1
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Costa B, Gouveia MJ, Vale N. Safety and Efficacy of Antiviral Drugs and Vaccines in Pregnant Women: Insights from Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Integration of Viral Infection Dynamics. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:782. [PMID: 39066420 PMCID: PMC11281481 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing the complexities of managing viral infections during pregnancy is essential for informed medical decision-making. This comprehensive review delves into the management of key viral infections impacting pregnant women, namely Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus/Hepatitis C Virus (HBV/HCV), Influenza, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). We evaluate the safety and efficacy profiles of antiviral treatments for each infection, while also exploring innovative avenues such as gene vaccines and their potential in mitigating viral threats during pregnancy. Additionally, the review examines strategies to overcome challenges, encompassing prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine research, regulatory considerations, and safety protocols. Utilizing advanced methodologies, including PBPK modeling, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and causal inference, we can amplify our comprehension and decision-making capabilities in this intricate domain. This narrative review aims to shed light on diverse approaches and ongoing advancements, this review aims to foster progress in antiviral therapy for pregnant women, improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Parasite Biology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Centre for Parasite Biology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for the Study in Animal Science (CECA/ICETA), University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Francese R, Peila C, Donalisio M, Lamberti C, Cirrincione S, Colombi N, Tonetto P, Cavallarin L, Bertino E, Moro GE, Coscia A, Lembo D. Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection? Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1389-1415. [PMID: 37604306 PMCID: PMC10721544 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of nutrition for infant growth and health. This nourishment is unique and changes constantly during lactation to adapt to the physiological needs of the developing infant. It is also recognized as a potential route of transmission of some viral pathogens although the presence of a virus in HM rarely leads to a disease in an infant. This intriguing paradox can be explained by considering the intrinsic antiviral properties of HM. In this comprehensive and schematically presented review, we have described what viruses have been detected in HM so far and what their potential transmission risk through breastfeeding is. We have provided a description of all the antiviral compounds of HM, along with an analysis of their demonstrated and hypothesized mechanisms of action. Finally, we have also analyzed the impact of HM pasteurization and storage methods on the detection and transmission of viruses, and on the antiviral compounds of HM. We have highlighted that there is currently a deep knowledge on the potential transmission of viral pathogens through breastfeeding and on the antiviral properties of HM. The current evidence suggests that, in most cases, it is unnecessarily to deprive an infant of this high-quality nourishment and that the continuation of breastfeeding is in the best interest of the infant and the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Biblioteca Federata di Medicina "Ferdinando Rossi", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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3
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Deng S, Zhong W, Chen W, Wang Z. Hepatitis C viral load and mother-to-child transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:177-186. [PMID: 36066543 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We aim to assess the association between maternal hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral load and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection and the risk for mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) among pregnant women infected with HCV. METHODS A literature search of the Medline, Embase, Central, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (CPCIS), Scopus, Literature Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), and WHO Global Index Medicus databases, from inception to June 21, 2022, was performed. Studies that reported the incidence HCV-MTCT were included. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using the random-effects model, and Holm-Bonferroni correction was performed for multiple pooled associations. RESULTS The present meta-analysis included 26 studies involving 4934 newborns with maternal HCV infection. Pregnant women with HCV viremia exhibited increased risk for MTCT (odds ratio [OR] 8.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.65-14.63]) compared with those negative for HCV-RNA. Multiple subgroup analysis revealed that the HCV viremia/HIV-positive group demonstrated the highest risk for HCV MTCT, followed by the HCV viremia mono-infected group, while HCV-RNA-negative women demonstrated the lowest risk for HCV MTCT. Among females with HCV viremia, elevated risk for MTCT was found among subjects with a viral load ≥ 6 log10 copies/mL compared with those with viral load < 6 log10 copies/mL (OR 4.58 [95% CI: 2.52-8.34]). CONCLUSION The incidence of HCV MTCT was increased among pregnant women with detectable HCV viremia and was even higher in those with a viral load ≥ 6 log10 copies/mL. HIV coinfection further increased the risk for HCV MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqing Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfang Zhong
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Determining the Prevalence of Hepatitis Delta Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and HIV Among Mothers and Infants with Hepatitis B Virus Chronic Infection. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-127879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infection with hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses (HBV/HCV/HDV) caused by mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is still a serious health problem worldwide. Coinfection with HBV/HDV or HCV has been shown to accelerate the progression of chronic HBV infection, resulting in higher mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of anti-HCV, anti-HDV, and anti-HIV antibodies in mothers with chronic HBV infection and their infants. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 100 mothers with chronic HBV (hepatitis B surface antigen-positive [HBsAg+]/hepatitis B core antibody-positive [HBcAb+]) and their infants between 2020 and 2021 in northeastern Iran. The presence of serological markers of HBV, anti-HCV, anti-HDV, and HIV antibodies, as well as the liver function tests, were evaluated in all mothers. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, and the level of the statistical significance was set at a P-value < 0.05. Results: The mean age in all individuals was 37.45 ± 17.95 years. In mothers with chronic HBV and their infants, 3%, 11%, and 15% were serologically positive for anti-HCV, HCV/HDV, and anti-HDV, respectively. Also, all participants were serologically negative for anti-HIV. A statistical analysis showed a significant correlation of anti-HDV (95% CI, 0.113 - 0.332) with education, place of residence, and anti-HCV (95% CI, 0.313 - 0.416) in mothers with chronic HBV. The percentages of mothers and infants with simultaneous infection HBV were reported to be 1%, 2%, and 1% when anti-HCV, anti-HDV, and anti-HCV/HDV antibodies were measured, respectively. Conclusions: Intellectual strategies in the diagnosis of HCV, HIV, and HDV in patients with chronic HBV have challenged public and global health, and preventing viral infections in newly born infants is the most effective way to control the HBV/HCV or HDV epidemic.
