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Yang YS, Maddock RJ, Zhang H, Lee J, Hellemann G, Marder SR, Green MF. N-Acetylcysteine effects on glutathione and glutamate in schizophrenia: A preliminary MRS study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 325:111515. [PMID: 35839558 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a commonly used antioxidant that may have beneficial effects for schizophrenia. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled preliminary study, 40 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomized to receive 2400 mg NAC daily or placebo over eight weeks to examine the effects of NAC on prefrontal magnetic resonance spectroscopy levels of glutathione and glutamate. Secondary outcomes included negative symptoms, cognition, and plasma glutathione levels. We found that NAC treatment was associated with increased glutathione (statistically significant) and decreased glutamate (trend-level) compared with placebo in medial prefrontal cortex but not dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We also observed a baseline association between medial prefrontal cortex levels of glutathione and plasma reduced / oxidized glutathione ratios. No treatment effects on symptoms or cognition were observed. Taken together, these findings indicate that treatment with N-acetylcysteine may increase medial prefrontal cortical levels of glutathione after eight weeks of treatment. These changes in cortical levels of glutathione may serve as an early biomarker of later clinical change and may underlie the cognitive and symptomatic improvements reported in longer-term treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne S Yang
- VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Richard J Maddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Huailin Zhang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A
| | - Gerhard Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A
| | - Stephen R Marder
- VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Michael F Green
- VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
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Song Y, Zöllner HJ, Hui SCN, Hupfeld K, Oeltzschner G, Prisciandaro JJ, Edden R. Importance of Linear Combination Modeling for Quantification of Glutathione and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Levels Using Hadamard-Edited Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:872403. [PMID: 35546940 PMCID: PMC9082488 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.872403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND J-difference-edited 1H-MR spectra require modeling to quantify signals of low-concentration metabolites. Two main approaches are used for this spectral modeling: simple peak fitting and linear combination modeling (LCM) with a simulated basis set. Recent consensus recommended LCM as the method of choice for the spectral analysis of edited data. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to compare the performance of simple peak fitting and LCM in a test-retest dataset, hypothesizing that the more sophisticated LCM approach would improve quantification of Hadamard-edited data compared with simple peak fitting. METHODS A test-retest dataset was re-analyzed using Gannet (simple peak fitting) and Osprey (LCM). These data were obtained from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of twelve healthy volunteers, with TE = 80 ms for HERMES and TE = 120 ms for MEGA-PRESS of glutathione (GSH). Within-subject coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated to quantify between-scan reproducibility of each metabolite estimate. RESULTS The reproducibility of HERMES GSH estimates was substantially improved using LCM compared to simple peak fitting, from a CV of 19.0-9.9%. For MEGA-PRESS GSH data, reproducibility was similar using LCM and simple peak fitting, with CVs of 7.3 and 8.8%. GABA + CVs from HERMES were 16.7 and 15.2%, respectively for the two models. CONCLUSION LCM with simulated basis functions substantially improved the reproducibility of GSH quantification for HERMES data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Song
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steve C N Hui
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen Hupfeld
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James J Prisciandaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addiction Sciences Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Richard Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Bottino F, Lucignani M, Napolitano A, Dellepiane F, Visconti E, Rossi Espagnet MC, Pasquini L. In Vivo Brain GSH: MRS Methods and Clinical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091407. [PMID: 34573039 PMCID: PMC8468877 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant implicated in several physiological functions, including the oxidation−reduction reaction balance and brain antioxidant defense against endogenous and exogenous toxic agents. Altered brain GSH levels may reflect inflammatory processes associated with several neurologic disorders. An accurate and reliable estimation of cerebral GSH concentrations could give a clear and thorough understanding of its metabolism within the brain, thus providing a valuable benchmark for clinical applications. In this context, we aimed to provide an overview of the different magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technologies introduced for in vivo human brain GSH quantification both in healthy control (HC) volunteers and in subjects affected by different neurological disorders (e.g., brain tumors, and psychiatric and degenerative disorders). Additionally, we aimed to provide an exhaustive list of normal GSH concentrations within different brain areas. The definition of standard reference values for different brain areas could lead to a better interpretation of the altered GSH levels recorded in subjects with neurological disorders, with insights into the possible role of GSH as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bottino
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Martina Lucignani
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Antonio Napolitano
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-333-3214614
| | - Francesco Dellepiane
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.R.E.); (L.P.)
| | - Emiliano Visconti
- Neuroradiology Unit, Surgery and Trauma Department, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Maria Camilla Rossi Espagnet
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.R.E.); (L.P.)
- Neuroradiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant’Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, 00189 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (M.C.R.E.); (L.P.)
- Neuroradiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Adams LE, Moss HG, Lowe DW, Brown T, Wiest DB, Hollis BW, Singh I, Jenkins DD. NAC and Vitamin D Restore CNS Glutathione in Endotoxin-Sensitized Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:489. [PMID: 33804757 PMCID: PMC8003885 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia does not improve outcomes in neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) complicated by perinatal infection, due to well-described, pre-existing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that shorten the therapeutic window. For effective neuroprotection post-injury, we must first define and then target CNS metabolomic changes immediately after endotoxin-sensitized HI (LPS-HI). We hypothesized that LPS-HI would acutely deplete reduced glutathione (GSH), indicating overwhelming oxidative stress in spite of hypothermia treatment in neonatal rats. Post-natal day 7 rats were randomized to sham ligation, or severe LPS-HI (0.5 mg/kg 4 h before right carotid artery ligation, 90 min 8% O2), followed by hypothermia alone or with N-acetylcysteine (25 mg/kg) and vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3, 0.05 μg/kg) (NVD). We quantified in vivo CNS metabolites by serial 7T MR Spectroscopy before, immediately after LPS-HI, and after treatment, along with terminal plasma drug concentrations. GSH was significantly decreased in all LPS-HI rats compared with baseline and sham controls. Two hours of hypothermia alone did not improve GSH and allowed glutamate + glutamine (GLX) to increase. Within 1 h of administration, NVD increased GSH close to baseline and suppressed GLX. The combination of NVD with hypothermia rapidly improved cellular redox status after LPS-HI, potentially inhibiting important secondary injury cascades and allowing more time for hypothermic neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Hunter G. Moss
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President St. Room 205, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Danielle W. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 Presidents St., MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Truman Brown
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President St. Room 205, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Donald B. Wiest
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Bruce W. Hollis
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Dorothea D. Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, 10 McLellan Banks Dr, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (L.E.A.); (B.W.H.); (I.S.)
