1
|
Ofori B, Agoha RK, Bokoe EK, Armah ENA, Misita Morang'a C, Sarpong KAN. Leveraging wastewater-based epidemiology to monitor the spread of neglected tropical diseases in African communities. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38922811 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2369177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases continue to cause a significant burden worldwide, with Africa accounting for more than one-third of the global burden. Over the past decade, progress has been made in eliminating, controlling, and eradicating these diseases in Africa. By December 2022, 47 out of 54 African countries had eliminated at least one neglected tropical disease, and more countries were close to achieving this milestone. Between 2020 and 2021, there was an 80 million reduction in people requiring intervention. However, continued efforts are needed to manage neglected tropical diseases and address their social and economic burden, as they deepen marginalisation and stigmatisation. Wastewater-based epidemiology involves analyzing wastewater to detect and quantify biomarkers of disease-causing pathogens. This approach can complement current disease surveillance systems in Africa and provide an additional layer of information for monitoring disease spread and detecting outbreaks. This is particularly important in Africa due to limited traditional surveillance methods. Wastewater-based epidemiology also provides a tsunami-like warning system for neglected tropical disease outbreaks and can facilitate timely intervention and optimised resource allocation, providing an unbiased reflection of the community's health compared to traditional surveillance systems. In this review, we highlight the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology as an innovative approach for monitoring neglected tropical disease transmission within African communities and improving existing surveillance systems. Our analysis shows that wastewater-based epidemiology can enhance surveillance of neglected tropical diseases in Africa, improving early detection and management of Buruli ulcers, hookworm infections, ascariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue, chikungunya, echinococcosis, rabies, and cysticercosis for better disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Ofori
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Righteous Kwaku Agoha
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edem Kwame Bokoe
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Collins Misita Morang'a
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Amofa Nketia Sarpong
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rau F, Elsner C, Meister TL, Gömer A, Kallies R, Dittmer U, Steinmann E, Todt D. Monitoring of hepatitis E virus in wastewater can identify clinically relevant variants. Liver Int 2024; 44:637-643. [PMID: 38291853 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is prevalent worldwide and can cause persistent infection with severe morbidity. Antiviral treatment approaches can lead to the emergence of viral variants encoding escape mutations that may impede viral clearance. The frequency of these variants remains unknown in the human population as well as environment due to limited comprehensive data on HEV diversity. In this study, we investigated the HEV prevalence and diversity of circulating variants in environmental samples, that is, wastewater and rivers from North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. HEV prevalence could be determined with 73% of samples tested positive for viral RNA via qRT-PCR. Using high-throughput sequencing, we were able to assess the overall genetic diversity in these samples and identified the presence of clinically relevant variants associated with drug resistance. In summary, monitoring variants from environmental samples could provide valuable insights into estimating HEV prevalence and identifying circulating variants that can impact treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Rau
- Medical Faculty, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Toni Luise Meister
- Medical Faculty, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner siteHamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Gömer
- Medical Faculty, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - René Kallies
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Medical Faculty, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Medical Faculty, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu S, Wang R, Xu Z, Zhou H, Qiu Z, Shen L, Yang Q. Metagenomic sequencing combined with flow cytometry facilitated a novel microbial risk assessment framework for bacterial pathogens in municipal wastewater without cultivation. IMETA 2023; 2:e77. [PMID: 38868349 PMCID: PMC10989823 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A workflow that combined metagenomic sequencing with flow cytometry was developed. The absolute abundance of pathogens was accurately estimated in mock communities and real samples. Metagenome-assembled genomes binned from metagenomic data set is robust in phylogenetic analysis and virulence profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of EducationDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of EducationNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of EducationDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
| | - Zheng Xu
- Shenzhen Yantian District People's HospitalShenzhenChina
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Huiwen Zhou
- College of Life Science and HealthNortheastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zhiguang Qiu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Lixin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of EducationNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qian Yang
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)Ghent UniversityGentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ndip L, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Oyono MG, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Nkie Esemu S, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, La Rosa G. Hepatitis E Virus in Water Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:223-235. [PMID: 36036329 PMCID: PMC9458591 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for acute hepatitis in humans, through foodborne, zoonotic, and waterborne transmission routes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HEV in water matrices. Six categories were defined: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water (river, lake, and seawater), drinking water, groundwater, and other water environments (irrigation water, grey water, reservoir water, flood water, and effluent of pig slaughterhouse). We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Study selection and data extraction were performed by at least two independent investigators. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameter. Sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42021289116. We included 87 prevalence studies from 58 papers, 66.4% of which performed in Europe. The overall prevalence of HEV in water was 9.8% (95% CI 6.4-13.7). The prevalence was higher in untreated wastewater (15.1%) and lower in treated wastewater (3.8%) and in drinking water (4.7%). In surface water, prevalence was 7.4%, and in groundwater, the percentage of positive samples, from only one study available, was 8.3%. Overall, only 36.8% of the studies reported the genotype of HEV, with genotype 3 (HEV-3) prevalent (168 samples), followed by HEV-1 (148 sample), and HEV-4 (2 samples). High-income countries were the most represented with 59/87 studies (67.8%), while only 3/87 (3.5%) of the studies were performed in low-income countries. The overall prevalence obtained of this study was generally higher in industrialized countries. Risk of bias was low in 14.9% of the studies and moderate in 85.1%. The results of this review showed the occurrence of HEV in different waters environments also in industrialized countries with sanitation and safe water supplies. While HEV transmission to humans through water has been widely demonstrated in developing countries, it is an issue still pending in industrialized countries. Better knowledge on the source of pollution, occurrence, survival in water, and removal by water treatment is needed to unravel this transmission path.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - S Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - L Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - J T Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | - D S Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - A Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M G Oyono
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - S Tchatchouang
- Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - J Kenfack-Zanguim
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R Lontuo Fogang
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - E Zeuko'o Menkem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - G I Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - S Nkie Esemu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmad T, Jin H, Dhama K, Yatoo MI, Tiwari R, Bilal M, Dhawan M, Emran TB, Alestad JH, Alhani HM, BinKhalaf HK, Rabaan AA. Hepatitis E virus in pigs and the environment: An updated review of public health concerns. NARRA J 2022; 2:e78. [PMID: 38449702 PMCID: PMC10914032 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v2i2.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important public health problem and is responsible for both acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Public health implications of HEV are derived from its transmission route, either water-borne or food-borne, and its zoonotic potential. Not only in developing countries, but HEV cases are also found in a high number in developed countries. The spread of HEV to the environment might pollute surface waters, which could act as the source of infection for both humans and animals. Identification of the virus in animal products suggests the circulation of HEV within water and food chains. High seroprevalence and circulation of HEV in livestock, in particular pigs, as well as in environmental samples warrants further investigation into pig markets. HEV virulence in different environments and meat supply chains could shed light on the possible sources of infection in humans and the degree of occupational risk. The purpose of this review is to discuss HEV infections with an emphasis on livestock- and environment-related risk factors, and food-borne, water-borne, and zoonotic transmissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing,Chinas
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing,Chinas
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Indias
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Talha B. Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Jeehan H. Alestad
- Immunology and Infectious Microbiology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Collage of medicine, Microbiology, Jabriya, Kuwait
- Kuwait Chair Madam in Antimicrobial Resistance Committee, Alternative Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the United Nation Agencies, Rome, Italys
| | - Hatem M. Alhani
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Control, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Infection Prevention and Control, Directorate of Ministry of Health, Eastern Region, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Habib K. BinKhalaf
