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Petro-Turnquist E, Corder Kampfe B, Gadeken A, Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Multivalent Epigraph Hemagglutinin Vaccine Protects against Influenza B Virus in Mice. Pathogens 2024; 13:97. [PMID: 38392835 PMCID: PMC10892733 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus is a respiratory pathogen that contributes to seasonal epidemics, accounts for approximately 25% of global influenza infections, and can induce severe disease in young children. While vaccination is the most commonly used method of preventing influenza infections, current vaccines only induce strain-specific responses and have suboptimal efficacy when mismatched from circulating strains. Further, two influenza B virus lineages have been described, B/Yamagata-like and B/Victoria-like, and the limited cross-reactivity between the two lineages provides an additional barrier in developing a universal influenza B virus vaccine. Here, we report a novel multivalent vaccine using computationally designed Epigraph hemagglutinin proteins targeting both the B/Yamagata-like and B/Victoria-like lineages. When compared to the quadrivalent commercial vaccine, the Epigraph vaccine demonstrated increased breadth of neutralizing antibody and T cell responses. After lethal heterologous influenza B virus challenge, mice immunized with the Epigraph vaccine were completely protected against both weight loss and mortality. The superior cross-reactive immunity conferred by the Epigraph vaccine immunogens supports their continued investigation as a universal influenza B virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Brigette Corder Kampfe
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Science Department, North Arkansas College, Harrison, AR 72601, USA
| | - Amber Gadeken
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Pekarek
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Existing Evidence for Influenza B Virus Adaptations to Drive Replication in Humans as the Primary Host. Viruses 2023; 15:2032. [PMID: 37896807 PMCID: PMC10612074 DOI: 10.3390/v15102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is one of the two major types of influenza viruses that circulate each year. Unlike influenza A viruses, IBV does not harbor pandemic potential due to its lack of historical circulation in non-human hosts. Many studies and reviews have highlighted important factors for host determination of influenza A viruses. However, much less is known about the factors driving IBV replication in humans. We hypothesize that similar factors influence the host restriction of IBV. Here, we compile and review the current understanding of host factors crucial for the various stages of the IBV viral replication cycle. While we discovered the research in this area of IBV is limited, we review known host factors that may indicate possible host restriction of IBV to humans. These factors include the IBV hemagglutinin (HA) protein, host nuclear factors, and viral immune evasion proteins. Our review frames the current understanding of IBV adaptations to replication in humans. However, this review is limited by the amount of research previously completed on IBV host determinants and would benefit from additional future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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Waldock J, Weiss CD, Wang W, Levine MZ, Jefferson SN, Ho S, Hoschler K, Londt BZ, Masat E, Carolan L, Sánchez-Ovando S, Fox A, Watanabe S, Akimoto M, Sato A, Kishida N, Buys A, Maake L, Fourie C, Caillet C, Raynaud S, Webby RJ, DeBeauchamp J, Cox RJ, Lartey SL, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Sanz-Muñoz I, Eiros JM, Sánchez-Martínez J, Duijsings D, Engelhardt OG. An external quality assessment feasibility study; cross laboratory comparison of haemagglutination inhibition assay and microneutralization assay performance for seasonal influenza serology testing: A FLUCOP study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129765. [PMID: 36926342 PMCID: PMC10011125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction External Quality Assessment (EQA) schemes are designed to provide a snapshot of laboratory proficiency, identifying issues and providing feedback to improve laboratory performance and inter-laboratory agreement in testing. Currently there are no international EQA schemes for seasonal influenza serology testing. Here we present a feasibility study for conducting an EQA scheme for influenza serology methods. Methods We invited participant laboratories from industry, contract research organizations (CROs), academia and public health institutions who regularly conduct hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays and have an interest in serology standardization. In total 16 laboratories returned data including 19 data sets for HAI assays and 9 data sets for MN assays. Results Within run analysis demonstrated good laboratory performance for HAI, with intrinsically higher levels of intra-assay variation for MN assays. Between run analysis showed laboratory and strain specific issues, particularly with B strains for HAI, whilst MN testing was consistently good across labs and strains. Inter-laboratory variability was higher for MN assays than HAI, however both assays showed a significant reduction in inter-laboratory variation when a human sera pool is used as a standard for normalization. Discussion This study has received positive feedback from participants, highlighting the benefit such an EQA scheme would have on improving laboratory performance, reducing inter laboratory variation and raising awareness of both harmonized protocol use and the benefit of biological standards for seasonal influenza serology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Waldock
