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de Araújo LRMG, Batista AD, Côelho MRCD, Santos JC, Cunha GG, Leal GRA, Pinho JRR, Domingues ALC, Lopes EP. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in patients with chronic liver disease. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:357-364. [PMID: 38123902 PMCID: PMC10920483 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) is little known in Brazil. Studies have suggested that HEV may harmfully influence the course of CLD, with a higher risk of progression to cirrhosis. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of the anti-HEV antibody (IgG) in patients with CLD and to describe demographic data and risk factors, as well as clinical-laboratory and ultrasound parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study that included 227 patients with CLD followed at a referral outpatient clinic from June 2022 to March 2023. The patients were investigated clinically and tested for liver functions, anti-HEV IgG and, in positive cases, for HEV-RNA. Ultrasonography of the upper abdomen was also carried out. RESULTS Investigation of 227 patients (50 with hepatitis B, 49 with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 33 with hepatitis C, 17 with alcoholic liver disease, 16 with schistosomiasis and 62 with mixed disease), 55.5% were female, with an average age of 57 ± 13 years; 37.9% had liver cirrhosis. Seven patients (3.08%) presented anti-HEV positive and HEV-RNA negative. Ultrasound identified association between anti-HEV and contact with pigs, presence of gynecomastia or palmar erythema, lower platelet count, higher APRI and FIB-4 values, and splenomegaly. CONCLUSION Although the prevalence of anti-HEV in patients with CLD was low in this study, the antibody was observed more frequently in cases with a history of contact with pigs and with clinical-laboratory or imaging evidence of more advanced chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian Rose Maia Gomes de Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
- Gastroenterology Division, Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 135, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Dória Batista
- Gastroenterology Division, Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 135, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Côelho
- Laboratory of Virology, Keizo Asami Institute (LIKA), Departament of Phisiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Galindo Cunha
- Laboratory of Virology, Keizo Asami Institute (LIKA), Departament of Phisiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues Aguiar Leal
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology, Keizo Asami Institute (LIKA), Departament of Phisiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Tropical Hepatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- Gastroenterology Division, Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 135, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Edmundo Pessoa Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
- Gastroenterology Division, Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 135, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
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Zicker M, Pinho JRR, Welter EAR, Guardia BD, da Silva PGTM, da Silveira LB, Camargo LFA. The Risk of Reinfection or Primary Hepatitis E Virus Infection at a Liver Transplant Center in Brazil: An Observational Cohort Study. Viruses 2024; 16:301. [PMID: 38400077 PMCID: PMC10893537 DOI: 10.3390/v16020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus is a major etiological agent of chronic hepatitis in immunosuppressed individuals. Seroprevalence in the liver transplantation setting varies according to the seroprevalence of the general population in different countries. This was a prospective cohort study of liver transplant recipients in southeastern Brazil. Recipients were systematically followed for one year, with the objective of determining the prevalence, incidence, and natural history of HEV infection in this population. We included 107 liver transplant recipients and 83 deceased donors. Positivity for anti-HEV IgG was detected in 10.2% of the recipients and in 9.7% of the donors. None of the patients tested positive for HEV RNA at baseline or during follow-up. There were no episodes of reactivation or seroconversion, even in cases of serological donor-recipient mismatch or in recipients with acute hepatitis. Acute and chronic HEV infections seem to be rare events in the region studied. That could be attributable to social, economic, and environmental factors. Our data indicate that, among liver transplant recipients, hepatitis E should be investigated only when there are elevated levels of transaminases with no defined cause, as part of the differential diagnosis of seronegative hepatitis after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zicker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
| | - João R. R. Pinho
- Research and Development Sector, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane A. R. Welter
- Research and Development Sector, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Bianca D. Guardia
- Liver Transplant Program, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luís F. A. Camargo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05653-120, Brazil
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Viera-Segura O, Calderón-Flores A, Batún-Alfaro JA, Fierro NA. Tracing the History of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Mexico: From the Enigmatic Genotype 2 to the Current Disease Situation. Viruses 2023; 15:1911. [PMID: 37766316 PMCID: PMC10536485 DOI: 10.3390/v15091911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. This virus is responsible for waterborne outbreaks in low-income countries and zoonosis transmission in industrialized regions. Initially, considered self-limiting, HEV may also lead to chronic disease, and evidence supports that infection can be considered a systemic disease. In the late 1980s, Mexico became a hot spot in the study of HEV due to one of the first virus outbreaks in Latin America related to enterically transmitted viral non-A, non-B hepatitis. Viral stool particles recovered from Mexican viral hepatitis outbreaks represented the first identification of HEV genotype (Gt) 2 (Gt2) in the world. No new findings of HEV-Gt2 have been reported in the country, whereas this genotype has been found in countries on the African continent. Recent investigations in Mexico have identified other strains (HEV-Gt1 and -Gt3) and a high frequency of anti-HEV antibodies in animal and human populations. Herein, the potential reasons for the disappearance of HEV-Gt2 in Mexico and the advances in the study of HEV in the country are discussed along with challenges in studying this neglected pathogen. These pieces of information are expected to contribute to disease control in the entire Latin American region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Viera-Segura
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Arturo Calderón-Flores
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Julio A. Batún-Alfaro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Nora A. Fierro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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de Oliveira JM, dos Santos DRL, Pinto MA. Hepatitis E Virus Research in Brazil: Looking Back and Forwards. Viruses 2023; 15:548. [PMID: 36851763 PMCID: PMC9965705 DOI: 10.3390/v15020548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has emerged as a public health concern in Brazil. From the first identification and characterization of porcine and human HEV-3 strains in the 2000s, new HEV subtypes have been identified from animal, human, and environmental isolates. As new potential animal reservoirs have emerged, there is a need to compile evidence on the zoonotic dissemination of the virus in animal hosts and the environment. The increasing amount of seroprevalence data on sampled and randomly selected populations must be systematically retrieved, interpreted, and considered under the One Health concept. This review focused on HEV seroprevalence data in distinct animal reservoirs and human populations reported in the last two decades. Furthermore, the expertise with experimental infection models using non-human primates may provide new insights into HEV pathogenesis, prevention, and environmental surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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Fernández Villalobos NV, Kessel B, Rodiah I, Ott JJ, Lange B, Krause G. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in the Americas: Estimates from a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269253. [PMID: 35648773 PMCID: PMC9159553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is responsible for inflammatory liver disease and can cause severe health problems. Because the seroprevalence of HEV varies within different population groups and between regions of the continent, we conducted a systematic review on the topic in order to provide evidence for targeted prevention strategies.