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Extracellular free water and glutathione in first-episode psychosis-a multimodal investigation of an inflammatory model for psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:761-771. [PMID: 31138893 PMCID: PMC6881530 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating for an immune-based component to the etiology of psychotic disorders. Advancements in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have enabled estimation of extracellular free water (FW), a putative biomarker of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, inflammatory processes may be associated with altered brain levels of metabolites, such as glutathione (GSH). Consequently, we sought to test the hypotheses that FW is increased and associated with decreased GSH in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (SZ) compared with healthy controls (HC). SZ (n = 36) and HC (n = 40) subjects underwent a multi-shell diffusion MRI scan on a Siemens 3T scanner. 1H-MR spectroscopy data were acquired using a GSH-optimized MEGA-PRESS editing sequence and GSH/creatine ratios were calculated for DLPFC (SZ: n = 33, HC: n = 37) and visual cortex (SZ: n = 29, HC: n = 35) voxels. Symptoms and functioning were measured using the SANS, SAPS, BPRS, and GSF/GRF. SZ demonstrated significantly elevated FW in whole-brain gray (p = .001) but not white matter (p = .060). There was no significant difference between groups in GSH in either voxel. However, there was a significant negative correlation between DLPFC GSH and both whole-brain and DLPFC-specific gray matter FW in SZ (r = -.48 and -.47, respectively; both p < .05), while this relationship was nonsignificant in HC and in both groups in the visual cortex. These data illustrate an important relationship between a metabolite known to be important for immune function-GSH-and the diffusion extracellular FW measure, which provides additional support for these measures as neuroinflammatory biomarkers that could potentially provide tractable treatment targets to guide pharmacological intervention.
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Saleh MG, Edden RAE, Chang L, Ernst T. Motion correction in magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:2312-2326. [PMID: 32301174 PMCID: PMC8386494 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging (MRS/MRSI) are valuable tools to study normal and abnormal human brain physiology. However, they are sensitive to motion, due to strong crusher gradients, long acquisition times, reliance on high magnetic field homogeneity, and particular acquisition methods such as spectral editing. The effects of motion include incorrect spatial localization, phase fluctuations, incoherent averaging, line broadening, and ultimately quantitation errors. Several retrospective methods have been proposed to correct motion-related artifacts. Recent advances in hardware also allow prospective (real-time) correction of the effects of motion, including adjusting voxel location, center frequency, and magnetic field homogeneity. This article reviews prospective and retrospective methods available in the literature and their implications for clinical MRS/MRSI. In combination, these methods can attenuate or eliminate most motion-related artifacts and facilitate the acquisition of high-quality data in the clinical research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad G. Saleh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A. E. Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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In vivo detection of γ-glutamyl-transferase up-regulation in glioma using hyperpolarized γ-glutamyl-[1- 13C]glycine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6244. [PMID: 32277103 PMCID: PMC7148357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is often upregulated in cancer, where it serves to mitigate oxidative stress. γ-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) is a key enzyme in GSH homeostasis, and compared to normal brain its expression is elevated in tumors, including in primary glioblastoma. GGT is therefore an attractive imaging target for detection of glioblastoma. The goal of our study was to assess the value of hyperpolarized (HP) γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine for non-invasive imaging of glioblastoma. Nude rats bearing orthotopic U87 glioblastoma and healthy controls were investigated. Imaging was performed by injecting HP γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine and acquiring dynamic 13C data on a preclinical 3T MR scanner. The signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios of γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine and its product [1-13C]glycine were evaluated. Comparison of control and tumor-bearing rats showed no difference in γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine SNR, pointing to similar delivery to tumor and normal brain. In contrast, [1-13C]glycine SNR was significantly higher in tumor-bearing rats compared to controls, and in tumor regions compared to normal-appearing brain. Importantly, higher [1-13C]glycine was associated with higher GGT expression and higher GSH levels in tumor tissue compared to normal brain. Collectively, this study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, the feasibility of using HP γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine to monitor GGT expression in the brain and thus to detect glioblastoma.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia, and the antioxidant defence system (AODS) may be protective in this illness. We examined the major antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in prefrontal brain and its correlates with clinical and demographic variables in schizophrenia. METHODS GSH levels were measured in the dorsolateral prefrontal region of 28 patients with chronic schizophrenia using a magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequence specifically adapted for GSH. We examined correlations of GSH levels with age, age at onset of illness, duration of illness, and clinical symptoms. RESULTS We found a negative correlation between GSH levels and age at onset (r = -0.46, p = 0.015), and a trend-level positive relationship between GSH and duration of illness (r = 0.34, p = 0.076). CONCLUSION Our findings are consistent with a possible compensatory upregulation of the AODS with longer duration of illness and suggest that the AODS may play a role in schizophrenia.