- Vaccines, Science Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stacie N Jefferson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sammy Ho
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Hoschler
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon Z Londt
- hVivo The Queen Mary Bioenterprises (QMB) Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Masat
- hVivo The Queen Mary Bioenterprises (QMB) Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Carolan
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephany Sánchez-Ovando
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annette Fox
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Akimoto
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Sato
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kishida
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amelia Buys
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lorens Maake
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cardia Fourie
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah L Lartey
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Claudia M Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Iván Sanz-Muñoz
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José María Eiros
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martínez
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Danny Duijsings
- Viroclinics, Clinical Virology Services, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Vaccines, Science Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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Functionality of the putative surface glycoproteins of the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6161. [PMID: 34697321 PMCID: PMC8546056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of influenza virus-like sequences were recently documented in fish and amphibians. Of these, the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus (WSEIV) was found to phylogenetically cluster with influenza B viruses as a sister clade. Influenza B viruses have been documented to circulate only in humans, with certain virus isolates found in harbor seals. It is therefore interesting that a similar virus was potentially found in fish. Here we characterize the putative hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoproteins of the WSEIV. Functionally, we show that the WSEIV NA-like protein has sialidase activity comparable to B/Malaysia/2506/2004 influenza B virus NA, making it a bona fide neuraminidase that is sensitive to NA inhibitors. We tested the functionality of the HA by addressing the receptor specificity, stability, preferential airway protease cleavage, and fusogenicity. We show highly specific binding to monosialic ganglioside 2 (GM2) and fusogenicity at a range of different pH conditions. In addition, we found limited antigenic conservation of the WSEIV HA and NA relative to the B/Malaysia/2506/2004 virus HA and NA. In summary, we perform a functional and antigenic characterization of the glycoproteins of WSEIV to assess if it is indeed a bona fide influenza virus potentially circulating in ray-finned fish.
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Cell-Adapted Mutations and Antigenic Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Missouri, 2019-2020 Season. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101896. [PMID: 34696325 PMCID: PMC8538563 DOI: 10.3390/v13101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBVs) are causing an increasing burden of morbidity and mortality, yet the prevalence of culture-adapted mutations in human seasonal IBVs are unclear. We collected 368 clinical samples from patients with influenza-like illness in Missouri during the 2019–2020 influenza season and recovered 146 influenza isolates including 38 IBV isolates. Of MDCK-CCL34, MDCK-Siat1, and humanized MDCK (hCK), hCK showed the highest virus recovery efficiency. All Missourian IBVs belonged to the Victoria V1A.3 lineage, all of which contained a three-amino acid deletion on the HA protein and were antigenically distant from the Victoria lineage IBV vaccine strain used during that season. By comparing genomic sequences of these IBVs in 31 paired samples, eight cell-adapted nonsynonymous mutations were identified, with the majority in the RNA polymerase. Analyses of IBV clinical sample–isolate pairs from public databases further showed that cell- and egg-adapted mutations occurred more widely in viral proteins, including the receptor and antibody binding sites on HA. Our study suggests that hCK is an effective platform for IBV isolation and that culture-adapted mutations may occur during IBV isolation. As culture-adapted mutations may affect subsequent virus studies and vaccine development, the knowledge from this study may help optimize strategies for influenza surveillance, vaccine strain selection, and vaccine development.
