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Joshi U, Pandya M, Gupta S, George LB, Highland H. Extracellular Proteomic Profiling from the Erythrocytes Infected with Plasmodium Falciparum 3D7 Holds Promise for the Detection of Biomarkers. Protein J 2024; 43:819-833. [PMID: 39009910 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), which causes the most severe form of malaria, if left untreated, has 24 h window in which it can cause severe illness and even death. The aim of this study was to create the most comprehensive and informative secretory-proteome possible by combining high-accuracy and high-sensitivity protein identification technology. In this study, we used Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (Pf3D7) as the model parasite to develop a label-free quantification proteomic strategy with the main goal of identifying Pf3D7 proteins that are supposed to be secreted outside the infected erythrocytes in the spent media culture during the in-vitro study. The spent culture media supernatant was subjected to differential and ultra-centrifugation steps followed by total protein extraction, estimation, and in-solution digestion using trypsin, digested peptides were analyzed using Nano-LC coupled with ESI for MS/MS. MS/MS spectra were processed using Maxquant software (v2.1.4.0.). Non-infected erythrocytes incubated spent cultured media supernatant were considered as control. Out of discovered 38 proteins, proteins belonging to P. falciparum spp. were EGF-like protein (C0H544), Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP170 (C0H5H0), Small GTP-binding protein sar1 (Q8I1S0), Erythrocyte membrane protein 1, PfEMP1 (Q8I639), aldehyde reductase (Q8ID61), Conserved Plasmodium proteins (Q8IEH3, Q8ILD1), Antigen 332, DBL-like protein (Q8IHN4), Fe-S cluster assembly protein (Q8II78), identified and chosen for further in-depth investigation. This study highlights the value of secretory Plasmodium proteins play crucial roles in various aspects of the disease progression and host-pathogen interactions which can serve as diagnostic markers for malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urja Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Maulik Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate change, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Linz-Buoy George
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hyacinth Highland
- Department of Zoology, BMTC, Human Genetics and WLC, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Neutrophils versus Protozoan Parasites: Plasmodium, Trichomonas, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Entameoba. Microorganisms 2024; 12:827. [PMID: 38674770 PMCID: PMC11051968 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant polymorphonuclear granular leukocytes in human blood and are an essential part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are efficient cells that eliminate pathogenic bacteria and fungi, but their role in dealing with protozoan parasitic infections remains controversial. At sites of protozoan parasite infections, a large number of infiltrating neutrophils is observed, suggesting that neutrophils are important cells for controlling the infection. Yet, in most cases, there is also a strong inflammatory response that can provoke tissue damage. Diseases like malaria, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and amoebiasis affect millions of people globally. In this review, we summarize these protozoan diseases and describe the novel view on how neutrophils are involved in protection from these parasites. Also, we present recent evidence that neutrophils play a double role in these infections participating both in control of the parasite and in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Ruengket P, Roytrakul S, Tongthainan D, Taruyanon K, Sangkharak B, Limudomporn P, Pongsuchart M, Udom C, Fungfuang W. Serum proteomic profile of wild stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) infected with malaria parasites in Thailand. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293579. [PMID: 37910477 PMCID: PMC10619813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients infected with simian malaria is gradually increasing in many countries of Southeast Asia and South America. The most important risk factor for a zoonotic spillover event of malarial infection is mostly influenced by the interaction between humans, monkeys, and vectors. In this study, we determine the protein expression profile of a wild stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) from a total of 32 blood samples collected from Prachuap Kiri Khan Province, Thailand. The malarial parasite was analyzed using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays by dividing the samples into three groups: non-infected, mono-infected, and multiple-infected. The identification and differential proteomic expression profiles were determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and bioinformatics tools. A total of 9,532 proteins (total proteins) were identified with the filter-based selection methods analysis, and a subset of 440 proteins were found to be different between each group. Within these proteins, the GhostKOALA functional enrichment analysis indicated that 142 important proteins were associated with either of the organismal system (28.87%), genetic information processing (23.24%), environmental information processing (16.20%), metabolism (13.38%), cellular processes (11.97%), or causing human disease (6.34%). Additionally, using interaction network analysis, nine potential reporter proteins were identified. Here, we report the first study on the protein profiles differentially expressed in the serum of wild stump-tailed macaques between non, mono, and multiple malarial infected living in a natural transmission environment. Our findings demonstrate that differentially expressed proteins implicated in host defense through lipid metabolism, involved with TGF pathway were suppressed, while those with the apoptosis pathway, such as cytokines and proinflammation signals were increased. Including the parasite's response via induced hemolysis and disruption of myeloid cells. A greater understanding of the fundamental processes involved in a malarial infection and host response can be crucial for developing diagnostic tools, medication development, and therapies to improve the health of those affected by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Ruengket
- Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Daraka Tongthainan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamongala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Taruyanon
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife Conservation Division Protected Areas Regional Office, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ratchaburi, Thailand
| | - Bencharong Sangkharak
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife Conservation Division, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paviga Limudomporn
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Pongsuchart
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanya Udom
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wirasak Fungfuang
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Wang XY, Song HW, Yi T, Shen YB, Dai CS, Sun CT, Liu DJ, Shen JZ, Wu CM, Wang Y. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits plasmid transfer in drug-resistant Escherichia coli via limiting energy supply. Zool Res 2023; 44:894-904. [PMID: 37551137 PMCID: PMC10559095 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by plasmids is an important route for ARG dissemination. An increasing number of antibiotic and nonantibiotic compounds have been reported to aid the spread of ARGs, highlighting potential challenges for controlling this type of horizontal transfer. Development of conjugation inhibitors that block or delay the transfer of ARG-bearing plasmids is a promising strategy to control the propagation of antibiotic resistance. Although such inhibitors are rare, they typically exhibit relatively high toxicity and low efficacy in vivo and their mechanisms of action are inadequately understood. Here, we studied the effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), an artemisinin derivative used to treat malaria, on conjugation. DHA inhibited the conjugation of the IncI2 and IncX4 plasmids carrying the mobile colistin resistance gene ( mcr-1) by more than 160-fold in vitro in Escherichia coli, and more than two-fold (IncI2 plasmid) in vivo in a mouse model. It also suppressed the transfer of the IncX3 plasmid carrying the carbapenem resistance gene bla NDM-5 by more than two-fold in vitro. Detection of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and proton motive force (PMF), in combination with transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, revealed that DHA impaired the function of the electron transport chain (ETC) by inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathway, thereby disrupting PMF and limiting the availability of intracellular ATP for plasmid conjugative transfer. Furthermore, expression levels of genes related to conjugation and pilus generation were significantly down-regulated during DHA exposure, indicating that the transfer apparatus for conjugation may be inhibited. Our findings provide new insights into the control of antibiotic resistance and the potential use of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Huang-Wei Song