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Zhao Z, Chu M, Guo Y, Yang S, Abudurusuli G, Frutos R, Chen T. Feasibility of Hepatitis C Elimination in China: From Epidemiology, Natural History, and Intervention Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884598. [PMID: 35722351 PMCID: PMC9201439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C imposes a heavy burden on many countries, including China, where the number of reported cases and the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) increased yearly from 2005 to 2012, with a stable trend after 2012. The geographical distribution of HCV infections varies widely in China, with the northwest and southwest regions and the Henan Province showing a high disease burden. Elderly, men, sexually active people, drug users, migrants, blood transfusion recipients, and renal dialysis patients have become the target populations for hepatitis C prevention and control. It is important to improve the diagnosis rate in high-risk groups and asymptomatic people. Identifying secondary HCV infections, especially in HCV patients co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a priority of hepatitis C prevention and control. Enhancing universal access to direct antiviral agents (DAAs) treatment regimens is an effective way to improve the cure rate of HCV infection. For China to contribute to the WHO 2030 global HCV elimination plan, strategic surveillance, management, and treatment program for HCV are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- CIRAD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
| | - Meijie Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yichao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guzainuer Abudurusuli
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | | | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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6
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Sintusek P, Thanapirom K, Komolmit P, Poovorawan Y. Eliminating viral hepatitis in children after liver transplants: How to reach the goal by 2030. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:290-309. [PMID: 35110951 PMCID: PMC8771616 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i3.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis infections are a great burden in children who have received liver transplant. Hepatotropic viruses can cause liver inflammation that can develop into liver graft fibrosis and cirrhosis over the long term. Immunological reactions due to viral hepatitis infections are associated with or can mimic graft rejection, rendering the condition difficult to manage. Prevention strategies using vaccinations are agreeable to patients, safe, cost-effective and practical. Hence, strategies to eliminate viral hepatitis A and B focus mainly on immunization programmes for children who have received a liver transplant. Although a vaccine has been developed to prevent hepatitis C and E viruses, its use is not licensed worldwide. Consequently, eliminating hepatitis C and E viruses mainly involves early detection in children with suspected cases and effective treatment with antiviral therapy. Good hygiene and sanitation are also important to prevent hepatitis A and E infections. Donor blood products and liver grafts should be screened for hepatitis B, C and E in children who are undergoing liver transplantation. Future research on early detection of viral hepatitis infections should include molecular techniques for detecting hepatitis B and E. Moreover, novel antiviral drugs for eradicating viral hepatitis that are highly effective and safe are needed for children who have undergone liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palittiya Sintusek
- The Thai Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Immunology (TPGHAI) Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kessarin Thanapirom
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piyawat Komolmit
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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7
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Tajiri H, Bessho K, Nakayama Y, Abukawa D, Iitsuka Y, Ito Y, Inui A, Etani Y, Suzuki M, Takano T, Tanaka A, Mizuochi T, Miyoshi Y, Murakami J. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of children with mother-to-child transmitted hepatitis C virus infection. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14962. [PMID: 35224815 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first guidelines for care of pregnant women carrying the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and their infants were published in 2005 in Japan. Since then, evidence has gradually accumulated worldwide regarding the natural course and treatment of this condition and, especially in recent years, treatment for chronic hepatitis C in adult patients has made great progress. However, the clinical practice policy for children has not been standardized, and new clinical practice guidelines for children with mother-to-child (MTC) transmitted HCV infection have become necessary. METHODS In the development of the current guideline, we requested cooperation from The Japanese Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Japan Society of Hepatology, and the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The committee members were recommended and approved by each society to participate in developing the guidelines. The guideline was also created in accordance with the Minds Guide for Practice Guideline Development. The statements were prepared by consensus-building using the Delphi method, based on the comprehensively searched academic papers and guidelines. These articles were retrieved through searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and the Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases. RESULTS Eight clinical questions (CQs) with clinical statements were developed regarding etiology (CQs 1-3), diagnosis (CQs 4 and 5), and treatment (two CQs 6 and 7). In each statement, the consensus rate, evidence level, and recommendation level were determined. CONCLUSION The guidelines will be helpful in the management of children with hepatitis C MTC transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tajiri
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Bessho
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Daiki Abukawa
- Division of General Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Iitsuka
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chiba Kaihin Municipal Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohama City Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuri Etani
- Department of Gastroenterology Nutrition and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mizuochi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoko Miyoshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Murakami
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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8
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus prevalence has steeply risen among pregnant women in association with the opioid epidemic and the major national infectious diseases and liver society guidelines recommend universal hepatitis C virus testing in pregnancy. All infants born to mothers with hepatitis C virus infection should be evaluated. Many children spontaneously clear hepatitis C virus or remain minimally symptomatic, but some develop significant liver disease if untreated. With hepatitis C virus cure available starting at age 3, we must improve programs to identify and cure hepatitis C virus-infected women and infants with the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Crosstown Center 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Claudia Espinosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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9
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Rogers ME, Balistreri WF. Cascade of care for children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1117-1131. [PMID: 33828389 PMCID: PMC8006101 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i12.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presents a significant global public health burden. In 2015, over 400000 deaths worldwide were attributed to HCV infection. This led the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 to set the ambitious goal of eliminating HCV by 2030. Adult-centered guidelines have been established in order to provide direction for healthcare professionals, allowing integration of the newest screening policies and therapeutic strategies into their practices. However, for children and adolescents, HCV is a significant, unrecognized public health problem. HCV infection rates in the United States in women of childbearing age and those who are pregnant have increased in parallel with the rising opioid epidemic. An estimated 29000 women with HCV infection gave birth each year from 2011 to 2014 in the United States, with approximately 1700 of their infants being infected with HCV. Newer HCV-specific therapeutics, namely direct acting antivirals (DAA), has brought a new and highly successful approach to treatment of hepatitis C. Recent studies have confirmed similar levels of effectiveness and safety of DAA therapies in the pediatric population. Thus, an enhanced cascade of care, which should include the population under 18 years of age, can help achieve the WHO goal by focusing on elimination in the youngest populations. This review will present an overview of the natural history, clinical features, and management of HCV in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Evan Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - William F Balistreri
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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10
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Hepatitis C in 2020: A North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Position Paper. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2020; 71:407-417. [PMID: 32826718 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1989, a collaboration between the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and a California biotechnology company identified the hepatitis C virus (HCV, formerly known as non-A, non-B hepatitis virus) as the causative agent in the epidemic of silent posttransfusion hepatitis resulting in cirrhosis. We now know that, the HCV genome is a 9.6 kb positive, single-stranded RNA. A single open reading frame encodes a 3011 amino acid residue polyprotein that undergoes proteolysis to yield 10 individual gene products, consisting of 3 structural proteins (core and envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2) and 7 nonstructural (NS) proteins (p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B), which participate in posttranslational proteolytic processing and replication of HCV genetic material. Less than 25 years later, a new class of medications, known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) which target these proteins, were introduced to treat HCV infection. These highly effective antiviral agents are now approved for use in children as young as 3 years of age and have demonstrated sustained virologic responses exceeding 90% in most genotypes. Although tremendous scientific progress has been made, the incidence of acute HCV infections has increased by 4-fold since 2005, compounded in the last decade by a surge in opioid and intravenous drug use. Unfortunately, awareness of this deadly hepatotropic virus among members of the lay public remains limited. Patient education, advocacy, and counseling must, therefore, complement the availability of curative treatments against HCV infection if this virus is to be eradicated.
