmonic generation responses. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13229-13234. [PMID: 37665274 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01923c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
By employing enantiomerically pure mono-bidentate N-donors (LR/LS) as chiral bridging ligands to react with Cu(ClO4)2(H2O)6 in CH3CN-DMF mixed solvent, respectively, a pair of ionic one-dimensional (1D) Cu(II) chain enantiomers formulated as {[CuLR(CH3CN)(DMF)H2O](ClO4)2}n/{[CuLS(CH3CN)(DMF)H2O](ClO4)2}n (D-1/L-1) were isolated and structurally characterized, where LR/LS = (-)/(+)-4,5-pinenepyridyl-2-pyrazine. They crystallize in the noncentrosymmetric (NCS) P212121 space group of an orthorhombic system due to the introduction of chiral LR/LS, and the ClO4- groups as counteranions reside in crystal lattices, thus leading to charge separation with large dipole moments in their molecular structures. Based on crystal samples, investigation on their nonlinear optical (NLO) behaviors showed that D-1 and L-1 display simultaneously much larger second- and third-harmonic generation (SHG and THG) responses than their analogues based on the same chiral N-donors (LR/LS) and Cu(NO3)2(H2O)3 with NO3- acting as the coordination group to bind Cu(II) ions. The SHG intensities of D-1/L-1 are 0.62/0.60 × KDP (KH2PO4), and THG intensities of D-1/L-1 are 238/228 × α-SiO2. Our finding indicates that coordination polymers (CPs) with charge separation and NCS structures, i.e., ionic CPs with NCS arrangements are the ideal NLO crystalline materials for the simultaneous observation of large SHG and THG responses, thus providing a new approach to obtain NLO-active CP crystalline materials with high-performance SHG and THG responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, PR China. >
| | - Congli Gao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| | - Bing Su
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| | - Xi-Li Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li XL, Wang A, Li Y, Gao C, Cui M, Xiao HP, Zhou L. Two Chiral Yb III Enantiomeric Pairs with Distinct Enantiomerically Pure N-Donor Ligands Presenting Significant Differences in Photoluminescence, Circularly Polarized Luminescence, and Second-Harmonic Generation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4351-4360. [PMID: 36847208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Using enantiomerically pure bidentate and tridentate N-donor ligands (1LR/1LS and 2LR/2LS) to replace two coordinated H2O molecules of Yb(tta)3(H2O)2, respectively, two eight- and nine-coordinated YbIII enantiomeric pairs, namely, Yb(tta)31LR/Yb(tta)31LS (Yb-R-1/Yb-S-1) and [Yb(tta)32LR]·CH3CN/[Yb(tta)32LS]·CH3CN (Yb-R-2/Yb-S-2), were isolated, in which Htta = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone, 1LR/1LS = (-)/(+)-4,5-pinene-2,2'-bipyridine, and 2LR/2LS = (-)/(+)-2,6-bis(4',5'-pinene-2'-pyridyl)pyridine. Interestingly, they not only present distinct degrees of chirality but also show large differences in near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence (PL), circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), and second-harmonic generation (SHG). Eight-coordinated Yb-R-1 with an asymmetric bidentate 1LR ligand has a high NIR-PL quantum yield (1.26%) and a long decay lifetime (20 μs) at room temperature, being more than two times those (0.48%, 8 μs) of nine-coordinated Yb-R-2 with a C2-symmetric tridentate 2LR ligand. In addition, Yb-R-1 displays an efficient CPL with a luminescence dissymmetry factor glum = 0.077, being 4 × Yb-R-2 (0.018). In particular, Yb-R-1 presents a strong SHG response (0.8 × KDP), which is 8 × Yb-R-2 (0.1 × KDP). More remarkably, the precursor Yb(tta)3(H2O)2 exhibits a strong third-harmonic generation (THG) response (41 × α-SiO2), while the introduction of chiral N-donors results in the switching of THG to SHG. Our interesting findings provide new insights into both the functional regulation and switching in multifunctional lanthanide molecular materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Li Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ailing Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Congli Gao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Cui
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ping Xiao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hernández IC, Yau J, Rishøj L, Cui N, Minderler S, Jowett N. Tutorial: multiphoton microscopy to advance neuroscience research. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2023; 11. [PMID: 36753763 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/acba66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) employs ultrafast infrared lasers for high-resolution deep three-dimensional imaging of live biological samples. The goal of this tutorial is to provide a practical guide to MPM imaging for novice microscopy developers and life-science users. Principles of MPM, microscope setup, and labeling strategies are discussed. Use of MPM to achieve unprecedented imaging depth of whole mounted explants and intravital imaging via implantable glass windows of the mammalian nervous system is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Coto Hernández
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jenny Yau
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lars Rishøj
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Electro, Ørsteds Plads 343, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nanke Cui
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Steven Minderler
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nate Jowett
- Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li XL, Li Y, Wang A, Gao C, Cui M, Liu CM, Zhou L. Two temperature-induced 1D Cu II chain enantiomeric pairs showing different magnetic properties and nonlinear optical responses. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2440-2447. [PMID: 36723209 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03787d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
At different reaction temperatures, using Cu(NO3)2·3H2O to react with enantiomerically pure N-donor ligands (LS/LR), respectively, two pairs of chiral one-dimensional (1D) CuII chain enantiomers formulated as [Cu(μ2-NO3)(NO3)(LS)]n/[Cu(μ2-NO3)(NO3)(LR)]n (S-1-Cu/R-1-Cu, formed at 40 °C with an NO3- group as a sole bridging ligand) and [Cu(μ2-LS)(NO3)2]n/[Cu(μ2-LR)(NO3)2]n (S-2-Cu/R-2-Cu, formed at 25 °C with LS or LR as a bridging ligand) were prepared, where LS/LR = (+)/(-)-4,5-pinenepyridyl-2-pyrazine. Interestingly, such a disparity in bridging ligands leads not only to their distinct structural features but also to their completely different magnetic couplings together with a large difference in their nonlinear optical responses. S-1-Cu with a 1D helical structure shows weak ferromagnetic coupling between CuII ions, while S-2-Cu with a 1D stairway-like structure presents weak antiferromagnetic coupling. In particular, they simultaneously possess both second- and third-harmonic generation (SHG and THG) responses in one molecule with large strength differences. More remarkably, S-1-Cu exhibits a very large THG response (162 × α-SiO2), which is 22.5 times that of S-2-Cu, and the SHG strength of S-1-Cu is more than 3 times that of S-2-Cu. This work demonstrates that reaction temperature has a great impact on the self-assembled structures of coordination polymers and subsequently results in their large performance differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Li Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China.