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Tian Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ying-Bo Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Chong-Shan Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Cheng-Tao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - De-Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Cong-Ming Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China. E-mail:
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5
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Degotte G, Frederich M, Francotte P, Franck T, Colson T, Serteyn D, Mouithys-Mickalad A. Targeting Myeloperoxidase Activity and Neutrophil ROS Production to Modulate Redox Process: Effect of Ellagic Acid and Analogues. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114516. [PMID: 37298992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a Plasmodium genus parasite that remains the most widespread parasitosis. The spread of Plasmodium clones that are increasingly resistant to antimalarial molecules is a serious public health problem for underdeveloped countries. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic approaches is necessary. For example, one strategy could consist of studying the redox process involved in the development of the parasite. Regarding potential drug candidates, ellagic acid is widely studied due to its antioxidant and parasite-inhibiting properties. However, its low oral bioavailability remains a concern and has led to pharmacomodulation and the synthesis of new polyphenolic compounds to improve antimalarial activity. This work aimed at investigating the modulatory effect of ellagic acid and its analogues on the redox activity of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase involved in malaria. Overall, the compounds show an inhibitory effect on free radicals as well as on the enzyme horseradish peroxidase- and myeloperoxidase (HRP/MPO)-catalyzed oxidation of substrates (L-012 and Amplex Red). Similar results are obtained with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phorbol 12-mystate acetate (PMA)-activated neutrophils. The efficiency of ellagic acid analogues will be discussed in terms of structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Degotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Michel Frederich
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Franck
- Centre for Oxygen, Research & Development (CORD), Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Colson
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Centre for Oxygen, Research & Development (CORD), Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Veterinary, Equine Clinic, Large Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ange Mouithys-Mickalad
- Centre for Oxygen, Research & Development (CORD), Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Hirako IC, Antunes MM, Rezende RM, Hojo-Souza NS, Figueiredo MM, Dias T, Nakaya H, Menezes GB, Gazzinelli RT. Uptake of Plasmodium chabaudi hemozoin drives Kupffer cell death and fuels superinfections. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19805. [PMID: 36396745 PMCID: PMC9671901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) are self-maintained tissue-resident macrophages that line liver sinusoids and play an important role on host defense. It has been demonstrated that upon infection or intense liver inflammation, KCs might be severely depleted and replaced by immature monocytic cells; however, the mechanisms of cell death and the alterations on liver immunity against infections deserves further investigation. We explored the impact of acute Plasmodium infection on KC biology and on the hepatic immune response against secondary infections. Similar to patients, infection with Plasmodium chabaudi induced acute liver damage as determined by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation. This was associated with accumulation of hemozoin, increased of proinflammatory response and impaired bacterial and viral clearance, which led to pathogen spread to other organs. In line with this, mice infected with Plasmodium had enhanced mortality during secondary infections, which was associated with increased production of mitochondrial superoxide, lipid peroxidation and increased free iron within KCs-hallmarks of cell death by ferroptosis. Therefore, we revealed that accumulation of iron with KCs, triggered by uptake of circulating hemozoin, is a novel mechanism of macrophage depletion and liver inflammation during malaria, providing novel insights on host susceptibility to secondary infections. Malaria can cause severe liver damage, along with depletion of liver macrophages, which can predispose individuals to secondary infections and enhance the chances of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Hirako
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building, 3rd Floor, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomaz Dias
- Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helder Nakaya
- Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building, 3rd Floor, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Departamento de Bioquímica E Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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7
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Selective single-bacteria extraction based on capture and release of microemulsion droplets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15461. [PMID: 36104374 PMCID: PMC9474873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human host-associated microbial communities in body sites can reflect health status based on the population distribution and specific microbial properties in the heterogeneous community. Bacteria identification at the single-cell level provides a reliable biomarker and pathological information for clinical diagnosis. Nevertheless, biosamples obtained from some body sites cannot offer sufficient sample volume and number of target cells as required by most of the existing single-cell isolation methods such as flow cytometry. Herein we report a novel integrated microfluidic system, which consists of a microemulsion module for single-bacteria encapsulation and a sequential microdroplet capture and release module for selectively extracting only the single-bacteria encapsulated in microdroplets. We optimize the system for a success rate of the single-cell extraction to be > 38%. We further verify applicability of the system with prepared cell mixtures (Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 and Methylomicrobium album BG8) and biosamples collected from human skin, to quantify the population distribution of multiple key species in a heterogeneous microbial community. Results indicate perfect viability of the single-cell extracts and compatibility with downstream analyses such as PCR. Together, this research demonstrates that the reported single-bacteria extraction system can be applied in microbiome and pathology research and clinical diagnosis as a clinical or point-of-care device.
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Dias MHF, Guimarães LFF, Barcelos MG, Moreira EUM, do Nascimento MFA, de Souza TN, Pires CV, Monteiro TAF, Middeldorp JM, Soares IS, Fontes CJF, Ntumngia FB, Adams JH, Kano FS, Carvalho LH. Impact of Epstein-Barr virus co-infection on natural acquired Plasmodium vivax antibody response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010305. [PMID: 35921373 PMCID: PMC9377613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The simultaneous infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) could promote the development of the aggressive endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma (eBL) in children living in P. falciparum holoendemic areas. While it is well-established that eBL is not related to other human malaria parasites, the impact of EBV infection on the generation of human malaria immunity remains largely unexplored. Considering that this highly prevalent herpesvirus establishes a lifelong persistent infection on B-cells with possible influence on malaria immunity, we hypothesized that EBV co-infection could have impact on the naturally acquired antibody responses to P. vivax, the most widespread human malaria parasite.
Methodology/Principal findings
The study design involved three cross-sectional surveys at six-month intervals (baseline, 6 and 12 months) among long-term P. vivax exposed individuals living in the Amazon rainforest. The approach focused on a group of malaria-exposed individuals whose EBV-DNA (amplification of balf-5 gene) was persistently detected in the peripheral blood (PersVDNA, n = 27), and an age-matched malaria-exposed group whose EBV-DNA could never be detected during the follow-up (NegVDNA, n = 29). During the follow-up period, the serological detection of EBV antibodies to lytic/ latent viral antigens showed that IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA-p18) were significantly different between groups (PersVDNA > NegVDNA). A panel of blood-stage P. vivax antigens covering a wide range of immunogenicity confirmed that in general PersVDNA group showed low levels of antibodies as compared with NegVDNA. Interestingly, more significant differences were observed to a novel DBPII immunogen, named DEKnull-2, which has been associated with long-term neutralizing antibody response. Differences between groups were less pronounced with blood-stage antigens (such as MSP1-19) whose levels can fluctuate according to malaria transmission.
