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Abbondanza A, Urushadze A, Alves-Barboza AR, Janickova H. Expression and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in specific neuronal populations: Focus on striatal and prefrontal circuits. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107190. [PMID: 38704107 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely expressed in the central nervous system and play an important role in the control of neural functions including neuronal activity, transmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Although the common subtypes of nAChRs are abundantly expressed throughout the brain, their expression in different brain regions and by individual neuronal types is not homogeneous or incidental. In recent years, several studies have emerged showing that particular subtypes of nAChRs are expressed by specific neuronal populations in which they have major influence on the activity of local circuits and behavior. It has been demonstrated that even nAChRs expressed by relatively rare neuronal types can induce significant changes in behavior and contribute to pathological processes. Depending on the identity and connectivity of the particular nAChRs-expressing neuronal populations, the activation of nAChRs can have distinct or even opposing effects on local neuronal signaling. In this review, we will summarize the available literature describing the expression of individual nicotinic subunits by different neuronal types in two crucial brain regions, the striatum and the prefrontal cortex. The review will also briefly discuss nicotinic expression in non-neuronal, glial cells, as they cannot be ignored as potential targets of nAChRs-modulating drugs. The final section will discuss options that could allow us to target nAChRs in a neuronal-type-specific manner, not only in the experimental field, but also eventually in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Abbondanza
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Urushadze
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda Rosanna Alves-Barboza
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Janickova
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14200, Czech Republic.
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2
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Holt LM, Nestler EJ. Astrocytic transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:409-424. [PMID: 37940687 PMCID: PMC11066772 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a leading cause of disease burden worldwide and remains a challenge in current neuroscience research. Drug-induced lasting changes in gene expression are mediated by transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in the brain and are thought to underlie behavioral adaptations. Emerging evidence implicates astrocytes in regulating drug-seeking behaviors and demonstrates robust transcriptional response to several substances of abuse. This review focuses on the astrocytic transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Holt
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Rupareliya VP, Singh AA, Butt AM, A H, Kumar H. The "molecular soldiers" of the CNS: Astrocytes, a comprehensive review on their roles and molecular signatures. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176048. [PMID: 37758010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, neurons held the position of central players in the nervous system. Since there are far more astrocytes than neurons in the brain, it makes us wonder if these cells just take up space and support the neurons or if they are actively participating in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Now, astrocytes' contribution to CNS physiology is appreciated as they are known to regulate ion and neurotransmitter levels, synapse formation and elimination, blood-brain barrier integrity, immune function, cerebral blood flow, and many more. In many neurological and psychiatric disorders, astrocyte functions are altered. Advancements in microscopic and transcriptomic tools revealed populations of astrocytes with varied morphology, electrophysiological properties, and transcriptomic profiles. Neuron-circuit-specific functions and neuron-specific interactions of astroglial subpopulations are found, which suggests that diversity is essential in carrying out diverse region-specific CNS functions. Investigations on heterogeneous astrocyte populations are revealing new astrocyte functions and their role in pathological conditions, opening a new therapeutic avenue for targeting neurological conditions. The true extent of astrocytic heterogeneity and its functional implications are yet to be fully explored. This review summarizes essential astrocytic functions and their relevance in pathological conditions and discusses astrocytic diversity in relation to morphology, function, and gene expression throughout the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal P Rupareliya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ayub Mohammed Butt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hariharan A
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
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Aryal SP, Fu X, Sandin JN, Neupane KR, Lakes JE, Grady ME, Richards CI. Nicotine induces morphological and functional changes in astrocytes via nicotinic receptor activity. Glia 2021; 69:2037-2053. [PMID: 33851731 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a highly addictive compound present in tobacco, which causes the release of dopamine in different regions of the brain. Recent studies have shown that astrocytes express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and mediate calcium signaling. In this study, we examine the morphological and functional adaptations of astrocytes due to nicotine exposure. Utilizing a combination of fluorescence and atomic force microscopy, we show that nicotine-treated astrocytes exhibit time-dependent remodeling in the number and length of both proximal and fine processes. Blocking nAChR activity with an antagonist completely abolishes nicotine's influence on astrocyte morphology indicating that nicotine's action is mediated by these receptors. Functional studies show that 24-hr nicotine treatment induces higher levels of calcium activity in both the cell soma and the processes with a more substantial change observed in the processes. Nicotine does not induce reactive astrocytosis even at high concentrations (10 μM) as determined by cytokine release and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. We designed tissue clearing experiments to test whether morphological changes occur in vivo using astrocyte specific Aldh1l1-tdTomato knock in mice. We find that nicotine induces a change in the volume of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex, CA1 of the hippocampus, and the substantia nigra. These results indicate that nicotine directly alters the functional and morphological properties of astrocytes potentially contributing to the underlying mechanism of nicotine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joree N Sandin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Khaga R Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jourdan E Lakes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martha E Grady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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5
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Lim D, Semyanov A, Genazzani A, Verkhratsky A. Calcium signaling in neuroglia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 362:1-53. [PMID: 34253292 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells exploit calcium (Ca2+) signals to perceive the information about the activity of the nervous tissue and the tissue environment to translate this information into an array of homeostatic, signaling and defensive reactions. Astrocytes, the best studied glial cells, use several Ca2+ signaling generation pathways that include Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane, release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and from mitochondria. Activation of metabotropic receptors on the plasma membrane of glial cells is coupled to an enzymatic cascade in which a second messenger, InsP3 is generated thus activating intracellular Ca2+ release channels in the ER endomembrane. Astrocytes also possess store-operated Ca2+ entry and express several ligand-gated Ca2+ channels. In vivo astrocytes generate heterogeneous Ca2+ signals, which are short and frequent in distal processes, but large and relatively rare in soma. In response to neuronal activity intracellular and inter-cellular astrocytic Ca2+ waves can be produced. Astrocytic Ca2+ signals are involved in secretion, they regulate ion transport across cell membranes, and are contributing to cell morphological plasticity. Therefore, astrocytic Ca2+ signals are linked to fundamental functions of the central nervous system ranging from synaptic transmission to behavior. In oligodendrocytes, Ca2+ signals are generated by plasmalemmal Ca2+ influx, or by release from intracellular stores, or by combination of both. Microglial cells