- Department of Molecular Laboratory, King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deng Y, Xu X, Zheng X, Ding J, Li S, Chui HK, Wong TK, Poon LLM, Zhang T. Use of sewage surveillance for COVID-19 to guide public health response: A case study in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153250. [PMID: 35065122 PMCID: PMC8769675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sewage surveillance could help develop proactive response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but currently there are limited reports about examples in practical exercises. Here, we report a use case of intensified sewage surveillance to initiate public health action to thwart a looming Delta variant outbreak in Hong Kong. On 21 June 2021, albeit under basically contained COVID-19 situation in Hong Kong, routine sewage surveillance identified a high viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a sewage sample from one site covering over 33,000 population, suggesting infected cases living in the respective sewershed. The use of a newly developed method based on allele-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (AS RT-qPCR) served to alert the first documentation of the Delta variant in local community sewage three days before the case was confirmed to be a Delta variant carrier. Intensified sewage surveillance was triggered. Targeted upstream sampling at sub-sewershed areas pinpointed the source of positive viral signal across spatial scales from sewershed to building level, and assisted in determining the specific area for issuing a compulsory testing order for individuals on 23 June 2021. A person who lived in a building with the positive result of sewage testing was confirmed to be infected with COVID-19 on 24 June 2021. Viral genome sequences determined from the sewage sample were compared to those from the clinic specimens of the matched patient, and confirmed that the person was the source of the positive SARS-CoV-2 signal in the sewage sample. This study could help build confidences for public health agencies in using the sewage surveillance in their own communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiawan Zheng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho-Kwong Chui
- Environmental Protection Department, The Government of the Hong Kong SAR, Tamar, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Kin Wong
- Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong SAR, Wanchai, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Basu P, Choudhury S, Shridhar V, Huilgol P, Roychoudhury S, Nandi I, Chaudhuri A, Mitra A. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in open-water sewage canals contaminated with untreated wastewater in resource-constrained regions. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000318. [PMID: 35252755 PMCID: PMC8895599 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sewage-based surveillance for COVID-19 has been described in multiple countries and multiple settings. However, nearly all are based on testing sewage treatment plant inflows and outflows using structured sewage networks and treatment systems. Many resource-limited countries worldwide have open canals, lakes and other such waste-contaminated water bodies that act as a means of sewage effluent discharge. These could serve as hyperlocal testing points for detecting COVID-19 incidence using the effluents from nearby communities. However, a sensitive, robust and economical method of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection from open waste contaminated water bodies in resource-constrained regions is currently lacking. A protocol employed in Bangalore, India, where SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels were evaluated using two open canal systems during the first and second waves in the present study. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was measured using two strategies: a modified TrueNATTM microchip-based rapid method and traditional real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR), which were compared for analytical sensitivity, cost and relative ease of use. SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels were detected at lower levels during the earlier half compared to the later half of the first wave in 2020. The opposite trend was seen in the second wave in 2021. Interestingly, the change in RNA levels corresponded with the community burden of COVID-19 at both sites. The modified TrueNATTM method yielded concordant results to traditional rRT-PCR in sensitivity and specificity and cost. It provides a simple, cost-effective method for detecting and estimating SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA from open-water sewage canals contaminated with human excreta and industrial waste that can be adopted in regions or countries that lack structured sewage systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Basu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arindam Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eloffy MG, El-Sherif DM, Abouzid M, Elkodous MA, El-nakhas HS, Sadek RF, Ghorab MA, Al-Anazi A, El-Sayyad GS. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2021; 11:1-25. [DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Since the beginning of the third Millennium, specifically during the last 18 years, three outbreaks of diseases have been recorded caused by coronaviruses (CoVs). The latest outbreak of these diseases was Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic. For this reason, current efforts of the environmental, epidemiology scientists, engineers, and water sector professionals are ongoing to detect CoV in environmental components, especially water, and assess the relative risk of exposure to these systems and any measures needed to protect the public health, workers, and public, in general. This review presents a brief overview of CoV in water, wastewater, and surface water based on a literature search providing different solutions to keep water protected from CoV. Membrane techniques are very attractive solutions for virus elimination in water. In addition, another essential solution is nanotechnology and its applications in the detection and protection of human and water systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Eloffy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Dina M. El-Sherif
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abouzid
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , 6 Święcickiego Street , 60-781 Poznan , Poland
| | - Mohamed Abd Elkodous
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi , Aichi 441-8580 , Japan
| | | | - Rawia F. Sadek
- Chemical Maintenance Unit, Experimental Training Research Reactor Number two (ETRR-2), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
- Drug Radiation Research Department, Drug Microbiology Laboratory, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , P.O. Box 13759 , Nasr City, Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ghorab
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP), Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) , Washington , DC , USA
- Department of Animal Science, Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (IIT), Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Anazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering King Saud University (KSU) , P.O. Box 800 , Riyadh 11421 , Saudi
| | - Gharieb S. El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University , New Galala city , Suez , Egypt
- Drug Radiation Research Department, Drug Microbiology Laboratory, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) , P.O. Box 29 , Nasr City, Cairo , Egypt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College (MTC), Egyptian Armed Forces , Cairo , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sorensen JPR, Aldous P, Bunting SY, McNally S, Townsend BR, Barnett MJ, Harding T, La Ragione RM, Stuart ME, Tipper HJ, Pedley S. Seasonality of enteric viruses in groundwater-derived public water sources. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117813. [PMID: 34785409 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the seasonal prevalence of seven enteric viruses in groundwater-derived public water sources distributed across the dominant aquifers of England. Sampling targeted four periods in the hydrological cycle with typically varying microbial risks, as indicated using a decade of Escherichia coli prevalence data. Viruses were concentrated onsite by filtration of raw groundwater, and extracted nucleic acid (NA) was amplified by qPCR or RT-qPCR. Seven out of eight sources, all aquifers, and 31% of samples were positive for viral NA. The most frequently detected viral NA targets were Hepatitis A virus (17% samples, 63% sites), norovirus GI (14% samples, 38% sites), and Hepatitis E virus (7% samples, 25% sites). Viral NA presence was episodic, being most prevalent and at its highest concentration during November and January, the main groundwater recharge season, with 89% of all positive detects occurring during a rising water table. Seasonal norovirus NA detections matched its seasonal incidence within the population. Viral NA is arriving with groundwater recharge, as opposed to persisting for long-periods within the saturated zone. Neither total coliforms nor E. coli were significant predictors of viral NA presence-absence, and there was limited co-occurrence between viruses. Nevertheless, a source with an absence of E. coli in regularly collected historical data is unlikely to be at risk of viral contamination. To manage potential groundwater viral contamination via risk assessment, larger scale studies are required to understand key risk factors, with the evidence here suggesting viral NA is widespread across a range of typical microbial risk settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil Aldous
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; AECOM, Alencon Link, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 7PP, UK
| | - Sarah Y Bunting
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Susan McNally
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Barry R Townsend
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Megan J Barnett
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Tessa Harding
- Thomson Environmental Consultants, Compass House, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AG, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Marianne E Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Holly J Tipper
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH), Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Steve Pedley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Preparing for COVID-2x: Urban Planning Needs to Regard Urological Wastewater as an Invaluable Communal Public Health Asset and Not as a Burden. URBAN SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/urbansci5040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the analysis of urological wastewater had been a matter of academic curiosity and community-wide big-picture studies looking at drug use or the presence of select viruses such as Hepatitis. The COVID-19 pandemic saw systematic testing of urological wastewater emerge as a significant early detection tool for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in a community. Even though the pandemic still rages in all continents, it is time to consider the post-pandemic world. This paper posits that urban planners should treat urological wastewater as a communal public health asset and that future sewer design should allow for stratified multi-order sampling.