Conclusions/Significance
In a proof-of-concept study we provide evidence that a persistent detection of EBV-DNA in peripheral blood of adults in a P. vivax semi-immune population may impact the long-term immune response to major malaria vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Taís N. de Souza
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camilla V. Pires
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Talita A. F. Monteiro
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (IEC/SVS/MS), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jaap M. Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene S. Soares
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cor J. F. Fontes
- Julio Müller School Hospital, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Francis B. Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Flora S. Kano
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luzia H. Carvalho
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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9
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Babatunde KA, Adenuga OF. Neutrophils in malaria: A double-edged sword role. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922377. [PMID: 35967409 PMCID: PMC9367684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human peripheral blood. They form the first line of defense against invading foreign pathogens and might play a crucial role in malaria. According to World Health Organization (WHO), malaria is a globally significant disease caused by protozoan parasites from the Plasmodium genus, and it's responsible for 627,000 deaths in 2020. Neutrophils participate in the defense response against the malaria parasite via phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Neutrophils might also be involved in the pathogenesis of malaria by the release of toxic granules and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Intriguingly, malaria parasites inhibit the anti-microbial function of neutrophils, thus making malaria patients more susceptible to secondary opportunistic Salmonella infections. In this review, we will provide a summary of the role of neutrophils during malaria infection, some contradicting mouse model neutrophil data and neutrophil-related mechanisms involved in malaria patients' susceptibility to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Adebayo Babatunde
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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10
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Xiong Y, Halima M, Che X, Zhang Y, Schaaf MJM, Li M, Gao M, Guo L, Huang Y, Cui X, Wang M. Steamed Panax notoginseng and its Saponins Inhibit the Migration and Induce the Apoptosis of Neutrophils in a Zebrafish Tail-Fin Amputation Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:946900. [PMID: 35873541 PMCID: PMC9302486 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.946900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (PN) is a Chinese medicinal herb that is traditionally used to treat inflammation and immune-related diseases. Its major active constituents are saponins, the types and levels of which can be changed in the process of steaming. These differences in saponins are causally relevant to the differences in the therapeutic efficacies of raw and steamed PN. In this study, we have prepared the extracts of steamed PN (SPNE) with 70% ethanol and investigated their immunomodulatory effect using a zebrafish tail-fin amputation model. A fingerprint-effect relationship analysis was performed to uncover active constituents of SPNE samples related to the inhibitory effect on neutrophil number. The results showed that SPNE significantly inhibited the neutrophil number at the amputation site of zebrafish larvae. And SPNE extracts steamed at higher temperatures and for longer time periods showed a stronger inhibitory effect. Ginsenosides Rh1, Rk3, Rh4, 20(S)-Rg3, and 20(R)-Rg3, of which the levels were increased along with the duration of steaming, were found to be the major active constituents contributing to the neutrophil-inhibiting effect of SPNE. By additionally investigating the number of neutrophils in the entire tail of zebrafish larvae and performing TUNEL assays, we found that the decreased number of neutrophils at the amputation site was due to both the inhibition of their migration and apoptosis-inducing effects of the ginsenosides in SPNE on neutrophils. Among them, Rh1 and 20(R)-Rg3 did not affect the number of neutrophils at the entire tail, suggesting that they only inhibit the migration of neutrophils. In contrast, ginsenosides Rk3, Rh4, 20(S)-Rg3, and SPNE did not only inhibit the migration of neutrophils but also promoted neutrophilic cell death. In conclusion, this study sheds light on how SPNE, in particular the ginsenosides it contains, plays a role in immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University–European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Yin Xiong, ; Mei Wang,
| | - Mahmoud Halima
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University–European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | | | - Minghui Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Min Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liqun Guo
- Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Leiden University–European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming, China
- SU Biomedicine B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Yin Xiong, ; Mei Wang,
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11
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Huang L, Jin H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Shi X, Kang X, Zeng Y, Wang L. Factors associated with prolonged hospital stay of imported malaria cases in Chengdu, China: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:496. [PMID: 35619071 PMCID: PMC9134717 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although China has entered the post-malaria-elimination era, imported cases remain a public health concern in China. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed data from cases of imported malaria from January 2017 to December 2020 in Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center. We assessed potential clinical, epidemiological, geographical, and seasonal effects on duration of hospital stay. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictive factors for prolonged hospital stay. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the potential risk factors associated with severe cases. RESULTS The highest number of imported cases of malaria were from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (23%, 34/150) and most patients (74%, 26/34) were infected by Plasmodium falciparum. The Edwards test indicated no significant seasonality in imported cases of malaria (χ2 = 2.51, p = 0.28). Bacterial infection (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] for discharge = 0.58, p = 0.01) and thrombocytopenia (aHR = 0.66, p = 0.02) were risk factors for prolonged hospital stay. The C-reactive protein (OR = 1.02, p = 0.01) and procalcitonin (OR = 1.03, p = 0.01) were risk factors for severe cases. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial infection and thrombocytopenia are risk factors for prolonged hospital stay among imported malaria cases. The C-reactive protein and procalcitonin level were risk factors for severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xinxing Shi
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xintong Kang
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yilan Zeng
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan Province, China.