exploit Ca2+ permeable ionotropic purinergic receptors and transient receptor potential channels as well as ER Ca2+ release. In this contribution, basic morphology of glial cells, glial Ca2+ signaling toolkit, intracellular Ca2+ signals and Ca2+-regulated functions are discussed with focus on astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Armando Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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Bellot-Saez A, Stevenson R, Kékesi O, Samokhina E, Ben-Abu Y, Morley JW, Buskila Y. Neuromodulation of Astrocytic K + Clearance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052520. [PMID: 33802343 PMCID: PMC7959145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium homeostasis is fundamental for brain function. Therefore, effective removal of excessive K+ from the synaptic cleft during neuronal activity is paramount. Astrocytes play a key role in K+ clearance from the extracellular milieu using various mechanisms, including uptake via Kir channels and the Na+-K+ ATPase, and spatial buffering through the astrocytic gap-junction coupled network. Recently we showed that alterations in the concentrations of extracellular potassium ([K+]o) or impairments of the astrocytic clearance mechanism affect the resonance and oscillatory behavior of both the individual and networks of neurons. These results indicate that astrocytes have the potential to modulate neuronal network activity, however, the cellular effectors that may affect the astrocytic K+ clearance process are still unknown. In this study, we have investigated the impact of neuromodulators, which are known to mediate changes in network oscillatory behavior, on the astrocytic clearance process. Our results suggest that while some neuromodulators (5-HT; NA) might affect astrocytic spatial buffering via gap-junctions, others (DA; Histamine) primarily affect the uptake mechanism via Kir channels. These results suggest that neuromodulators can affect network oscillatory activity through parallel activation of both neurons and astrocytes, establishing a synergistic mechanism to maximize the synchronous network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Bellot-Saez
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (A.B.-S.); (R.S.); (O.K.); (E.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Rebecca Stevenson
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (A.B.-S.); (R.S.); (O.K.); (E.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Orsolya Kékesi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (A.B.-S.); (R.S.); (O.K.); (E.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Evgeniia Samokhina
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (A.B.-S.); (R.S.); (O.K.); (E.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Yuval Ben-Abu
- Projects and Physics Section, Sapir Academic College, D.N. Hof Ashkelon, Sderot 79165, Israel;
| | - John W. Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (A.B.-S.); (R.S.); (O.K.); (E.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (A.B.-S.); (R.S.); (O.K.); (E.S.); (J.W.M.)
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-246203853
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Stevenson R, Samokhina E, Rossetti I, Morley JW, Buskila Y. Neuromodulation of Glial Function During Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:278. [PMID: 32973460 PMCID: PMC7473408 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia, a non-excitable cell type once considered merely as the connective tissue between neurons, is nowadays acknowledged for its essential contribution to multiple physiological processes including learning, memory formation, excitability, synaptic plasticity, ion homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Moreover, as glia are key players in the brain immune system and provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, they are intimately involved in multiple neurological disorders. Recent advances have demonstrated that glial cells, specifically microglia and astroglia, are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While there is compelling evidence for glial modulation of synaptic formation and regulation that affect neuronal signal processing and activity, in this manuscript we will review recent findings on neuronal activity that affect glial function, specifically during neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss the nature of each glial malfunction, its specificity to each disorder, overall contribution to the disease progression and assess its potential as a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stevenson
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Evgeniia Samokhina
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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8
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Buskila Y, Bellot-Saez A, Morley JW. Generating Brain Waves, the Power of Astrocytes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1125. [PMID: 31680846 PMCID: PMC6813784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronization of neuronal activity in the brain underlies the emergence of neuronal oscillations termed “brain waves”, which serve various physiological functions and correlate with different behavioral states. It has been postulated that at least ten distinct mechanisms are involved in the formulation of these brain waves, including variations in the concentration of extracellular neurotransmitters and ions, as well as changes in cellular excitability. In this mini review we highlight the contribution of astrocytes, a subtype of glia, in the formation and modulation of brain waves mainly due to their close association with synapses that allows their bidirectional interaction with neurons, and their syncytium-like activity via gap junctions that facilitate communication to distal brain regions through Ca2+ waves. These capabilities allow astrocytes to regulate neuronal excitability via glutamate uptake, gliotransmission and tight control of the extracellular K+ levels via a process termed K+ clearance. Spatio-temporal synchrony of activity across neuronal and astrocytic networks, both locally and distributed across cortical regions, underpins brain states and thereby behavioral states, and it is becoming apparent that astrocytes play an important role in the development and maintenance of neural activity underlying these complex behavioral states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Alba Bellot-Saez
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.,International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - John W Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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9
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Vardjan N, Zorec R. Physiology of Astroglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:45-91. [PMID: 31583584 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are principal cells responsible for maintaining the brain homeostasis. Additionally, these glial cells are also involved in homocellular (astrocyte-astrocyte) and heterocellular (astrocyte-other cell types) signalling and metabolism. These astroglial functions require an expression of the assortment of molecules, be that transporters or pumps, to maintain ion concentration gradients across the plasmalemma and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Astrocytes sense and balance their neurochemical environment via variety of transmitter receptors and transporters. As they are electrically non-excitable, astrocytes display intracellular calcium and sodium fluctuations, which are not only used for operative signalling but can also affect metabolism. In this chapter we discuss the molecules that achieve ionic gradients and underlie astrocyte signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Wollman LB, Levine RB, Fregosi RF. Developmental plasticity of GABAergic neurotransmission to brainstem motoneurons. J Physiol 2018; 596:5993-6008. [PMID: 29352468 DOI: 10.1113/jp274923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Critical homeostatic behaviours such as suckling, swallowing and breathing depend on the precise control of tongue muscle activity. Perinatal nicotine exposure has multiple effects on baseline inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission to hypoglossal motoneurons (XIIMNs), consistent with homeostatic compensations directed at maintaining normal motoneuron output. Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) alters how GABAergic neurotransmission is modulated by acute activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which may provide insight into mechanisms by which nicotine exposure alters motor function under conditions that result in increased release of GABA, such as hypoxia, or endogenous acetylcholine, as occurs in the transition from NREM to REM sleep, or in response to exogenous nicotine. ABSTRACT Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signalling regulates neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis. Here we test the hypothesis that developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) disrupts the development of GABAergic synaptic transmission to hypoglossal motoneurons (XIIMNs). GABAergic spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs/mIPSCs) were recorded from XIIMNs in brainstem slices from control and DNE rat pups of either sex, 1-5 days old, at baseline and following acute stimulation of nAChRs with nicotine. At baseline, sIPSCs were less frequent and smaller in DNE cells (consistent with decreased action potential-mediated GABA release), and mIPSCs were more frequent (consistent with increased vesicular GABA release from presynaptic terminals). Acute nicotine challenge increased sIPSC frequency in both groups, though the increase was greater in DNE cells. Acute nicotine challenge did not change the frequency of mIPSCs in either group, though mIPSC amplitude increased significantly in DNE cells, but not control cells. Stimulation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors with muscimol caused a significantly greater chloride current in DNE cells than in control cells. The increased quantal release of GABA, coupled with the rise in the strength of postsynaptic inhibition may be homeostatic adjustments to the decreased action-potential-mediated input from GABAergic interneurons. However, this will exaggerate synaptic inhibition under conditions where the release of GABA (e.g. hypoxia) or ACh (sleep-wake transitions) is increased. These findings reveal a mechanism that may explain why DNE is associated with deficits in the ability to respond appropriately to chemosensory stimuli or to changes in neuromodulation secondary to changes in central nervous system state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Buls Wollman
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Richard B Levine
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ralph F Fregosi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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12
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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13
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Makitani K, Nakagawa S, Izumi Y, Akaike A, Kume T. Inhibitory effect of donepezil on bradykinin-induced increase in the intracellular calcium concentration in cultured cortical astrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 134:37-44. [PMID: 28499726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Donepezil is a potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we investigated the responses of astrocytes to bradykinin, an inflammatory mediator, and the effect of donepezil on these responses using cultured cortical astrocytes. Bradykinin induced a transient increase of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured astrocytes. Bradykinin-induced [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited by the exposure to thapsigargin, which depletes Ca2+ stores on endoplasmic reticulum, but not by the exclusion of extracellular Ca2+. Twenty four hours pretreatment of donepezil reduced the bradykinin-induced [Ca2+]i increase. This reduction was inhibited not only by mecamylamine, a nAChR antagonist, but also by PI3K and Akt inhibitors. In addition, donepezil inhibited bradykinin-induced increase of the intracellular reactive oxygen species level in astrocytes. These results suggest that donepezil inhibits the inflammatory response induced by bradykinin via nAChR and PI3K-Akt pathway in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Makitani
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akinori Akaike
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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14
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Anan J, Hijioka M, Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Seki T, Katsuki H. Cortical hemorrhage-associated neurological deficits and tissue damage in mice are ameliorated by therapeutic treatment with nicotine. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1838-1849. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Anan
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Masanori Hijioka
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Akinori Hisatsune
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program,”; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
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15
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Sadigh-Eteghad S, Majdi A, Mahmoudi J, Golzari SEJ, Talebi M. Astrocytic and microglial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: an overlooked issue in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1359-1367. [PMID: 27262818 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that astrocytes and microglia-associated dysfunction contribute to AD pathology. In addition, glial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a role in AD-related phenomena, such as neuron survival, synaptic plasticity, and memory. From mechanistic point of view, the glial regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as common contributors in AD, is modulated by nAChRs. Astrocytic and microglial nAChRs contribute to Aβ metabolism, including Aβ phagocytosis and degradation as well as Aβ-related oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. These receptors are also involved in neurotransmission and gliotransmission through indirect interaction with N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4 isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and intracellular calcium regulation. In addition, glial nAChRs participate in trophic factors-induced neuroprotection. This review gathers the most recent advances along with the previous data on astrocytic and microglial nAChRs role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad E J Golzari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Talebi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Di Cesare Mannelli L, Zanardelli M, Landini I, Pacini A, Ghelardini C, Mini E, Bencini A, Valtancoli B, Failli P. Effect of the SOD mimetic MnL4 on in vitro and in vivo oxaliplatin toxicity: Possible aid in chemotherapy induced neuropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 93:67-76. [PMID: 26828020 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most discomfortable dose-limiting adverse reactions of effective drugs for the treatment of solid tumors is a peripheral neuropathy which is the main reason for dose reduction and discontinuation of the therapy. We identified oxidative stress as one target of oxaliplatin toxicity in the search of possible adjuvant therapies to prevent neuropathy and alleviate pain. Therefore, we studied an effective SOD mimetic compound, MnL4, as a possible adjuvant treatment in in vitro cellular cultures and in vivo on a rat model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. METHODS AND RESULTS All rat manipulations were carried out according to the European Community guidelines for animal care. We performed experiments on SH-SY5Y, HT-29 and primary cortical rat astrocytes. Incubation with 100 µM oxaliplatin increased superoxide anion production and caspase 3/7 activity in the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y and cortical astrocytes. MnL4 (10 µM) significantly reduced the increase in superoxide anion in both cell types, but prevented caspase 3/7 activity only in astrocytes. MnL4 reduced lipid peroxidation induced by oxaliplatin and normalized the intracellular calcium signal evoked by ATP and acetylcholine in astrocytes, preincubated with oxaliplatin. MnL4 did not interfere with the concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects of oxaliplatin on the cancer cell lines HT-29 and LoVo. In vivo MnL4 reduced the response at mechanical noxious and mechanical and thermal non-noxious stimuli in oxaliplatin treated animals. Rat rota-rod performances were improved. CONCLUSION Since MnL4 exerts its beneficial effects without interfering with the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin, it could be proposed as adjuvant to prevent and reduce oxaliplatin induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Scienze del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA), Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini, 6, Firenze 50139, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanardelli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Scienze del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA), Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini, 6, Firenze 50139, Italy
| | - Ida Landini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pacini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica (DMSC), Sezione di Anatomia e Istologia, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Scienze del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA), Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini, 6, Firenze 50139, Italy
| | - Enrico Mini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Italy
| | - Andrea Bencini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Failli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Scienze del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA), Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini, 6, Firenze 50139, Italy.