Methods
We performed a systematic review in PubMed, SCIELO, LILACS, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library and included reports up to 25 May 2021 (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020173934). We assessed the risk of bias, publication bias, and heterogeneity between studies and conducted a random-effect meta-analysis for proportions using a (binomial-normal) generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) fitted by Maximum Likelihood (ML). We also reported other characteristics like genotype and risk factors.
Results
Of 1212 identified records, 142 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis and 132 in the quantitative analysis. Our random-effects GLMM pooled overall estimate for past infection (IgG) was 7.7% (95% CI 6.4%–9.2%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 97%). We found higher seroprevalence in certain population groups, for example in people with pig related exposure for IgG (ranges from 6.2%–28% and pooled estimate of 13.8%, 95% CI: 7.6%–23.6%), or with diagnosed or suspected acute viral hepatitis for IgM (ranges from 0.3%–23.9% and pooled estimate of 5.5%, 95% CI: 2.0%–14.1%). Increasing age, contact with pigs and meat products, and low socioeconomic conditions are the main risk factors for HEV infection. Genotype 1 and 3 were documented across the region.
Conclusion
HEV seroprevalence estimates demonstrated high variability within the Americas. There are population groups with higher seroprevalence and reported risk factors for HEV infection that need to be prioritized for further research. Due to human transmission and zoonotic infections in the region, preventive strategies should include water sanitation, occupational health, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbora Kessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isti Rodiah
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jördis Jennifer Ott
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berit Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Braunschweig-Hannover, Germany
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Moraes DFDSD, Mesquita JR, Dutra V, Nascimento MSJ. Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082290. [PMID: 34438747 PMCID: PMC8388429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis worldwide. Originally identified in epidemics associated with flooding in Asia, it nowadays shows very distinct genetic and epidemiological patterns. While HEV genotypes (HEV-) 1 and 2 are associated with the original outbreaks (waterborne diseases), HEV-3 and HEV-4 present a zoonotic pattern (associated with consumption of meat from infected animals), HEV-5 and 6 have been found only in wild boar in Japan, and HEV-7 and 8 have been detected in camels and dromedary seldom affecting humans. Brazil, with a precarious sanitary structure and being an important world meat producer, was the focus of this study in order to identify patterns of occurrence of HEV. After reviewing scientific studies, it was identified that the only genotype found in Brazil is HEV-3 and the area where there were more reports was the South region of the country. This is the region that produces more pork. These results indicate that HEV-3 is widespread in the country and sanitary surveillance is essential in the national production of pigs, as well as the implementation of monitoring protocols in hospitals. Abstract Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with diverse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, also being the fourth largest pig producer in the world. The aim of the present systematic review was to collect and summarize all HEV published data from Brazil (from 1995 to October 2020) performed in humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health perspective. A total of 2173 papers were retrieved from five search databases (LILACs, Mendeley, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) resulting in 71 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Data shows that HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) was the only retrieved genotype in humans, animals, and environment in Brazil. The South region showed the highest human seroprevalence and also the highest pig density and industry, suggesting a zoonotic link. HEV-1 and 2 were not detected in Brazil, despite the low sanitary conditions of some regions. From the present review we infer that HEV epidemiology in Brazil is similar to that of industrialized countries (only HEV-3, swine reservoirs, no waterborne transmission, no association with low sanitary conditions). Hence, we alert for the implementation of HEV surveillance systems in swine and for the consideration of HEV in the diagnostic routine of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Franciele da Silva Dias Moraes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil; (D.F.d.S.D.M.); (V.D.)
- Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de Mato Grosso (SEMA), Cuiabá 78050-970, Brazil
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João R. Mesquita
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil; (D.F.d.S.D.M.); (V.D.)