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Unique Tropism and Entry Mechanism of Mumps Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091746. [PMID: 34578327 PMCID: PMC8471308 DOI: 10.3390/v13091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) is an important human pathogen that causes parotitis, orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and sensorineural hearing loss. Although mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease, sporadic outbreaks have occurred worldwide, even in highly vaccinated populations. MuV not only causes systemic infection but also has a unique tropism to glandular tissues and the central nervous system. In general, tropism can be defined by multiple factors in the viral life cycle, including its entry, interaction with host factors, and host-cell immune responses. Although the underlying mechanisms of MuV tropism remain to be fully understood, recent studies on virus-host interactions have provided insights into viral pathogenesis. This review was aimed at summarizing the entry process of MuV by focusing on the glycan receptors, particularly the recently identified receptors with a trisaccharide core motif, and their interactions with the viral attachment proteins. Here, we describe the receptor structures, their distribution in the human body, and the recently identified host factors for MuV and analyze their relationship with MuV tropism.
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Acute Cardiac Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Other Viral Infections-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:1558-1566. [PMID: 33870918 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 binds and inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. The frequency of acute cardiac injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is unknown. The objective was to compare the rates of cardiac injury by angiotensin-converting enzyme-2-binding viruses from viruses that do not bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. DATA SOURCES We performed a systematic review of coronavirus disease 2019 literature on PubMed and EMBASE. STUDY SELECTION We included studies with ten or more hospitalized adults with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 or other viral pathogens that described the occurrence of acute cardiac injury. This was defined by the original publication authors or by: 1) myocardial ischemia, 2) new cardiac arrhythmia on echocardiogram, or 3) new or worsening heart failure on echocardiogram. DATA EXTRACTION We compared the rates of cardiac injury among patients with respiratory infections with viruses that down-regulate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, including H1N1, H5N1, H7N9, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-1, to those with respiratory infections from other influenza viruses that do not bind angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, including Influenza H3N2 and influenza B. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 57 studies including 34,072 patients, acute cardiac injury occurred in 50% (95% CI, 44-57%) of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The overall risk of acute cardiac injury was 21% (95% CI, 18-26%) among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019. In comparison, 37% (95% CI, 26-49%) of critically ill patients with other respiratory viruses that bind angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (p = 0.061) and 12% (95% CI, 7-22%) of critically ill patients with other respiratory viruses that do not bind angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (p < 0.001) experienced a cardiac injury. CONCLUSIONS Acute cardiac injury may be associated with whether the virus binds angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. Acute cardiac injury occurs in half of critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients, but only 12% of patients infected by viruses that do not bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2.
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Xu L, Guo X, Wang W, Ji Y, Lin C, Wang Y, Wang X. Selective usage of ANP32 proteins by influenza B virus polymerase: Implications in determination of host range. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008989. [PMID: 33045004 PMCID: PMC7580981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal influenza and has accounted for an increasing proportion of influenza outbreaks. IBV mainly causes human infections and has not been found to spread in poultry. The replication mechanism and the determinants of interspecies transmission of IBV are largely unknown. In this study, we found that the host ANP32 proteins are required for the function of the IBV polymerase. Human ANP32A/B strongly supports IBV replication, while ANP32E has a limited role. Unlike human ANP32A/B, chicken ANP32A has low support activity to IBV polymerase because of a unique 33-amino-acid insert, which, in contrast, exhibits species specific support to avian influenza A virus (IAV) replication. Chicken ANP32B and ANP32E have even lower activity compared with human ANP32B/E due to specific amino acid substitutions at sites 129–130. We further revealed that the sites 129–130 affect the binding ability of