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12
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Cheng F, Li Q, Wang J, Wang Z, Zeng F, Zhang Y. Retrospective Analysis of the Risk Factors of Perioperative Bacterial Infection and Correlation with Clinical Prognosis in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2271-2286. [PMID: 35510155 PMCID: PMC9059986 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s356543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant patients. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of bacterial infection during the perioperative period of transplantation and the effects of infection on long-term clinical outcomes. Methods In total, 295 kidney transplantation recipients were included in this retrospective study and assigned to two groups: non-infected and infected. The tacrolimus concentration, pharmacogenomics, laboratory parameters, and clinical outcomes of both groups were evaluated. Results A relatively low incidence of urinary tract infection was observed in our cohort, and lung was identified as the most frequent site of infection. Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were the most common infecting strains in kidney transplant recipients. Patients with diabetes showed greater susceptibility to infection. Compared with the non-infected group, tacrolimus concentration was significantly lower on day 7 and 14 in the infected group. White blood cell count, neutrophil count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the infected group were markedly higher post-transplantation, while albumin levels were lower relative to the non-infected group. ABCB1 (rs2032582) genotype showed clear associations with infection. Furthermore, the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) and early acute rejection (AR) before infection was significantly greater in the infected group. Finally, early post-transplant infection was associated with a marked increase in the incidence of AR, post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), and secondary infection. Conclusion Pre-diabetes, longer duration of catheterization, lower albumin, higher CRP, tacrolimus concentration on the day 7 and 14, early AR before infection, and DGF were closely related to postoperative infection in kidney transplantation recipients. Moreover, bacterial infection during the perioperative period was closely associated with AR, PTDM and secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendi Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
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13
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Céspedes N, Donnelly EL, Lowder C, Hansten G, Wagers D, Briggs AM, Schauer J, Haapanen L, Åbrink M, Van de Water J, Luckhart S. Mast Cell Chymase/Mcpt4 Suppresses the Host Immune Response to Plasmodium yoelii, Limits Malaria-Associated Disruption of Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Reduces Parasite Transmission to Anopheles stephensi. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801120. [PMID: 35154114 PMCID: PMC8829543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in mast cells (MCs) and MCs mediators has been observed in malaria-associated bacteremia, however, the role of these granulocytes in malarial immunity is poorly understood. Herein, we studied the role of mouse MC protease (Mcpt) 4, an ortholog of human MC chymase, in malaria-induced bacteremia using Mcpt4 knockout (Mcpt4-/-) mice and Mcpt4+/+ C57BL/6J controls, and the non-lethal mouse parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XNL. Significantly lower parasitemia was observed in Mcpt4-/- mice compared with Mcpt4+/+ controls by day 10 post infection (PI). Although bacterial 16S DNA levels in blood were not different between groups, increased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran and altered ileal adherens junction E-cadherin were observed in Mcpt4-/- mice. Relative to infected Mcpt4+/+ mice, ileal MC accumulation in Mcpt4-/- mice occurred two days earlier and IgE levels were higher by days 8-10 PI. Increased levels of circulating myeloperoxidase were observed at 6 and 10 days PI in Mcpt4+/+ but not Mcpt4-/- mice, affirming a role for neutrophil activation that was not predictive of parasitemia or bacterial 16S copies in blood. In contrast, early increased plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-12p40 and IL-3 were observed in Mcpt4-/- mice, while levels of IL-2, IL-10 and MIP1β (CCL4) were increased over the same period in Mcpt4+/+ mice, suggesting that the host response to infection was skewed toward a type-1 immune response in Mcpt4-/- mice and type-2 response in Mcpt4+/+ mice. Spearman analysis revealed an early (day 4 PI) correlation of Mcpt4-/- parasitemia with TNF-α and IFN-γ, inflammatory cytokines known for their roles in pathogen clearance, a pattern that was observed in Mcpt4+/+ mice much later (day 10 PI). Transmission success of P. y. yoelii 17XNL to Anopheles stephensi was significantly higher from infected Mcpt4-/- mice compared with infected Mcpt4+/+ mice, suggesting that Mcpt4 also impacts transmissibility of sexual stage parasites. Together, these results suggest that early MCs activation and release of Mcpt4 suppresses the host immune response to P. y. yoelii 17XNL, perhaps via degradation of TNF-α and promotion of a type-2 immune response that concordantly protects epithelial barrier integrity, while limiting the systemic response to bacteremia and parasite transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Céspedes
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Erinn L. Donnelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Casey Lowder
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Gretchen Hansten
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Delaney Wagers
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Anna M. Briggs
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Joseph Schauer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lori Haapanen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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14
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Mooney JP, DonVito SM, Lim R, Keith M, Pickles L, Maguire EA, Wagner-Gamble T, Oldfield T, Bermejo Pariente A, Ehimiyien AM, Philbey AA, Bottomley C, Riley EM, Thompson J. Intestinal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability in Plasmodium chabaudi AS infected mice. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:134. [PMID: 36408291 PMCID: PMC9647155 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17781.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly associated with acute Plasmodium spp infection. Malaria-associated enteritis may provide an opportunity for enteric pathogens to breach the intestinal mucosa, resulting in life-threatening systemic infections. Methods: To investigate whether intestinal pathology also occurs during infection with a murine model of mild and resolving malaria, C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with recently mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium chabaudi AS. At schizogony, intestinal tissues were collected for quantification and localisation of immune mediators and malaria parasites, by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Inflammatory proteins were measured in plasma and faeces and intestinal permeability was assessed by FITC-dextran translocation after oral administration. Results: Parasitaemia peaked at approx. 1.5% at day 9 and resolved by day 14, with mice experiencing significant and transient anaemia but no weight loss. Plasma IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL10 were significantly elevated during peak infection and quantitative RT-PCR of the intestine revealed a significant increase in transcripts for ifng and cxcl10. Histological analysis revealed parasites within blood vessels of both the submucosa and intestinal villi and evidence of mild crypt hyperplasia. In faeces, concentrations of the inflammatory marker lactoferrin were significantly raised on days 9 and 11 and FITC-dextran was detected in plasma on days 7 to 14. At day 11, plasma FITC-dextran concentration was significantly positively correlated with peripheral parasitemia and faecal lactoferrin concentration. Conclusions: In summary, using a relevant, attenuated model of malaria, we have found that acute infection is associated with intestinal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. This model can now be used to explore the mechanisms of parasite-induced intestinal inflammation and to assess the impact of increased intestinal permeability on translocation of enteropathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Mooney
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Sophia M DonVito
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Rivka Lim
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Marianne Keith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lia Pickles
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Tara Wagner-Gamble
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Thomas Oldfield
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Ana Bermejo Pariente
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK.,Editorial Team, F1000 Ltd., London, UK
| | - Ajoke M Ehimiyien
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Adrian A Philbey
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom., Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Joanne Thompson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
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15
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Mooney JP, DonVito SM, Jahateh M, Bittaye H, Keith M, Galloway LJ, Ndow M, Cunnington AJ, D'Alessandro U, Bottomley C, Riley EM. 'Bouncing Back' From Subclinical Malaria: Inflammation and Erythrocytosis After Resolution of P. falciparum Infection in Gambian Children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:780525. [PMID: 35154104 PMCID: PMC8831762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.780525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent malaria is associated with an increased risk of systemic bacterial infection. The aetiology of this association is unclear but malaria-related haemolysis may be one contributory factor. To characterise the physiological consequences of persistent and recently resolved malaria infections and associated haemolysis, 1650 healthy Gambian children aged 8-15 years were screened for P. falciparum infection (by 18sRNA PCR) and/or anaemia (by haematocrit) at the end of the annual malaria transmission season (t1). P. falciparum-infected children and children with moderate or severe anaemia (haemoglobin concentration < 11g/dl) were age matched to healthy, uninfected, non-anaemic controls and screened again 2 months later (t2). Persistently infected children (PCR positive at t1 and t2) had stable parasite burdens and did not differ significantly haematologically or in terms of proinflammatory markers from healthy, uninfected children. However, among persistently infected children, IL-10 concentrations were positively correlated with parasite density suggesting a tolerogenic response to persistent infection. By contrast, children who naturally resolved their infections (positive at t1 and negative at t2) exhibited mild erythrocytosis and concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers were raised compared to other groups of children. These findings shed light on a 'resetting' and potential overshoot of the homeostatic haematological response following resolution of malaria infection. Interestingly, the majority of parameters tested were highly heterogeneous in uninfected children, suggesting that some may be harbouring cryptic malaria or other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Mooney