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Prisciandaro JJ, Mikkelsen M, Saleh MG, Edden RAE. An evaluation of the reproducibility of 1H-MRS GABA and GSH levels acquired in healthy volunteers with J-difference editing sequences at varying echo times. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 65:109-113. [PMID: 31707293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in J-difference-edited proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) data acquisition and processing have led to the development of Hadamard Encoding and Reconstruction of MEGA-Edited Spectroscopy (HERMES) techniques, which enable the simultaneous measurement of ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant antioxidant in living tissue, at the commonly available magnetic field strength of 3 T. However, the reproducibility of brain levels of GABA and GSH measured across multiple scans in human subjects using HERMES remains to be established. In the present study, twelve healthy volunteers completed two consecutive HERMES scans of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) to assess the test-retest reproducibility of the technique for GABA and GSH measurements at TE = 80 ms. Eleven of the twelve participants additionally completed two consecutive MEGA-PRESS scans at TE = 120 ms, with editing pulses configured for GSH acquisition, to compare the reliability of GSH in the same voxel measured using the standard MEGA-PRESS at TE = 120 ms. The primary findings of study were that, 1) the coefficient of variation (CV) of measuring GABA with HERMES was 16.7%, which is in agreement with the reliability we previously reported for measuring GABA using MEGA-PRESS; and 2) the reliability of measuring GSH with MEGA-PRESS at TE = 120 ms was more than twice as high as that for measuring the antioxidant with HERMES at TE = 80 ms (CV = 7.3% vs. 19.0% respectively). These findings suggest that HERMES and MEGA-PRESS offer similar reliabilities for measuring GABA, while MEGA-PRESS at TE = 120 ms is more reliable for measuring GSH relative to HERMES at TE = 80 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Prisciandaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addiction Sciences Division, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of SC, Charleston, SC, United States of America.
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Muhammad G Saleh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Brix MK, Dwyer GE, Craven AR, Grüner R, Noeske R, Ersland L. MEGA-PRESS and PRESS measure oxidation of glutathione in a phantom. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 60:32-37. [PMID: 30922833 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate the possibility of measuring changes in glutathione (GSH) concentration using the MRS PRESS and MEGA-PRESS sequences by tracking the natural oxidation of GSH, and to examine the accuracy of the two methods. METHODS 122 GSH edited MEGA-PRESS and PRESS acquisitions were acquired on a "braino" based phantom +3.0 mM GSH during a period of 11 days. All spectra were analyzed in LCModel. (The MEGA-PRESS data were first preprocessed in Matlab). Degradation curves were modeled. A one year follow-up on the same phantom and measurements from a similar phantom without GSH and one pure GSH phantom were also included. RESULTS Both MEGA-PRESS and PRESS showed degradation of the measured GSH signal. Modeling the exponential decay of the GSH signal in MEGA-PRESS and PRESS gave for t = 0; 2.9 i.u. for MEGA-PRESS and 2.3 i.u. for PRESS. As t increased, the GSH concentration converged to zero for MEGA-PRESS but not for PRESS (0.7 i.u.). GSH for the one year follow up were 0.0 i.u. for MEGA-PRESS and 0.6 i.u. for PRESS. Similar phantom without GSH yielded 0.0 i.u. for both MEGA-PRESS and PRESS. CONCLUSION It is possible to measure changes in GSH concentration in a phantom using both PRESS and MEGA-PRESS techniques, however the PRESS spectrum appears to include oxidized GSH (GSSG). In addition, GSH edited MEGA-PRESS measurement gives more precise values at lower GSH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken K Brix
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gerard E Dwyer
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT - Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexander R Craven
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT - Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Renate Grüner
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT - Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ralph Noeske
- Applied Science Laboratory Europe, GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT - Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Wijtenburg SA, Near J, Korenic SA, Gaston FE, Chen H, Mikkelsen M, Chen S, Kochunov P, Hong LE, Rowland LM. Comparing the reproducibility of commonly used magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques to quantify cerebral glutathione. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 49:176-183. [PMID: 29659065 PMCID: PMC6191387 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral glutathione (GSH), a marker of oxidative stress, has been quantified in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Using a reproducible MRS technique is important, as it minimizes the impact of measurement technique variability on the study results and ensures that other studies can replicate the results. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that very short echo time (TE) acquisitions would have comparable reproducibility to a long TE MEGA-PRESS acquisition, and that the short TE PRESS acquisition would have the poorest reproducibility. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS/PHANTOMS Ten healthy adults were scanned during two visits, and six metabolite phantoms containing varying concentrations of GSH and metabolites with resonances that overlap with GSH were scanned once. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE At 3T we acquired MRS data using four different sequences: PRESS, SPECIAL, PR-STEAM, and MEGA-PRESS. ASSESSMENT Reproducibility of each MRS sequence across two visits was assessed. STATISTICAL TESTS Mean coefficients of variation (CV) and mean absolute difference (AD) were used to assess reproducibility. Linear regressions were performed on data collected from phantoms to examine the agreement between known and quantified levels of GSH. RESULTS Of the four techniques, PR-STEAM had the lowest mean CV and AD (5.4% and 7.5%, respectively), implying excellent reproducibility, followed closely by PRESS (5.8% and 8.2%) and SPECIAL (8.0 and 10.1%), and finally by MEGA-PRESS (13.5% and 17.1%). Phantom data revealed excellent fits (R2 ≥ 0.98 or higher) using all methods. DATA CONCLUSION Our data suggest that GSH can be quantified reproducibly without the use of spectral editing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:176-183.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Near
- Centre d’Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Korenic
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank E. Gaston
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongji Chen
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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An L, Araneta MF, Johnson C, Shen J. Simultaneous measurement of glutamate, glutamine, GABA, and glutathione by spectral editing without subtraction. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1776-1786. [PMID: 29575059 PMCID: PMC6107387 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To simultaneously measure glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutathione using spectral editing without subtraction at 7T. METHODS A novel spectral editing approach was proposed to simultaneously measure glutamate, glutamine, GABA, and glutathione using a TE of 56 ms at 7T. By numerical optimization of sequence timing in the presence of an editing pulse, the 4 metabolites all form relatively intense pseudo singlets with maximized peak amplitudes and minimized peak linewidths in 1 of the 3 interleaved spectra. For measuring glutamate, glutamine, and glutathione, the editing pulse targets the H3 protons of these metabolites near 2.12 parts per million. Both GABA H2 and H4 resonances are fully utilized in spectral fitting. RESULTS Concentration levels (/[total creatine]) of glutamate, glutamine, GABA, and glutathione from an 8 mL voxel in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex of 5 healthy volunteers were found to be 1.26 ± 0.13, 0.33 ± 0.06, 0.13 ± 0.03, and 0.27 ± 0.03, respectively, with within-subject coefficient of variation at 3.2%, 8.2%, 7.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. The total scan time was less than 4.5 min. CONCLUSIONS The proposed new technique does not require data subtraction. The 3 major metabolites of the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems and the oxidative stress marker glutathione were all measured in 1 short scan with high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li An