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do Nascimento RS, Baia KLN, de Souza SB, Fontoura GMG, Nunes PF, Machado LFA, Kupek E, Fischer B, Martins LC, Oliveira-Filho AB. Hepatitis E Virus in People Who Use Crack-Cocaine: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Remote Region of Northern Brazil. Viruses 2021; 13:926. [PMID: 34067873 PMCID: PMC8156048 DOI: 10.3390/v13050926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People who use crack-cocaine (PWUCC) have numerous vulnerabilities and pose a challenge to health and social assistance services. The exposure to pathogens and risk situations occur differently according to each individual, region and social group. This study identified the presence, genotypes and factors associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) exposure among a community-recruited cohort of 437 PWUCC in northern Brazil. Epidemiological information was collected through community-based assessments and interviews. Thereafter, blood and fecal samples were collected and tested for HEV using an immunoenzymatic assay, and the genotype was identified by PCR. Logistic regressions were used to identify the risk factors independently associated with exposure to HEV. In total, 79 (18.1%) PWUCC were exposed to HEV: 73 (16.7%) for IgG and six for IgG + IgM. HEV RNA was detected in six fecal samples and in two blood samples from PWUCC with IgM + IgG. Subtype 3c was identified in all of the samples. The factors associated with exposure to HEV were low monthly income, unstable housing (e.g., homelessness), crack-cocaine use ≥40 months, and the shared use of crack-cocaine equipment. The current study provides unique initial insights into HEV status and risk factors among PWUCC in a remote area in Brazil, with diverse implications for urgently improved diagnosis, prevention, and treatment intervention needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva do Nascimento
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
| | - Karen Lorena N. Baia
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil; (P.F.N.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Samara Borges de Souza
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins G. Fontoura
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
| | - Patrícia Ferreira Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil; (P.F.N.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04038-000, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil; (P.F.N.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil; (R.S.d.N.); (K.L.N.B.); (S.B.d.S.); (G.M.G.F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66055-240, Brazil; (P.F.N.); (L.C.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguagens e Saberes na Amazônia, Bragança 68600-000, Brazil
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Detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in HIV-infected patients and blood donors from southern Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 86:114-121. [PMID: 31279609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) infection usually causes self-limited acute hepatitis. In immunosuppressed patients, HEV-3 infection can rapidly progress to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. In southern Brazil, data on HEV seroprevalence are scarce. METHODS Testing for HEV RNA and antibodies (anti-HEV) was performed for 320 HIV-infected patients followed at the HIV/AIDS Service of the Federal University of Rio Grande between 2012 and 2013, as well as 281 blood donor samples obtained in 2015. Variables associated with anti-HEV positivity were assessed by multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS HIV and blood donor groups showed similar HEV seroprevalence (6.7% and 7.1%, respectively). Risk factors associated with anti-HEV detection were older age, marital status, a higher number of sexual partners, poor sanitation, and alcohol use (HIV group), and living in a rural area (blood donors). HEV RNA was detected in eight serum samples from HIV-infected patients and in one blood donor, who was also positive for anti-HEV IgM and IgG. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence rates of HEV infection were comparable between HIV-seropositive patients who were not severely immunocompromised and blood donors. The blood donor's HEV isolate showed high similarity with swine HEV strains from Brazilian herds in the same region, thus indicating a potential risk of foodborne and parenteral transmission via blood transfusion.
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Souza AJSD, Malheiros AP, Sarmento VP, Resende FDS, Alves MM, Nunes HM, Soares MDCP, Sá LRMD. Serological and molecular retrospective analysis of hepatitis E suspected cases from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon 1993-2014. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180465. [PMID: 31038622 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0465-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated the anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody prevalence and HEV-RNA in archived serum samples of non-A-C hepatitis, or suspected cases of HEV infection from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon from 1993 to 2014. METHODS Serum samples (n = 318) were tested using ELISA and immunoblotting, and screened for HEV-RNA by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Anti-HEV IgM and IgG were detected in 3.4% (11/318) and 5.9% (19/318) of the samples, respectively. All samples were HEV-RNA negative. CONCLUSIONS HEV was detected at a low prevalence. Broader serological and molecular evaluation of HEV infection in the Amazon region should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Junior Souza de Souza
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Seção de Hepatologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lilian Rose Marques de Sá
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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da Silva MS, Silveira S, Caron VS, Mósena ACS, Weber MN, Cibulski SP, Medeiros AAR, Silva GS, Corbellini LG, Klein R, Kreutz LC, Frandoloso R, Canal CW. Backyard pigs are a reservoir of zoonotic hepatitis E virus in southern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 112:14-21. [PMID: 29554365 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide. There is no seroprevalence study in backyard farms, which are characterized by suboptimal hygienic conditions in Brazil. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence and genetic diversity of HEV in backyard pigs in Brazil. Methods Swine serum samples collected in 2012 (n=731) and 2014 (n=713) were analysed. The presence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G in pig serum was evaluated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed and phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on the partial ORF1 and ORF2 coding regions. Results Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 77.6% (567/731; 95% confidence interval [CI] 74.5 to 90.6%) of serum samples in 2012 and 65.5% (467/713; 95% CI 62.0 to 69.0%) in 2014. The herd seroprevalence was 91.7% (187/204; 95% CI 91% to 99%) in 2012 and 83.7% (164/196; 95% CI 78% to 89%) in 2014. Further, HEV RNA was detected in 0.8% (6/713) of samples from 2014. Phylogenetic analysis showed three different genotype 3 subtypes with high similarity to human HEV strains. Conclusions This study showed that backyard pigs are a reservoir of HEV and alerts us to the need to control infection and spillover from backyard farms. GenBank accession numbers MF438128-MF438135.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - V S Caron