ANP32B/E to IBV polymerase, while the 33-amino-acid insert of chicken ANP32A reduces its binding stability and affinity. Taken together, the features of avian ANP32 proteins limited their abilities to support IBV polymerase, which could prevent efficient replication of IBV in chicken cells. Our results illustrate roles of ANP32 proteins in supporting IBV replication and may help to understand the ineffective replication of IBV in birds. Influenza B viruses infect humans and few other mammals, but fairly rare in birds. Here we found that IBV requires the involvement of host ANP32 proteins in the replication process, in which ANP32A and ANP32B play major roles and can fully support polymerase activity independently, while ANP32E gives only limited support to IBV polymerase because of certain substitutions compared with ANP32A/B. Chicken ANP32A has a 33-amino-acid insert not present in mammals and provides better support to avian IAV polymerase, but this insert impairs its support for IBV polymerase activity. Chicken ANP32B and ANP32E have even lower support to IBV polymerase due to specific inactive mutations at sites 129/130. Our findings reveal an important role for ANP32 proteins in IBV polymerase activity and suggest the possible molecular basis of adaptation and restriction of IBV infection in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chaohui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Hemagglutinin Inhibitors are Potential Future Anti-Influenza Drugs for Mono- and Combination Therapies. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:547-565. [PMID: 32306356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infections by H1-H16 influenza A viruses require sufficient binding of viral hemagglutinins (HAs) to specific target receptors, glycoconjugates bearing sialyl sugar chains, on the host cell surface. Synthesized sialyl sugar chains targeting sialyl sugar-binding sites in HAs that are immutable as long as the virus does not switch to a different host species might therefore be highly effective candidate drugs for inhibition of the initial required step of virus entry. In this chapter, we describe the following aspects of updated sialyl sugar chains as influenza A virus HA inhibitors (HAIs): (1) mode of terminal sialyl-galactose linkage, (2) molecular length and structure of sialyl glycan receptors, (3) multivalent sialyl sugar chain dimension, (4) clustering of sialyl sugar chains on macromolecular scaffolds, and (5) enhancement of the stability of sialyl sugar chain HA inhibitors. We also discuss about the use of HAI-based combinations that should be considered for future influenza therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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Barnard KN, Wasik BR, LaClair JR, Buchholz DW, Weichert WS, Alford-Lawrence BK, Aguilar HC, Parrish CR. Expression of 9- O- and 7,9- O-Acetyl Modified Sialic Acid in Cells and Their Effects on Influenza Viruses. mBio 2019; 10:e02490-19. [PMID: 31796537 PMCID: PMC6890989 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02490-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sia) are widely displayed on the surfaces of cells and tissues. Sia come in a variety of chemically modified forms, including those with acetyl modifications at the C-7, C-8, and C-9 positions. Here, we analyzed the distribution and amounts of these acetyl modifications in different human and canine cells. Since Sia or their variant forms are receptors for influenza A, B, C, and D viruses, we examined the effects of these modifications on virus infections. We confirmed that 9-O-acetyl and 7,9-O-acetyl modified Sia are widely but variably expressed across cell lines from both humans and canines. Although they were expressed on the cell surfaces of canine MDCK cell lines, they were located primarily within the Golgi compartment of human HEK-293 and A549 cells. The O-acetyl modified Sia were expressed at low levels of 1 to 2% of total Sia in these cell lines. We knocked out and overexpressed the sialate O-acetyltransferase gene (CasD1) and knocked out the sialate O-acetylesterase gene (SIAE) using CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Knocking out CasD1 removed 7,9-O- and 9-O-acetyl Sia expression, confirming previous reports. However, overexpression of CasD1 and knockout of SIAE gave only modest increases in 9-O-acetyl levels in cells and no change in 7,9-O-acetyl levels, indicating that there are complex regulations of these modifications. These modifications were essential for influenza C and D infection but had no obvious effect on influenza A and B infection.IMPORTANCE Sialic acids are key glycans that are involved in many different normal cellular functions, as well as being receptors for many pathogens. However, Sia come in diverse chemically modified forms. Here, we examined and manipulated the expression of 7,9-O- and 9-O-acetyl modified Sia on cells commonly used in influenza virus and other research by engineering the enzymes that produce or remove the acetyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Justin R LaClair
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David W Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brynn K Alford-Lawrence