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17
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Harada K, Kamiya T, Tsuboi T. Gliotransmitter Release from Astrocytes: Functional, Developmental, and Pathological Implications in the Brain. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:499. [PMID: 26793048 PMCID: PMC4709856 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes comprise a large population of cells in the brain and are important partners to neighboring neurons, vascular cells, and other glial cells. Astrocytes not only form a scaffold for other cells, but also extend foot processes around the capillaries to maintain the blood–brain barrier. Thus, environmental chemicals that exist in the blood stream could have potentially harmful effects on the physiological function of astrocytes. Although astrocytes are not electrically excitable, they have been shown to function as active participants in the development of neural circuits and synaptic activity. Astrocytes respond to neurotransmitters and contribute to synaptic information processing by releasing chemical transmitters called “gliotransmitters.” State-of-the-art optical imaging techniques enable us to clarify how neurotransmitters elicit the release of various gliotransmitters, including glutamate, D-serine, and ATP. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that the disruption of gliotransmission results in neuronal dysfunction and abnormal behaviors in animal models. In this review, we focus on the latest technical approaches to clarify the molecular mechanisms of gliotransmitter exocytosis, and discuss the possibility that exposure to environmental chemicals could alter gliotransmission and cause neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Harada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Kamiya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Hawkins JL, Denson JE, Miley DR, Durham PL. Nicotine stimulates expression of proteins implicated in peripheral and central sensitization. Neuroscience 2015; 290:115-25. [PMID: 25637801 PMCID: PMC5894823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pain patients who are nicotine dependent report a significantly increased incidence and severity of pain intensity. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged nicotine administration on inflammatory proteins implicated in the development of peripheral and central sensitization of the trigeminal system. Behavioral, immunohistochemical, and microarray studies were utilized to investigate the effects of nicotine administered daily for 14 days via an Alzet® osmotic pump in Sprague Dawley rats. Systemic nicotine administration caused a significant increase in nocifensive withdrawals to mechanical stimulation of trigeminal neurons. Nicotine stimulated expression of the pro-inflammatory signal transduction proteins phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and protein kinase A (PKA) in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Nicotine also promoted elevations in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a biomarker of activated astrocytes, and the microglia biomarker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1). Similarly, levels of eleven cytokines were significantly elevated with the largest increase in expression of TNF-α. Levels of PKA, p-ERK, and p-JNK in trigeminal ganglion neurons were increased by nicotine. Our findings demonstrate that prolonged systemic administration of nicotine promotes sustained behavioral and cellular changes in the expression of key proteins in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and trigeminal ganglion implicated in the development and maintenance of peripheral and central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hawkins
- Center for Biomedical & Life Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - J E Denson
- Center for Biomedical & Life Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - D R Miley
- Center for Biomedical & Life Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - P L Durham
- Center for Biomedical & Life Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA.
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19
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Mele T, Jurič DM. Metrifonate, like acetylcholine, up-regulates neurotrophic activity of cultured rat astrocytes. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:618-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Lee L, Kosuri P, Arancio O. Picomolar amyloid-β peptides enhance spontaneous astrocyte calcium transients. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 38:49-62. [PMID: 23948929 DOI: 10.3233/jad-130740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are constitutively produced in the brain throughout life via mechanisms that can be regulated by synaptic activity. Although Aβ has been extensively studied as the pathological plaque-forming protein species in Alzheimer's disease (AD), little is known about the normal physiological function(s) and signaling pathway(s). We previously discovered that physiologically-relevant, low picomolar amounts of Aβ can enhance synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent cognition in mice. In this study, we demonstrated that astrocytes are cellular candidates for participating in this type of Aβ signaling. Using calcium imaging of primary astrocyte cultures, we observed that picomolar amounts of Aβ peptides can enhance spontaneous intracellular calcium transient signaling. After application of 200 pM Aβ42 peptides, the frequency and amplitude averages of spontaneous cytosolic calcium transients were significantly increased. These effects were dependent on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs), as the enhancement effects were blocked by a pharmacological α7-nAChR inhibitor and in astrocytes from an α7 deficient mouse strain. We additionally examined evoked intercellular calcium wave signaling but did not detect significant picomolar Aβ-induced alterations in propagation parameters. Overall, these results indicate that at a physiologically-relevant low picomolar concentration, Aβ peptides can enhance spontaneous astrocyte calcium transient signaling via α7-nAChRs. Since astrocyte-mediated gliotransmission has been previously found to have neuromodulatory roles, Aβ peptides may have a normal physiological function in regulating neuron-glia signaling. Dysfunction of this signaling process may underlie glia-based aspects of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Lee
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Molas S, Dierssen M. The role of nicotinic receptors in shaping and functioning of the glutamatergic system: a window into cognitive pathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:315-25. [PMID: 24879992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the cholinergic system in learning, memory and attention has long been recognized, although its neurobiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent evidence identifies the endogenous cholinergic signaling via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) as key players in determining the morphological and functional maturation of the glutamatergic system. Here, we review the available experimental and clinical evidence of nAChRs contribution to the establishment of the glutamatergic system, and therefore to cognitive function. We provide some clues of the putative underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss recent human studies that associate genetic variability of the genes encoding nAChR subunits with cognitive disorders. Finally, we discuss the new avenues to therapeutically targeting nAChRs in persons with cognitive dysfunction for which the α7-nAChR subunit is an important etiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Molas
- Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona E-08003, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona E-08003, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona E-08003, Spain.