Collapse
|
11
|
Development and Optimization of an Enzyme Immunoassay to Detect Serum Antibodies against the Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs, Using Plant-Derived ORF2 Recombinant Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090991. [PMID: 34579228 PMCID: PMC8473109 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an emerging global disease, mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route in developing countries, and in a zoonotic manner in the developed world. Pigs and wild boar constitute the primary Hepatitis E virus (HEV) zoonotic reservoir. Consumption of undercooked animal meat or direct contact with infected animals is the most common source of HEV infection in European countries. The purpose of this study is to develop an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of anti-hepatitis E virus IgG in pig serum, using plant-produced recombinant HEV-3 ORF2 as an antigenic coating protein, and also to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this assay. A recombinant HEV-3 ORF2 110-610_6his capsid protein, transiently expressed by pEff vector in Nicotiana benthamiana plants was used to develop an in-house HEV EIA. The plant-derived HEV-3 ORF2 110-610_6his protein proved to be antigenically similar to the HEV ORF2 capsid protein and it can self-assemble into heterogeneous particulate structures. The optimal conditions for the in-house EIA (iEIA) were determined as follows: HEV-3 ORF2 110-610_6his antigen concentration (4 µg/mL), serum dilution (1:50), 3% BSA as a blocking agent, and secondary antibody dilution (1:20 000). The iEIA developed for this study showed a sensitivity of 97.1% (95% Cl: 89.9-99.65) and a specificity of 98.6% (95% Cl: 92.5-99.96) with a Youden index of 0.9571. A comparison between our iEIA and a commercial assay (PrioCHECK™ Porcine HEV Ab ELISA Kit, ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA) showed 97.8% agreement with a kappa index of 0.9399. The plant-based HEV-3 ORF2 iEIA assay was able to detect anti-HEV IgG in pig serum with a very good agreement compared to the commercially available kit.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hartard C, Fenaux H, Gentilhomme A, Murray JM, Akand E, Laugel E, Berger S, Maul A, de Rougemont A, Jeulin H, Remen T, Bensenane M, Bronowicki JP, Gantzer C, Bertrand I, Schvoerer E. Variability in molecular characteristics of Hepatitis E virus quasispecies could modify viral surface properties and transmission. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:1078-1090. [PMID: 33877740 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) usually causes self-limited liver diseases but can also result in severe cases. Genotypes 1 (G1) and 2 circulate in developing countries are human-restricted and waterborne, while zoonotic G3 and G4 circulating in industrialized countries preferentially infect human through consumption of contaminated meat. Our aims were to identify amino acid patterns in HEV variants that could be involved in pathogenicity or in transmission modes, related to their impact on antigenicity and viral surface hydrophobicity. HEV sequences from human (n = 37) and environmental origins (wild boar [n = 3], pig slaughterhouse effluent [n = 6] and urban wastewater [n = 2]) were collected for the characterization of quasispecies using ultra-deep sequencing (ORF2/ORF3 overlap). Predictive and functional assays were carried out to investigate viral particle antigenicity and hydrophobicity. Most quasispecies showed a major variant while a mixture was observed in urban wastewater and in one chronically infected patient. Amino acid signatures were identified, as a rabbit-linked HEV pattern in two infected patients, or the S68L (ORF2) / H81C (ORF3) residue mostly identified in wild boars. By comparison with environmental strains, molecular patterns less likely represented in humans were identified. Patterns impacting viral hydrophobicity and/or antigenicity were also observed, and the higher hydrophobicity of HEV naked particles compared with the enveloped forms was demonstrated. HEV variants isolated from human and environment present molecular patterns that could impact their surface properties as well as their transmission. These molecular patterns may concern only one minor variant of a quasispecies and could emerge under selective pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Hartard
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| | - Honorine Fenaux
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| | - Alexis Gentilhomme
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - John M Murray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elma Akand
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elodie Laugel
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| | - Sibel Berger
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Armand Maul
- LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Metz, France
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- CHU de Dijon, Centre national de référence des virus entériques, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Jeulin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Remen
- DRCI, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Unité de Méthodologie, Data Management et Statistique, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mouni Bensenane
- Service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bronowicki
- Service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Evelyne Schvoerer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Treagus S, Wright C, Baker-Austin C, Longdon B, Lowther J. The Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus to Humans. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:127-145. [PMID: 33738770 PMCID: PMC8116281 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Globally, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes over 20 million cases worldwide. HEV is an emerging and endemic pathogen within economically developed countries, chiefly resulting from infections with genotype 3 (G3) HEV. G3 HEV is known to be a zoonotic pathogen, with a broad host range. The primary source of HEV within more economically developed countries is considered to be pigs, and consumption of pork products is a significant risk factor and known transmission route for the virus to humans. However, other foods have also been implicated in the transmission of HEV to humans. This review consolidates the information available regarding transmission of HEV and looks to identify gaps where further research is required to better understand how HEV is transmitted to humans through food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Treagus
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | | | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ben Longdon
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - James Lowther
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Street R, Malema S, Mahlangeni N, Mathee A. Wastewater surveillance for Covid-19: An African perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140719. [PMID: 32659559 PMCID: PMC7332947 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has once again highlighted the importance of access to sufficient quantities of safe water and sanitation in public health. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, an early warning wastewater system has been proposed as a platform for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, and a potentially important public health strategy to combat the disease. This short communication on wastewater surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa highlights challenges, opportunities and alternatives taken into account the local context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée Street
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
| | - Shirley Malema
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Nomfundo Mahlangeni