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A C S Mósena
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S P Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A A R Medeiros
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G S Silva
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L G Corbellini
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R Klein
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L C Kreutz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R Frandoloso
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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11
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Tengan FM, Figueiredo GM, Nunes AKS, Manchiero C, Dantas BP, Magri MC, Prata TVG, Nascimento M, Mazza CC, Abdala E, Barone AA, Bernardo WM. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in adults in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:3. [PMID: 30646964 PMCID: PMC6334402 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the Hepeviridae family; it has four main genotypes and one serotype. While genotypes 1 and 2 cause epidemic hepatitis and are transmitted via water and the fecal-oral route, genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. In the various seroprevalence studies of hepatitis E in Brazil, the numbers reported vary widely and are difficult to interpret. The aim of this study was to analyze existing seroprevalence studies of hepatitis E in adults in Brazil. MAIN TEXT We searched the PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences and Embase databases for studies published from inception to May 12, 2018 concerning infection by HEV in Brazil without time period or language restrictions. We included studies that presented data concerning hepatitis E seroprevalence in adults in Brazil, had a sample size ≥50 patients and whose method used for the detection of anti-HEV was standardized and commercialized. We also evaluated the quality of the articles using a list of criteria that totalized 9 items. Of the 20 studies ultimately analyzed, 10 (50%) were from the southeast region of Brazil, 3 (15%) were from the central-west region, 3 (15%) were from the northern region, 2 (10%) were from the northeast region and 2 (10%) were from the southern region. Regarding the quality evaluation of the studies, the mean score was 5.6 (range: 4-8). The estimated overall seroprevalence of HEV infection in the adult population was 6.0% (95% CI: 5.0-7.0); in subgroup analyses, we observed that the prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in blood donors was 7.0% (95% CI: 5.0-8.0), whereas in the general population, it was 3.0% (95% CI: 2.0-4.0). CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review indicate that there should be national investment in the prevention of hepatitis E virus infection in Brazil, including the implementation of improvements in basic sanitation and guidance regarding the appropriate handling of animal waste and the optimal cooking of vegetables, meat and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Mitiko Tengan
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo - USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Gerusa M. Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Arielle K. S. Nunes
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Carol Manchiero
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Bianca P. Dantas
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Magri
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Thamiris V. G. Prata
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Marisa Nascimento
- Nursing Division, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Celso C. Mazza
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo - USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Edson Abdala
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo - USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Antonio A. Barone
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo - USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Wanderley M. Bernardo
- School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Brazilian Medical Association (AMB), São Paulo, SP Brazil
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12
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Pisano MB, Martinez-Wassaf MG, Mirazo S, Fantilli A, Arbiza J, Debes JD, Ré VE. Hepatitis E virus in South America: The current scenario. Liver Int 2018; 38:1536-1546. [PMID: 29788538 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most frequent causes of acute viral hepatitis of enteric transmission worldwide. In South America the overall epidemiology has been little studied, and the burden of the disease remains largely unknown. A research of all scientific articles about HEV circulation in South America until November 2017 was carried out. Human seroprevalences of HEV varied according to the studied population: blood donors presented prevalence rates ranging from 1.8% to 9.8%, while reports from HIV-infected individuals, transplant recipients and patients on hemodialysis showed higher prevalence rates. Only 2 cases of chronic hepatitis in solid-organ transplant patients from Argentina and Brazil have been described. Detection of HEV in the swine population is widely prevalent in the region. Anti-HEV antibodies have also been recently documented in wild boars from Uruguay. Although scarce, studies focused on environmental and food HEV detection have shown viral presence in these kind of samples, highlighting possible transmission sources of HEV in the continent. HEV genotype 3 was the most frequently detected in the region, with HEV genotype 1 detected only in Venezuela and Uruguay. HEV is widely distributed throughout South America, producing sporadic cases of acute hepatitis, but as a possible agent of chronic hepatitis. Finding the virus in humans, animals, environmental samples and food, show that it can be transmitted through many sources, alerting local governments and health systems to improve diagnosis and for the implementation of preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | | | - Santiago Mirazo
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anabella Fantilli
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José D Debes
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Viviana E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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13
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Salvio AL, Lopes AO, Almeida AJ, Gardinali NR, Lima LRP, de Oliveira JM, Sion FS, Ribeiro LCP, Pinto MA, de Paula VS. Detection and quantification of hepatitis E virus in the absence of IgG and IgM anti-HEV in HIV-positive patients. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1208-1215. [PMID: 29920871 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To improve RT-qPCR with an internal control and a synthetic standard curve to detect HEV in HIV co-infected patients. METHODS AND RESULTS A single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) synthetic curve were designed, compared to the international reference panel for HEV genotypes, and tested to quantify and detect a reference panel for HEV genotypes. The detection limit of the RNA synthetic curve (50 copies per ml) was better than the DNA synthetic curve (100 copies per ml) and the WHO standard curve (250 copies per ml). Then, 280 serum samples from HIV-positive patients were tested for HEV RNA, which was detected in 3·6% of serum samples. The viral load ranged from 2 × 102 copies per ml to 4·78 × 108 copies per ml. HEV IgM/IgG antibodies were not detected in the RNA-positive patients. Sequencing analysis of HEV showed that the virus belongs to genotype 3 (HEV GT3). CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR was a useful tool to estimate co-infection with HEV/HIV, even in patients with low viral loads and undetectable anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV GT3) has been associated with silent chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in HIV-positive subjects worldwide, but there is a lack of data on this co-infection in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Salvio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A O Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A J Almeida