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11
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Squires JE, Balistreri WF. Treatment of Hepatitis C: A New Paradigm toward Viral Eradication. J Pediatr 2020; 221:12-22.e1. [PMID: 32446469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E Squires
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA.
| | - William F Balistreri
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH
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12
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El-Shabrawi MH, Kamal NM, Mogahed EA, Elhusseini MA, Aljabri MF. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus: an update. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1360-1369. [PMID: 33224335 PMCID: PMC7667440 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.83644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health problem worldwide. A large proportion of perinatal HCV infections are silent and may present later in adulthood with long-term complications. HCV has no effective immune prophylaxis and hence appropriate follow-up of all infants born to HCV-infected mothers is necessary. Universal antenatal screening for HCV is largely debatable. Intrauterine and partum transmission of HCV are both possible and higher rates are associated with a high maternal serum viral load (> 106 copies per milliliter), concomitant HIV infection, prolonged or difficult delivery, and invasive fetal monitoring during delivery. Infection during pregnancy and infancy needs to be investigated more in order to design management strategies for perinatal transmission of HCV most effectively. The recently approved new-generation, oral, direct-acting antiviral drugs may open a new era in HCV therapy for pregnant women and infected infants if proved to be safe during conception and infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naglaa M. Kamal
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Engy A. Mogahed
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Elhusseini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Red Crescent Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Aljabri
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus have received a significant amount of attention in recent years, and both viruses share a significant amount of similarities with one another beyond just that they both primarily target the liver. In recent years, cases of both infections have been fueled by a nationwide epidemic of injection drug use. Most relevant to this audience, they are both transmitted from mother to child. The increased cases in young adults combined with mother to child transmission translate into more exposed infants that will need to be managed and followed. Screening of pregnant women for hepatitis B infection coupled with appropriate treatment and prophylaxis measures are incredibly effective to preventing transmission. Prevention of hepatitis C infection is not yet possible, but advances in antiviral therapy make interruption of transmission a future possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Espinosa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Ravi Jhaveri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Campus Box 7231, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7231.
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14
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Squires JE, Balistreri WF. Hepatitis C virus infection in children and adolescents. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:87-98. [PMID: 29404447 PMCID: PMC5721428 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James E Squires
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA
| | - William F Balistreri
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati OH
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Influence of IFNL3 and HLA-DPB1 genotype on postpartum control of hepatitis C virus replication and T-cell recovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10684-9. [PMID: 27601657 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602337113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by exhaustion of virus-specific T-cells and stable viremia. Pregnancy is an exception. Viremia gradually climbs during gestation but sometimes declines sharply in the months following delivery. Here, we demonstrated that postpartum HCV control was associated with enhanced virus-specific T-cell immunity. Women with viral load declines of at least 1 log10 between the third trimester and 3-mo postpartum exhibited HCV-specific T-cell responses of greater breadth (P = 0.0052) and magnitude (P = 0.026) at 3-mo postpartum than women who failed to control viremia. Moreover, viral dynamics were consistent in women after consecutive pregnancies, suggesting genetic underpinnings. We therefore searched for genetic associations with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and IFN-λ3 gene (IFNL3) polymorphisms that influence HCV infection outcome. Postpartum viral control was associated with the IFNL3 rs12979860 genotype CC (P = 0.045 at 6 mo) that predicts a positive response to IFN-based therapy. Suppression of virus replication after pregnancy was also strongly influenced by the HLA class II DPB1 locus. HLA-DPB1 alleles are classified by high and low patterns of expression. Carriage of at least one high-expression HLA-DPB1 allele predicted resurgent virus-specific T-cell immunity and viral control at 3-mo postpartum (P = 0.0002). When considered together in multivariable analysis, IFNL3 and HLA-DPB1 independently affected viral control at 3- and 6-mo postpartum. Together, these findings support a model where spontaneous control of HCV such as sometimes follows pregnancy is governed by genetic polymorphisms that affect type III IFN signaling and virus-specific cellular immune responses.
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Kuncio DE, Newbern EC, Johnson CC, Viner KM. Failure to Test and Identify Perinatally Infected Children Born to Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Women. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:980-5. [PMID: 26797211 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common route of pediatric HCV infection. Approximately 5% of children born to HCV-infected mothers develop chronic infection. Recommendations employ risk-based HCV testing of pregnant women, and screening children at a young age. This study assesses testing rates of children born to mothers tested HCV-positive in a major US city with a high burden of HCV infection. METHODS HCV surveillance data reported to the Philadelphia Department of Public Health are housed in the Hepatitis Registry. Additional tests, including negative results, were retrospectively collected. HCV data were matched with 2011-2013 birth certificates of children aged ≥20 months to identify mothers tested HCV-positive and screened children. The observed perinatal HCV seropositivity rate was compared to the expected rate (5%). RESULTS A total of 8119 females aged 12-54 years tested HCV-positive and in the Hepatitis Registry. Of these, 500 (5%) had delivered ≥1 child, accounting for 537 (1%) of the 55 623 children born in Philadelphia during the study period. Eighty-four (16%) of these children had HCV testing; 4 (1% of the total) were confirmed cases. Twenty-three additional children are expected to have chronic HCV infection, but were not identified by 20 months of age. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate that a significant number of women giving birth in Philadelphia test positive for HCV and that most of their at-risk children remain untested. To successfully identify all HCV-infected children and integrate them into HCV-specific care, practices for HCV screening of pregnant women and their children should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica E Kuncio
- Division of Disease Control, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - E Claire Newbern
- Division of Disease Control, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline C Johnson
- Division of Disease Control, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | - Kendra M Viner
- Division of Disease Control, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Pennsylvania
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HCV-HIV coinfected pregnant women: data from a multicentre study in Italy. Infection 2015; 44:235-42. [PMID: 26507133 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide information about main pregnancy outcomes in HIV-HCV coinfected women and about the possible interactions between HIV and HCV in this particular population. METHODS Data from a multicenter observational study of pregnant women with HIV, conducted in Italian University and Hospital Clinics between 2001 and 2015, were used. Eligibility criteria for analysis were HCV coinfection and at least one detectable plasma HCV-RNA viral load measured during pregnancy. Qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-square or the Fisher test and quantitative variables using the Mann-Whitney U test. The Spearman's coefficient was used to evaluate correlations between quantitative variables. RESULTS Among 105 women with positive HCV-RNA, median HCV viral load was substantially identical at the three trimesters (5.68, 5.45, and 5.86 log IU/ml, respectively), and 85.7 % of the women had at least one HCV-RNA value >5 log IU/ml. Rate of preterm delivery was 28.6 % with HCV-RNA <5 log IU/ml and 43.2 % with HCV-RNA >5log (p = 0.309). Compared to women with term delivery, women with preterm delivery had higher median HCV-RNA levels (third trimester: 6.00 vs. 5.62 log IU/ml, p = 0.037). Third trimester HIV-RNA levels were below 50 copies/ml in 47.7 % of the cases. No cases of vertical HIV transmission occurred. Rate of HCV transmission was 9.0 % and occurred only with HCV-RNA levels >5 log IU/ml. CONCLUSIONS Coinfection with HIV and HCV has relevant consequences in pregnancy: HIV coinfection is associated with high HCV-RNA levels that might favour HCV transmission, and HCV infection might further increase the risk of preterm delivery in women with HIV. HCV/HIV coinfected women should be considered a population at high risk of adverse outcomes.