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Thompson AJ, de Vries RP, Paulson JC. Virus recognition of glycan receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:117-129. [PMID: 30849709 PMCID: PMC6476673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of viruses to cell-surface receptors is the initial step in infection. Many mammalian viruses have evolved to recognize receptors that are glycans on cell-surface glycoproteins or glycolipids. Although glycans are a ubiquitous component of mammalian cells, the types of terminal structures expressed vary among different cell-types and tissues, and even between comparable cells and tissues from different species, frequently leading to specific tissue and species tropisms as a direct consequence of glycan receptor recognition. Covering the majority of known virus families, this review provides an overview of mammalian viruses that use glycans as receptors, and their roles in determining in host recognition and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Antony L, Wormstadt T, Hildreth MB, Wang D, Hause B, Francis DH, Li F, Kaushik RS. Development and characterization of swine primary respiratory epithelial cells and their susceptibility to infection by four influenza virus types. Virology 2019; 528:152-163. [PMID: 30616205 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are a group of respiratory pathogens that have evolved into four different types: A, B, C, and D. A common feature is that all four types are capable of replicating and transmitting among pigs. Here, we describe the development of isogenous cell culture system from the swine respiratory tract to study influenza viruses. Phenotypic characterization of swine primary nasal turbinate, trachea and lung cells revealed high expression of cytokeratin and demonstrated tissue site dependent expression of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, lectin binding assay on these cells demonstrated higher levels of Sia2-6Gal than Sia2-3Gal receptors and supported the replication of influenza A, B, C, and D viruses to appreciable levels at both 33 and 37 °C, but replication competence was dependent on virus type or temperature used. Overall, these swine primary respiratory cells showed epithelial phenotype, which is suitable for studying the comparative biology and pathobiology of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Linto Antony
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Tristen Wormstadt
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ben Hause
- Cambridge Technologies, Oxford Street, Worthington, MN 56187, USA
| | - David H Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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13
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Shen C, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang G, Chen J, Chen S, Li Z, Wei F, Chen J, Yang K, Guo S, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Yu H, Luo W, Zhang J, Chen H, Chen Y, Xia N. An IgM antibody targeting the receptor binding site of influenza B blocks viral infection with great breadth and potency. Theranostics 2019; 9:210-231. [PMID: 30662563 PMCID: PMC6332795 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting the receptor binding site (RBS) of hemagglutinin (HA) have potential for developing into powerful anti-influenza agents. Several previously reported influenza B bnAbs are nevertheless unable to neutralize a portion of influenza B virus variants. HA-specific bnAbs with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity may possess the ability to block virus entry directly. Polymeric IgM antibodies are expected to more effectively inhibit virus attachment and entry into target cells due to their higher avidity and/or steric hindrance. We therefore hypothesized that certain RBS-targeted IgM antibodies with strong cross-lineage HI activity might display broader and more potent antiviral activity against rapidly evolving influenza B viruses. Methods: In this study, we generated IgM and IgG bnAbs targeting the RBS of influenza B virus using the murine hybridoma technique. IgM and IgG versions of the same antibodies were then developed by isotype switching and characterized in subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: Two IgM and two IgG bnAbs against influenza B virus HA were identified. Of these, one IgM subtype antibody, C7G6-IgM, showed strong HI and neutralization activities against all 20 representative influenza B strains tested, with higher potency and broader breadth of anti-influenza activity in vitro than the IgG subtype variant of itself, or other previously-reported influenza B bnAbs. Furthermore, C7G6-IgM conferred excellent cross-protection against distinct lineages of influenza B viruses in mice and ferrets, performing better than the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir, and showed an additive antiviral effect when administered in combination with oseltamivir. Mechanistically, C7G6-IgM potently inhibits infection with influenza B virus strains from different lineages by blocking viral entry. Conclusion: In summary, our study highlights the potential of IgM subtype antibodies in combatting pathogenic microbes. Moreover, C7G6-IgM is a promising candidate for the development of prophylactics or therapeutics against influenza B infection.