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa; Environmental Health Department, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goddard FB, Ban R, Barr DB, Brown J, Cannon J, Colford JM, Eisenberg JNS, Ercumen A, Petach H, Freeman MC, Levy K, Luby SP, Moe C, Pickering AJ, Sarnat JA, Stewart J, Thomas E, Taniuchi M, Clasen T. Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11673-11691. [PMID: 32813503 PMCID: PMC7547864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with enteric pathogens impose a heavy disease burden, especially among young children in low-income countries. Recent findings from randomized controlled trials of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have raised questions about current methods for assessing environmental exposure to enteric pathogens. Approaches for estimating sources and doses of exposure suffer from a number of shortcomings, including reliance on imperfect indicators of fecal contamination instead of actual pathogens and estimating exposure indirectly from imprecise measurements of pathogens in the environment and human interaction therewith. These shortcomings limit the potential for effective surveillance of exposures, identification of important sources and modes of transmission, and evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. In this review, we summarize current and emerging approaches used to characterize enteric pathogen hazards in different environmental media as well as human interaction with those media (external measures of exposure), and review methods that measure human infection with enteric pathogens as a proxy for past exposure (internal measures of exposure). We draw from lessons learned in other areas of environmental health to highlight how external and internal measures of exposure can be used to more comprehensively assess exposure. We conclude by recommending strategies for advancing enteric pathogen exposure assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick
G. B. Goddard
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Radu Ban
- Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- School of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer Cannon
- Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia 30308, United States
| | - John M. Colford
- Division
of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joseph N. S. Eisenberg
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department
of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Helen Petach
- U.S. Agency
for International Development, Washington, DC 20004, United States
| | - Matthew C. Freeman
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Karen Levy
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Division
of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
| | - Christine Moe
- Center
for
Global Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public
Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Amy J. Pickering
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jeremy A. Sarnat
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jill Stewart
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Evan Thomas
- Mortenson
Center in Global Engineering, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division
of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aprea G, Scattolini S, D’Angelantonio D, Chiaverini A, Di Lollo V, Olivieri S, Marcacci M, Mangone I, Salucci S, Antoci S, Cammà C, Di Pasquale A, Migliorati G, Pomilio F. Whole Genome Sequencing Characterization of HEV3- e and HEV3- f Subtypes among the Wild Boar Population in the Abruzzo Region, Italy: First Report. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091393. [PMID: 32932776 PMCID: PMC7565956 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emergent zoonotic pathogen, causing worldwide acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. HEV comprises eight genotypes and several subtypes. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 (HEV3 and HEV4) are zoonotic. In Italy, the most part of HEV infections (80%) is due to autochthonous HEV3 circulation of the virus, and the key role played by wild animals is generally accepted. Abruzzo is an Italian region officially considered an HEV "hot spot", with subtype HEV3-c being up to now the only one reported among wild boars. During the year 2018-2019, a group of wild boars in Abruzzo were screened for HEV; positive RNA liver samples were subjected to HEV characterization by using the whole genome sequencing (WGS) approach methodology. This represents the first report about the detection of HEV-3 subtypes e and f in the wild boar population in this area. Since in Italy human infections from HEV 3-e and f have been associated with pork meat consumption, our findings deserve more in-depth analysis with the aim of evaluating any potential correlation between wild animals, the pork chain production and HEV human infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Aprea
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Scattolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela D’Angelantonio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Alexandra Chiaverini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Valeria Di Lollo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Olivieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Stefania Salucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | | | - Cesare Cammà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Adriano Di Pasquale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.D.); (A.C.); (V.D.L.); (S.O.); (M.M.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.P.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Beyer S, Szewzyk R, Gnirss R, Johne R, Selinka HC. Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Wastewater and Urban Surface Waters in Germany. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:137-147. [PMID: 32172512 PMCID: PMC7225198 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In highly populated areas, environmental surveillance of wastewater and surface waters is a key factor to control the circulation of viruses and risks for public health. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is considered as an emerging pathogen in industrialized countries. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HEV in environmental waters in urban and suburban regions in Germany. HEV was monitored in water samples using quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and nested RT-PCR without or with virus concentration via polyethylene glycol precipitation or ultracentrifugation. By RT-qPCR, 84-100% of influent samples of wastewater treatment plants were positive for HEV RNA. Genotypes HEV-3c and 3f were identified in wastewater, with HEV-3c being the most prevalent genotype. These data correlate with subtypes identified earlier in patients from the same area. Comparison of wastewater influent and effluent samples revealed a reduction of HEV RNA of about 1 log10 during passage through wastewater treatment plants. In addition, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) after heavy rainfalls were shown to release HEV RNA into surface waters. About 75% of urban river samples taken during these CSO events were positive for HEV RNA by RT-qPCR. In contrast, under normal weather conditions, only around 30% of river samples and 15% of samples from a bathing water located at an urban river were positive for HEV. Median concentrations of HEV RNA of all tested samples at this bathing water were below the limit of detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Beyer
- Section II 1.4 Microbiological Risks, German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Szewzyk
- Section II 1.4 Microbiological Risks, German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Gnirss
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB), Cicerostr. 24, 10709, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Selinka
- Section II 1.4 Microbiological Risks, German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Iaconelli M, Bonanno Ferraro G, Mancini P, Suffredini E, Veneri C, Ciccaglione AR, Bruni R, Della Libera S, Bignami F, Brambilla M, De Medici D, Brandtner D, Schembri P, D’Amato S, La Rosa G. Nine-Year Nationwide Environmental Surveillance of Hepatitis E Virus in Urban Wastewaters in Italy (2011-2019). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2059. [PMID: 32244915 PMCID: PMC7143501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide. To provide insights into the epidemiology of HEV in Italy, a large-scale investigation was conducted into urban sewage over nine years (2011-2019), collecting 1374 sewage samples from 48 wastewater treatment plants located in all the 20 regions of Italy. Broadly reactive primers targeting the ORF1 and ORF2 regions were used for the detection and typing of HEV, followed by Sanger and next generation sequencing (NGS). Real-time RT-qPCR was also used to attempt quantification of positive samples. HEV RNA detection occurred in 74 urban sewage samples (5.4%), with a statistically significant higher frequency (7.1%) in central Italy. Fifty-six samples were characterized as G3 strains and 18 as G1. While the detection of G3 strains occurred in all the surveillance period, G1 strains were mainly detected in 2011-2012, and never in 2017-2019. Typing was achieved in 2 samples (3f subtype). Viral concentrations in quantifiable samples ranged from 1.2 × 103 g.c./L to 2.8 × 104 g.c./L. Our results suggest the considerable circulation of the virus in the Italian population, despite a relatively small number of notified cases, a higher occurrence in central Italy, and a noteworthy predominance of G3 strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (D.D.M.)