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Christopher Johnson
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jun Shen
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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13
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Mikkelsen M, Saleh MG, Near J, Chan KL, Gong T, Harris AD, Oeltzschner G, Puts NAJ, Cecil KM, Wilkinson ID, Edden RAE. Frequency and phase correction for multiplexed edited MRS of GABA and glutathione. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:21-28. [PMID: 29215137 PMCID: PMC5876096 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detection of endogenous metabolites using multiplexed editing substantially improves the efficiency of edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Multiplexed editing (i.e., performing more than one edited experiment in a single acquisition) requires a tailored, robust approach for correction of frequency and phase offsets. Here, a novel method for frequency and phase correction (FPC) based on spectral registration is presented and compared against previously presented approaches. METHODS One simulated dataset and 40 γ-aminobutyric acid-/glutathione-edited HERMES datasets acquired in vivo at three imaging centers were used to test four FPC approaches: no correction; spectral registration; spectral registration with post hoc choline-creatine alignment; and multistep FPC. The performance of each routine for the simulated dataset was assessed by comparing the estimated frequency/phase offsets against the known values, whereas the performance for the in vivo data was assessed quantitatively by calculation of an alignment quality metric based on choline subtraction artifacts. RESULTS The multistep FPC approach returned corrections that were closest to the true values for the simulated dataset. Alignment quality scores were on average worst for no correction, and best for multistep FPC in both the γ-aminobutyric acid- and glutathione-edited spectra in the in vivo data. CONCLUSIONS Multistep FPC results in improved correction of frequency/phase errors in multiplexed γ-aminobutyric acid-/glutathione-edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments. The optimal FPC strategy is experiment-specific, and may even be dataset-specific. Magn Reson Med 80:21-28, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad G. Saleh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Near
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kimberly L. Chan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tao Gong
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ashley D. Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicolaas A. J. Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kim M. Cecil
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Richard A. E. Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Moss HG, Brown TR, Wiest DB, Jenkins DD. N-Acetylcysteine rapidly replenishes central nervous system glutathione measured via magnetic resonance spectroscopy in human neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:950-958. [PMID: 29561203 PMCID: PMC5999009 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18765828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent oxidative stress depletes reduced glutathione (GSH), an intracellular antioxidant and an important determinant of CNS injury after hypoxia ischemia. We used standard, short echo time Stimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM) to detect GSH by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in 24 term neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), on day of life 5-6, after rewarming from therapeutic hypothermia. MRS demonstrated reliable, consistent GSH of 1·64 ± 0·20 mM in the basal ganglia immediately before intravenous infusion of N-acetylcysteine. N-acetylcysteine resulted in a rapid and significant GSH increase to 1·93 ± 0.23 mM within 12-30 min after completion of infusion ( n = 21, p < 0.0001, paired t-test), compared with those who did not receive N-acetylcysteine ( n = 3, GSH = 1.66 ± 0.06 mM and 1.64 ± 0.09 mM). In one perinatal stroke patient, GSH in the diffusion-restricted stroke area was 1.0 mM, indicating significant compromise of intracellular redox potential, which also improved after N-acetylcysteine. For comparison, GSH in healthy term neonates has been reported at 2.5 ± 0.9 mM in the thalamus. This is the first report to show persistent oxidative stress reflected in GSH during the subacute phase in neonates with HIE and rapid response to N-acetylcysteine, using a short echo MRS sequence that is available on all clinical scanners without spectral editing.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/administration & dosage
- Adult
- Female
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypothermia, Induced
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/diagnosis
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/therapy
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/therapy
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Male
- Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects
- Stroke/diagnosis
- Stroke/metabolism
- Stroke/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter G Moss
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Truman R Brown
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Donald B Wiest
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Dorothea D Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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15
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Murrough JW, Huryk KM, Mao X, Iacoviello B, Collins K, Nierenberg AA, Kang G, Shungu DC, Iosifescu DV. A pilot study of minocycline for the treatment of bipolar depression: Effects on cortical glutathione and oxidative stress in vivo. J Affect Disord 2018; 230:56-64. [PMID: 29407539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antibiotic minocycline appears to promote neuroprotection through antioxidant and other mechanisms that may be relevant to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. The present study assessed the efficacy of minocycline in bipolar depression and examined the association between minocycline treatment and brain glutathione (GSH), an essential regulator of oxidative stress. METHOD Twenty patients with bipolar disorder experiencing acute depressive symptoms enrolled in an 8-week, open-label trial of adjuvant minocycline. Depression was assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) measures of cortical GSH within a voxel prescribed in the precuneus and aspects of the occipital cortex were obtained from a subset of patients (n=12) before and after treatment. RESULTS The daily dose of minocycline at study end was 256mg (SD: 71mg). Treatment was associated with improvements in depression severity [MADRS score change: -14.6 (95% CI: -7.8 to -21.3)]. Ten patients (50%) were classified as responders based on a ≥50% reduction in MADRS score and 8 patients (40%) were classified as remitters (MADRS score ≤ 9). Higher baseline GSH levels were associated with greater improvement in MADRS score following treatment (ρ=0.51, p=0.05). Increases in GSH levels at study end were higher in non-responders than in responders (p=0.04). LIMITATIONS Small sample size, lack of a placebo group. CONCLUSION Minocycline may be an effective adjuvant treatment for bipolar depression, particularly in patients with high baseline GSH levels. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential of minocycline in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Murrough
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA.
| | | | - Xiangling Mao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA
| | - Brian Iacoviello
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA; Click Therapeutics, Inc, USA
| | - Katherine Collins
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Andrew A Nierenberg
- Bipolar Clinic and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Guoxin Kang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA
| | | | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA; Nathan Kline Institute and New York University School of Medicine, USA.