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Pandey RP, Kim DH, Woo J, Song J, Jang SH, Kim JB, Cheong KM, Oh JS, Sohng JK. Broad-spectrum neutralization of avian influenza viruses by sialylated human milk oligosaccharides: in vivo assessment of 3'-sialyllactose against H9N2 in chickens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2563. [PMID: 29416087 PMCID: PMC5803236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (SHMOs) 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) were accessed for their possible antiviral activity against six different subtypes of thirteen avian influenza (AI) viruses in vitro. 3'-SL exhibited promising antiviral activity against almost all subtypes of tested AI viruses in hemagglutination inhibition assay, whereas 6'-SL showed activity against few selected H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtype strains. 3'-SL has minimum inhibitory concentration values of 15.62 mM or less in more than half of the viruses examined. 3'-SL also showed effective inactivation of H9N2 Korea isolate (A/Chicken/Korea/MS96/1996) at 12.5 mM concentration in Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line. Thus, 3'-SL was further studied for in vivo study against H9N2 virus in pathogen free chicken experiment models. In vivo study exhibited improved clinical symptoms on H9N2 infected chickens when treated with 3'-SL. Moreover, treating chickens with 3'-SL resulted in complete elimination of H9N2 viruses within 24 h of virus infection (0.8 HAU of H9N2). Indirect ELISA assay confirmed complete wash-out of H9N2 viruses from the colon after neutralization by 3'-SL without entering the blood stream. These in vivo results open up possible applications of 3'-SL for the prevention of AI virus infections in birds by a simple cleansing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering and Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Korea
| | - Dae Hee Kim
- GeneChem Inc., 59-5 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
| | - Jinsuk Woo
- GeneChem Inc., 59-5 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) 175 Anynag-ro Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Jang
- Median Diagnostics Inc., 878, Sunhwan-daero, Dongnae-myeon, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Joon Bae Kim
- Median Diagnostics Inc., 878, Sunhwan-daero, Dongnae-myeon, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwang Myun Cheong
- Median Diagnostics Inc., 878, Sunhwan-daero, Dongnae-myeon, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Jin Sik Oh
- Median Diagnostics Inc., 878, Sunhwan-daero, Dongnae-myeon, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering and Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Korea.
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15
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Shen C, Chen J, Li R, Zhang M, Wang G, Stegalkina S, Zhang L, Chen J, Cao J, Bi X, Anderson SF, Alefantis T, Zhang M, Cai X, Yang K, Zheng Q, Fang M, Yu H, Luo W, Zheng Z, Yuan Q, Zhang J, Wai-Kuo Shih J, Kleanthous H, Chen H, Chen Y, Xia N. A multimechanistic antibody targeting the receptor binding site potently cross-protects against influenza B viruses. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/412/eaam5752. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam5752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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16
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Wasik BR, Barnard KN, Parrish CR. Effects of Sialic Acid Modifications on Virus Binding and Infection. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:991-1001. [PMID: 27491885 PMCID: PMC5123965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are abundantly displayed on the surfaces of vertebrate cells, and particularly on all mucosal surfaces. Sias interact with microbes of many types, and are the targets of specific recognition by many different viruses. They may mediate virus binding and infection of cells, or alternatively can act as decoy receptors that bind virions and block virus infection. These nine-carbon backbone monosaccharides naturally occur in many different modified forms, and are attached to underlying glycans through varied linkages, creating significant diversity in the pathogen receptor forms. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the distribution of modified Sias in different vertebrate hosts, tissues, and cells, their effects on viral pathogens where those have been examined, and outline unresolved questions. Sialic acids (Sias) are components of cell-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as secreted glycoproteins and milk oligosaccharides. Sias play important roles in cell signaling, development, and host–pathogen interactions. Cellular enzymes can modify Sias, yet how modifications vary between tissues and hosts has not been fully elucidated. Many viruses use Sias as receptors, with different modifications aiding or inhibiting virus infection. How modified Sias influence viral protein evolution and determine host/tissue tropism are poorly understood, and are important areas of research. New advances in molecular glycobiology using pathogen proteins to detect varied forms allows for improved study of modified Sias that have otherwise proven difficult to isolate. This opens new avenues of inquiry for virology, as well as host interactions with bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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17