| | - Yanan Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China.
| | - Ailing Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China.
| | - Congli Gao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China.
| | - Minghui Cui
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China.
| | - Cai-Ming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
| | - Liming Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li XL, Wang A, Cui M, Gao C, Yu X, Su B, Zhou L, Liu CM, Xiao HP, Zhang YQ. Modulating Two Pairs of Chiral Dy III Enantiomers by Distinct β-Diketone Ligands to Show Giant Differences in Single-Ion Magnet Performance and Nonlinear Optical Response. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9283-9294. [PMID: 35658475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Using Dy(dbm)3(H2O) and Dy(btfa)3(H2O)2 to react with enantiopure N-donors, (-)/(+)-4,5-pinenepyridyl-2-pyrazine (LR/LS), respectively, two pairs of chiral DyIII enantiomers, Dy(dbm)3LR/Dy(dbm)3LS (R-1-Dy/S-1-Dy) and Dy(btfa)3LR/Dy(btfa)3LS (R-2-Dy/S-2-Dy) were obtained, wherein one of the benzene rings of dbm- (dibenzoylmethanate) in R-1-Dy/S-1-Dy is displaced by the -CF3 group of btfa- (4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedionate) in R-2-Dy/S-2-Dy. Interestingly, this substitution results not only in giant differences in their single-ion magnetic (SIM) performances but also in their completely different nonlinear optical (NLO) responses. R-1-Dy presents a large effective energy barrier (Ueff = 265.47 K) under zero applied field, being more than 4 × R-2-Dy (61.40 K). The discrepancy on their magnetic performances has been further elucidated by ab initio calculations. Meanwhile, R-1-Dy/S-1-Dy display the strongest third-harmonic generation responses (35/33 × α-SiO2) among the known lanthanide NLO-active coordination compounds (CCs). On the contrary, R-2-Dy/S-2-Dy exhibit moderate second-harmonic generation responses (0.65/0.70 × KDP). These results not only give the first example of the CCs with both SMM/SIM behavior and a THG response but also provide an efficient strategy for achieving the function regulation and switch in multifunctional CCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Li Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China
| | - Ailing Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Cui
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China
| | - Congli Gao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China
| | - Bing Su
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Ming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ping Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, School of Physical Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao C, Zhou J, Cui M, Chen D, Zhou L, Li F, Li XL. Distinct nonlinear optical responses in three pairs of 2D homochiral Ag(i) enantiomers modulated by dicarboxylic acid ligands. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on three pairs of 2D homochiral Ag(i) enantiomers, we demonstrate that both the symmetry and degree of π-conjugation of the ligands have a significant effect on the type and intensity of their NLO responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congli Gao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jianya Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Minghui Cui
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Diming Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Fengcai Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xi-Li Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cui M, Yang L, Li F, Zhou L, Song Y, Fang SM, Liu CM, Li XL. Multifunctional Dy III Enantiomeric Pairs Showing Enhanced Photoluminescences and Third-Harmonic Generation Responses through the Coordination Role of Homochiral Tridentate N,N,N-Pincer Ligands. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13366-13375. [PMID: 34428893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By utilizing Dy(hfac)3(H2O)2 to react with enantiomerically pure tridentate N,N,N-pincer ligands, namely (-)/(+)-2,6-bis(4',5'-pinene-2'-pyridyl)pyridine (LR and LS), respectively, homochiral DyIII enantiomeric pairs formulated as Dy(hfac)3LR/Dy(hfac)3LS (R-1/S-1) (hfac- = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) were achieved and structurally characterized. Meanwhile, their magnetic, photoluminescent (PL), and chiroptical properties were probed. The PL test results indicate that the precursor Dy(hfac)3(H2O)2 only shows very weak emission, while R-1 exhibits characteristic DyIII f-f transition emission bands at room temperature. Furthermore, the nonlinear optical responses of Dy(hfac)3(H2O)2, LR/LS, and R-1/S-1 were investigated in detail based on crystalline samples. The results reveal that LR and LS present the coexistence of second- and third-harmonic generation (SHG and THG) responses with more intense signals for SHG responses; and Dy(hfac)3(H2O)2 merely displays weak THG responses, while R-1 and S-1 also only exhibit THG responses. However, the THG intensities of R-1 and S-1 are more than six times larger than that of Dy(hfac)3(H2O)2 under the identical measurement conditions. These results demonstrate that introducing homochiral N,N,N-pincer ligands to replace two H2O molecules of Dy(hfac)3(H2O)2 results in significant improvements of both PL performances and THG responses of resultant R-1/S-1 enantiomers. R-1 and S-1 integrate PL, THG, and chiral optical activity in one molecule, suggesting their multifunctional merits. In particular, a convenient method is introduced to simultaneously test THG and SHG responses of molecular materials based on crystalline samples in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Cui
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Linpo Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Fengcai Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yinglin Song
- Department of Applied Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Shao-Ming Fang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Cai-Ming Liu