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22
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Basic and modern concepts on cholinergic receptor: A review. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Wang X, Lippi G, Carlson DM, Berg DK. Activation of α7-containing nicotinic receptors on astrocytes triggers AMPA receptor recruitment to glutamatergic synapses. J Neurochem 2013; 127:632-43. [PMID: 24032433 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, an abundant form of glia, are known to promote and modulate synaptic signaling between neurons. They also express α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs), but the functional relevance of these receptors is unknown. We show here that stimulation of α7-nAChRs on astrocytes releases components that induce hippocampal neurons to acquire more α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors post-synaptically at glutamatergic synapses. The increase is specific in that no change is seen in synaptic NMDA receptor clusters or other markers for glutamatergic synapses, or in markers for GABAergic synapses. Moreover, the increases in AMPA receptors on the neuron surface are accompanied by increases in the frequency of spontaneous miniature synaptic currents mediated by the receptors and increases in the ratio of evoked synaptic currents mediated by AMPA versus NMDA receptors. This suggests that stimulating α7-nAChRs on astrocytes can convert 'silent' glutamatergic synapses to functional status. Astrocyte-derived thrombospondin is necessary but not sufficient for the effect, while tumor necrosis factor-α is sufficient but not necessary. The results identify astrocyte α7-nAChRs as a novel pathway through which nicotinic cholinergic signaling can promote the development of glutamatergic networks, recruiting AMPA receptors to post-synaptic sites and rendering the synapses more functional. We find that activation of nicotinic receptors on astrocytes releases a component that specifically recruits AMPA receptors to glutamatergic synapses. The recruitment appears to occur preferentially at what may be 'silent synapses', that is, synapses that have all the components required for glutamatergic transmission (including NMDA receptors) but lack sufficient AMPA receptors to generate a response. The results are unexpected and open up new possibilities for mechanisms underlying network formation and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulong Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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24
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Garzón M, Duffy AM, Chan J, Lynch MK, Mackie K, Pickel VM. Dopamine D₂ and acetylcholine α7 nicotinic receptors have subcellular distributions favoring mediation of convergent signaling in the mouse ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2013; 252:126-43. [PMID: 23954803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) mediate nicotine-induced burst-firing of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a limbic brain region critically involved in reward and in dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)-related cortical dysfunctions associated with psychosis. The known presence of α7nAChRs and Gi-coupled D2Rs in dopamine neurons of the VTA suggests that these receptors are targeted to at least some of the same neurons in this brain region. To test this hypothesis, we used electron microscopic immunolabeling of antisera against peptide sequences of α7nACh and D2 receptors in the mouse VTA. Dual D2R and α7nAChR labeling was seen in many of the same somata (co-localization over 97%) and dendrites (co-localization over 49%), where immunoreactivity for each of the receptors was localized to endomembranes as well as to non-synaptic or synaptic plasma membranes often near excitatory-type synapses. In comparison with somata and dendrites, many more small axons and axon terminals were separately labeled for each of the receptors. Thus, single-labeled axon terminals were predominant for both α7nAChR (57.9%) and D2R (89.0%). The majority of the immunolabeled axonal profiles contained D2R-immunoreactivity (81.6%) and formed either symmetric or asymmetric synapses consistent with involvement in the release of both inhibitory and excitatory transmitters. Of 160 D2R-labeled terminals, 81.2% were presynaptic to dendrites that expressed α7nAChR alone or together with the D2R. Numerous glial processes inclusive of those enveloping either excitatory- or inhibitory-type synapses also contained single labeling for D2R (n=152) and α7nAChR (n=561). These results suggest that classic antipsychotic drugs, all of which block the D2R, may facilitate α7nAChR-mediated burst-firing by elimination of D2R-dependent inhibition in neurons expressing both receptors as well as by indirect pre-synaptic and glial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garzón
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina UAM, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IDIPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain
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25
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López-Hidalgo M, Salgado-Puga K, Alvarado-Martínez R, Medina AC, Prado-Alcalá RA, García-Colunga J. Nicotine uses neuron-glia communication to enhance hippocampal synaptic transmission and long-term memory. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49998. [PMID: 23185511 PMCID: PMC3503711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine enhances synaptic transmission and facilitates long-term memory. Now it is known that bi-directional glia-neuron interactions play important roles in the physiology of the brain. However, the involvement of glial cells in the effects of nicotine has not been considered until now. In particular, the gliotransmitter D-serine, an endogenous co-agonist of NMDA receptors, enables different types of synaptic plasticity and memory in the hippocampus. Here, we report that hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity induced by nicotine was annulled by an enzyme that degrades endogenous D-serine, or by an NMDA receptor antagonist that acts at the D-serine binding site. Accordingly, both effects of nicotine: the enhancement of synaptic transmission and facilitation of long-term memory were eliminated by impairing glial cells with fluoroacetate, and were restored with exogenous D-serine. Together, these results show that glial D-serine is essential for the long-term effects of nicotine on synaptic plasticity and memory, and they highlight the roles of glial cells as key participants in brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica López-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Karla Salgado-Puga
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Reynaldo Alvarado-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Andrea Cristina Medina
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Roberto A. Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Jesús García-Colunga
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
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26
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Brailoiu GC, Deliu E, Tica AA, Chitravanshi VC, Brailoiu E. Urocortin 3 elevates cytosolic calcium in nucleus ambiguus neurons. J Neurochem 2012; 122:1129-36. [PMID: 22774996 PMCID: PMC3433571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin 3 (also known as stresscopin) is an endogenous ligand for the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRF(2)). Despite predominant G(s) coupling of CRF(2), promiscuous coupling with other G proteins has been also associated with the activation of this receptor. As urocortin 3 has been involved in central cardiovascular regulation at hypothalamic and medullary sites, we examined its cellular effects on cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus, a key area for the autonomic control of heart rate. Urocortin 3 (1 nM-1000 nM) induced a concentration-dependent increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration that was blocked by the CRF(2) antagonist K41498. In the case of two consecutive treatments with urocortin 3, the second urocortin 3-induced Ca(2+) response was reduced, indicating receptor desensitization. The effect of urocortin 3 was abolished by pre-treatment with pertussis toxin and by inhibition of phospolipase C with U-73122. Urocortin 3 activated Ca(2+) influx via voltage-gated P/Q-type channels as well as Ca(2+) release from endoplasmic reticulum. Urocortin 3 promoted Ca(2+) release via inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors, but not ryanodine receptors. Our results indicate a novel Ca(2+) -mobilizing effect of urocortin 3 in vagal pre-ganglionic neurons of nucleus ambiguus, providing a cellular mechanism for a previously reported role for this peptide in parasympathetic cardiac regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Takarada T, Nakamichi N, Kawagoe H, Ogura M, Fukumori R, Nakazato R, Fujikawa K, Kou M, Yoneda Y. Possible neuroprotective property of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in association with predominant upregulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2074-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Verkhratsky A, Rodríguez JJ, Parpura V. Calcium signalling in astroglia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 353:45-56. [PMID: 21945602 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia possess excitability based on movements of Ca(2+) ions between intracellular compartments and plasmalemmal Ca(2+) fluxes. This "Ca(2+) excitability" is controlled by several families of proteins located in the plasma membrane, within the cytosol and in the intracellular organelles, most notably in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. Accumulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) can be caused by the entry of Ca(2+) from the extracellular space through ionotropic receptors and store-operated channels expressed in astrocytes. Plasmalemmal Ca(2+) ATP-ase and sodium-calcium exchanger extrude cytosolic Ca(2+) to the extracellular space; the exchanger can also operate in reverse, depending of the intercellular Na(+) concentration, to deliver Ca(2+) to the cytosol. The ER internal store possesses inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors which can be activated upon stimulation of astrocytes through a multiple plasma membrane metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors. This leads to release of Ca(2+) from the ER and its elevation in the cytosol, the level of which can be modulated by mitochondria. The mitochondrial uniporter takes up Ca(2+) into the matrix, while free Ca(2+) exits the matrix through the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger as well as via transient openings of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. One of the prominent consequences of astroglial Ca(2+) excitability is gliotransmission, a release of transmitters from astroglia which can lead to signalling to adjacent neurones.