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Tosone G, Maraolo AE, Mascolo S, Palmiero G, Tambaro O, Orlando R. Vertical hepatitis C virus transmission: Main questions and answers. World J Hepatol 2014; 6:538-548. [PMID: 25232447 PMCID: PMC4163737 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i8.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects about 3% of the world’s population and peaks in subjects aged over 40 years. Its prevalence in pregnant women is low (1%-2%) in most western countries but drastically increases in women in developing countries or with high risk behaviors for blood-transmitted infections. Here we review clinical, prognostic and therapeutic aspects of HCV infection in pregnant women and their offspring infected through vertical transmission. Pregnancy-related immune weakness does not seem to affect the course of acute hepatitis C but can affect the progression of chronic hepatitis C. In fact, postpartum immune restoration can exacerbate hepatic inflammation, thereby worsening the liver disease, particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis. HCV infection increases the risk of gestational diabetes in patients with excessive weight gain, premature rupture of membrane and caesarean delivery. Only 3%-5% of infants born to HCV-positive mothers have been infected by intrauterine or perinatal transmission. Maternal viral load, human immunodeficiency virus coinfection, prolonged rupture of membranes, fetal exposure to maternal infected blood consequent to vaginal or perineal lacerations and invasive monitoring of fetus increase the risk of viral transmission. Cesarean delivery and breastfeeding increases the transmission risk in HCV/human immunodeficiency virus coinfected women. The consensus is not to offer antiviral therapy to HCV-infected pregnant women because it is based on ribavirin (pregnancy category X) because of its embryocidal and teratogenic effects in animal species. In vertically infected children, chronic C hepatitis is often associated with minimal or mild liver disease and progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma is lower than in adults. Infected children may be treated after the second year of life, given the adverse effects of current antiviral agents.
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Kosack CS, Nick S, Shanks L. Diagnostic accuracy evaluation of the ImmunoFlow HCV rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of hepatitis C antibodies. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Children with hepatitis C virus infection often differ from adults regarding the rate of viral clearance, duration of infection, and the progression to cirrhosis. In the pediatric population, vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus infection from mother to infant is the most common route of infection. In the present review, we explore the factors that may influence the natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in children who acquire the infection through maternal-fetal transmission. There is particular focus on how viral diversity and the infant immune system may affect viral transmission. An enhanced understanding of maternal-fetal transmission of hepatitis C virus infection has the potential to affect effective drug and vaccine development for both children and adults.
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Honegger JR, Kim S, Price AA, Kohout JA, McKnight KL, Prasad MR, Lemon SM, Grakoui A, Walker CM. Loss of immune escape mutations during persistent HCV infection in pregnancy enhances replication of vertically transmitted viruses. Nat Med 2013; 19:1529-33. [PMID: 24162814 PMCID: PMC3823809 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Globally, about 1% of pregnant women are persistently infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Mother-to-child transmission of HCV occurs in 3-5% of pregnancies and accounts for most new childhood infections. HCV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are vital in the clearance of acute HCV infections, but in the 60-80% of infections that persist, these cells become functionally exhausted or select for mutant viruses that escape T cell recognition. Increased HCV replication during pregnancy suggests that maternofetal immune tolerance mechanisms may further impair HCV-specific CTLs, limiting their selective pressure on persistent viruses. To assess this possibility, we characterized circulating viral quasispecies during and after consecutive pregnancies in two women. This revealed a loss of some escape mutations in HLA class I epitopes during pregnancy that was associated with emergence of more fit viruses. CTL selective pressure was reimposed after childbirth, at which point escape mutations in these epitopes again predominated in the quasispecies and viral load dropped sharply. Importantly, the viruses transmitted perinatally were those with enhanced fitness due to reversion of escape mutations. Our findings indicate that the immunoregulatory changes of pregnancy reduce CTL selective pressure on HCV class I epitopes, thereby facilitating vertical transmission of viruses with optimized replicative fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Honegger
- 1] The Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Delotte J, Barjoan EM, Berrébi A, Laffont C, Benos P, Pradier C, Bongain A. Obstetric management does not influence vertical transmission of HCV infection: results of the ALHICE group study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:664-70. [PMID: 23971940 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.829813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of variation in obstetric practice during labor and childbirth upon the rate of neonatal transmission of HCV. METHODS Pregnant mothers were included in this prospective study from six hospitals in Southern France on the basis of positive HCV serology. Data recorded for the study included maternal factors, delivery details and laboratory data concerning mother and child. Pediatric follow-up was documented for a minimum of 1 year and for up to 2 years for children with circulating HCV RNA. RESULTS Two hundred and fourteen mother-child pairs were investigated. HIV/HCV co-infected mothers had a rate of HCV transmission significantly higher (11%) than that observed for mono-infected mothers (3.8%) (odds ratio=3.08 [95% CI:0.95 to 9.99] p=0.05). When the HCV viral load was greater than or equal to 6 log copies/ml, the transmission rate was 14.3% [95% CI:5.4-28.5], this representing a risk of transmission four times higher than for women with a lower viral load (OR=4 [95% CI:1.3-12.4]). Among co-infected mothers, the risk of transmission was significantly increased even when the load was less than 6 log copies/ml (p=0.006). Risk factors were identified related to labor (duration and induction type); the birth process (rupture of the amniotic sac, complete opening of the sac, appearance of the amniotic fluid); fetal characteristics (prematurity) and obstetric maneuvers (instrumental extractions, spontaneous or induced perineal trauma) and none of these factors were associated with an increased rate of HCV maternal-fetal transmission. CONCLUSIONS HCV infection does not appear to be a legitimate indication for modifying obstetric practices with regards to type of induction, monitoring of labor, route of delivery, fetal and perineal obstetric maneuvers or care of the newborn in the delivery room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Delotte
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproduction and Fetal Medicine
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Abstract
Despite recent advances in the pathogenesis, treatment, and public health response to hepatitis C virus (HCV), HCV as it specifically relates to pregnancy has been a neglected condition. HCV-monoinfected pregnant women have a 2-8% risk of viral transmission to their infant, but the mechanism and timing of mother to child transmission (MTCT) are not fully understood, nor is the natural history of the illness in pregnant women and their offspring. Recognition of HCV-infected pregnant women is relevant because of the long-term health implications for the mother, potential adverse effects of infection on pregnancy outcomes, and the possibility of transmission to their infants. Certain risk factors for MTCT of HCV appear similar to those for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, unlike HIV, effective methods for prevention of HCV vertical transmission have not been developed. It is possible that a better understanding of HCV MTCT and pathogenesis in pregnancy will guide development of useful prevention strategies, particularly as we enter an era where interferon-free drug cocktails may emerge as viable treatment options for HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona R Prasad
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jonathan R. Honegger
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Center for Vaccine and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital
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King CC, Ellington SR, Kourtis AP. The role of co-infections in mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Curr HIV Res 2013; 11:10-23. [PMID: 23305198 PMCID: PMC4411038 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x11311010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In HIV-infected women, co-infections that target the placenta, fetal membranes, genital tract, and breast tissue, as well as systemic maternal and infant infections, have been shown to increase the risk for mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT). Active co-infection stimulates the release of cytokines and inflammatory agents that enhance HIV replication locally or systemically and increase tissue permeability, which weakens natural defenses to MTCT. Many maternal or infant co-infections can affect MTCT of HIV, and particular ones, such as genital tract infection with herpes simplex virus, or systemic infections such as hepatitis B, can have substantial epidemiologic impact on MTCT. Screening and treatment for co-infections that can make infants susceptible to MTCT in utero, peripartum, or postpartum can help reduce the incidence of HIV infection among infants and improve the health of mothers and infants worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C King