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Simonetta Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesco Bignami
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Massimo Brambilla
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Research Centre for Engineering and Agri Food Processing, 24047 Treviglio, BG, Italy;
| | - Dario De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.S.); (D.D.M.)
| | | | - Pietro Schembri
- Regional Department for Health Activities and Epidemiological Observatory of the Sicilian Region, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Stefania D’Amato
- Ministry of Health, Directorate-General for Prevention, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (G.B.F.); (P.M.); (C.V.); (S.D.L.); (F.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Capone D, Berendes D, Cumming O, Knee J, Nalá R, Risk BB, Stauber C, Zhu K, Brown J. Analysis of fecal sludges reveals common enteric pathogens in urban Maputo, Mozambique. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:889-895. [PMID: 38881628 PMCID: PMC11177333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Sewage surveillance is increasingly used in public health applications: metabolites, biomarkers, and pathogens are detectable in wastewater and can provide useful information about community health. Work on this topic has been limited to wastewaters in mainly high-income settings, however. In low-income countries, where the burden of enteric infection is high, non-sewered sanitation predominates. In order to assess the utility of fecal sludge surveillance as a tool to identify the most prevalent enteric pathogens circulating among at-risk children, we collected 95 matched child stool and fecal sludge samples from household clusters sharing latrines in urban Maputo, Mozambique. We analyzed samples for 20 common enteric pathogens via multiplex real-time quantitative PCR. Among the 95 stools matched to fecal sludges, we detected the six most prevalent bacterial pathogens (Enteroaggregative E. coli, Shigella/Enteroinvasive E. coli, Enterotoxigenic E. coli, Enteropathogenic E. coli, shiga-toxin producing E. coli, Salmonella) and all three protozoan pathogens (Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica) in the same rank order in both matrices. We did not observe the same trend for viral pathogens or soil-transmitted helminths, however. Our results suggest that sampling fecal sludges from onsite sanitation offers potential for localized pathogen surveillance in low-income settings where enteric pathogen prevalence is high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Capone
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - David Berendes
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30329, United States of America
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rassul Nalá
- Ministério da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Benjamin B. Risk
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Christine Stauber
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30302, United States of America
| | - Kevin Zhu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | - Joe Brown
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Strubbia S, Phan MVT, Schaeffer J, Koopmans M, Cotten M, Le Guyader FS. Characterization of Norovirus and Other Human Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Stool Samples Through Next-Generation Sequencing. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:400-409. [PMID: 31446609 PMCID: PMC6848244 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize a method to identify human enteric viruses in sewage and stool samples using random primed next-generation sequencing. We tested three methods, two employed virus enrichment based on the binding properties of the viral capsid using pig-mucin capture or by selecting viral RNA prior to library preparation through a capture using the SureSelect target enrichment. The third method was based on a non-specific biophysical precipitation with polyethylene glycol. Full genomes of a number of common human enteric viruses including norovirus, rotavirus, husavirus, enterovirus and astrovirus were obtained. In stool samples full norovirus genome were detected as well as partial enterovirus genome. A variety of norovirus sequences was detected in sewage samples, with genogroup II being more prevalent. Interestingly, the pig-mucin capture enhanced not only the recovery of norovirus and rotavirus but also recovery of astrovirus, sapovirus and husavirus. Documenting sewage virome using these methods provides information for molecular epidemiology and may be useful in developing strategies to prevent further spread of viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Strubbia
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - My V T Phan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pisano MB, Lugo BC, Poma R, Cristóbal HA, Raskovsky V, Martínez Wassaf MG, Rajal VB, Ré VE. Environmental hepatitis E virus detection supported by serological evidence in the northwest of Argentina. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 112:181-187. [PMID: 29800346 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emergent cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Water contamination is a possible source of viral infection. In South America, particularly in Argentina, little is known about environmental HEV circulation, including recreational water. The aim of this work was to provide evidence of current environmental and human circulation of HEV in northern Argentina. Methods Molecular detection of HEV in water samples from the Arias-Arenales River in the city of Salta by nested polymerase chain reaction (ORF2 region) and anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM detection in the general population by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out. Results HEV RNA was detected in 1.6% (3/189) of the environmental samples. All sequences belonged to HEV genotype 3 and were very similar to those previously detected in the country. The prevalence of IgG anti-HEV was 9% (13/143) and three samples were positive for specific IgM. Conclusions Circulation of HEV in the northwest of Argentina was demonstrated for the first time, showing viral presence in environmental samples and infections in people who attended health care centres for routine control. These findings show that recreational waters are a possible source of virus and highlight the need to carry out HEV detection when a case of hepatitis occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María B Pisano
- Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, X5016, Córdoba, Argentina.,Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belén C Lugo
- Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, X5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Poma
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP: 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Héctor A Cristóbal
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP: 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Viviana Raskovsky
- Hospital Señor del Milagro, Av. Sarmiento 557, CP: 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Maribel G Martínez Wassaf
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Virología y biología molecular, LACE, Av. Vélez Sársfield 528, X5000JJS, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Verónica B Rajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI)-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP: 4400, Salta, Argentina.,Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bernardo Houssay 1099, CP: 4400, Salta, Argentina
| | - Viviana E Ré
- Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, X5016, Córdoba, Argentina.,Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bisseux M, Colombet J, Mirand A, Roque-Afonso AM, Abravanel F, Izopet J, Archimbaud C, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Debroas D, Bailly JL, Henquell C. Monitoring human enteric viruses in wastewater and relevance to infections encountered in the clinical setting: a one-year experiment in central France, 2014 to 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 29471623 PMCID: PMC5824128 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.7.17-00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are resistant in the environment and transmitted via the faecal-oral route. Viral shedding in wastewater gives the opportunity to track emerging pathogens and study the epidemiology of enteric infectious diseases in the community. Aim: The aim of this study was to monitor the circulation of enteric viruses in the population of the Clermont-Ferrand area (France) by analysis of urban wastewaters. Methods: Raw and treated wastewaters were collected between October 2014 and October 2015 and concentrated by a two-step protocol using tangential flow ultrafiltration and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Processed samples were analysed for molecular detection of adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, parechovirus, enterovirus (EV), hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses. Results: All wastewater samples (n = 54) contained viruses. On average, six and four virus species were detected in, respectively, raw and treated wastewater samples. EV-positive samples were tested for EV-D68 to assess its circulation in the community. EV-D68 was detected in seven of 27 raw samples. We collected data from clinical cases of EV-D68 (n = 17), HAV (n = 4) and HEV infection (n = 16) and compared wastewater-derived sequences with clinical sequences. We showed the silent circulation of EV-D68 in September 2015, the wide circulation of HAV despite few notifications of acute disease and the presence in wastewater of the major HEV subtypes involved in clinical local cases. Conclusion: The environmental surveillance overcomes the sampling bias intrinsic to the study of infections associated with hospitalisation and allows the detection in real time of viral sequences genetically close to those reported in clinical specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bisseux
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jonathan Colombet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Mirand
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso
- AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre National de Référence Virus des hépatites à transmission entérique (hépatite A) - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Abravanel