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16
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Filser JG, Klein D. A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for inhaled ethylene and ethylene oxide in mouse, rat, and human. Toxicol Lett 2018; 286:54-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Shukla D, Mandal PK, Ersland L, Grüner ER, Tripathi M, Raghunathan P, Sharma A, Chaithya G, Punjabi K, Splaine C. A Multi-Center Study on Human Brain Glutathione Conformation using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:517-532. [PMID: 30198874 PMCID: PMC6218146 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies on glutathione (GSH) indicated existence of closed and extended conformations. The present work in a multi-center research setting reports in-depth analysis of GSH conformers in vivo using a common magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) protocol and signal processing scheme. MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence was applied on healthy subjects using 3T Philips MRI scanner (India) and 3T GE MRI scanner (Norway) using the same experimental parameters (echo time, repetition time, and selective 180° refocusing ON-pulse at 4.40 ppm and 4.56 ppm). All MRS data were processed at one site National Brain Research Center (NBRC) using in-house MRS processing toolbox (KALPANA) for consistency. We have found that both the closed and extended GSH conformations are present in human brain and the relative proportion of individual conformer peak depends on the specific selection of refocusing ON-pulse position in MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence. It is important to emphasize that in vivo experiments with different refocusing and inversion pulse positions, echo time, and voxel size, clearly evidence the presence of both the GSH conformations. The GSH conformer peak positions for the closed GSH (Cys-Hβ) peak at ∼2.80 ppm and extended GSH (Cys-Hβ) peak at ∼2.95 ppm remain consistent irrespective of the selective refocusing OFF-pulse positions. This is the first in vivo study where both extended and closed GSH conformers are detected using the MEGA-PRESS sequence employing the parameters derived from the high resolution in vitro NMR studies on GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Shukla
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pravat K. Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli Renate Grüner
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ankita Sharma
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - G.R. Chaithya
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Khushboo Punjabi
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory (NINS), National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Christopher Splaine
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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18
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Oeltzschner G, Chan KL, Saleh MG, Mikkelsen M, Puts NA, Edden RAE. Hadamard editing of glutathione and macromolecule-suppressed GABA. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:10.1002/nbm.3844. [PMID: 29073732 PMCID: PMC5737628 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the major antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are compounds of high importance for the function and integrity of the human brain. In this study, a method for simultaneous J-difference spectral-edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of GSH and GABA with suppression of macromolecular (MM) signals at 3 T is proposed. MM-suppressed Hadamard encoding and reconstruction of MEGA (Mescher-Garwood)-edited spectroscopy (HERMES) consists of four sub-experiments (TE = 80 ms), with 20-ms editing pulses applied at: (A) 4.56 and 1.9 ppm; (B) 4.56 and 1.5 ppm; (C) 1.9 ppm; and (D) 1.5 ppm. One Hadamard combination (A + B - C - D) yields GSH-edited spectra, and another (A - B + C - D) yields GABA-edited spectra, with symmetric suppression of the co-edited MM signal. MM-suppressed HERMES, conventional HERMES and separate Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) data were successfully acquired from a (33 mm)3 voxel in the parietal lobe in 10 healthy subjects. GSH- and GABA-edited MM-suppressed HERMES spectra were in close agreement with the respective MEGA-PRESS spectra. Mean GABA (and GSH) estimates were 1.10 ± 0.15 i.u. (0.59 ± 0.12 i.u.) for MM-suppressed HERMES, and 1.13 ± 0.09 i.u. (0.66 ± 0.09 i.u.) for MEGA-PRESS. Mean GABA (and GSH) differences between MM-suppressed HERMES and MEGA-PRESS were -0.03 ± 0.11 i.u. (-0.07 ± 0.11 i.u.). The mean signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement of MM-suppressed HERMES over MEGA-PRESS was 1.45 ± 0.25 for GABA and 1.32 ± 0.24 for GSH. These results indicate that symmetric suppression of the MM signal can be accommodated into the Hadamard editing framework. Compared with sequential single-metabolite MEGA-PRESS experiments, MM-suppressed HERMES allows for simultaneous edited measurements of GSH and GABA without MM contamination in only half the scan time, and SNR is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Oeltzschner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly L. Chan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Muhammad G. Saleh
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicolaas A. Puts
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard A. E. Edden
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Raschke F, Noeske R, Dineen RA, Auer DP. Measuring Cerebral and Cerebellar Glutathione in Children Using 1H MEGA-PRESS MRS. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 39:375-379. [PMID: 29242361 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glutathione is an important antioxidant in the human brain and therefore of interest in neurodegenerative disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of measuring glutathione in healthy nonsedated children by using the 1H Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) sequence at 3T and to compare glutathione levels between the medial parietal gray matter and the cerebellum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Glutathione was measured using MEGA-PRESS MRS (TR = 1.8 seconds, TE = 131 ms) in the parietal gray matter (35 × 25 × 20 mm3) of 6 healthy children (10.0 ± 2.4 years of age; range, 7-14 years; 3 males) and in the cerebellum of 11 healthy children (12.0 ± 2.7 years of age; range, 7-16 years; 6 males). A postprocessing pipeline was developed to account for frequency and phase variations in the edited ON and nonedited OFF spectra. Metabolites were quantified with LCModel and reported both as ratios and water-scaled values. Glutathione was quantified in the ON-OFF spectra, whereas total NAA, total Cho, total Cr, mIns, Glx, and taurine were quantified in the OFF spectra. RESULTS We found significantly higher glutathione, total Cho, total Cr, mIns, and taurine in the cerebellum (P < .01). Glx and total NAA were significantly higher in the parietal gray matter (P < .01). There was no significant difference in glutathione/total Cr (P = .93) between parietal gray matter and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that glutathione measurement in nonsedated children is feasible. We found significantly higher glutathione in the cerebellum compared with the parietal gray matter. Metabolite differences between the parietal gray matter and cerebellum agree with published MRS data in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Raschke
- From the National Center for Tumor Diseases (F.R.), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (F.R.), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (F.R.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf (F.R.), Dresden, Germany
| | - R Noeske
- GE Healthcare (R.N.), Applied Science Lab Europe, Berlin, Germany
| | - R A Dineen
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre (R.A.D., D.P.A.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK .,Radiological Sciences, (R.A.D., D.P.A.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (R.A.D., D.P.A.), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - D P Auer