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia M DonVito
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maimuna Jahateh
- Medical Research Council Unit in The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Haddy Bittaye
- Medical Research Council Unit in The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Marianne Keith
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren J Galloway
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mortala Ndow
- Medical Research Council Unit in The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Aubrey J Cunnington
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit in The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Mooney JP, DonVito SM, Lim R, Keith M, Pickles L, Maguire EA, Wagner-Gamble T, Oldfield T, Bermejo Pariente A, Ehimiyein AM, Philbey AA, Bottomley C, Riley EM, Thompson J. Intestinal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability in Plasmodium chabaudi AS infected mice. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:134. [PMID: 36408291 PMCID: PMC9647155 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17781.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly associated with acute Plasmodium spp infection. Malaria-associated enteritis may provide an opportunity for enteric pathogens to breach the intestinal mucosa, resulting in life-threatening systemic infections. Methods: To investigate whether intestinal pathology also occurs during infection with a murine model of mild and resolving malaria, C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with recently mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium chabaudi AS. At schizogony, intestinal tissues were collected for quantification and localisation of immune mediators and malaria parasites, by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Inflammatory proteins were measured in plasma and faeces and intestinal permeability was assessed by FITC-dextran translocation after oral administration. Results: Parasitaemia peaked at approx. 1.5% at day 9 and resolved by day 14, with mice experiencing significant and transient anaemia but no weight loss. Plasma IFNγ, TNFα and IL10 were significantly elevated during peak infection and quantitative RT-PCR of the intestine revealed a significant increase in transcripts for ifng and cxcl10. Histological analysis revealed parasites within blood vessels of both the submucosa and intestinal villi and evidence of mild crypt hyperplasia. In faeces, concentrations of the inflammatory marker lactoferrin were significantly raised on days 9 and 11 and FITC-dextran was detected in plasma on days 7 to 14. At day 11, plasma FITC-dextran concentration was significantly positively correlated with peripheral parasitemia and faecal lactoferrin concentration. Conclusions: In summary, using a relevant, attenuated model of malaria, we have found that acute infection is associated with intestinal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. This model can now be used to explore the mechanisms of parasite-induced intestinal inflammation and to assess the impact of increased intestinal permeability on translocation of enteropathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Mooney
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Sophia M DonVito
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Rivka Lim
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Marianne Keith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lia Pickles
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Tara Wagner-Gamble
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Thomas Oldfield
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Ana Bermejo Pariente
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK.,Editorial Team, F1000 Ltd., London, UK
| | - Ajoke M Ehimiyein
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Adrian A Philbey
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom., Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
| | - Joanne Thompson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Ediburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH93JT, UK
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17
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Babatunde KA, Ayuso JM, Kerr SC, Huttenlocher A, Beebe DJ. Microfluidic Systems to Study Neutrophil Forward and Reverse Migration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:781535. [PMID: 34899746 PMCID: PMC8653704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, neutrophils are the most abundantly recruited innate immune cells at sites of infection, playing critical roles in the elimination of local infection and healing of the injury. Neutrophils are considered to be short-lived effector cells that undergo cell death at infection sites and in damaged tissues. However, recent in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that neutrophil behavior is more complex and that they can migrate away from the inflammatory site back into the vasculature following the resolution of inflammation. Microfluidic devices have contributed to an improved understanding of the interaction and behavior of neutrophils ex vivo in 2D and 3D microenvironments. The role of reverse migration and its contribution to the resolution of inflammation remains unclear. In this review, we will provide a summary of the current applications of microfluidic devices to investigate neutrophil behavior and interactions with other immune cells with a focus on forward and reverse migration in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose M Ayuso
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sheena C Kerr
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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18
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Donnelly E, de Water JV, Luckhart S. Malaria-induced bacteremia as a consequence of multiple parasite survival strategies. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100036. [PMID: 34841327 PMCID: PMC8610325 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, malaria continues to be an enormous public health burden, with concomitant parasite-induced damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) barrier resulting in bacteremia-associated morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. Infected red blood cells sequester in and can occlude the GI microvasculature, ultimately leading to disruption of the tight and adherens junctions that would normally serve as a physical barrier to translocating enteric bacteria. Mast cell (MC) activation and translocation to the GI during malaria intensifies damage to the physical barrier and weakens the immunological barrier through the release of enzymes and factors that alter the host response to escaped enteric bacteria. In this context, activated MCs release Th2 cytokines, promoting a balanced Th1/Th2 response that increases local and systemic allergic inflammation while protecting the host from overwhelming Th1-mediated immunopathology. Beyond the mammalian host, recent studies in both the lab and field have revealed an association between a Th2-skewed host response and success of parasite transmission to mosquitoes, biology that is evocative of parasite manipulation of the mammalian host. Collectively, these observations suggest that malaria-induced bacteremia may be, in part, an unintended consequence of a Th2-shifted host response that promotes parasite survival and transmission. Future directions of this work include defining the factors and mechanisms that precede the development of bacteremia, which will enable the development of biomarkers to simplify diagnostics, the identification of therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes and better understanding of the consequences of clinical interventions to transmission blocking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn Donnelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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19
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Molecular determinants of peaceful coexistence versus invasiveness of non-Typhoidal Salmonella: Implications in long-term side-effects. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100997. [PMID: 34311996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The genus Salmonella represents a wide range of strains including Typhoidal and Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates that exhibit illnesses of varied pathophysiologies. The more frequent NTS ensues a self-limiting enterocolitis with rare occasions of bacteremia or systemic infections. These self-limiting Salmonella strains are capable of subverting and dampening the host immune system to achieve a more prolonged survival inside the host system thus leading to chronic manifestations. Notably, emergence of new invasive NTS isolates known as invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) have worsened the disease burden significantly in some parts of the world. NTS strains adapt to attain persister phenotype intracellularly and cause relapsing infections. These chronic infections, in susceptible hosts, are also capable of causing diseases like IBS, IBD, reactive arthritis, gallbladder cancer and colorectal cancer. The present understanding of molecular mechanism of how these chronic infections are manifested is quite limited. The current work is an effort to review the prevailing knowledge emanating from a large volume of research focusing on various forms of NTS infections including those that cause localized, systemic and persistent disease. The review will further dwell into the understanding of how this pathogen contributes to the associated long term sequelae.