- Division of Reproductive Health, NCCDPHP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, MS-K34, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Evaluation of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Antibody Positive Orphan Newborns. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Murakami J, Nagata I, Iitsuka T, Okamoto M, Kaji S, Hoshika T, Matsuda R, Kanzaki S, Shiraki K, Suyama A, Hino S. Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus: Maternal high viral load and fetal exposure in the birth canal. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:648-57. [PMID: 22404371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the major transmission pathway of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in children. However, its risk factors remain unsettled for introduction of putative intervention. METHODS Pregnant women screened for HCV and MTCT in children born to antibody-positive mothers were prospectively studied in Tottori, Japan. RESULTS Among 41 856 screened women, 188 (0.45%) were HCV antibody-positive, of whom 61% had detectable HCV RNA. While 10 of the 34 children (29%) born to high viral load (HVL: ≥6.0 × 10(5) IU/mL) mothers were infected, none born to RNA-detectable but non-HVL mothers were infected (P < 0.001). MTCT among vaginally delivered children born to HVL mothers was analyzed. Children delivered after 4 h or more of labor were more frequently infected than were those born within 4 h of labor (P = 0.019). Premature rupture of fetal membranes was significantly more common in infected children than in uninfected children (P < 0.001). Durations of membrane rupture and labor were longer in infected children than in uninfected children (P = 0.008 and P = 0.040, respectively). Elective cesarean section that eliminates these risk factors, other than HVL, significantly reduced MTCT from nine of 22 (41%) to none of nine children (0%) (P = 0.032). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that contamination of the fetus in the birth canal with infected maternal blood is a major risk factor for HCV MTCT, in addition to maternal HVL. To rationalize intervention by elective cesarean section, the natural history of infected children should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Murakami
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago Tsuyama Central Hospital, Tsuyama Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori Matsuda Pediatric Clinic, Kurayoshi St. Luke's College of Nursing, Tokyo Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki, Japan
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Gardenal RVC, Figueiró-Filho EA, Luft JL, Paula GLSAD, Vidal FG, Turine Neto P, Souza RAAD. [Hepatitis C and pregnancy: an analysis of factors associated with vertical transmission]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:43-7. [PMID: 21340407 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data concerning hepatitis C virus infection during pregnancy in Brazilian medical services are scarce. This study aimed to verify factors associated with vertical transmission (VT) of HCV in pregnant women. METHODS Observational transversal study of pregnant women from Campo Grande, MS, central Brazil, with confirmed reagent serology for HCV infection from 2002 to 2005. Vertical transmission was considered to be positive HCV serology by ELISA, confirmed by PCR, after 18 months of life of the newborn. The factors studied associated with VT were: delivery mode, time of premature rupture of membranes, breastfeeding, blood transfusion history, drug addiction, number of sexual partners and the presence of body tattoos. RESULTS Fifty-eight pregnant women with HCV infection were identified, indicating a prevalence rate of 0.2% (58/31,187). Of these 58 pregnant women,23 (39.6%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The VT rate was 13% (3/23), and the most frequent HCV viral subtypes were 1a (53%), 1b (30%), 2b (4%) e 3a (13.0%). Two (8.7%) patients were coinfected with HIV. A significant association (p < 0.05) was observed between VT and high maternal serum viremia (> 2.5 x 10(6)) and VT and the use of illicit drugs by the mother. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that high serum maternal viremia for HCV and the use of illicit drugs by the mother are associated with vertical transmission of HCV.
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Indolfi G, Bartolini E, Casavola D, Resti M. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, natural history, and assessment of the safety and efficacy of combination therapy. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2010; 1:115-28. [PMID: 24600267 PMCID: PMC3915892 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease of infectious etiology in children. Most of the children infected with HCV are asymptomatic, and only a few of them develop signs and symptoms of end-stage liver disease early in life. It is not possible to predict either in which patients HCV infection will have a bad outcome or the critical time in early adulthood when disease progression will accelerate. The experiences with therapy in children with chronic hepatitis C are based on earlier and continuing data from adult trials. The currently recommended treatment for chronic HCV infection in adults is the combination of peginterferon-á and ribavirin. The choice of this regimen is based on the results of randomized clinical trials that demonstrated the superiority of this combination treatment over standard interferon-á and ribavirin. Recently, results of pivotal, multicenter, interventional open-label studies on combined treatment with peginterferon-á and ribavirin in children have been published, and the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency have approved the combination therapy in those older than 3 years. The aim of this review is to evaluate critically the available data regarding the safety and efficacy of combination treatment with peginterferon-á and ribavirin in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Sciences for Women and Child's Health, Liver and Pediatric Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Bartolini
- Department of Sciences for Women and Child's Health, Liver and Pediatric Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Casavola
- Department of Sciences for Women and Child's Health, Liver and Pediatric Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Resti
- Department of Sciences for Women and Child's Health, Liver and Pediatric Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Butt S, Idrees M, Akbar H, ur Rehman I, Awan Z, Afzal S, Hussain A, Shahid M, Manzoor S, Rafique S. The changing epidemiology pattern and frequency distribution of hepatitis C virus in Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:595-600. [PMID: 20438863 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the changing pattern in hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes/subtypes and resulting disease outcome is not well known. The specific objective of this study was to find out the frequency distribution of HCV genotypes and changing pattern of various HCV genotypes overtime in well-characterized Pakistani HCV isolates. The genotype distribution of HCV from all the four provinces of Pakistan was tracked for a period of 10 years (2000-2009) on total 20,552 consecutive anti-HCV and HCV RNA positive patients sample using type-specific genotyping assay. Of these, 16,891 (82.2%) samples were successfully genotyped. Of these 11,189 (54.4%) were males and 9363 (45.55%) were females. Of the successfully genotyped samples, 12,537 (74.2%) were with 3a, 1834 (10.9%) with 3b, 50 (0.24%) with 3c, 678 (3.3%) with 1a, 170 (0.83%) with 1b, 49 (0.24%) with 1c, 431 (2.1%) with 2a, 48 (0.23%) with 2b, 3 (0.01%) with 2c, 13 (0.06%) with 5a, 12 (0.06%) with 6a, 101 (0.49%) with 4, and 965 (4.7%) were with mixed-genotype infection. A changing pattern of HCV genotypes prevalence was observed in Pakistan overtime, with an increase in the relative proportion of genotype 3a and mixed genotypes and a decrease of genotypes 3b, 2b, 4, 5a and 2a. This changed HCV genotype pattern might have direct impact on HCV disease outcome and new therapeutic strategies may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Butt
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
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Human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus co-infection in pregnant women and perinatal transmission to infants in Thailand. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e602-7. [PMID: 20047847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and -uninfected Thai pregnant women and the rate of HCV transmission to their infants. PATIENTS AND METHODS Study subjects included 1435 HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants, enrolled in a perinatal HIV prevention trial, and a control group of 448 HIV-uninfected pregnant women. Women were screened for HCV antibodies with an enzyme immunoassay. Positive results were confirmed by recombinant immunoblot and HCV RNA quantification. Infants were tested for HCV antibodies at 18 months or for HCV RNA at between 6 weeks and 6 months. RESULTS Of the HIV-infected women, 2.9% were HCV-infected compared to 0.5% of HIV-uninfected women (p=0.001). Only history of intravenous drug use was associated with HCV infection in HIV-infected women. Ten percent of infants born to co-infected mothers acquired HCV. The risk of transmission was associated with a high maternal HCV RNA (p=0.012), but not with HIV-1 load or CD4 count. CONCLUSIONS Acquisition of HCV through intravenous drug use partially explains the higher rate of HCV infection in HIV-infected Thai women than in HIV-uninfected controls. Perinatal transmission occurred in 10% of infants of HIV-HCV-co-infected mothers and was associated with high maternal HCV RNA.