- Bejing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing 100190, PR China
| | - Xi-Li Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, de Munck JC, Verburg N, Rozemuller AJ, Vreuls W, Cakmak P, van Huizen LMG, Idema S, Aronica E, de Witt Hamer PC, Wesseling P, Groot ML. Quantitative Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy for Assessment of Glioma in Human Brain Tissue. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900163. [PMID: 31179222 PMCID: PMC6548968 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing tumors from normal brain cells is important but challenging in glioma surgery due to the lack of clear interfaces between the two. The ability of label-free third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy in combination with automated image analysis to quantitatively detect glioma infiltration in fresh, unprocessed tissue in real time is assessed. The THG images reveal increased cellularity in grades II-IV glioma samples from 23 patients, as confirmed by subsequent hematoxylin and eosin histology. An automated image quantification workflow is presented for quantitative assessment of the imaged cellularity as a reflection of the degree of glioma invasion. The cellularity is validated in three ways: 1) Quantitative comparison of THG imaging with fluorescence microscopy of nucleus-stained samples demonstrates that THG reflects the true tissue cellularity. 2) Thresholding of THG cellularity differentiates normal brain from glioma infiltration, with 96.6% sensitivity and 95.5% specificity, in nearly perfect (93%) agreement with pathologists. 3) In one patient, a good correlation between THG cellularity and preoperative magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography imaging is demonstrated. In conclusion, quantitative real-time THG microscopy accurately assesses glioma infiltration in ex vivo human brain samples, and therefore holds strong potential for improving the accuracy of surgical resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- LaserLab AmsterdamDepartment of Physics and AstronomyFaculty of SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10811081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11181081HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10851081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. de Munck
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11181081HZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Niels Verburg
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor CenterAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11171081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurosurgeryAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11171081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J. Rozemuller
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11171081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Willem Vreuls
- Department of PathologyCanisius Wilhelmina ZiekenhuisWeg door jonkerbos 100, Postbus 90156500GSNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Pinar Cakmak
- Department of PathologyGazi University Medical FacultyBesevler06500AnkaraTurkey
| | - Laura M. G. van Huizen
- LaserLab AmsterdamDepartment of Physics and AstronomyFaculty of SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10811081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Department of NeurosurgeryAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11171081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) PathologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 91105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Philip C. de Witt Hamer
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor CenterAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11171081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurosurgeryAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11171081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor CenterAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11171081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam Universities Medical Center/VU University Medical CenterDe Boelelaan 11171081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and Department of PathologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtHeidelberglaan 253584CSUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- LaserLab AmsterdamDepartment of Physics and AstronomyFaculty of SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10811081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10851081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Huizen LM, Kuzmin NV, Barbé E, van der Velde S, te Velde EA, Groot ML. Second and third harmonic generation microscopy visualizes key structural components in fresh unprocessed healthy human breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800297. [PMID: 30684312 PMCID: PMC7065644 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Real-time assessment of excised tissue may help to improve surgical results in breast tumor surgeries. Here, as a step towards this purpose, the potential of second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) microscopy is explored. SHG and THG are nonlinear optical microscopic techniques that do not require labeling of tissue to generate 3D images with intrinsic depth-sectioning at sub-cellular resolution. Until now, this technique had been applied on fixated breast tissue or to visualize the stroma only, whereas most tumors start in the lobules and ducts. Here, SHG/THG images of freshly excised unprocessed healthy human tissue are shown to reveal key breast components-lobules, ducts, fat tissue, connective tissue and blood vessels, in good agreement with hematoxylin and eosin histology. DNA staining of fresh unprocessed mouse breast tissue was performed to aid in the identification of cell nuclei in label-free THG images. Furthermore, 2- and 3-photon excited auto-fluorescence images of mouse and human tissue are collected for comparison. The SHG/THG imaging modalities generate high quality images of freshly excised tissue in less than a minute with an information content comparable to that of the gold standard, histopathology. Therefore, SHG/THG microscopy is a promising tool for real-time assessment of excised tissue during surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M.G. van Huizen
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikolay V. Kuzmin
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne van der Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. te Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang X, Bi X, Qu A. Individualized Multilayer Tensor Learning With an Application in Imaging Analysis. J Am Stat Assoc 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2019.1585254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Tang