- Hematology Department, Gaffrée & Guinle Universitary Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University/UniRio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N R Gardinali
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L R P Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J M de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F S Sion
- Hematology Department, Gaffrée & Guinle Universitary Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University/UniRio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L C P Ribeiro
- Hematology Department, Gaffrée & Guinle Universitary Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University/UniRio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M A Pinto
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V S de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Detection of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in pigs from subsistence farms in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 58:11-16. [PMID: 30245045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, recognized as an important global public health concern. In this study, molecular detection of the ORF1 and ORF2 genomic regions of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) was carried out in fecal and serum samples from pigs in subsistence farms of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Fragments of the ORF2 region were amplified in 8% (12/150) of fecal samples, with 53.3% (8/15) of farms having positive results. Of the 12 positive samples, fragments of the ORF1 region were amplified in 33.3% (4/12) of these. Molecular characterization confirmed the phylogenetic groupings as HEV subtypes 3d, 3 h, and 3i. The results revealed that meat from pigs that was originally meant for personal consumption is being traded in marketplaces in metropolitan Cuiabá, thereby creating a source of transmission to consumers in Mato Grosso. The environmental conditions must be taken into account when investigating the presence and transmission of HEV.
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15
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Campolmi I, Spinicci M, Mayaregua DR, Barahona HG, Mantella A, Lara Y, Roselli M, Strohmeyer M, Corti G, Tolari F, Pinckert JM, Dalton HR, Bartoloni A. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A Virus, Hepatitis E Virus, and Helicobacter pylori in Rural Communities of the Bolivian Chaco, 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1275-1280. [PMID: 29582736 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Bolivian Chaco, south-east of Bolivia, studies conducted over the past three decades reported hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Helicobacter pylori seroprevalences above 90% and 60%, respectively. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) prevalence was previously found to be 6-7% but is probably an underestimate because of the poor sensitivity of the assays used. In November 2013, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 263 healthy volunteers from two rural communities of the Bolivian Chaco, aiming to reassess HAV, HEV, and H. pylori seroprevalence 10-20 years following the previous surveys. Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence was 95%, with universal exposure after the first decade of life; HEV seroprevalence was considerably higher (31-35%) than that previously reported; H. pylori seroprevalence was 59%, with an age-dependent distribution. The high prevalence of these infections suggests that major efforts are still needed to reduce fecal-oral transmission and to improve human health in the Bolivian Chaco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Campolmi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Spinicci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - David Rojo Mayaregua
- Escuela de Salud del Chaco Tekove Katu, Gutierrez, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Herlan Gamboa Barahona
- Facultad Integral del Chaco, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno, Camiri, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Antonia Mantella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Yunni Lara
- Hospital S. Antonio de Los Sauces, Monteagudo, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Mimmo Roselli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Marianne Strohmeyer
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Corti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Tolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Harry R Dalton
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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16
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Bricks G, Senise JF, Pott Junior H, Grandi G, Passarini A, Caldeira DB, Carnaúba Junior D, Moraes HABD, Granato CFH, Castelo A. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in chronic hepatitis C in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:85-91. [PMID: 29494796 PMCID: PMC9428184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis E virus infection in patients with underlying chronic liver disease is associated with liver decompensation and increased lethality. The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C in Brazil is unknown. This study aims to estimate the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to describe associated risk factors. METHODS A total of 618 patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus from three reference centers of São Paulo, Brazil were included. Presence of anti-HEV IgG was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (WANTAI HEV-IgG ELISA). RESULTS Out of the 618 patients tested, 10.2% turned out positive for anti-HEV IgG (95% CI 8.0-12.8%). Higher seroprevalence was found independently associated with age over 60 years (OR=2.04; p=0.02) and previous contact with pigs (OR=1.99; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Patients with chronic hepatitis C are under risk of hepatitis E virus superinfection in São Paulo. Contact with pigs is a risk factor for the infection, suggesting a possible zoonosis with oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Bricks
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Figueiredo Senise
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Pott Junior
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Grandi
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Passarini
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Bellini Caldeira
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dimas Carnaúba Junior
- Hospital de Transplante Euryclides Jesus Zerbini, Ambulatório de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adauto Castelo