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Chen ST, Ni YH, Chen PJ, Chen HL, Jeng YM, Lu MY, Wu JF, Hsu HY, Chang MH. Low viraemia at enrollment in children with chronic hepatitis C favours spontaneous viral clearance. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16:796-801. [PMID: 19413696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The significance of hepatitis C viral (HCV)-RNA levels in long-term clinical outcomes of children with chronic HCV infection is not well understood. We conducted a long-term follow-up study of 42 children with chronic HCV infection that included clinical evaluation, biochemical tests, HCV genotyping and repeated quantitative HCV-RNA detection. Patients were divided into low and high viraemia groups according to RNA levels at enrollment (below/above 4.5 x 10(4) IU/mL), and clinical, biochemical and virological factors were evaluated. Overall, 14.3% (6/42) of patients developed spontaneous viral clearance during a median 10.1 years of follow-up. HCV-RNA levels at enrollment and mean RNA levels during follow-up for each patient were significantly correlated (R = 0.9018, 95% CI: 0.6637-0.9038, P < or = 0.001). HCV-RNA level fluctuation was within two log units in 76% of patients. Cumulative viraemia probability during follow-up could be predicted by viraemia levels at enrollment (P = 0.0092). Chronic HCV-infected children, with an RNA level below 4.5 x 10(4) IU/mL at enrollment, have a higher spontaneous viral clearance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-T Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
In industrialized countries, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children. Perinatal transmission is the leading cause of infection. Perinatal transmission is confined almost always to women with detectable HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the peripheral blood by the polymerase chain reaction but all children born to women with anti-HCV antibodies should be tested for HCV. Some but not all studies found that a high concentration of serum HCV RNA is associated with a higher risk of transmission. Maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection by HCV, membrane rupture of longer than 6 hr before delivery, and procedures exposing the infant to maternal blood infected with HCV during vaginal delivery are associated with an increased risk of transmission. Maternal coinfection with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus, maternal history of intravenous drug use and of HCV infection of the sexual partner of the mother predict the risk of perinatal transmission and are dependent on the peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection by HCV. Delivery by Cesarean section is not recommended in pregnant women infected with HCV. Infected mothers can breast feed safely their infants if the nipples are not damaged. A previous delivery of a child infected perinatally with HCV does not increase the risk of transmission in subsequent pregnancies. Immunogenetic factors and HCV genotypes are not related to HCV perinatal transmission. Despite an increased understanding of the risk factors involved in perinatal transmission of HCV, to date little is known about the transmission mechanisms and timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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35
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Lombay B, Gasztonyi B, Szalay F. [Clinical aspects of hepatitis C in women of child-bearing age]. Orv Hetil 2008; 149:1017-21. [PMID: 18508735 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2008.28394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to define the optimal timing of antiviral treatment in women infected with viral hepatitis C, who have child-bearing potential. Antiviral treatment is strictly contraindicated during pregnancy and the breast-feeding period. Data are conflicting about the question of treatment with modern drugs (peginterferon and ribavirin) before or after pregnancy. The risk of vertical transmission from mother to child is estimated about 5%. The mother's viraemia seems to be the main transmission factor. There is a worse prognosis in nulliparous and postmenopausal women in the natural history of viral hepatitis C. Poor outcome in gestational age, maturity and Apgar score were not associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Combined treatment has frequent gynecological and other side effects. The timing of antiviral therapy in women in child-bearing period is recommended individually.
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Mariné-Barjoan E, Berrébi A, Giordanengo V, Favre SF, Haas H, Moreigne M, Izopet J, Tricoire J, Tran A, Pradier C, Bongain A. HCV/HIV co-infection, HCV viral load and mode of delivery: risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus? AIDS 2007; 21:1811-5. [PMID: 17690581 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3282703810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children is mainly acquired via maternal transmission. Our aim was to identify mother-to-child-transmission (MTC) risk factors, namely those associated with maternal virological characteristics and mode of delivery. METHODS Women were included between October 1998 and September 2002 in six hospitals in Southern France on the basis of positive HCV serological status. Recorded data included maternal characteristics, circumstances of delivery and laboratory data concerning mother and child. Paediatric follow-up lasted 1 year, and 2 years for children with circulating HCV RNA. RESULTS A total of 214 mother-and-child pairs were analysed; 55 (26%) were HCV/HIV co-infected. The probability of HCV transmission was three-fold higher for HCV/HIV-co-infected women (P = 0.05). Twelve children were HCV RNA positive at 1 year of age (MTC = 5.6%); three became HCV RNA negative between 12 (M12) and 18 months of age (M18) and recovered normal alanine aminotransferase levels. Circulating HCV RNA was found in 137 (69%) mothers. Mothers of infected children all displayed HCV viraemia (MTC = 8.8%): six children were born of HCV/HIV-co-infected HCV RNA positive women (MTC = 13.6%) and six from HCV monoinfected women with positive HCV RNA (MTC = 6.5%). When maternal HCV RNA levels were below 6 log-IU/ml, the rate of transmission was significantly higher in the case of HCV/HIV co-infection (odds ratio = 8.3, 95% confidence interval, 1.4-47.5) P = 0.01. This association did not, however, exist for HCV RNA-positive mothers with levels of at least 6 log-IU/ml. Rate of transmission did not differ significantly between children born by vaginal delivery or caesarean section after membrane rupture and those born by elective caesarean section independently of HIV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugènia Mariné-Barjoan
- Department of Public Health, Liver Unit, CHU Nice, Hôpital de l'Archet 1, Niveau 1, 06202 Nice cedex 3, France.
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Toussi SS, Abadi J, Rosenberg M, Levanon D. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections in children infected with HIV. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:795-8. [PMID: 17712766 DOI: 10.1086/521169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence and transmission mode of hepatitis B and C in an inner-city, pediatric cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, as well as the demographic characteristics of the cohort. Hepatitis B or C was found in 13 (5.8%) of 228 children. This analysis suggests that chronic hepatitis is prevalent and should be routinely screened for in the pediatric HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Shelly Toussi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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38
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Chang ML, Chen JC, Yeh CT, Sheen IS, Tai DI, Chang MY, Chiu CT, Lin DY, Bissell DM. Topological and evolutional relationships between HCV core protein and hepatic lipid vesicles: Studies in vitro and in conditionally transgenic mice. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:3472-7. [PMID: 17659694 PMCID: PMC4146783 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i25.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate a specific association between hepatic steatosis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) core.