- Department of Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Xuan Bi
- Department of Information and Decision Sciences, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Annie Qu
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun CK, Kao CT, Wei ML, Chia SH, Kärtner FX, Ivanov A, Liao YH. Slide-free imaging of hematoxylin-eosin stained whole-mount tissues using combined third-harmonic generation and three-photon fluorescence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800341. [PMID: 30636033 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Intraoperative margin assessment of surgical tissues during cancer surgery is clinically important, especially in the case of tissue conserving surgery like Mohs micrographic surgery in which minimization of the surgical area is considered crucial. Frozen pathology is the gold standard of assessing excised tissues for signs of remaining cancerous lesions. The current protocol, however, is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Instead of the complex frozen sectioning, staining, and traditional white light microscopy imaging protocol, optically sectioned histopathological imaging of hematoxylin-eosin stained whole-mount skin tissues with a subfemtoliter resolution is demonstrated by using nonlinear microscopy in this study. With our proposed method, the reagents of staining and the contrast of imaging are fully consistent with the current clinical standard of frozen pathology, thus facilitating rapid intraoperative assessment of surgical tissues for future applications. Image: Slide-free nonlinear microscopy imaging of H&E stained whole-mount skin tissue showing the morphology of sweat glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuang Sun
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ting Kao
- Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Liang Wei
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chia
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg and the Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz X Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, University of Hamburg and the Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anatoly Ivanov
- Federal Scientific Research Center of Crystallography and Photonics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Intestinal crypts recover rapidly from focal damage with coordinated motion of stem cells that is impaired by aging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10989. [PMID: 30030455 PMCID: PMC6054609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the continuous renewal and turnover of the small intestinal epithelium, the intestinal crypt maintains a 'soccer ball-like', alternating pattern of stem and Paneth cells at the base of the crypt. To study the robustness of the alternating pattern, we used intravital two-photon microscopy in mice with fluorescently-labeled Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and precisely perturbed the mosaic pattern with femtosecond laser ablation. Ablation of one to three cells initiated rapid motion of crypt cells that restored the alternation in the pattern within about two hours with only the rearrangement of pre-existing cells, without any cell division. Crypt cells then performed a coordinated dilation of the crypt lumen, which resulted in peristalsis-like motion that forced damaged cells out of the crypt. Crypt cell motion was reduced with inhibition of the ROCK pathway and attenuated with old age, and both resulted in incomplete pattern recovery. This suggests that in addition to proliferation and self-renewal, motility of stem cells is critical for maintaining homeostasis. Reduction of this newly-identified behavior of stem cells could contribute to disease and age-related changes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rowlands CJ, Park D, Bruns OT, Piatkevich KD, Fukumura D, Jain RK, Bawendi MG, Boyden ES, So PTC. Wide-field three-photon excitation in biological samples. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16255. [PMID: 29152380 PMCID: PMC5687557 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Three-photon wide-field depth-resolved excitation is used to overcome some of the limitations in conventional point-scanning two- and three-photon microscopy. Excitation of chromophores as diverse as channelrhodopsins and quantum dots is shown, and a penetration depth of more than 700 μm into fixed scattering brain tissue is achieved, approximately twice as deep as that achieved using two-photon wide-field excitation. Compatibility with live animal experiments is confirmed by imaging the cerebral vasculature of an anesthetized mouse; a complete focal stack was obtained without any evidence of photodamage. As an additional validation of the utility of wide-field three-photon excitation, functional excitation is demonstrated by performing three-photon optogenetic stimulation of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin; action potentials could reliably be excited without causing photodamage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rowlands
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Demian Park
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kiryl D Piatkevich
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute and MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Peter TC So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jain R, Tikoo S, Weninger W. Recent advances in microscopic techniques for visualizing leukocytes in vivo. F1000Res 2016; 5:F1000 Faculty Rev-915. [PMID: 27239292 PMCID: PMC4874443 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8127.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are inherently motile and interactive cells. Recent advances in intravital microscopy approaches have enabled a new vista of their behavior within intact tissues in real time. This brief review summarizes the developments enabling the tracking of immune responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kuzmin NV, Wesseling P, Hamer PCDW, Noske DP, Galgano GD, Mansvelder HD, Baayen JC, Groot ML. Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1889-904. [PMID: 27231629 PMCID: PMC4871089 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In brain tumor surgery, recognition of tumor boundaries is key. However, intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries by the neurosurgeon is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need for tools that provide the neurosurgeon with pathological information during the operation. We show that third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy provides label-free, real-time images of histopathological quality; increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and rarefaction of neuropil in fresh, unstained human brain tissue could be clearly recognized. We further demonstrate THG images taken with a GRIN objective, as a step toward in situ THG microendoscopy of tumor boundaries. THG imaging is thus a promising tool for optical biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Kuzmin