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre (R.A.D., D.P.A.), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Radiological Sciences, (R.A.D., D.P.A.), Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (R.A.D., D.P.A.), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
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20
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Chiang GC, Mao X, Kang G, Chang E, Pandya S, Vallabhajosula S, Isaacson R, Ravdin LD, Shungu DC. Relationships among Cortical Glutathione Levels, Brain Amyloidosis, and Memory in Healthy Older Adults Investigated In Vivo with 1H-MRS and Pittsburgh Compound-B PET. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:1130-1137. [PMID: 28341718 PMCID: PMC5471116 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxidative stress has been implicated as an important pathologic mechanism in the development of Alzheimer disease. The purpose of this study was to assess whether glutathione levels, detected noninvasively with proton MR spectroscopy, are associated with brain amyloidosis and memory in a community-dwelling cohort of healthy older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen cognitively healthy subjects were prospectively enrolled in this study. All subjects underwent 1H-MR spectroscopy of glutathione, a positron-emission tomography scan with an amyloid tracer, and neuropsychological testing by using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Associations among glutathione levels, brain amyloidosis, and memory were assessed by using multivariate regression models. RESULTS Lower glutathione levels were associated with greater brain amyloidosis in the temporal (P = .03) and parietal (P = .05) regions, adjusted for apolipoprotein E ε4 carrier status. There were no significant associations between glutathione levels and cognitive scores. CONCLUSIONS This study found an association between cortical glutathione levels and brain amyloidosis in healthy older adults, suggesting a potential role for 1H-MR spectroscopy measures of glutathione as a noninvasive biomarker of early Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Chiang
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C.C., X.M., G.K., E.C., S.P., S.V., D.C.S.)
| | - X Mao
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C.C., X.M., G.K., E.C., S.P., S.V., D.C.S.)
| | - G Kang
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C.C., X.M., G.K., E.C., S.P., S.V., D.C.S.)
| | - E Chang
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C.C., X.M., G.K., E.C., S.P., S.V., D.C.S.)
| | - S Pandya
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C.C., X.M., G.K., E.C., S.P., S.V., D.C.S.)
| | - S Vallabhajosula
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C.C., X.M., G.K., E.C., S.P., S.V., D.C.S.)
| | - R Isaacson
- Neurology (R.I., L.D.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - L D Ravdin
- Neurology (R.I., L.D.R.), Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - D C Shungu
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C.C., X.M., G.K., E.C., S.P., S.V., D.C.S.)
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21
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Automatic frequency and phase alignment of in vivo J-difference-edited MR spectra by frequency domain correlation. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 30:537-544. [PMID: 28573461 PMCID: PMC5701960 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-017-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective J-difference editing is often used to select resonances of compounds with coupled spins in 1H-MR spectra. Accurate phase and frequency alignment prior to subtracting J-difference-edited MR spectra is important to avoid artefactual contributions to the edited resonance. Materials and methods In-vivo J-difference-edited MR spectra were aligned by maximizing the normalized scalar product between two spectra (i.e., the correlation over a spectral region). The performance of our correlation method was compared with alignment by spectral registration and by alignment of the highest point in two spectra. The correlation method was tested at different SNR levels and for a broad range of phase and frequency shifts. Results In-vivo application of the proposed correlation method showed reduced subtraction errors and increased fit reliability in difference spectra as compared with conventional peak alignment. The correlation method and the spectral registration method generally performed equally well. However, better alignment using the correlation method was obtained for spectra with a low SNR (down to ~2) and for relatively large frequency shifts. Conclusion Our correlation method for simultaneously phase and frequency alignment is able to correct both small and large phase and frequency drifts and also performs well at low SNR levels.
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Harris AD, Saleh MG, Edden RAE. Edited 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo: Methods and metabolites. Magn Reson Med 2017; 77:1377-1389. [PMID: 28150876 PMCID: PMC5352552 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Proton magnetic resonance (1 H-MRS) spectrum contains information about the concentration of tissue metabolites within a predefined region of interest (a voxel). The conventional spectrum in some cases obscures information about less abundant metabolites due to limited separation and complex splitting of the metabolite peaks. One method to detect these metabolites is to reduce the complexity of the spectrum using editing. This review provides an overview of the one-dimensional editing methods available to interrogate these obscured metabolite peaks. These methods include sequence optimizations, echo-time averaging, J-difference editing methods (single BASING, dual BASING, and MEGA-PRESS), constant-time PRESS, and multiple quantum filtering. It then provides an overview of the brain metabolites whose detection can benefit from one or more of these editing approaches, including ascorbic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, lactate, aspartate, N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, glutathione, glutamate, glycine, and serine. Magn Reson Med 77:1377-1389, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A9, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Muhammad G Saleh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Glutathione in the human brain: Review of its roles and measurement by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2016; 529:127-143. [PMID: 28034792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We review the transport, synthesis and catabolism of glutathione in the brain as well as its compartmentation and biochemistry in different brain cells. The major reactions involving glutathione are reviewed and the factors limiting its availability in brain cells are discussed. We also describe and critique current methods for measuring glutathione in the human brain using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and review the literature on glutathione measurements in healthy brains and in neurological, psychiatric, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions In summary: Healthy human brain glutathione concentration is ∼1-2 mM, but it varies by brain region, with evidence of gender differences and age effects; in neurological disease glutathione appears reduced in multiple sclerosis, motor neurone disease and epilepsy, while being increased in meningiomas; in psychiatric disease the picture is complex and confounded by methodological differences, regional effects, length of disease and drug-treatment. Both increases and decreases in glutathione have been reported in depression and schizophrenia. In Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment there is evidence for a decrease in glutathione compared to age-matched healthy controls. Improved methods to measure glutathione in vivo will provide better precision in glutathione determination and help resolve the complex biochemistry of this molecule in health and disease.