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Nicotine-like effects of the neonicotinoid insecticides acetamiprid and imidacloprid on cerebellar neurons from neonatal rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32432. [PMID: 22393406 PMCID: PMC3290564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetamiprid (ACE) and imidacloprid (IMI) belong to a new, widely used class of pesticide, the neonicotinoids. With similar chemical structures to nicotine, neonicotinoids also share agonist activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Although their toxicities against insects are well established, their precise effects on mammalian nAChRs remain to be elucidated. Because of the importance of nAChRs for mammalian brain function, especially brain development, detailed investigation of the neonicotinoids is needed to protect the health of human children. We aimed to determine the effects of neonicotinoids on the nAChRs of developing mammalian neurons and compare their effects with nicotine, a neurotoxin of brain development. Methodology/Principal Findings Primary cultures of cerebellar neurons from neonatal rats allow for examinations of the developmental neurotoxicity of chemicals because the various stages of neurodevelopment—including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and morphological and functional maturation—can be observed in vitro. Using these cultures, an excitatory Ca2+-influx assay was employed as an indicator of neural physiological activity. Significant excitatory Ca2+ influxes were evoked by ACE, IMI, and nicotine at concentrations greater than 1 µM in small neurons in cerebellar cultures that expressed the mRNA of the α3, α4, and α7 nAChR subunits. The firing patterns, proportion of excited neurons, and peak excitatory Ca2+ influxes induced by ACE and IMI showed differences from those induced by nicotine. However, ACE and IMI had greater effects on mammalian neurons than those previously reported in binding assay studies. Furthermore, the effects of the neonicotinoids were significantly inhibited by the nAChR antagonists mecamylamine, α-bungarotoxin, and dihydro-β-erythroidine. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first to show that ACE, IMI, and nicotine exert similar excitatory effects on mammalian nAChRs at concentrations greater than 1 µM. Therefore, the neonicotinoids may adversely affect human health, especially the developing brain.
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Duffy AM, Fitzgerald ML, Chan J, Robinson DC, Milner TA, Mackie K, Pickel VM. Acetylcholine α7 nicotinic and dopamine D2 receptors are targeted to many of the same postsynaptic dendrites and astrocytes in the rodent prefrontal cortex. Synapse 2011; 65:1350-67. [PMID: 21858872 PMCID: PMC3356922 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and the dopamine D(2) receptor (D(2) R) are both implicated in attentional processes and cognition, mediated in part through the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We examined the dual electron microscopic immunolabeling of α7nAChR and either D(2) R or the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in rodent PFC to assess convergent functional activation sites. Immunoreactivity (ir) for α7nAChR and/or D(2) R was seen in the same as well as separate neuronal and glial profiles. At least half of the dually labeled profiles were somata and dendrites, while most labeled axon terminals expressed only D(2) R-ir. The D(2) R-labeled terminals were without synaptic specializations or formed inhibitory or excitatory-type synapses with somatodendritic profiles, some of which expressed the α7nAChR and/or D(2) R. Astrocytic glial processes comprised the majority of nonsomatodendritic α7nAChR or α7nAChR and D(2) R-labeled profiles. Glial processes containing α7nAChR-ir were frequently located near VAChT-labeled terminals and also showed perisynaptic and perivascular associations. We conclude that in rodent PFC α7nACh and D(2) R activation can dually modulate (1) postsynaptic dendritic responses within the same or separate but synaptically linked neurons in which the D(2) R has the predominately presynaptic distribution, and (2) astrocytic signaling that may be crucial for synaptic transmission and functional hyperemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aine M. Duffy
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Megan L. Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - June Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Danielle C. Robinson
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kenneth Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Gill Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Virginia M. Pickel
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Division of Neurobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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Different presynaptic nicotinic receptor subtypes modulate in vivo and in vitro the release of glycine in the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:729-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Parpura V, Grubišić V, Verkhratsky A. Ca(2+) sources for the exocytotic release of glutamate from astrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:984-91. [PMID: 21118669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes can exocytotically release the gliotransmitter glutamate from vesicular compartments. Increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration is necessary and sufficient for this process. The predominant source of Ca(2+) for exocytosis in astrocytes resides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors of the ER provide a conduit for the release of Ca(2+) to the cytosol. The ER store is (re)filled by the store-specific Ca(2+)-ATPase. Ultimately, the depleted ER is replenished by Ca(2+) which enters from the extracellular space to the cytosol via store-operated Ca(2+) entry; the TRPC1 protein has been implicated in this part of the astrocytic exocytotic process. Voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and plasma membrane Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers are additional means for cytosolic Ca(2+) entry. Cytosolic Ca(2+) levels can be modulated by mitochondria, which can take up cytosolic Ca(2+) via the Ca(2+) uniporter and release Ca(2+) into cytosol via the mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, as well as by the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The interplay between various Ca(2+) sources generates cytosolic Ca(2+) dynamics that can drive Ca(2+)-dependent exocytotic release of glutamate from astrocytes. An understanding of this process in vivo will reveal some of the astrocytic functions in health and disease of the brain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Civitan International Research Center, Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294-0021, USA.