- CHU Toulouse, Centre National de Référence Virus des hépatites à transmission entérique (hépatite E) - Laboratoire Coordonnateur, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- CHU Toulouse, Centre National de Référence Virus des hépatites à transmission entérique (hépatite E) - Laboratoire Coordonnateur, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Archimbaud
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Peigue-Lafeuille
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Debroas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre National de Référence Entérovirus et parechovirus - Laboratoire Associé, Laboratoire de Virologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fenaux H, Chassaing M, Berger S, Gantzer C, Bertrand I, Schvoerer E. Transmission of hepatitis E virus by water: An issue still pending in industrialized countries. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 151:144-157. [PMID: 30594083 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enteric virus divided into eight genotypes. Genotype 1 (G1) and G2 are specific to humans; G3, G4 and G7 are zoonotic genotypes infecting humans and animals. Transmission to humans through water has been demonstrated for G1 and G2, mainly in developing countries, but is only suspected for the zoonotic genotypes. Thus, the water-related HEV hazard may be due to human and animal faeces. The high HEV genetic variability allows considering the presence in wastewater of not only different genotypes, but also quasispecies adding even greater diversity. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that HEV particles may be either quasi-enveloped or non-enveloped, potentially implying differential viral behaviours in the environment. The presence of HEV has been demonstrated at the different stages of the water cycle all over the world, especially for HEV G3 in Europe and the USA. Concerning HEV survival in water, the virus does not have higher resistance to inactivating factors (heat, UV, chlorine, physical removal), compared to viral indicators (MS2 phage) or other highly resistant enteric viruses (Hepatitis A virus). But the studies did not take into account genetic (genogroups, quasispecies) or structural (quasi- or non-enveloped forms) HEV variability. Viral variability could indeed modify HEV persistence in water by influencing its interaction with the environment, its infectivity and its pathogenicity, and subsequently its transmission by water. The cell culture methods used to study HEV survival still have drawbacks (challenging virus cultivation, time consuming, lack of sensitivity). As explained in the present review, the issue of HEV transmission to humans through water is similar to that of other enteric viruses because of their similar or lower survival. HEV transmission to animals through water and how the virus variability affects its survival and transmission remain to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Fenaux
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54511 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - M Chassaing
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - S Berger
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54511 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - C Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - I Bertrand
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - E Schvoerer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54511 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kyuregyan KK, Polyakov AD, Potemkin IA, Karlsen AA, Isaeva OV, Lopatukhina MA, Mullin EV, Slukinova OS, Malinnikova EY, Shibrik EV, Oglezneva EE, Mikhailov MI. [Belgorod region - the territory endemic for hepatitis E.]. Vopr Virusol 2019; 64:274-280. [PMID: 32168441 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-6-274-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Belgorod region is the territory with the highest incidence of hepatitis E in the Russian Federation. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to comprehensively characterize the circulation of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the Belgorod region, including the study of population immunity to the virus, determining the prevalence of infection among the pig population and analysis of the genetic diversity of HEV from patients and animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum samples of a conditionally healthy population (n = 2027) of all age groups were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM by ELISA with commercial assays. HEV RNA was determined in fecal samples from pigs aged 2-4 months (n = 526), in sewage samples from pig farms (n = 10), as well as in stool samples from patients with hepatitis E (n = 6) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis was performed for an amplified 300 nt fragment corresponding to HEV open reading frame 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in general population averaged 16.4% (95% CI: 14.8-18.1; 332/2027). The proportion of individuals who had both anti-HEV IgM and IgG averaged 2.8% (95% CI: 2.2-3.6; 57/2027). The incidence rate of anti-HEV IgG increased with age, from 2.8% (95% CI: 1.3-5.8) in children aged 1-14 years to 40.1% (95% CI: 34.9-45.6) in people 70 years or older. The detection rate of HEV RNA in pigs was 20% (95% CI: 16.8-23.6; 105/526). HEV RNA was detected in 2 out of 10 sewage samples. The HEV sequences isolated from patients with hepatitis E, pigs, and sewage samples in Belgorod region belonged to the HEV genotype 3, had a 95-100% homology, and formed common clusters on a phylogenetic tree. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of HEV in pigs population has led to the formation of an endemic territory in the Belgorod region, which is the center of pig breeding. Measures aimed at reducing the circulation of HEV among pig population and decontamination of sewage from pig farms are necessary to control HEV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K K Kyuregyan
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, 125993, Russia
| | - A D Polyakov
- Skolkovo Territorial Division of the Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the City of Moscow Russia, Moscow, 143026, Russia.,Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - I A Potemkin
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, 125993, Russia
| | - A A Karlsen
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, 125993, Russia
| | - O V Isaeva
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, 125993, Russia
| | - M A Lopatukhina
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - E V Mullin
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - O S Slukinova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - E Y Malinnikova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, 125993, Russia
| | - E V Shibrik
- Department of Health and Social Protection of the Population of Belgorod Region, Belgorod, 308005, Russia
| | - E E Oglezneva
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia.,Belgorod Regional Department of Rospotrebnadzor, Belgorod, 308023, Russia
| | - M I Mikhailov
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, 125993, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Smith DB, Simmonds P. Classification and Genomic Diversity of Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a031880. [PMID: 29530950 PMCID: PMC6120691 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are significant human pathogens and are responsible for a substantial proportion of cases of severe acute hepatitis worldwide. Genetically, both viruses are heterogeneous and are classified into several genotypes that differ in their geographical distribution and risk group association. There is, however, little evidence that variants of HAV or HEV differ antigenically or in their propensity to cause severe disease. Genetically more divergent but primarily hepatotropic variants of both HAV and HEV have been found in several mammalian species, those of HAV being classified into eight species within the genus Hepatovirus in the virus family Picornaviridae. HEV is classified as a member of the species Orthohepevirus A in the virus family Hepeviridae, a species that additionally contains viruses infecting pigs, rabbits, and a variety of other mammalian species. Other species (Orthohepevirus B-D) infect a wide range of other mammalian species including rodents and bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
King NJ, Hewitt J, Perchec-Merien AM. Hiding in Plain Sight? It's Time to Investigate Other Possible Transmission Routes for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Developed Countries. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:225-252. [PMID: 29623595 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historically in developed countries, reported hepatitis E cases were typically travellers returning from countries where hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic, but now there are increasing numbers of non-travel-related ("autochthonous") cases being reported. Data for HEV in New Zealand remain limited and the transmission routes unproven. We critically reviewed the scientific evidence supporting HEV transmission routes in other developed countries to inform how people in New Zealand may be exposed to this virus. A substantial body of indirect evidence shows domesticated pigs are a source of zoonotic human HEV infection, but there is an information bias towards this established reservoir. The increasing range of animals in which HEV has been detected makes it important to consider other possible animal reservoirs of HEV genotypes that can or could infect humans. Foodborne transmission of HEV from swine and deer products has been proven, and a large body of indirect evidence (e.g. food surveys, epidemiological studies and phylogenetic analyses) support pig products as vehicles of HEV infection. Scarce data from other foods suggest we are neglecting other potential sources of foodborne HEV infection. Moreover, other transmission routes are scarcely investigated in developed countries; the role of infected food handlers, person-to-person transmission via the faecal-oral route, and waterborne transmission from recreational contact or drinking untreated or inadequately treated water. People have become symptomatic after receiving transfusions of HEV-contaminated blood, but it is unclear how important this is in the overall hepatitis E disease burden. There is need for broader research efforts to support establishing risk-based controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J King
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand.