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Xu H, Zhang H, Zhang J, Huang Q, Shen Z, Wu R. Evaluation of neuron-glia integrity by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Implications for psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:563-577. [PMID: 27702600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) has been widely applied in human studies. There is now a large literature describing findings of brain MRS studies with mental disorder patients including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders. However, the findings are mixed and cannot be reconciled by any of the existing interpretations. Here we proposed the new theory of neuron-glia integrity to explain the findings of brain 1H-MRS stuies. It proposed the neurochemical correlates of neuron-astrocyte integrity and axon-myelin integrity on the basis of update of neurobiological knowledge about neuron-glia communication and of experimental MRS evidence for impairments in neuron-glia integrity from the authors and the other investigators. Following the neuron-glia integrity theories, this review collected evidence showing that glutamate/glutamine change is a good marker for impaired neuron-astrocyte integrity and that changes in N-acetylaspartate and lipid precursors reflect impaired myelination. Moreover, this new theory enables us to explain the differences between MRS findings in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, China.
| | - Handi Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- The Department of Radiology, the second affiliated hospital, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- The Department of Radiology, the second affiliated hospital, Shantou University Medical College, China
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Sanaei Nezhad F, Anton A, Parkes LM, Deakin B, Williams SR. Quantification of glutathione in the human brain by MR spectroscopy at 3 Tesla: Comparison of PRESS and MEGA-PRESS. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:1257-1266. [PMID: 27797108 PMCID: PMC5469715 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glutathione (GSH) is an important intracellular antioxidant in the brain. A number of studies report its measurement by localized 1 H spectroscopy using PRESS and STEAM. This study evaluates the reliability and accuracy of GSH measurements from PRESS at 3 Tesla (T) and compares the results to those obtained with MEGA-PRESS. METHODS Phantoms containing brain metabolites, identical except for variable GSH concentration between 0 and 24 mM, were scanned using PRESS (echo time (TE) = 35 ms) and MEGA-PRESS (optimized TE = 130 ms) at 3 T. Spectra of the anterior cingulate cortex and occipital cortex in seven healthy volunteers were also acquired. RESULTS Phantom GSH concentrations from 0 to 3mM were unreliably quantified using PRESS, although at 4 mM and above there was a linear relationship between measured and true concentrations (R2 = 0.99). Using MEGA-PRESS, there was no signal detected at 0 mM GSH, plus a linear relationship (R2 = 0.99) over the full range from 0-24 mM. In brain, concentrations calculated from MEGA-PRESS and PRESS were significantly different in occipital cortex (P < 0.001). Moreover, only MEGA-PRESS reported significant differences in GSH between the two brain regions (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Due to uncertainties in GSH quantification raised by the study, the authors conclude that physiological concentrations (<4 mM) of GSH cannot be reliably quantified from PRESS (TE = 35 ms) spectra at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 78:1257-1266, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Sanaei Nezhad
- Centre for Imaging ScienceManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Adriana Anton
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry UnitManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Parkes
- Centre for Imaging ScienceManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Bill Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry UnitManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Williams
- Centre for Imaging ScienceManchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
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Saleh MG, Oeltzschner G, Chan KL, Puts NAJ, Mikkelsen M, Schär M, Harris AD, Edden RAE. Simultaneous edited MRS of GABA and glutathione. Neuroimage 2016; 142:576-582. [PMID: 27534734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Edited MRS allows the detection of low-concentration metabolites, whose signals are not resolved in the MR spectrum. Tailored acquisitions can be designed to detect, for example, the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), or the reduction-oxidation (redox) compound glutathione (GSH), and single-voxel edited experiments are generally acquired at a rate of one metabolite-per-experiment. We demonstrate that simultaneous detection of the overlapping signals of GABA and GSH is possible using Hadamard Encoding and Reconstruction of Mega-Edited Spectroscopy (HERMES). HERMES applies orthogonal editing encoding (following a Hadamard scheme), such that GSH- and GABA-edited difference spectra can be reconstructed from a single multiplexed experiment. At a TE of 80ms, 20-ms editing pulses are applied at 4.56ppm (on GSH),1.9ppm (on GABA), both offsets (using a dual-lobe cosine-modulated pulse) or neither. Hadamard combinations of the four sub-experiments yield GABA and GSH difference spectra. It is shown that HERMES gives excellent separation of the edited GABA and GSH signals in phantoms, and resulting edited lineshapes agree well with separate Mescher-Garwood Point-resolved Spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) acquisitions. In vivo, the quality and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of HERMES spectra are similar to those of sequentially acquired MEGA-PRESS spectra, with the benefit of saving half the acquisition time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad G Saleh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly L Chan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Schär
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Chan KL, Puts NAJ, Snoussi K, Harris AD, Barker PB, Edden RAE. Echo time optimization for J-difference editing of glutathione at 3T. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:498-504. [PMID: 26918659 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the echo time (TE) dependence of J-difference editing of glutathione and to determine the optimal TE for in vivo measurements at 3T. METHODS Spatially resolved density-matrix simulations and phantom experiments were performed at a range of TEs to establish the spatial and TE modulation of glutathione signals in editing-on, editing-off, and difference spectra at 3T. In vivo data were acquired in five healthy subjects to compare a TE of 68 ms and a TE of 120 ms. At the longer TE, high-bandwidth, frequency-modulated, slice-selective refocusing pulses were also compared with conventional amplitude-modulated pulses. RESULTS Simulations and relaxation-corrected phantom experiments suggest that the maximum edited signal occurs at TE 160 ms, ignoring transverse relaxation. Considering in vivo T2 relaxation times of 67-89 ms, the optimal in vivo TE is estimated to be 120 ms. In vivo measurements showed that this TE yielded 15% more signal than TE 68 ms. A further gain of 57% resulted from using improved slice-selective refocusing pulses. CONCLUSION J-difference editing of glutathione using TE 120 ms delivers increased signal due to improved editing efficiency that more than offsets T2 losses. The additional TE also allows for use of improved slice-selective refocusing pulses, which results in additional signal gains. Magn Reson Med 77:498-504, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karim Snoussi