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Constantinou S, Fern R. Conduction block and glial injury induced in developing central white matter by glycine, GABA, noradrenalin, or nicotine, studied in isolated neonatal rat optic nerve. Glia 2009; 57:1168-77. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pap P, Koszeghy A, Szucs G, Rusznák Z. Cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration changes evoked by cholinergic stimulation in primary astrocyte cultures prepared from the rat cochlear nucleus. Hear Res 2009; 255:73-83. [PMID: 19497356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of astrocytes in the cholinergic modulation of the cochlear nucleus has been studied using primary astrocyte cultures prepared from this nucleus. The cells were loaded with the membrane permeable form of the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator Fluo-4, and carbachol-induced Ca(2+) concentration increases were monitored using an imaging system. In the presence of cholinergic stimulation 36.3% of the cells produced Ca(2+) transients. The time course of the transients was variable; 45.0% of the responding cells showed only a rapid Ca(2+) concentration increase, while in 50.5% of the astrocytes the fast component was followed by a slow plateau phase. Using muscarine as well as general and more specific cholinergic antagonists (atropine, pirenzepine, 4-DAMP and hexamethonium), the role of the M3 and (to a smaller extent) M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors could be demonstrated in the genesis of the carbachol-induced Ca(2+) transients. The presence of these two subtypes of muscarinic receptors has been confirmed at both mRNA (Q-PCR) and protein (immunocytochemistry) levels. Our data demonstrate the responsiveness of the cochlear astrocytes towards cholinergic stimulation, suggesting that they may have roles in mediating the effects of cholinergic modulation in the rat cochlear nucleus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Calcium Signaling/physiology
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Cholinergic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Cochlear Nucleus/cytology
- Cochlear Nucleus/drug effects
- Cochlear Nucleus/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1/agonists
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1/metabolism
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/agonists
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pap
- University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Department of Physiology, Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt, Hungary
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35
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Dehkordi O, Rose JE, Balan KV, Kc P, Millis RM, Jayam-Trouth A. Neuroanatomical relationships of substance P-immunoreactive intrapulmonary C-fibers and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1670-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Sekiguchi-Tonosaki M, Obata M, Haruki A, Himi T, Kosaka J. Acetylcholine induces Ca2+ signaling in chicken retinal pigmented epithelial cells during dedifferentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1195-206. [PMID: 19244481 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00423.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigmented epithelial cells exchange their cellular phenotypes into lens cells and neurons, via depigmented and non-epithelial-shaped dedifferentiated intermediates. Because these dedifferentiated cells can either revert to pigmented epithelial cells or transdifferentiate into lens cells and/or neurons, they are recognized as candidates for lens and retinal cell regeneration. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the signal transduction pathways between chicken retinal pigmented epithelial cells and their dedifferentiated intermediates. We monitored intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations using Fluo-4-based Ca(2+) optical imaging and focused on cellular responses to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Muscarinic Ca(2+) mobilization was observed both in retinal pigmented epithelial cells and in dedifferentiated cells, and was inhibited by atropine. The muscarine-dependent acetylcholine response depended on Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) stores, which was completely blocked by thapsigargin. In contrast, the nicotine-dependent acetylcholine response that led to Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channels was inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin and attenuated by nifedipine, and it was detected only in the dedifferentiated intermediates. Application of (S)-(-)-BayK8644 elevated intracellular Ca(2+) both in retinal pigmented epithelial cells and in dedifferentiated intermediates; however, the nicotinic response was not observed in pigmented epithelial cells. Another L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, diltiazem, also blocked the nicotine-dependent acetylcholine response in dedifferentiated cells and maintained the epithelial-like morphology of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Our results indicate that an alternative acetylcholine signaling pathway is used during the dedifferentiation process of retinal pigmented epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sekiguchi-Tonosaki
- Dept. of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Delbro D, Westerlund A, Björklund U, Hansson E. In inflammatory reactive astrocytes co-cultured with brain endothelial cells nicotine-evoked Ca(2+) transients are attenuated due to interleukin-1beta release and rearrangement of actin filaments. Neuroscience 2009; 159:770-9. [PMID: 19171179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in a more pronounced way in astrocytes co-cultured with microvascular endothelial cells from adult rat brain, compared with monocultured astrocytes, as a sign of a more developed signal transduction system. Also investigated was whether nicotine plays a role in the control of neuroinflammatory reactivity in astrocytes. Ca(2+) imaging experiments were performed using cells loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator Fura-2/AM. Co-cultured astrocytes responded to lower concentrations of nicotine than did monocultured astrocytes, indicating that they are more sensitive to nicotine. Co-cultured astrocytes also expressed a higher selectivity for alpha7nAChR and alpha4/beta2 subunits and evoked higher Ca(2+) transients compared with monocultured astrocytes. The Ca(2+) transients referred to are activators of Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, both IP(3) and ryanodine, triggered by influx through receptor channels. The nicotine-induced Ca(2+) transients were attenuated after incubation with the inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but were not attenuated after incubation with the pain-transmitting peptides substance P and calcitonin-gene-related peptide, nor with the infection and inflammation stress mediator, leptin. Furthermore, LPS-induced release of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was more pronounced in co-cultured versus monocultured astrocytes. Incubation with both LPS and IL-1beta further attenuated nicotine-induced Ca(2+) response. We also found that LPS and IL-1beta induced rearrangement of the F-actin filaments, as measured with an Alexa488-conjugated phalloidin probe. The rearrangements consisted of increases in ring formations and a more dispersed appearance of the filaments. These results indicate that there is a connection between a dysfunction of nicotine Ca(2+) signaling in inflammatory reactive astrocytes and upregulation of IL-1beta and the rearrangements of actin filaments in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Delbro
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
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38