| | - Anne-Marie Perchec-Merien
- New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Randazzo W, Vásquez-García A, Bracho MA, Alcaraz MJ, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Hepatitis E virus in lettuce and water samples: A method-comparison study. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 277:34-40. [PMID: 29680694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is an increasing cause of acute viral hepatitis in Europe, is a zoonotic virus that is mainly transmitted through contaminated water, consumption of raw or undercooked meat from pigs or wild boar, blood transfusion, and organ transplantation. Although the role of HEV transmission through contaminated produce has not been confirmed, the presence of HEV has been reported in irrigation waters and in vegetables. The present study used a World Health Organization (WHO) international standard and clinical samples to evaluate the performance characteristics of three RT-qPCR assays for detection and quantification of HEV. Two of the evaluated assays provided good analytical sensitivity, as 250 international units (IU) per ml could be detected. Then, experiments focused on evaluating the elution conditions suitable for HEV release from vegetables, with the method proposed by the ISO 15216:2017 selected for evaluation in three types of fresh vegetables. The concentration method proposed by the ISO 15216:2017 combined with the RT-qPCR described by Schlosser et al. (2014) resulted in average HEV recoveries of 1.29%, 0.46%, and 3.95% in lettuce, spinach, and pepper, respectively, with an average detection limit of 1.47 × 105 IU/25 g. In naturally contaminated samples, HEV was detected in sewage only (10/14), while no detection was reported in lettuce (0/36) or in irrigation water samples (0/24).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Vásquez-García
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Bracho
- Joint Research Unit in Infection and Public Health, FISABIO-Public Health - University of Valencia, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Alcaraz
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fenaux H, Chassaing M, Berger S, Jeulin H, Gentilhomme A, Bensenane M, Bronowicki J, Gantzer C, Bertrand I, Schvoerer E. Molecular features of Hepatitis E Virus circulation in environmental and human samples. J Clin Virol 2018; 103:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent literature and findings concerning selected foodborne viruses. Two groups of viruses were selected: (a) the most important viruses contaminating food, based on numbers of publications in the last 5 years and (b) viruses infecting sources of food that might have an impact on human health. RECENT FINDINGS Important foodborne viruses such as norovirus, hepatitis A and rotavirus are usually "only" contaminating food and are detected on the surface of foodstuffs. However, they are threats to human public health and make up for the majority of cases. In contrast, the meaning of viruses born from within the food such as natural animal and plant viruses is still in many cases unknown. An exception is Hepatitis E virus that is endemic in pigs, transmitted via pork meat and is recognised as an emerging zoonosis in industrialised countries. SUMMARY Even though the clinical meaning of "new" foodborne viruses, often detected by next generation sequencing, still needs clarification, the method has great potential to enhance surveillance and detection particularly in view of an increasingly globalised food trade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernandez Escamez PS, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Di Bartolo I, Johne R, Pavio N, Rutjes S, van der Poel W, Vasickova P, Hempen M, Messens W, Rizzi V, Latronico F, Girones R. Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04886. [PMID: 32625551 PMCID: PMC7010180 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with pre-existing liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.
Collapse
|
31
|
First evidence of the Hepatitis E virus in environmental waters in Colombia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177525. [PMID: 28520759 PMCID: PMC5433737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main causes of acute viral hepatitis of enteric transmission. HEV has been detected in environmental samples in several countries from Europe and Asia, constituting a risk factor for waterborne infection. In Colombia, HEV has been identified in samples obtained from patients as well as from swine, but no environmental studies have been carried out. To determine if HEV is present in environmental waters, samples from the main source of drinking water plant and of wastewater system of eight municipalities and two villages of Antioquia state (North West Colombia), were collected between December 2012 and April 2014. The HEV genome was detected by RT-PCR in 23.3% (7/30) of the samples from the main source of drinking water plants and in 16.7% (5/30) from sewage. Viral concentrates obtained from three positive sewage samples were used to inoculate HepG2 cell cultures that were followed for one month; however, the viral genome was not detected in any cell culture. This study demonstrates the circulation of HEV in both source of drinking water plants and wastewater in Antioquia state, Colombia. The presence of HEV in environmental waters could be a risk for waterborne transmission in this population. The findings of the present study, together with the evidence of HEV circulation in human and swine in Colombia, should be consider by public health authorities for the development of surveillance programs and the inclusion of HEV infection diagnosis in the guidelines of viral hepatitis in the country. This is the first report of HEV in environmental samples in Colombia and the second one in Latin America.