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20
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Forceville X, Van Antwerpen P, Preiser JC. Selenocompounds and Sepsis: Redox Bypass Hypothesis for Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Part A-Early Acute Phase of Sepsis: An Extraordinary Redox Situation (Leukocyte/Endothelium Interaction Leading to Endothelial Damage). Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:113-138. [PMID: 33567962 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Sepsis is a health disaster. In sepsis, an initial, beneficial local immune response against infection evolves rapidly into a generalized, dysregulated response or a state of chaos, leading to multiple organ failure. Use of life-sustaining supportive therapies creates an unnatural condition, enabling the complex cascades of the sepsis response to develop in patients who would otherwise die. Multiple attempts to control sepsis at an early stage have been unsuccessful. Recent Advances: Major events in early sepsis include activation and binding of leukocytes and endothelial cells in the microcirculation, damage of the endothelial surface layer (ESL), and a decrease in the plasma concentration of the antioxidant enzyme, selenoprotein-P. These events induce an increase in intracellular redox potential and lymphocyte apoptosis, whereas apoptosis is delayed in monocytes and neutrophils. They also induce endothelial mitochondrial and cell damage. Critical Issues: Neutrophil production increases dramatically, and aggressive immature forms are released. Leukocyte cross talk with other leukocytes and with damaged endothelial cells amplifies the inflammatory response. The release of large quantities of reactive oxygen, halogen, and nitrogen species as a result of the leukocyte respiratory burst, endothelial mitochondrial damage, and ischemia/reperfusion processes, along with the marked decrease in selenoprotein-P concentrations, leads to peroxynitrite damage of the ESL, reducing flow and damaging the endothelial barrier. Future Directions: Endothelial barrier damage by activated leukocytes is a time-sensitive event in sepsis, occurring within hours and representing the first step toward organ failure and death. Reducing or stopping this event is necessary before irreversible damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Forceville
- Medico-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Great Hospital of East Francilien-Meaux Site, Hôpital Saint Faron, Meaux, France.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC Inserm 1414), CHU de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
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21
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Walker GT, Yang G, Tsai JY, Rodriguez JL, English BC, Faber F, Souvannaseng L, Butler BP, Tsolis RM. Malaria parasite infection compromises colonization resistance to an enteric pathogen by reducing gastric acidity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd6232. [PMID: 34193410 PMCID: PMC8245046 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria parasite infection weakens colonization resistance against Salmonella enterica serovar (S.) Typhimurium. S. Typhimurium is a member of the Enterobacterales, a taxon that increases in abundance when the colonic microbiota is disrupted or when the colonic mucosa is inflamed. However, here, we show that infection of mice with Plasmodium yoelii enhances S. Typhimurium colonization by weakening host control in the upper GI tract. P. yoelii-infected mice had elevated gastric pH. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion during P. yoelii infection restored stomach acidity and colonization resistance, demonstrating that parasite-induced hypochlorhydria increases gastric survival of S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, blockade of P. yoelii-induced TNF-α signaling was sufficient to prevent elevation of gastric pH and enhance S. Typhimurium colonization during concurrent infection. Collectively, these data suggest that abundance in the fecal microbiota of facultative anaerobes, such as S. Typhimurium, can be increased by suppressing antibacterial defenses in the upper GI tract, such as gastric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Walker
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Guiyan Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Julia Y Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jorge L Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bevin C English
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Franziska Faber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lattha Souvannaseng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Brian P Butler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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22
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Events associated with susceptibility to invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in BALB/c mice previously infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2730. [PMID: 33526848 PMCID: PMC7851127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to explain why patients with malaria are more susceptible to bloodstream invasions by Salmonella spp., however there are still several unknown critical factors regarding the pathogenesis of coinfection. From a coinfection model, in which an S. enterica serovar Typhi (S_Typhi) was chosen to challenge mice that had been infected 24 h earlier with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (P.b_ANKA), we evaluated the influence of malaria on cytokine levels, the functional activity of femoral bone marrow-derived macrophages and neutrophils, and intestinal permeability. The cytokine profile over eight days of coinfection showed exacerbation in the cytokines MCP-1, IFNγ and TNFα in relation to the increase seen in animals with malaria. The cytokine profile was associated with a considerably reduced neutrophil and macrophage count and a prominent dysfunction, especially in ex vivo neutrophils in coinfected mice, though without bacterial modulation that could influence the invasion capacity of ex vivo S_Typhi obtained from liver macerate in non-phagocyte cells. Finally, irregularities in the integrity of intestinal tissue evidenced ruptures in the enterocyte layer, a presence of mononuclear leukocytes in the enterocyte layer, an increase of goblet cells in the enterocyte layer and a high volume of leukocyte infiltrate in the sub-mucosa were greatly increased in coinfected animals. Increases of mononuclear leukocytes in the enterocyte layer and volume of leukocyte infiltrate in the sub-mucosa were also seen in monoinfected animals with P. berghei ANKA. Our findings suggest malaria causes a disarrangement of intestinal homeostasis, exacerbation of proinflammatory cytokines and dysfunction in neutrophils that render the host susceptible to bacteremia by Salmonella spp.
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23
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Dos Santos LI, Torres TA, Diniz SQ, Gonçalves R, Caballero-Flores G, Núñez G, Gazzinelli RT, Maloy KJ, Ribeiro do V Antonelli L. Disrupted Iron Metabolism and Mortality during Co-infection with Malaria and an Intestinal Gram-Negative Extracellular Pathogen. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108613. [PMID: 33440153 PMCID: PMC8655499 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with malaria exhibit increased morbidity and mortality when infected with Gram-negative (Gr−) bacteria. To explore this experimentally, we performed co-infection of mice with Plasmodium chabaudi and Citrobacter rodentium, an extracellular Gr− bacterial pathogen that infects the large intestine. While single infections are controlled effectively, co-infection results in enhanced virulence that is characterized by prolonged systemic bacterial persistence and high mortality. Mortality in co-infected mice is associated with disrupted iron metabolism, elevated levels of plasma heme, and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by phagocytes. In addition, iron acquisition by the bacterium plays a key role in pathogenesis because co-infection with a mutant C. rodentium strain lacking a critical iron acquisition pathway does not cause mortality. These results indicate that disrupted iron metabolism may drive mortality during co-infection with C. rodentium and P. chabaudi by both altering host immune responses and facilitating bacterial persistence. Co-infection with malaria and a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen leads to high mortality Co-infection leads to elevated plasma heme and systemic bacterial persistence Iron acquisition is critical for bacterial persistence and mortality
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Affiliation(s)
- Luara Isabela Dos Santos
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Thais Abdala Torres
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Suelen Queiroz Diniz
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minhas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Caballero-Flores
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA
| | - Kevin Joseph Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland.