METHODS: HeLa cells and primary mouse hepatocytes were transfected with HCV core plasmid, and conditional transgenics in which hepatic over-expression of HCV core is regulated by the tetracycline-off system, were developed. The expression of the HCV core was assessed over one to six months after withdrawal of doxycycline (dox) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting and by sequential liver biopsy. Hepatic steatosis was evaluated using oil red stain. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) stains and caspase levels were conducted to clarify hepatic oxidative stress and apoptosis rate. Serum aminotransferase was checked.
RESULTS: The transfected hepatocytes had globular cores under the lipid vesicles. In transgenic mice on control diet, core expression was robust, localized to the cytoplasmic vesicle membrane and strongly associated with microvesicular steatosis, which was gradually replaced by macrovesicular steatosis. However, both steatosis and core positive hepatocytes diminished with time. Increases in aminotransferase, caspase and 8-OHdG were associated with peak core expression.
CONCLUSION: The core protein was readily detected and morphologically associated with steatosis in individual hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, oxidative stress caused by the core potentially reduced the number of core positive hepatocytes and in parallel the level of steatosis. To our knowledge, this is the first animal model that directly shows topological relationship between HCV core and hepatic lipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Unit, Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5 Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, China.
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39
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Bortolotti F, Iorio R, Jorio R, Resti M, Cammà C, Marcellini M, Giacchino R, Marazzi MG, Verucchi G, Zancan L, Barbera C, Maggiore G, Vajro P, Giannattasio A, Bartolacci S. Epidemiological profile of 806 Italian children with hepatitis C virus infection over a 15-year period. J Hepatol 2007; 46:783-90. [PMID: 17321633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate the epidemiological profile of Italian children with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection over a 15-year period. METHODS Fifteen tertiary care centers, belonging to a national Observatory established in 1998, retrospectively/prospectively recruited 806 consecutive HCV-infected, otherwise healthy, children seen from 1990 to 2004. RESULTS Seven hundred and sixty four were Italian and 42 from foreign countries. Newly-diagnosed cases declined from 332 in 1995-1999 to 196 in 2000-2004, while the proportion of foreign children rose from 3% to 13%. Transfusion-transmitted infection disappeared after 1992. Maternal infection (with drug abuse in 63% of cases in the North) has become the most important mode of HCV diffusion throughout Italy and the exclusive source for all children infected in 2000-2004. The prevalence of HCV genotypes 3 and 4 increased and that of genotype 1b decreased significantly (p<0.02). Male/female ratio was significantly (p<0.001) lower among vertically infected (0.6) than in transfused children (1.3). CONCLUSIONS The number of children with newly-diagnosed HCV infection is declining in Italy and most post-transfusion cases are now young adults. Thus foreign children could significantly contribute to the reservoir of pediatric infection in years to come. New infections result from maternal transmission and seem to privilege females and genotypes 3 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Bortolotti
- Clinica Medica 5, Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale - University Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padua, Italy.
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Boxall E, Baumann K, Price N, Sira J, Brown M, Kelly D. Discordant outcome of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C in twin pregnancies. J Clin Virol 2007; 38:91-5. [PMID: 17210267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother to infant transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is dependent on significant HCV viraemia being present in the mother. As yet there are no appropriate interventions to prevent perinatal transmission. The investigation of twin pregnancies where only one twin is infected may reveal further information relating to transmission and specific risks. Evaluation of these risks could affect decisions about the management of the deliveries of these mothers while more appropriate interventions are evaluated. STUDY DESIGN The laboratory database was searched for all twins referred for testing at the Children's Hospital Liver Unit. The mothers and health care providers were contacted to gain more information about the pregnancies and deliveries of all of the twins. RESULTS Four sets of twins had been investigated for HCV. In all cases only one twin had been infected. In three out of four cases the second twin had become infected. All of the twins were girls and the larger twin in each pair became infected. Premature rupture of membranes was associated with transmission in the only case in which the first-born became infected. There was no invasive foetal monitoring or episiotomy in any of the deliveries SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Transmission of HCV is more likely to affect the second twin, perhaps because placental separation during the delivery of the second twin exposes the infant to infection. Until effective interventions such as vaccination of newborns or antiviral treatment of mothers are evaluated, elective caesarean section could be recommended for HCV twin pregnancies in order to avoid premature membrane rupture and infection of the second twin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Boxall
- Liver Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK.
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41
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Bialek SR, Terrault NA. The changing epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Liver Dis 2006; 10:697-715. [PMID: 17164113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Injection drug use remains the predominant mode of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Growing numbers of persons who have been chronically infected with HCV for 20 or more years are coming to medical attention and are at risk for serious complications of chronic infection, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Factors linked with the development of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis include age at infection, duration of infection, heavy alcohol use, coinfections with HIV or hepatitis B virus, and male sex. Emerging risk factors for disease progression include steatosis, insulin resistance (and factors associated with the metabolic syndrome), and host genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Bialek
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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42
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McIntyre PG, Tosh K, McGuire W. Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2006:CD005546. [PMID: 17054264 PMCID: PMC8895451 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005546.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have generally not provided evidence that delivery by caesarean section reduces perinatal hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. However, these studies have methodological weaknesses with potential for bias and their findings should be interpreted with caution. OBJECTIVES To assess the evidence from randomised controlled trials that a policy of delivery by planned caesarean section versus vaginal delivery reduces mother to infant HCV transmission. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (April 2006) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 2). SELECTION CRITERIA Controlled trials using random or quasi-random participant allocation that compared a policy of planned elective caesarean section versus vaginal birth for mothers with HCV infection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We did not identify any randomised controlled trials. MAIN RESULTS We did not identify any randomised controlled trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is no evidence from randomised controlled trials upon which to base any practice recommendations regarding planned caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission. In the absence of trial data, evidence to inform women and carers is only available from observational studies that are subject to biases. Systematic review of these studies is needed. There is a need to determine whether women and healthcare providers would support a large pragmatic randomised controlled trial to provide evidence regarding the benefits and harms of planned elective caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G McIntyre
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical SchoolDepartment of MicrobiologyDundeeScotlandUKDD1 9SY
| | - Karen Tosh
- University Of St AndrewsCentre For Public Policy and ManagementThe GatewaySt AndrewsFifeScotlandUKKY16 9SS
| | - William McGuire
- Hull York Medical SchoolCentre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkY010 5DDUK
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43