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. Wesseling
- Dept. of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. de Witt Hamer
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. P. Noske
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. D. Galgano
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. D. Mansvelder
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Baayen
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. L. Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vogel M, Wingert A, Fink RHA, Hagl C, Ganikhanov F, Pfeffer CP. Enabling the detection of UV signal in multimodal nonlinear microscopy with catalogue lens components. J Microsc 2015; 260:62-72. [PMID: 26016390 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Using an optical system made from fused silica catalogue optical components, third-order nonlinear microscopy has been enabled on conventional Ti:sapphire laser-based multiphoton microscopy setups. The optical system is designed using two lens groups with straightforward adaptation to other microscope stands when one of the lens groups is exchanged. Within the theoretical design, the optical system collects and transmits light with wavelengths between the near ultraviolet and the near infrared from an object field of at least 1 mm in diameter within a resulting numerical aperture of up to 0.56. The numerical aperture can be controlled with a variable aperture stop between the two lens groups of the condenser. We demonstrate this new detection capability in third harmonic generation imaging experiments at the harmonic wavelength of ∼300 nm and in multimodal nonlinear optical imaging experiments using third-order sum frequency generation and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy so that the wavelengths of the detected signals range from ∼300 nm to ∼660 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vogel
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Axel Wingert
- Medical Biophysics Group, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer H A Fink
- Medical Biophysics Group, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Hagl
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munchen, Germany
| | - Feruz Ganikhanov
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A
| | - Christian P Pfeffer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munchen, Germany.,Department of Craniofacial and Developmental Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chong SZ, Evrard M, Ng LG. Lights, camera, and action: vertebrate skin sets the stage for immune cell interaction with arthropod-vectored pathogens. Front Immunol 2013; 4:286. [PMID: 24062751 PMCID: PMC3774990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing studies targeted at host-pathogen interactions, vector-borne diseases remain one of the largest economic health burdens worldwide. Such diseases are vectored by hematophagous arthropods that deposit pathogens into the vertebrate host's skin during a blood meal. These pathogens spend a substantial amount of time in the skin that allows for interaction with cutaneous immune cells, suggesting a window of opportunity for development of vaccine strategies. In particular, the recent availability of intravital imaging approaches has provided further insights into immune cell behavior in living tissues. Here, we discuss how such intravital imaging studies have contributed to our knowledge of cutaneous immune cell behavior and specifically, toward pathogen and tissue trauma from the arthropod bite. We also suggest future imaging approaches that may aid in better understanding of the complex interplay between arthropod-vectored pathogens and cutaneous immunity that could lead to improved therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhen Chong
- Functional Immune Imaging, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Biopolis , Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vielreicher M, Schürmann S, Detsch R, Schmidt MA, Buttgereit A, Boccaccini A, Friedrich O. Taking a deep look: modern microscopy technologies to optimize the design and functionality of biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130263. [PMID: 23864499 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on modern nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) methods that are increasingly being used in the field of tissue engineering (TE) to image tissue non-invasively and without labelling in depths unreached by conventional microscopy techniques. With NLOM techniques, biomaterial matrices, cultured cells and their produced extracellular matrix may be visualized with high resolution. After introducing classical imaging methodologies such as µCT, MRI, optical coherence tomography, electron microscopy and conventional microscopy two-photon fluorescence (2-PF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging are described in detail (principle, power, limitations) together with their most widely used TE applications. Besides our own cell encapsulation, cell printing and collagen scaffolding systems and their NLOM imaging the most current research articles will be reviewed. These cover imaging of autofluorescence and fluorescence-labelled tissue and biomaterial structures, SHG-based quantitative morphometry of collagen I and other proteins, imaging of vascularization and online monitoring techniques in TE. Finally, some insight is given into state-of-the-art three-photon-based imaging methods (e.g. coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, third harmonic generation). This review provides an overview of the powerful and constantly evolving field of multiphoton microscopy, which is a powerful and indispensable tool for the development of artificial tissues in regenerative medicine and which is likely to gain importance also as a means for general diagnostic medical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vielreicher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Paul-Gordan-Strasse 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jain R, Weninger W. Shedding light on cutaneous innate immune responses: the intravital microscopy approach. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:263-70. [PMID: 23459295 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The skin is under constant assault by environmental factors and microbes. Innate immune cells in epidermis and dermis regulate immune responses against pathogens while maintaining tolerance against commensal bacteria and autoantigens. The introduction of intravital imaging approaches, in particular multiphoton microscopy, has enabled studying the cellular and molecular regulation of cutaneous immunity in real time within intact skin. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of innate immune cell behaviour in the skin, as unravelled by intravital microscopy, with emphasis on the function of myeloid cells, including dendritic cells, neutrophils and monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tsai MR, Shieh DB, Lou PJ, Lin CF, Sun CK. Characterization of oral squamous cell carcinoma based on higher-harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:415-424. [PMID: 22461232 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vivo higher-harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) performed on healthy human oral mucosa not only provides images with a <500 nm lateral resolution at a 280 μm penetration depth, but also leaves no photodamages in the tissues. These advantages suggest that HGM could serve as an ideal virtual biopsy tool for in vivo, in situ, and immediate histopathological diagnosis of oral cancer. However, translation of such mechanism for clinical cancer diagnosis requires evidence based algorithm capable to differentiate cancerous tissues from normal. It is thus critical to investigate if the endogenous contrast provided by the HGM would be high enough to differentiate cancerous versus normal tissues in human oral mucosa. In this report, ex vivo HGM study was performed on the cancerous mucosa from 10 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Compared with histology, HGM revealed histopathological features including the cytological abnormalities, loss of differentiation, interruption of basement membrane, and irregular epithelial stratification in all 10 specimens. In addition, distinct patterns of collagen fibers and increased distribution area of actin filaments in tumor cells were noted. These results indicate HGM holds great potential for the optical biopsy screening of oral cancer lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rung Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsai MR, Chen SY, Shieh DB, Lou PJ, Sun CK. In vivo optical virtual biopsy of human oral mucosa with harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:2317-28. [PMID: 21833368 PMCID: PMC3149529 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies on human skin indicated that in vivo multi-harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) can achieve sub-micron resolution for histopathological analysis with a high penetration depth and leave no energy or photodamages in the interacted tissues. It is thus highly desired to apply HGM for in vivo mucosa histopathological diagnosis. In this paper, the first in vivo optical virtual biopsy of human oral mucosa by using epi-HGM is demonstrated. We modified an upright microscope to rotate the angle of objective for in vivo observation. Our clinical study reveals the capability of HGM to in vivo image cell distributions in human oral mucosa, including epithelium and lamina propria with a high penetration depth greater than 280 μm and a high spatial resolution better than 500 nm. We also found that the third-harmonic-generation (THG) contrast on nucleus depends strongly on its thicknesses, in agreement with a numerical simulation. Besides, 4% acetic acid was found to be able to enhance the THG contrast of nucleus in oral mucosa, while such enhancement was found to decay due to the metabolic clearance of the contrast enhancer by the oral mucosa. Our clinical study indicated that, the combined epi-THG and epi-second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy is a promising imaging tool for in vivo noninvasive optical virtual biopsy and disease diagnosis in human mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rung Tsai
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medical and Department of Stomatology, Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, and Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Device Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Inst. of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Leeder JM, Andrews DL. A molecular theory for two-photon and three-photon fluorescence polarization. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:094503. [PMID: 21384981 DOI: 10.1063/1.3556537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the analysis of molecular structure and local order in heterogeneous samples, multiphoton excitation of fluorescence affords chemically specific information and high-resolution imaging. This report presents the results of an investigation that secures a detailed theoretical representation of the fluorescence polarization produced by one-, two-, and three-photon excitations, with orientational averaging procedures being deployed to deliver the fully disordered limits. The equations determining multiphoton fluorescence response prove to be expressible in a relatively simple, generic form, and graphs exhibit the functional form of the multiphoton fluorescence polarization. Amongst other features, the results lead to the identification of a condition under which the fluorescence produced through the concerted absorption of any number of photons becomes completely unpolarized. It is also shown that the angular variation of fluorescence intensities is reliable indicator of orientational disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Leeder
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Label-free live brain imaging and targeted patching with third-harmonic generation microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5970-5. [PMID: 21444784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018743108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to visualize neurons inside living brain tissue is a fundamental requirement in neuroscience and neurosurgery. Especially the development of a noninvasive probe of brain morphology with micrometer-scale resolution is highly desirable, as it would provide a noninvasive approach to optical biopsies in diagnostic medicine. Two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (2PLSM) is a powerful tool in this regard, and has become the standard for minimally invasive high-resolution imaging of living biological samples. However, while 2PLSM-based optical methods provide sufficient resolution, they have been hampered by the requirement for fluorescent dyes to provide image contrast. Here we demonstrate high-contrast imaging of live brain tissue at cellular resolution, without the need for fluorescent probes, using optical third-harmonic generation (THG). We exploit the specific geometry and lipid content of brain tissue at the cellular level to achieve partial phase matching of THG, providing an alternative contrast mechanism to fluorescence. We find that THG brain imaging allows rapid, noninvasive label-free imaging of neurons, white-matter structures, and blood vessels simultaneously. Furthermore, we exploit THG-based imaging to guide micropipettes towards designated neurons inside live tissue. This work is a major step towards label-free microscopic live brain imaging, and opens up possibilities for the development of laser-guided microsurgery techniques in the living brain.