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24
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Anemia in preschool children from Angola: a review of the evidence. Porto Biomed J 2020; 5:e60. [PMID: 33299941 PMCID: PMC7722406 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angola is one of the southern African countries with the highest prevalence of anemia, and despite the high geographic heterogeneity of its distribution across the country, it was reported to be indicative of a severe public health problem in some areas, mainly in children. Despite the relevance of this condition in the country there is still an important gap regarding scientific evidences and knowledge systematization in the indexed literature, that could be used to inform and optimize national public health policies willing to address it. Furthermore, the changes in anemia epidemiology among African preschool children and the late updates in nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive preventive strategies in the continent are of imperative relevance, as they could contribute to design context-specific national approaches to reduce anemia's morbidity and mortality. In this study we intent to perform a systematic review regarding the sparse evidence available on the country regarding the prevalence of anemia, its associated factors, the prevention, and/or control strategies with potential to reduce anemia that were implemented, and to discuss interventions targeting infections and/or nutrition conducted in other African countries.
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25
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Bucşan AN, Williamson KC. Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites. Virulence 2020; 11:88-103. [PMID: 31900030 PMCID: PMC6961725 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals growing up in malaria endemic areas gradually develop protection against clinical malaria and passive transfer experiments in humans have demonstrated that this protection is mediated in part by protective antibodies. However, neither the target antigens, specific effector mechanisms, nor the role of continual parasite exposure have been elucidated, which complicates vaccine development. Progress has been made in defining the innate signaling pathways activated by parasite components, including DNA, RNA, hemozoin, and phospholipids, which initiate the immune response and will be the focus of this review. The challenge that remains within the field is to understand the role of these early responses in the development of protective adaptive responses that clear iRBC and block merozoite invasion so that optimal vaccines and therapeutics may be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim C. Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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How Severe Anaemia Might Influence the Risk of Invasive Bacterial Infections in African Children. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186976. [PMID: 32972031 PMCID: PMC7555399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe anaemia and invasive bacterial infections are common causes of childhood sickness and death in sub-Saharan Africa. Accumulating evidence suggests that severely anaemic African children may have a higher risk of invasive bacterial infections. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly described. Severe anaemia is characterized by increased haemolysis, erythropoietic drive, gut permeability, and disruption of immune regulatory systems. These pathways are associated with dysregulation of iron homeostasis, including the downregulation of the hepatic hormone hepcidin. Increased haemolysis and low hepcidin levels potentially increase plasma, tissue and intracellular iron levels. Pathogenic bacteria require iron and/or haem to proliferate and have evolved numerous strategies to acquire labile and protein-bound iron/haem. In this review, we discuss how severe anaemia may mediate the risk of invasive bacterial infections through dysregulation of hepcidin and/or iron homeostasis, and potential studies that could be conducted to test this hypothesis.
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27
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Harding CL, Villarino NF, Valente E, Schwarzer E, Schmidt NW. Plasmodium Impairs Antibacterial Innate Immunity to Systemic Infections in Part Through Hemozoin-Bound Bioactive Molecules. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:328. [PMID: 32714882 PMCID: PMC7344233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One complication of malaria is increased susceptibility to invasive bacterial infections. Plasmodium infections impair host immunity to non-Typhoid Salmonella (NTS) through heme-oxygenase I (HO-I)-induced release of immature granulocytes and myeloid cell-derived IL-10. Yet, it is not known if these mechanisms are specific to NTS. We show here, that Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (Py) infected mice had impaired clearance of systemic Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) during both acute parasitemia and up to 2 months after clearance of Py infected red blood cells that was independent of HO-I and IL-10. Py-infected mice were also susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) bacteremia, a common malaria-bacteria co-infection, with higher blood and spleen bacterial burdens and decreased survival compared to naïve mice. Mechanistically, impaired immunity to Sp was independent of HO-I, but was dependent on Py-induced IL-10. Splenic phagocytes from Py infected mice exhibit an impaired ability to restrict growth of intracellular Lm, and neutrophils from Py-infected mice produce less reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to Lm or Sp. Analysis also identified a defect in a serum component in Py-infected mice that contributes to reduced production of ROS in response to Sp. Finally, treating naïve mice with Plasmodium-derived hemozoin containing naturally bound bioactive molecules, excluding DNA, impaired clearance of Lm. Collectively, we have demonstrated that Plasmodium infection impairs host immunity to diverse bacteria, including S. pneumoniae, through multiple effects on innate immunity, and that a parasite-specific factor (Hz+bound bioactive molecules) directly contributes to Plasmodium-induced suppression of antibacterial innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Harding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Nicolas F Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Elena Valente
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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28
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Azimi T, Zamirnasta M, Sani MA, Soltan Dallal MM, Nasser A. Molecular Mechanisms of Salmonella Effector Proteins: A Comprehensive Review. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:11-26. [PMID: 32021316 PMCID: PMC6954085 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s230604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can be categorized into many serotypes, which are specific to known hosts or broadhosts. It makes no difference which one of the serotypes would penetrate the gastrointestinal tract because they all face similar obstacles such as mucus and microbiome. However, following their penetration, some species remain in the gastrointestinal tract; yet, others spread to another organ like gallbladder. Salmonella is required to alter the immune response to sustain its intracellular life. Changing the host response requires particular effector proteins and vehicles to translocate them. To this end, a categorized gene called Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) was developed; genes like Salmonella pathogenicity island encode aggressive or modulating proteins. Initially, Salmonella needs to be attached and stabilized via adhesin factor, without which no further steps can be taken. In this review, an attempt has been made to elaborate on each factor attached to the host cell or to modulating and aggressive proteins that evade immune systems. This review includes four sections: (A) attachment factors or T3SS- independent entrance, (B) effector proteins or T3SS-dependent entrance, (c) regulation of invasive genes, and (D) regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamirnasta
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Environmental health Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Nasser
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
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29
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Soto M, Gaffney KJ, Rodgers KE. Improving the Innate Immune Response in Diabetes by Modifying the Renin Angiotensin System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2885. [PMID: 31921148 PMCID: PMC6914815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) suffer from a higher incidence and severity of pulmonary infections. This is likely due to immune impairment and structural abnormalities caused by T2DM-induced oxidative stress (OS) and chronic inflammation. Modulation of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) through blockade of the actions of angiotensin II (AII), or inducing the protective pathway, has the potential to reduce these pathological pathways. The effects of Angiotensin 1–7 [A(1-7)] and NorLeu3-A(1-7) [NorLeu], ligands of the protective RAS, on the innate immune response were evaluated in the db/db mouse model of T2DM. Only NorLeu treatment reduced the structural pathologies in the lung caused by T2DM. A decreased in bactericidal activity and phagocytosis in diabetic animals was also observed; both A(1-7) and NorLeu treatment restored these functions. Myeloid progenitor CFUs were reduced and neutrophil/progenitor OS was increased in saline-treated db/db mice, and was reversed by A(1-7) and NorLeu treatment. These results demonstrate the adverse effects of diabetes on factors that contribute to pulmonary infections and the therapeutic potential of protective RAS peptides. Overall, RAS-modification may be a viable therapeutic target to treat diabetic complications that are not addressed by glucose lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Soto