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van de Sandt CE, Bodewes R, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD. Influenza B viruses: not to be discounted. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1447-65. [PMID: 26357957 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to influenza A viruses, which have been investigated extensively, influenza B viruses have attracted relatively little attention. However, influenza B viruses are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population and full understanding of their biological and epidemiological properties is imperative to better control this important pathogen. However, some of its characteristics are still elusive and warrant investigation. Here, we review evolution, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity and identify gaps in our knowledge of influenza B viruses. The divergence of two antigenically distinct influenza B viruses is highlighted. The co-circulation of viruses of these two lineages necessitated the development of quadrivalent influenza vaccines, which is discussed in addition to possibilities to develop universal vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam Science Tower, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Vijaykrishna D, Holmes EC, Joseph U, Fourment M, Su YCF, Halpin R, Lee RTC, Deng YM, Gunalan V, Lin X, Stockwell TB, Fedorova NB, Zhou B, Spirason N, Kühnert D, Bošková V, Stadler T, Costa AM, Dwyer DE, Huang QS, Jennings LC, Rawlinson W, Sullivan SG, Hurt AC, Maurer-Stroh S, Wentworth DE, Smith GJD, Barr IG. The contrasting phylodynamics of human influenza B viruses. eLife 2015; 4:e05055. [PMID: 25594904 PMCID: PMC4383373 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex interplay of viral, host, and ecological factors shapes the spatio-temporal incidence and evolution of human influenza viruses. Although considerable attention has been paid to influenza A viruses, a lack of equivalent data means that an integrated evolutionary and epidemiological framework has until now not been available for influenza B viruses, despite their significant disease burden. Through the analysis of over 900 full genomes from an epidemiological collection of more than 26,000 strains from Australia and New Zealand, we reveal fundamental differences in the phylodynamics of the two co-circulating lineages of influenza B virus (Victoria and Yamagata), showing that their individual dynamics are determined by a complex relationship between virus transmission, age of infection, and receptor binding preference. In sum, this work identifies new factors that are important determinants of influenza B evolution and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Udayan Joseph
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mathieu Fourment
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yvonne C F Su
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Raphael T C Lee
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Lin
- J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, United States
| | | | | | - Bin Zhou
- J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, United States
| | - Natalie Spirason
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Bošková
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Q Sue Huang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Lance C Jennings
- Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - William Rawlinson
- Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Ian G Barr
- World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Farsani SMJ, Deijs M, Dijkman R, Molenkamp R, Jeeninga RE, Ieven M, Goossens H, van der Hoek L. Culturing of respiratory viruses in well-differentiated pseudostratified human airway epithelium as a tool to detect unknown viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 9:51-7. [PMID: 25482367 PMCID: PMC4280819 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, virus discovery is mainly based on molecular techniques. Here, we propose a method that relies on virus culturing combined with state-of-the-art sequencing techniques. The most natural ex vivo culture system was used to enable replication of respiratory viruses. Method Three respiratory clinical samples were tested on well-differentiated pseudostratified tracheobronchial human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures grown at an air–liquid interface, which resemble the airway epithelium. Cells were stained with convalescent serum of the patients to identify infected cells and apical washes were analyzed by VIDISCA-454, a next-generation sequencing virus discovery technique. Results Infected cells were observed for all three samples. Sequencing subsequently indicated that the cells were infected by either human coronavirus OC43, influenzavirus B, or influenzavirus A. The sequence reads covered a large part of the genome (52%, 82%, and 57%, respectively). Conclusion We present here a new method for virus discovery that requires a virus culture on primary cells and an antibody detection. The virus in the harvest can be used to characterize the viral genome sequence and cell tropism, but also provides progeny virus to initiate experiments to fulfill the Koch's postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Jazaeri Farsani
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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