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen WL, Chou CK, Lin MG, Chen YF, Jee SH, Tan HY, Tsai TH, Kim KH, Kim D, So PTC, Lin SJ, Dong CY. Single-wavelength reflected confocal and multiphoton microscopy for tissue imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:054026. [PMID: 19895128 DOI: 10.1117/1.3247157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Both reflected confocal and multiphoton microscopy can have clinical diagnostic applications. The successful combination of both modalities in tissue imaging enables unique image contrast to be achieved, especially if a single laser excitation wavelength is used. We apply this approach for skin and corneal imaging using the 780-nm output of a femtosecond, titanium-sapphire laser. We find that the near-IR, reflected confocal (RC) signal is useful in characterizing refractive index varying boundaries in bovine cornea and porcine skin, while the multiphoton autofluorescence (MAF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) intensities can be used to image cytoplasm and connective tissues (collagen), respectively. In addition, quantitative analysis shows that we are able to detect MAF from greater imaging depths than with the near-IR RC signal. Furthermore, by performing RC imaging at 488, 543, and 633 nm, we find that a longer wavelength leads to better image contrast for deeper imaging of the bovine cornea and porcine skin tissue. Finally, by varying power of the 780-nm source, we find that comparable RC image quality was achieved in the 2.7 to 10.7-mW range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Chen
- National Taiwan University, Department of Physics, No. 1 Section 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chu SW, Tai SP, Liu TM, Sun CK, Lin CH. Selective imaging in second-harmonic-generation microscopy with anisotropic radiation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:010504. [PMID: 19256686 DOI: 10.1117/1.3080722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a novel modality of optical microscopy, second-harmonic generation (SHG) provides attractive features including intrinsic optical sectioning, noninvasiveness, high specificity, and high penetrability. For a biomedical application, the epicollection of backward propagating SHG is necessary. But due to phase-matching constraint, SHG from thick tissues is preferentially forward propagation. Myosin and collagen are two of the most abundant fibrous proteins in vertebrates, and both exhibit a strong second-harmonic response. We find that the radiation patterns of myosin-based muscle fibers and collagen fibrils are distinct due to coherence effects. Based on these asymmetric radiation patterns, we demonstrate selective imaging between intertwining muscle fibers and type I collagen fibrils with forward and backward SHG modalities, respectively. Thick muscle fibers dominate the forward signal, while collagen fibril distribution is preferentially resolved in the backward channel without strong interference from muscle. Moreover, we find that well-formed collagen fibrils are highlighted by forward SHG, while loosely arranged collagen matrix is outlined by backward signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Chu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stutzmann G. Seeing the brain in action: how multiphoton imaging has advanced our understanding of neuronal function. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2008; 14:482-491. [PMID: 18986602 DOI: 10.1017/s143192760808080x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insight into how the nervous system functions is a challenge for scientists, particularly because the static morphology of the brain and the cells within tell little about how they actually work. Fixed specimens can provide critical structural information, but the jump to functional neurobiology in living cells is obviated with these preparations. In order to grasp the complexity of neuronal activity, it is necessary to observe the brain in action, from the level of subcellular signaling to the whole organism. Recent advances in nonlinear microscopy have given rise to a new era for biological research. In particular, the introduction of multiphoton excitation has drastically improved the depth and speed to which we can probe brain function. In order to better appreciate recent contributions of multiphoton microscopy to our current and future understanding of biological systems, an historical awareness of past microscopy applications is useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Stutzmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hsieh CS, Chen SU, Lee YW, Yang YS, Sun CK. Higher harmonic generation microscopy of in vitro cultured mammal oocytes and embryos. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:11574-11588. [PMID: 18648479 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.011574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte and embryo selection governs the success of assisted reproductive technologies. The imaging tools applied for selecting embryos may need to contain several key properties: noninvasiveness, high 3D resolution, and the contrast capability to provide as much information about the embryos as possible, such as spindle fibers, zona pellucida, and organelles. Currently adopted imaging techniques can only provide one or two of these desired properties and are with limited contrast of the embryos. Some image techniques can even damage the embryos. Previous studies have shown that harmonic generation microscopy (HGM), a virtual-transition based technology, can provide noninvasive imaging in zebrafish embryos with a sub-cellular 3D resolution and a millimeter penetration depth, and thus could be a suitable tool for future oocyte and embryo selection of assisted reproductive technologies. However to evaluate HGM in clinical use, the intrinsic contrast origin of the second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) inside the mammal embryos has to be studied. In this work we performed HGM studies on the in vitro cultured mouse oocytes and embryos by combining the SHG and THG modalities, with a focus on the contrast origin evaluation. Through the noninvasive HGM imaging, we can clearly identify various structures in the whole oocytes and embryos, including spindle fibers, zona pellucida, polar bodies, cell membranes, and the laminated organelles in the cells. The origin of the THG contrast was further confirmed through the standard