Collapse
|
32
|
Eggimann S, Mutzner L, Wani O, Schneider MY, Spuhler D, Moy de Vitry M, Beutler P, Maurer M. The Potential of Knowing More: A Review of Data-Driven Urban Water Management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2538-2553. [PMID: 28125222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The promise of collecting and utilizing large amounts of data has never been greater in the history of urban water management (UWM). This paper reviews several data-driven approaches which play a key role in bringing forward a sea change. It critically investigates whether data-driven UWM offers a promising foundation for addressing current challenges and supporting fundamental changes in UWM. We discuss the examples of better rain-data management, urban pluvial flood-risk management and forecasting, drinking water and sewer network operation and management, integrated design and management, increasing water productivity, wastewater-based epidemiology and on-site water and wastewater treatment. The accumulated evidence from literature points toward a future UWM that offers significant potential benefits thanks to increased collection and utilization of data. The findings show that data-driven UWM allows us to develop and apply novel methods, to optimize the efficiency of the current network-based approach, and to extend functionality of today's systems. However, generic challenges related to data-driven approaches (e.g., data processing, data availability, data quality, data costs) and the specific challenges of data-driven UWM need to be addressed, namely data access and ownership, current engineering practices and the difficulty of assessing the cost benefits of data-driven UWM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Eggimann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Mutzner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Omar Wani
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariane Yvonne Schneider
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Spuhler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Moy de Vitry
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Beutler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Maurer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kobayashi N, Oshiki M, Ito T, Segawa T, Hatamoto M, Kato T, Yamaguchi T, Kubota K, Takahashi M, Iguchi A, Tagawa T, Okubo T, Uemura S, Harada H, Motoyama T, Araki N, Sano D. Removal of human pathogenic viruses in a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor treating municipal wastewater and health risks associated with utilization of the effluent for agricultural irrigation. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 110:389-398. [PMID: 28038763 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor has been developed as a cost-effective wastewater treatment system that is adaptable to local conditions in low-income countries. A pilot-scale DHS reactor previously demonstrated stable reduction efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen over a year at ambient temperature, but the pathogen reduction efficiency of the DHS reactor has yet to be investigated. In the present study, the reduction efficiency of a pilot-scale DHS reactor fed with municipal wastewater was investigated for 10 types of human pathogenic viruses (norovirus GI, GII and GIV, aichivirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotavirus, and sapovirus). DHS influent and effluent were collected weekly or biweekly for 337 days, and concentrations of viral genomes were determined by microfluidic quantitative PCR. Aichivirus, norovirus GI and GII, enterovirus, and sapovirus were frequently detected in DHS influent, and the log10 reduction (LR) of these viruses ranged from 1.5 to 3.7. The LR values for aichivirus and norovirus GII were also calculated using a Bayesian estimation model, and the average LR (±standard deviation) values for aichivirus and norovirus GII were estimated to be 1.4 (±1.5) and 1.8 (±2.5), respectively. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to calculate a threshold reduction level for norovirus GII that would be required for the use of DHS effluent for agricultural irrigation, and it was found that LRs of 2.6 and 3.7 for norovirus GII in the DHS effluent were required in order to not exceed the tolerable burden of disease at 10-4 and 10-6 disability-adjusted life years loss per person per year, respectively, for 95% of the exposed population during wastewater reuse for irrigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0834, Japan
| | - Mamoru Oshiki
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0834, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West-8, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takahiro Segawa
- Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
| | - Masashi Hatamoto
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Department of Computer Science, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Syowamachi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kengo Kubota
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masanobu Takahashi
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akinori Iguchi
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashiyama, Akiba-ku, Niigata, 956-0841, Japan
| | - Tadashi Tagawa
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kagawa College, 355 Chokushicho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-8058, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okubo
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kisarazu College, 2-11-1 Kiyomidaihigashi, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0041, Japan
| | - Shigeki Uemura
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kisarazu College, 2-11-1 Kiyomidaihigashi, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0041, Japan
| | - Hideki Harada
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toshiki Motoyama
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0834, Japan
| | - Nobuo Araki
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0834, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West-8, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Iaconelli M, Divizia M, Della Libera S, Di Bonito P, La Rosa G. Frequent Detection and Genetic Diversity of Human Bocavirus in Urban Sewage Samples. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:289-295. [PMID: 27311692 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and genetic diversity of human bocaviruses (HBoVs) in sewage water samples are largely unknown. In this study, 134 raw sewage samples from 25 wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) in Italy were analyzed by nested PCR and sequencing using species-specific primer pairs and broad-range primer pairs targeting the capsid proteins VP1/VP2. A large number of samples (106, 79.1 %) were positive for HBoV. Out of these, 49 were classified as HBoV species 2, and 27 as species 3. For the remaining 30 samples, sequencing results showed mixed electropherograms. By cloning PCR amplicons and sequencing, we confirmed the copresence of species 2 and 3 in 29 samples and species 2 and 4 in only one sample. A real-time PCR assay was also performed, using a newly designed TaqMan assay, for quantification of HBoVs in sewage water samples. Viral load quantification ranged from 5.51E+03 to 1.84E+05 GC/L (mean value 4.70E+04 GC/L) for bocavirus 2 and from 1.89E+03 to 1.02E+05 GC/L (mean value 2.27E+04 GC/L) for bocavirus 3. The wide distribution of HBoV in sewages suggests that this virus is common in the population, and the most prevalent are the species 2 and 3. HBoV-4 was also found, representing the first detection of this species in Italy. Although there is no indication of waterborne transmission for HBoV, the significant presence in sewage waters suggests that HBoV may spread to other water environments, and therefore, a potential role of water in the HBoV transmission should not be neglected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M Divizia
- Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - P Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious Parasitic Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miura T, Lhomme S, Le Saux JC, Le Mehaute P, Guillois Y, Couturier E, Izopet J, Abranavel F, Le Guyader FS. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Sewage After an Outbreak on a French Island. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:194-9. [PMID: 27165600 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A hepatitis E outbreak, which occurred on a small isolated island, provided an opportunity to evaluate the association between the number of hepatitis E cases in the community and the concentration of virus detected in sewage. Samples were collected from the different sewage treatment plants from the island and analyzed for the presence of hepatitis E (HEV) virus using real-time RT-PCR. We demonstrated that if 1-4 % of inhabitants connected to a WWTP were infected with HEV, raw sewage contained HEV at detectable levels. The finding that such a small number of infected people can contaminate municipal sewage works raises the potential of the further distribution of the virus. Indeed, investigating the routes of transmission of HEV, including the potential for sewage effluent to contain infectious HEV, may help us to better understand the epidemiology of this pathogen, which is considered to be an emerging concern in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miura
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- National Reference Center for HEV, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Claude Le Saux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | | | - Yvonnick Guillois
- Regional Epidemiology Unit for the Brittany region, Institut de veille sanitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Elizabeth Couturier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- National Reference Center for HEV, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Abranavel
- National Reference Center for HEV, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ram D, Manor Y, Gozlan Y, Schwartz E, Ben-Ari Z, Mendelson E, Mor O. Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Sewage and Genotype 1 in Acute Hepatitis Cases, Israel. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:216-20. [PMID: 27246446 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging infectious agent in developed countries. HEV genotypes 1 (G1) and 3 (G3) have been identified in environmental and clinical samples in Europe. In Israel, the overall prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was found to be 10.6%; however, reports of HEV infection are scarce. In this study, the presence of HEV in Israel was investigated using 169 sewage samples from 32 treatment facilities and 49 samples from acute hepatitis patients, all collected between 2013 and 2015. Fourteen sewage samples, from Haifa (11/18 samples), Tel Aviv (2/29 samples), and Beer Sheva (1/17 samples), regions with good sanitary conditions and middle-high socioeconomic populations, were HEV positive. Among the patient samples, 6.1% (3/49) were HEV positive, all returning travelers from India. Genotype analysis revealed G1 HEV in patients and G3 HEV sequences in sewage. Evidence that HEV could be establishing itself in our region may justify more active surveillance to monitor its spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ram
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yossi Manor
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Gozlan
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel. Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ziv Ben-Ari
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ella Mendelson
- School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orna Mor
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|