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González A, Salido GM. Ethanol alters the physiology of neuron-glia communication. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 88:167-98. [PMID: 19897078 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)88007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), both neurones and astrocytes play crucial roles. On a cellular level, brain activity involves continuous interactions within complex cellular circuits established between neural cells and glia. Although it was initially considered that neurones were the major cell type in cerebral function, nowadays astrocytes are considered to contribute to cerebral function too. Astrocytes support normal neuronal activity, including synaptic function, by regulating the extracellular environment with respect to ions and neurotransmitters. There is a plethora of noxious agents which can lead to the development of alterations in organs and functional systems, and that will end in a chronic prognosis. Among the potentially harmful external agents we can find ethanol consumption, whose consequences have been recognized as a major public health concern. Deregulation of cell cycle has devastating effects on the integrity of cells, and has been closely associated with the development of pathologies which can lead to dysfunction and cell death. An alteration of normal neuronal-glial physiology could represent the basis of neurodegenerative processes. In this review we will pay attention on to the recent findings in astrocyte function and their role toward neurons under ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
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Picciotto MR, Addy NA, Mineur YS, Brunzell DH. It is not "either/or": activation and desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors both contribute to behaviors related to nicotine addiction and mood. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 84:329-42. [PMID: 18242816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine can both activate and desensitize/inactivate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). An ongoing controversy in the field is to what extent the behavioral effects of nicotine result from activation of nAChRs, and to what extent receptor desensitization is involved in these behavioral processes. Recent electrophysiological studies have shown that both nAChR activation and desensitization contribute to the effects of nicotine in the brain, and these experiments have provided cellular mechanisms that could underlie the contribution of both these processes to nicotine-mediated behaviors. For instance, desensitization of nAChRs may contribute to the salience of environmental cues associated with smoking behavior and activation and desensitization of nAChRs may contribute to both primary and conditioned drug reward. Similarly, studies of the antidepressant-like effects of nicotinic agents have revealed a balance between activation and desensitization of nAChRs. This review will examine the evidence for the contribution of these two very different consequences of nicotine administration to behaviors related to nicotine addiction, including processes related to drug reinforcement and affective modulation. We conclude that there are effects of nAChR activation and desensitization on drug reinforcement and affective behavior, and that both processes are important in the behavioral consequences of nicotine in tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.
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40
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Patti L, Raiteri L, Grilli M, Zappettini S, Bonanno G, Marchi M. Evidence that α7 nicotinic receptor modulates glutamate release from mouse neocortical gliosomes. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:1-7. [PMID: 17462791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of nicotinic receptors on astrocytes in human and rat brain has been previously demonstrated however their possible functional role is still poorly understood. In this study we investigated on the presence of nicotinic receptors on gliosomes, purified from mouse cortex, and on their role in eliciting glutamate release. Epibatidine significantly increased basal release of [3H]D-aspartate and of endogenous glutamate from mouse gliosomes but not from synaptosomes. This effect was prevented by methyllycaconitine, alpha-bungarotoxin and mecamylamine but not by dihydro-beta-erythroidine. Epibatidine provoked also a significant increase of calcium concentration in gliosomes but not in synaptosomes; the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by epibatidine and KCl in gliosomes was very similar to each other. The present results indicate that alpha7 nicotinic receptors exist on mouse cortical glial particles and stimulate glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patti
- Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
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Hill ES, Katz PS. Role of membrane potential in calcium signaling during rhythmic bursting in tritonia swim interneurons. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97:2204-14. [PMID: 17229821 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01244.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic bursting in neurons is accompanied by dynamic changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. These Ca(2+) signals may be caused by membrane potential changes during bursting and/or by synaptic inputs. We determined that membrane potential is responsible for most, if not all, of the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signal recorded during rhythmic bursting in two neurons of the escape swim central pattern generator (CPG) of the mollusk, Tritonia diomedea: ventral swim interneuron B (VSI) and cerebral neuron 2 (C2). Ca(2+) signals were imaged with a confocal laser scanning microscope while the membrane potential was recorded at the soma. During the swim motor pattern (SMP), Ca(2+) signals in both neurons transiently increased during each burst of action potentials with a more rapid decay in secondary than in primary neurites. VSI and C2 were then voltage-clamped at the soma, and each neuron's own membrane potential waveform recorded during the SMP was played back as the voltage command. In all regions of VSI, this completely reproduced the amplitude and time course of Ca(2+) signals observed during the SMP, but in C2, the amplitude was lower in the playback experiments than during the SMP, possibly due to space clamp problems. Therefore in VSI, the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signal during the SMP can be accounted for by its membrane potential excursions, whereas in C2 the membrane potential excursions can account for most of the SMP Ca(2+) signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan S Hill
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, PO Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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42
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O'Halloran KD. Effects of nicotine on rat sternohyoid muscle contractile properties. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 150:200-10. [PMID: 15994135 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a major clinical disorder characterised by recurring episodes of pharyngeal collapse during sleep. At present, there remains no satisfactory treatment for OSA. Pharmacological therapies as a potential treatment for the disorder are an attractive option and include agents that increase the contractility of the pharyngeal muscles. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of nicotine on upper airway muscle contractile properties. In vitro isometric contractile properties were determined using strips of rat sternohyoid muscle in physiological salt solution containing nicotine (0-100 microg/ml) at 25 degrees C. Isometric twitch and tetanic tension, contraction time, half-relaxation time and tension-frequency relationship were determined by electrical field stimulation with platinum electrodes. Fatigue was induced by stimulation at 40 Hz with 300 ms trains at a frequency of 0.5 Hz for 5 min. Nicotine at a concentration of 1 microg/ml was associated with a significant increase in sternohyoid muscle specific tension compared to control data. Dose-dependent increases in contractile tension were not observed. Nicotine had effects on tension-frequency relationship and endurance properties of the sternohyoid muscle at some but not all doses. A leftward shift in the tension-frequency relationship was observed at low stimulus frequencies (20-30 Hz) for nicotine at a concentration of 1 and 5 microg/ml and a significant increase in fatigue resistance was observed with nicotine at a concentration of 10 microg/ml. As fatigue of the upper airway muscles has been implicated in obstructive airway conditions, a pharmacological agent that improves muscle endurance may prove useful as a potential treatment for such disorders. Therefore, further studies of the effects of nicotinic agonists on upper airway function are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University College Dublin, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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