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Martinetti M, Pacati I, Cuccia M, Badulli C, Pasi A, Salvaneschi L, Minola E, De Silvestri A, Iannone AM, Maccabruni A. Hierarchy of baby-linked immunogenetic risk factors in the vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19:369-78. [PMID: 16831303 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-infant transmission of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) represents the major cause of pediatric HCV infection today. Immunogenetic influence has been poorly investigated and mainly confined to HLA-class II serological polymorphisms. Among 290 parities, 135 from Pavia and 155 from Bergamo, of HCV-RNA-infected Italian women, 21 babies (7.24%) were HCV-RNA positive at birth and steadily positive over 20 months of life. All the 21 infected babies and 44 randomly selected uninfected ones, born to HCV-RNA+ mothers but steadily negative for HCV-RNA during a follow-up of 2 years, and their mothers were investigated for HLA-G, -C, -DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 genomic polymorphisms. Among the different covariates, HLA-Cw*07, -G*010401, -DRB1*0701, -DRB1*1401 and homozygosity for HLA-G 14bp deletion can be considered as risk factors for HCV vertical transmission. On the contrary, protection was conferred by the HLA-DQB1*06, -G*0105N, -Cw*0602, DRB1*1104 and -DRB1*1302 alleles. Our initial question was: has the immunogenetic profile any role in the protection of the fetus growing in an infected milieu and, if so, is it independent from the other non-immunogenetic parameters? The answer to both questions should be yes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinetti
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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44
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children is becoming an increasing challenge to health professionals. As our understanding of the disease evolves, so must our diagnostic and management strategies. In the 1990s, when HCV testing became available, children identified with HCV infection in the UK were mostly those who had required blood products, particularly those with haematological disorders. Acquiring knowledge of the natural history of HCV infection was confounded by the co-morbidity of iron overload, viral co-infection, and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Davison
- Children's Liver and GI Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
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45
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Gilchrist MA, Coombs D. Evolution of virulence: Interdependence, constraints, and selection using nested models. Theor Popul Biol 2006; 69:145-53. [PMID: 16198387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection acts on virus populations at two distinct but interrelated levels: within individual hosts and between them. Studies of the evolution of virulence typically focus on selection acting at the epidemiological or between-host level and demonstrate the importance of trade-offs between disease transmission and virulence rates. Within-host studies reach similar conclusions regarding trade-offs between transmission and virulence at the level of individual cells. Studies which examine selection at both scales assume that between- and within-host selection are necessarily in conflict. We explicitly examine these ideas and assumptions using a model of within-host viral dynamics nested within a model of between-host disease dynamics. Our approach allows us to evaluate the direction of selection at the within- and between-host levels and identify situations leading to conflict and accord between the two levels of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gilchrist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 569 Dabney Hall, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996-1610, USA
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46
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1989, hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become a major public health problem. HCV chronically infects an estimated 170 million people worldwide. The seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibody in the United States has been estimated at 1.8%, which corresponds to approximately 4 million people. HCV is the most common chronic blood borne infection in the United States, and the leading cause of liver transplantation in developed countries. Injection drug use is the dominant mode of HCV transmission and accounts for up to 90% of current infections. Opiates and other drug abuse, such as alcohol, have been implicated as cofactors in the pathogenesis of HCV disease. Injection drug use has been the most common risk factor identified in alcoholics with HCV infection. Both opiates and alcohol contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality from HCV disease. These drugs most likely act synergistically to promote the development and progression of HCV disease. However, there is limited information available concerning the interaction of the drug abuse with the host cell innate immunity against HCV infection, which is a major barrier to fundamental understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HCV disease. Therefore, defining the role of the drug abuse in the development of chronic HCV infection is of crucial importance and should provide practical guidance toward the reduction of risk factors that interfere with therapeutic approaches for HCV infection and disease. This review paper focuses on the interplay between drug abuse (opiates and alcohol), innate immunity and HCV in the context of the development of HCV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Woods CR. Sexually transmitted diseases in prepubertal children: mechanisms of transmission, evaluation of sexually abused children, and exclusion of chronic perinatal viral infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 16:317-25. [PMID: 16210111 DOI: 10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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48
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Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2005; 5:558-67. [PMID: 16122679 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1904] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and a potential cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in the future. The complexity and uncertainty related to the geographic distribution of HCV infection and chronic hepatitis C, determination of its associated risk factors, and evaluation of cofactors that accelerate its progression, underscore the difficulties in global prevention and control of HCV. Because there is no vaccine and no post-exposure prophylaxis for HCV, the focus of primary prevention efforts should be safer blood supply in the developing world, safe injection practices in health care and other settings, and decreasing the number of people who initiate injection drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin W Shepard
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Chang TS, Lo SK, Shyr HY, Fang JT, Lee WC, Tai DI, Sheen IS, Lin DY, Chu CM, Liaw YF. Hepatitis C virus infection facilitates gallstone formation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1416-21. [PMID: 16105130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct damage and hepatic steatosis are two characteristic histological findings in hepatitis C virus infection; and high prevalence of hepatitis C antibody is noted in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between biliary diseases and hepatitis C virus infection. METHODS Persons who received a general checkup in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between 2000 and 2002 were included. All of them had hemogram, serum biochemistry, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C antibody and ultrasonography studies. The prevalence of gallbladder stone, bile duct stone and gallbladder polyp/cholesterolosis were compared in different viral infection groups. RESULTS Of the 28 486 persons, 22 967 were negative for both hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody (group NBNC), 4152 were hepatitis B surface antigen carriers (broup B), 1195 were positive for hepatitis C antibody (group C), and 172 were positive for both markers. The 379 persons (1.3%) having had cholecystectomy were considered to have gallbladder stone at the time when cholecystectomy was done. Gallbladder stone was found in 6.0% persons of group NBNC, 5.4% in group B and 11.7% in group C. The prevalence of gallbladder stone in group C was found especially high for age groups 31-40 years and 61-70 years. The prevalence of bile duct stone was higher in group C (0.4%) than in group NBNC or B (both 0.1%). Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that age, liver cirrhosis, body mass index, hepatitis C virus infection and gender were independent factors associated with gallbladder stone. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C virus infection facilitates gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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50
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Pembrey L, Newell ML, Tovo PA. The management of HCV infected pregnant women and their children European paediatric HCV network. J Hepatol 2005; 43:515-25. [PMID: 16144064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS As evidence accumulates relating to mother-to-child (vertical) transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV), it is timely to draw up guidelines for the clinical management of HCV infected pregnant women and their children. METHODS A review of evidence from the European Paediatric HCV Network (EPHN) prospective study of HCV infected women and their children and other published studies. Meeting of EPHN clinical experts to reach a consensus on recommendations for management. Each recommendation was graded according to the level of evidence. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Although several risk factors for mother-to-child transmission have been identified, none are modifiable and there are currently no interventions available to prevent vertical transmission of HCV. Data on timing of loss of maternal antibodies and reliability of diagnostic tests inform the optimum follow-up schedule for confirmation or exclusion of infection in children born to HCV infected women. Based on the current evidence, routine antenatal screening for HCV should not be introduced and neither elective caesarean section nor avoidance of breastfeeding should be recommended to HCV infected women to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HCV. HCV/HIV co-infected women should follow existing HIV guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Pembrey
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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