staining studies. Through SHG signals, we could not only observe the spindle fibers when the oocytes were arrested at metaphase II or during the cleavage of the embryos, but can also distinguish and analyze the thickness of the three layers of the zona pellucida. Combining two different higher-harmonic generation modalities, SHG and THG, HGM successfully revealed the sub-cellular structures of the whole mouse embryos with a high 3D spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Shuen Hsieh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National TaiwanUniversity, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chang CF, Chen CY, Chang FH, Tai SP, Chen CY, Yu CH, Tseng YB, Tsai TH, Liu IS, Su WF, Sun CK. Cell tracking and detection of molecular expression in live cells using lipid-enclosed CdSe quantum dots as contrast agents for epi-third harmonic generation microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:9534-48. [PMID: 18575520 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.009534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that lipid-enclosed CdSe quantum dots (LEQDs) can function as versatile contrast agents in epi-detection third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy for biological applications in vivo. With epi-THG intensities 20 times stronger than corresponding fluorescence intensities from the same LEQDs under the same conditions of energy absorption, such high brightness LEQDs were proved for the abilities of cell tracking and detection of specific molecular expression in live cancer cells. Using nude mice as an animal model, the distribution of LEQD-loaded tumor cells deep in subcutaneous tissues were imaged with high THG contrast. This is the first demonstration that THG contrast can be manipulated in vivo with nanoparticles. By linking LEQDs with anti-Her2 antibodies, the expression of Her2/neu receptors in live breast cancer cells could also be easily detected through THG. Compared with fluorescence modalities, the THG modality also provides the advantage of no photobleaching and photoblinkin g effects. Combined with a high penetration 1230 nm laser, these novel features make LEQDs excellent THG contrast agents for in vivo deep-tissue imaging in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Feng Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oheim M, Michael DJ, Geisbauer M, Madsen D, Chow RH. Principles of two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy and other nonlinear imaging approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:788-808. [PMID: 17055106 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review the basic principles of two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) microscopy and to compare the advantages and disadvantages of 2PEF imaging to other microscopy methodologies. 2PEF imaging is a nonlinear approach that generates images of optical sections and that is particularly well suited for deep-tissue and in vivo imaging of live animals. The nonlinear excitation used for 2PEF offers the advantage, too, of being able to generate contrast from second or third harmonic generation as well as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. We also review the recent use of nonlinear excitation to provide image resolution beyond the diffraction limit and discuss the progress in non-scanning (planar) 2PEF microscopy, an approach that holds great potential for large-scale quantitative imaging and plate reading, e.g., in screening applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oheim
- Molecular and cellular Biophysics of the Synapse, INSERM U603, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen SY, Hsieh CS, Chu SW, Lin CY, Ko CY, Chen YC, Tsai HJ, Hu CH, Sun CK. Noninvasive harmonics optical microscopy for long-term observation of embryonic nervous system development in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:054022. [PMID: 17092171 DOI: 10.1117/1.2363369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system development is a complicated dynamic process, and many mechanisms remain unknown. By utilizing endogenous second-harmonic-generation as the contrast of polarized nerve fibers and third-harmonic-generation (THG) to reveal morphological changes, we have successfully observed the vertebrate embryonic nervous development from the very beginning based on a 1230-nm light source. The dynamic development of the nerve system within a live zebrafish embryo can be recorded continuously more than 20 hr without fluorescence markers. Since the THG process is not limited by the time of gene expression and differentiation as fluorescence-based techniques are, the observable stages can be advanced to the very beginning of the development process. The complete three-dimensional brain development from a neural plate to a neural tube can be uncovered with a submicron lateral resolution. We have, for the first time, also reported the generation of SHG from myelinated nerve fibers and the outer segment of the photoreceptors with a stacked membrane structure. Our study clearly indicates the fact that higher-harmonics-based optical microscopy has the strong potential to long-term in vivo study of the nervous system, including genetic disorders of the nervous system, axon pathfinding, neural regeneration, neural repair, and neural stem cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yu Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Scheinecker C. Application of in vivo microscopy: evaluating the immune response in living animals. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:246-52. [PMID: 16277700 PMCID: PMC1297591 DOI: 10.1186/ar1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of an immune response requires that professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, physically interact with antigen-specific T cells within the complex environment of the lymph node. Although the way in which antigen is presented to T cells and in particular the cellular associations involved in antigen-specific stimulation events have been extensively investigated, data on antigen presentation have come primarily from studies in vitro or examination of the late consequences of antigen presentation in vivo. However, there is increasing recognition that events defined in vitro might not correspond entirely to the physiological situation in vivo. Recent developments in imaging technology now allow real-time observation of single-cell and molecular interactions in intact lymphoid tissues and have already contributed to a more detailed picture of how cells coordinate the initiation or suppression of an immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Scheinecker
- Department of Rheumatology, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna (MUW), General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|