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley D Harris
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter B Barker
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wijtenburg SA, Gaston FE, Spieker EA, Korenic SA, Kochunov P, Hong LE, Rowland LM. Reproducibility of phase rotation STEAM at 3T: focus on glutathione. Magn Reson Med 2013; 72:603-9. [PMID: 24151202 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility of a very short echo time (TE) phase rotation stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence at 3T with a focus on the detection of glutathione. METHODS Ten healthy subjects were scanned on two separate visits. Spectra were acquired from voxels placed in the anterior and posterior cingulates. Reproducibility was assessed using mean coefficients of variation (CVs) and mean absolute differences (ADs), and reliability was assessed using standard error of measurement (SEM) and intraclass correlations (ICCs). Phantoms containing glutathione and metabolites with overlapping resonances were scanned to test the validity of glutathione quantification. RESULTS Excellent reproducibility as illustrated by CVs ≤8.3% and ADs ≤11.6% for both regions was obtained for glutathione and other commonly reported metabolites. Reproducibility measures for γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamine were good overall with CVs ranging from 6.4%-10.5% and ADs ranging from 8.6%-15.5% for both regions. Glutathione absolute and relative reliability were very good (SEMs ≤9.9%) and fair (ICCs = 0.42-0.51), respectively. Phantom studies demonstrated the ability to accurately detect glutathione from other metabolites with overlapping resonances with great precision (R(2) = 0.99). CONCLUSION A very short TE phase rotation STEAM sequence proved reproducible for metabolites difficult to quantify but important for the study of psychiatric and neurological illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lin W, An H, Ford AL, Chen Y, Vo KD, Powers WJ, Lee JM. MR imaging of oxygen extraction and neurovascular coupling. Stroke 2013; 44:S61-4. [PMID: 23709733 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Lin
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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An L, Dani KA, Shen J, Warach S. Pilot results of in vivo brain glutathione measurements in stroke patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:2118-21. [PMID: 23010948 PMCID: PMC3519413 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of glutathione concentration for the study of redox status in subjects with neurological disease has been limited to peripheral markers. We recruited 19 subjects with large strokes. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy we measured brain glutathione concentration in the stroke region and in healthy tissue to calculate a glutathione-ratio. Elevated glutathione-ratio was observed in subacute (<72 hours) subjects without hemorrhagic transformation (mean=1.19, P=0.03, n=6). No trend was seen when all subjects were considered (n=19, 3 to 754 hours, range=0.45 to 1.41). This technique can detect glutathione changes because of disease, and may be valuable in clinical trials of stroke and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li An
- Section on Stroke Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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The neurochemical profile quantified by in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2012; 61:342-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Metabolic Imaging in Translational Stroke Research. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Brain oxidative stress: detection and mapping of anti-oxidant marker 'Glutathione' in different brain regions of healthy male/female, MCI and Alzheimer patients using non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:43-8. [PMID: 22120629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) serves as an important anti-oxidant in the brain by scavenging harmful reactive oxygen species that are generated during different molecular processes. The GSH level in the brain provides indirect information on oxidative stress of the brain. We report in vivo detection of GSH non-invasively from various brain regions (frontal cortex, parietal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum) in bilateral hemispheres of healthy male and female subjects and from bi-lateral frontal cortices in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). All AD patients who participated in this study were on medication with cholinesterase inhibitors. Healthy young male (age 26.4±3.0) and healthy young female (age 23.6±2.1) subjects have higher amount of GSH in the parietal cortical region and a specific GSH distribution pattern (parietal cortex>frontal cortex>hippocampus ~ cerebellum) has been found. Overall mean GSH content is higher in healthy young female compared to healthy young male subjects and GSH is distributed differently in two hemispheres among male and female subjects. In both young female and male subjects, statistically significant (p=0.02 for young female and p=0.001 for young male) difference in mean GSH content is found when compared between left frontal cortex (LFC) and right frontal cortex (RFC). In healthy young female subjects, we report statistically significant positive correlation of GSH content between RFC and LFC (r=0.641, p=0.004) as well as right parietal cortex (RPC) and left parietal cortex (LPC) (r=0.797, p=0.000) regions. In healthy young male subjects, statistically significant positive correlation of GSH content was observed between LFC and LPC (r=0.481, p=0.032) regions. This statistical analysis implicates that in case of a high GSH content in LPC of a young male, his LFC region would also contain high GSH and vice versa. The difference in mean of GSH content between healthy young female control and female AD patients in RFC region (p=0.003) and difference in mean of GSH content between healthy young male control and male AD patients (p=0.05) in LFC region is found to be statistically significant. It is the first scientific report correlating alteration (in selective brain regions) of GSH level with clinical status of male and female subjects using non-invasive imaging technique.
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