- Pharmacology Department, College of Medicine, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kevin J Gaffney
- Pharmacology Department, College of Medicine, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kathleen E Rodgers
- Pharmacology Department, College of Medicine, Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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30
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Brabin B, Tinto H, Roberts SA. Testing an infection model to explain excess risk of preterm birth with long-term iron supplementation in a malaria endemic area. Malar J 2019; 18:374. [PMID: 31771607 PMCID: PMC6880560 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In view of recent evidence from a randomized trial in Burkina Faso that periconceptional iron supplementation substantially increases risk of spontaneous preterm birth (< 37 weeks) in first pregnancies (adjusted relative risk = 2.22; 95% CI 1.39–3.61), explanation is required to understand potential mechanisms, including progesterone mediated responses, linking long-term iron supplementation, malaria and gestational age. Methods The analysis developed a model based on a dual hit inflammatory mechanism arising from simultaneous malaria and gut infections, supported in part by published trial results. This model is developed to understand mechanisms linking iron supplementation, malaria and gestational age. Background literature substantiates synergistic inflammatory effects of these infections where trial data is unavailable. A path modelling exercise assessed direct and indirect paths influencing preterm birth and gestation length. Results A dual hit hypothesis incorporates two main pathways for pro-inflammatory mechanisms, which in this model, interact to increase hepcidin expression. Trial data showed preterm birth was positively associated with C-reactive protein (P = 0.0038) an inflammatory biomarker. The malaria pathway upregulates C-reactive protein and serum hepcidin, thereby reducing iron absorption. The enteric pathway results from unabsorbed gut iron, which induces microbiome changes and pathogenic gut infections, initiating pro-inflammatory events with lipopolysaccharide expression. Data from the trial suggest that raised hepcidin concentration is a mediating catalyst, being inversely associated with shorter gestational age at delivery (P = 0.002) and positively with preterm incidence (P = 0.007). A segmented regression model identified a change-point consisting of two segments before and after a sharp rise in hepcidin concentration. This showed a post change hepcidin elevation in women with increasing C-reactive protein values in late gestation (post-change slope 0.55. 95% CI 0.39–0.92, P < 0.001). Path modelling confirmed seasonal malaria effects on preterm birth, with mediation through C-reactive protein and (non-linear) hepcidin induction. Conclusions Following long-term iron supplementation, dual inflammatory pathways that mediate hepcidin expression and culminate in progesterone withdrawal may account for the reduction in gestational age observed in first pregnancies in this area of high malaria exposure. If correct, this model strongly suggests that in such areas, effective infection control is required prior to iron supplementation to avoid increasing preterm births. Trial registration NCT01210040. Registered with Clinicaltrials.gov on 27th September 2010
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Brabin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L35QA, UK. .,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (URCN/IRSS), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Stephen A Roberts
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
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31
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Cheaveau J, Mogollon DC, Mohon MAN, Golassa L, Yewhalaw D, Pillai DR. Asymptomatic malaria in the clinical and public health context. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:997-1010. [PMID: 31718324 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1693259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Historically, the global community has focused on the control of symptomatic malaria. However, interest in asymptomatic malaria has been growing, particularly in the context of malaria elimination.Areas covered: We undertook a comprehensive PubMed literature review on asymptomatic malaria as it relates to detection and elimination with emphasis between 2014 and 2019. Diagnostic tools with a low limit of detection (LOD) have allowed us to develop a more detailed understanding of asymptomatic malaria and its impact. These highly sensitive diagnostics have demonstrated that the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria is greater than previously thought. In addition, it is now possible to detect the malaria reservoir in the community, something that was previously not feasible. Asymptomatic malaria has previously not been treated, but research has begun to examine whether treating individuals with asymptomatic malaria may lead to health benefits. Finally, we have begun to understand the importance of asymptomatic malaria in ongoing transmission.Expert opinion: Therefore, with malaria elimination back on the agenda, asymptomatic malaria can no longer be ignored, especially in light of new ultra-sensitive diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cheaveau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Castaneda Mogollon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Md Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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32
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Moxon CA, Gibbins MP, McGuinness D, Milner DA, Marti M. New Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 15:315-343. [PMID: 31648610 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health threat in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. Even though less than 1% of malaria infections are fatal, this leads to about 430,000 deaths per year, predominantly in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is imperative to understand why a subset of infected individuals develop severe syndromes and some of them die and what differentiates these cases from the majority that recovers. Here, we discuss progress made during the past decade in our understanding of malaria pathogenesis, focusing on the major human parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Moxon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Matthew P Gibbins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Dagmara McGuinness
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Danny A Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; , .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Mooney JP, Galloway LJ, Riley EM. Malaria, anemia, and invasive bacterial disease: A neutrophil problem? J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:645-655. [PMID: 30570786 PMCID: PMC6487965 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri1018-400r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive bacterial disease is well described in immunocompromised hosts, including those with malaria infection. One bacterial infection frequently observed in children with Plasmodium falciparum infection is nontyphoidal salmonella (NTS) infection, in which a typically intestinal infection becomes systemic with serious, often fatal, consequences. In this review, we consider the role of malaria‐induced immunoregulatory responses in tipping the balance from tissue homeostasis during malaria infection to risk of invasive NTS. Also, neutrophils are crucial in the clearance of NTS but their ability to mount an oxidative burst and kill intracellular Salmonella is severely compromised during, and for some time after, an acute malaria infection. Here, we summarize the evidence linking malaria and invasive NTS infections; describe the role of neutrophils in clearing NTS infections; review evidence for neutrophil dysfunction in malaria infections; and explore roles of heme oxygenase‐1, IL‐10, and complement in mediating this dysfunction. Finally, given the epidemiological evidence that low density, subclinical malaria infections pose a risk for invasive NTS infections, we consider whether the high prevalence of such infections might underlie the very high incidence of invasive bacterial disease across much of sub‐Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Mooney
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren J Galloway
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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