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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de Oliveira JMNS, Freitas NRD, Teles SA, Bottino FDO, Lemos AS, de Oliveira JM, de Paula V, Pinto MA, Martins RMB. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus RNA and antibodies in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients in Central Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 69:41-43. [PMID: 29408465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA and antibodies among kidney transplant recipients (KTR) in Central Brazil. The presence of chronic HEV infection was also investigated. METHODS A cohort study was conducted among 316 KTR treated at a referral center for kidney transplantation in Goiânia, Brazil. All serum samples were tested for the presence of HEV RNA (real-time PCR) and anti-HEV IgG/IgM (ELISA). Anti-HEV-positive samples were confirmed using an immunoblot test. HEV chronicity was investigated in a subgroup of patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT >40IU/l) through HEV RNA detection in additional serum samples collected 3 and 6 months apart. RESULTS A seroprevalence of 2.5% (95% confidence interval 1.2-5.1%) was found for anti-HEV IgG. There was no difference in characteristics between the anti-HEV IgG seropositive and seronegative KTR groups. Anti-HEV IgM was detected in only one patient (0.3%). All KTR were negative for HEV RNA. CONCLUSIONS These results show that HEV infection is infrequent in KTR in Central Brazil, with low seroprevalence rates of past and recent infection, and also an absence of active and chronic HEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nara Rubia de Freitas
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa de Paula
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Gardinali NR, Guimarães JR, Melgaço JG, Kevorkian YB, Bottino FDO, Vieira YR, da Silva ACDA, Pinto DP, da Fonseca LB, Vilhena LS, Uiechi E, da Silva MCC, Moran J, Marchevsky RS, Cruz OG, Otonel RAA, Alfieri AA, de Oliveira JM, Gaspar AMC, Pinto MA. Cynomolgus monkeys are successfully and persistently infected with hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) after long-term immunosuppressive therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174070. [PMID: 28328941 PMCID: PMC5362194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies found that hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3) infection was associated with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between the host immunosuppressive status and the occurrence of HEV-related chronic hepatitis. Here we describe a successful experimental study, using cynomolgus monkeys previously treated with tacrolimus, a potent calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant, and infected with a Brazilian HEV-3 strain isolated from naturally infected pigs. HEV infected monkeys were followed up during 160 days post infection (dpi) by clinical signs; virological, biochemical and haematological parameters; and liver histopathology. The tacrolimus blood levels were monitored throughout the experiment. Immunosuppression was confirmed by clinical and laboratorial findings, such as: moderate weight loss, alopecia, and herpes virus opportunistic infection. In this study, chronic HEV infection was characterized by the mild increase of liver enzymes serum levels; persistent RNA viremia and viral faecal shedding; and liver histopathology. Three out of four immunosuppressed monkeys showed recurrent HEV RNA detection in liver samples, evident hepatocellular ballooning degeneration, mild to severe macro and microvesicular steatosis (zone 1), scattered hepatocellular apoptosis, and lobular focal inflammation. At 69 dpi, liver biopsies of all infected monkeys revealed evident ballooning degeneration (zone 3), discrete hepatocellular apoptosis, and at most mild portal and intra-acinar focal inflammation. At 160 dpi, the three chronically HEV infected monkeys showed microscopic features (piecemeal necrosis) corresponding to chronic hepatitis in absence of fibrosis and cirrhosis in liver parenchyma. Within 4-months follow up, the tacrolimus-immunosuppressed cynomolgus monkeys infected with a Brazilian swine HEV-3 strain exhibited more severe hepatic lesions progressing to chronic hepatitis without liver fibrosis, similarly as shown in tacrolimus-immunosuppressed solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The cause-effect relationship between HEV infection and tacrolimus treatment was confirmed in this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana Rodrigues Guimarães
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yohan Britto Kevorkian
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira Bottino
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmine Rangel Vieira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Campos de Azevedo da Silva
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética –SEFAR, Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde–VPPIS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas Pereira Pinto
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética –SEFAR, Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde–VPPIS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Bastos da Fonseca
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética –SEFAR, Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde–VPPIS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Schiavo Vilhena
- Serviço de Equivalência e Farmacocinética –SEFAR, Vice-Presidência de Produção e Inovação em Saúde–VPPIS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cristina Carlan da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (Virologia Molecular), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas-CCNH, Universidade Federal do ABC-UFABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Moran
- Dr. Julio Moran Laboratories, Ebmatingen, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Sérgio Marchevsky
- Laboratório de Neurovirulência, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Coimbra Gaspar
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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High frequency of hepatitis E virus infection in swine from South Brazil and close similarity to human HEV isolates. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:373-379. [PMID: 28089613 PMCID: PMC5470454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus is responsible for acute and chronic liver infections worldwide. Swine hepatitis E virus has been isolated in Brazil, and a probable zoonotic transmission has been described, although data are still scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs from a small-scale farm in the rural area of Paraná State, South Brazil. Fecal samples were collected from 170 pigs and screened for hepatitis E virus RNA using a duplex real-time RT-PCR targeting a highly conserved 70nt long sequence within overlapping parts of ORF2 and ORF3 as well as a 113nt sequence of ORF2. Positive samples with high viral loads were subjected to direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. hepatitis E virus RNA was detected in 34 (20.0%) of the 170 pigs following positive results in at least one set of screening real-time RT-PCR primers and probes. The swine hepatitis E virus strains clustered with the genotype hepatitis E virus-3b reference sequences in the phylogenetic analysis and showed close similarity to human hepatitis E virus isolates previously reported in Brazil.
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20
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Full coding hepatitis E virus genotype 3 genome amplification method. J Virol Methods 2016; 230:18-23. [PMID: 26784284 PMCID: PMC7172825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new amplification method for the complete HEV coding genome was described. HEV genome organization and function were reviewed. Polymorphic amino acids of each HEV genome region were analyzed in reference sequences. Complete coding HEV sequence of an immunocompromised patient with acute infection was analyzed.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 produces zoonotic infection associated with the consumption of infected animals. HEV infections can become chronic in immunocompromised (IC) patients. The viral genome has three well defined open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3) within which various domains and functions have been described. This paper (i) describes a new method of complete sequencing of the HEV coding region through overlapping PCR systems, (ii) establishes a consensus sequence and polymorphic positions (PP) for each domain, and (iii) analyzes the complete coding sequence of an IC patient. With regard to the consensus, a high percentage of PP was observed in protease (PP = 19%) and the X domain (PP = 22%) within ORF1, the N-terminal region of the S domain (PP = 22%) in ORF2, and the P1 (PP = 35%) and P2 (PP = 25%) domains in ORF3. In contrast, the ORF1 Y, ORF2 S, ORF2 M and ORF3 D1 domains were conserved in the reference sequences (0.40, 1, 0.70 and 0% of PP, respectively). The sequence from the IC patient had more mutations in the RpRp (D1235G, Q1242R, S1454T, V1480I, I1502 V, K1511R, G1373 V, E1442D, V1693 M), the terminal ORF2 S- domain (F10L, S26T, G36S, S70P, A105 V, I113 V), the X domain (T938 M, T856 V, S898A) and the helicase (S1014N, S975T, Q1133 K).
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Sue PK, Pisanic N, Heaney CD, Forman M, Valsamakis A, Jackson AM, Ticehurst JR, Montgomery RA, Schwarz KB, Nelson KE, Karnsakul W. Hepatitis E Virus Infection Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients at a North American Transplant Center. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw006. [PMID: 27014710 PMCID: PMC4804338 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Autochthonous hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been reported in over 200 solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients since 2006, yet little is known about the burden of HEV among SOT recipients in North America. We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with HEV infection among SOT recipients at our institution. Methods. Children and adults (n = 311) who received allografts between 1988 and 2012 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were assessed for evidence of HEV infection by testing posttransplantation serum samples for HEV antibody by enzyme immunoassay and HEV RNA by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Individuals with evidence of posttransplant HEV infection (presence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin [Ig]M antibody, anti-HEV IgG seroconversion, or HEV RNA) were compared with individuals without evidence of infection and assessed for risk factors associated with infection. Results. Twelve individuals (4%) developed posttransplant HEV infection. Posttransplant HEV infection was associated with an increased risk for graft rejection (odds ratio, 14.2; P = .03). No individuals developed chronic infection. Conclusions. Solid organ transplant recipients in the United States are at risk for posttransplant HEV infection. Further studies are needed to characterize environmental risk factors and the risk of HEV infection after SOT in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Sue
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Michael Forman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology
| | | | | | - John R Ticehurst
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Kathleen B Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Kenrad E Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Wikrom Karnsakul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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Passos-Castilho AM, Sena AD, Reinaldo MR, Granato CFH. Hepatitis E virus infection in Brazil: results of laboratory-based surveillance from 1998 to 2013. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:468-70. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0036-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne de Sena
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Grupo Fleury S/A, Brazil
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Munjal S, Gupta N, Sharma RK, Gupta A, Prasad N, Kaul A, Bhadauria D, Goel A, Aggarwal R. Lack of persistent hepatitis E virus infection as a cause for unexplained transaminase elevation in renal transplant recipients in India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2014; 33:550-3. [PMID: 25266354 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-014-0508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is highly endemic in India, being the most common cause of acute hepatitis; however, no case of chronic infection has been reported. All the human isolates of HEV from India till date have belonged to genotype 1. In contrast, in non-endemic areas, genotype 3 is the most prevalent, and persistent HEV infection has been reported among solid-organ transplant recipients. Whether persistent infection occurs with genotype 1 HEV is unclear. We therefore looked for evidence of HEV infection among renal transplant recipients with elevated alanine transaminase (ALT). METHODS Renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy were screened for ALT levels, irrespective of time duration since renal transplant. For those with ALT levels equal to or exceeding 50 IU/mL on at least two occasions ≥3 weeks apart, serum was tested for HEV RNA using a sensitive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. For those testing positive, HEV genotyping and follow up for duration of viral persistence were planned. RESULTS Of the 275 patients studied, 49 (17.8 %, 44 male, median age = 39.5 years) had elevated ALT levels (median = 62 [range = 50-477] IU/L). None of these 49 patients had detectable HEV RNA in the serum using an assay with detection sensitivity of 300 copies of RNA/mL of specimen. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that persistent HEV infection is an infrequent cause of ALT elevation in Indian renal transplant recipients who are receiving immunosuppressive drugs. This suggests that infection with genotype 1 HEV may have either no or low potential to cause persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Munjal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014, India
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Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in a pediatric female liver transplant recipient. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4425-7. [PMID: 25275004 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02286-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of chronic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in a 13-year-old female liver transplant recipient with recurrent increased aminotransferase levels and acute cellular rejection. This finding demonstrates that chronic HEV infection can occur and should be further investigated in immunocompromised patients in Latin America.
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Hepatitis A and E seroprevalence and associated risk factors: a community-based cross-sectional survey in rural Amazonia. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:458. [PMID: 25149658 PMCID: PMC4152586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are both transmitted by the faecal-oral route, and represent common causes of acute hepatitis in developing countries. The endemicity of HAV infection has shifted from high to moderate in Brazil. Human cases of HEV infection seem to be rare, although the virus has been detected in swine livestock and effluents of slaughterhouses. This study was to determine the epidemiology of hepatitis A and E in one of the largest agricultural settlements in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. METHODS Serum samples collected from 397 individuals aged between 5 and 90 years during a population-based cross-sectional survey were tested for anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies. Associated risk factors and spatial clustering of HAV and HEV seropositivity were also analyzed. RESULTS The overall rate of HAV seropositivity was 82.9% (95% confidence interval (CI), 79.2-86.6%). Multilevel logistic regression analysis identified increasing age (in years; odds ratio (OR), 1.097; 95% CI, 1.050-1.147; P < 0.001) and crowding (OR, 1.603; 95% CI, 1.054-2.440; P = 0.028) as significant risk factors for HAV seropositivity. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 50/388 settlers (12.9%, 95% CI, 9.5-16.2%). Anti-HEV IgM was detected in 7/43 (16.3%) anti-IgG positive samples, and 4 of them had a confirmed result by immunoblot. Increasing age was the only significant determinant of HEV seropositivity (OR, 1.033; 95% CI, 1.016-1.050; P < 0.001). No significant spatial clustering of HAV and HEV seropositivity was detected in the area. CONCLUSIONS Both HAV and HEV are endemic, with differing rates of infection in children and adults in this rural setting of the Brazilian Amazon. Anti-HEV prevalence was considerably higher than those previously reported in Brazil. The detection of HEV- specific IgM antibodies in four asymptomatic individuals is highly suggestive of the circulation of HEV in this rural population.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a worldwide disease. An improved understanding of the natural history of HEV infection has been achieved within the last decade. Several reservoirs and transmission modes have been identified. Hepatitis E is an underdiagnosed disease, in part due to the use of serological assays with low sensitivity. However, diagnostic tools, including nucleic acid-based tests, have been improved. The epidemiology and clinical features of hepatitis E differ between developing and developed countries. HEV infection is usually an acute self-limiting disease, but in developed countries it causes chronic infection with rapidly progressive cirrhosis in organ transplant recipients, patients with hematological malignancy requiring chemotherapy, and individuals with HIV. HEV also causes extrahepatic manifestations, including a number of neurological syndromes and renal injury. Acute infection usually requires no treatment, but chronic infection should be treated by reducing immunosuppression in transplant patients and/or the use of antiviral therapy. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current knowledge about the virus itself, as well as the epidemiology, diagnostics, natural history, and management of HEV infection in developing and developed countries.
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Hering T, Passos AM, Perez RM, Bilar J, Fragano D, Granato C, Medina-Pestana JO, Ferraz MLG. Past and current hepatitis E virus infection in renal transplant patients. J Med Virol 2014; 86:948-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Passos
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Renata Mello Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Juliana Bilar
- Department of Gastroenterology; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniel Fragano
- Department of Gastroenterology; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Celso Granato
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatitis E has been regarded as a disease of the developing world, where it causes large waterborne outbreaks and sporadic cases of hepatitis. Recent research has shown this received wisdom to be mistaken. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that authochtonous (locally acquired) hepatitis E does occur in developed countries, is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4, and is zoonotic with pigs as the primary host. Most infections are clinically inapparent. However, acute symptomatic hepatitis E has a predilection for middle-aged and elderly men, with an excess mortality in patients with underlying chronic liver disease. Chronic infection occurs in the immunosuppressed with rapidly progressive cirrhosis if untreated, the treatment of choice being ribavirin monotherapy for 3 months. Hepatitis E has a range of extra-hepatic manifestations, including a spectrum of neurological syndromes. HEV can be transmitted by blood transfusion and has recently been found in donated blood in a number of countries. SUMMARY The diagnosis should be considered in any patient with a raised alanine aminotranferase, irrespective of age or travel history. The safety of blood products needs to be fully assessed, as a matter of priority, as blood donors are not currently screened for HEV.
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Zhou X, de Man RA, de Knegt RJ, Metselaar HJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Epidemiology and management of chronic hepatitis E infection in solid organ transplantation: a comprehensive literature review. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:295-304. [PMID: 23813631 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has emerged as a global public health issue. Although it often causes an acute and self-limiting infection with low mortality rates in the western world, it bears a high risk of developing chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients with substantial mortality rates. Organ transplant recipients who receive immunosuppressive medication to prevent rejection are thought to be the main population at risk for chronic hepatitis E. Therefore, there is an urgent need to properly evaluate the clinical impact of HEV in these patients. This article aims to review the prevalence, infection course, and management of HEV infection after solid organ transplantation by performing a comprehensive literature review. In addition, an in-depth emphasis of this clinical issue and a discussion of future development are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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