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Cardoso S, Carvalho C, Correia SC, Moreira PI. Protective effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol in okadaic acid-induced cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167222. [PMID: 38729530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) research started several decades ago and despite the many efforts employed to develop new treatments or approaches to slow and/or revert disease progression, AD treatment remains an unsolved issue. Knowing that mitochondria loss of function is a central hub for many AD-associated pathophysiological processes, there has been renewed interest in exploring mitochondria as targets for intervention. In this perspective, the present study was aimed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP), a mitochondrial uncoupler agent, in an in vitro model of AD. Retinoic acid-induced differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with okadaic acid (OA), a neurotoxin often used as an AD experimental model, and/or with DNP. OA caused a decrease in neuronal cells viability, induced multiple mitochondrial anomalies including increased levels of reactive oxygen species, decreased bioenergetics and mitochondria content markers, and an altered mitochondria morphology. OA-treated cells also presented increased lipid peroxidation levels, and overactivation of tau related kinases (GSK3β, ERK1/2 and AMPK) alongside with a significant augment in tau protein phosphorylation levels. Interestingly, DNP co-treatment ameliorated and rescued OA-induced detrimental effects not only on mitochondria but also but also reinstated signaling pathways homeostasis and ameliorated tau pathology. Overall, our results show for the first time that DNP has the potential to preserve mitochondria homeostasis under a toxic insult, like OA exposure, as well as to reestablish cellular signaling homeostasis. These observations foster the idea that DNP, as a mitochondrial modulator, might represent a new avenue for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; IIIU - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; IIIU - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia C Correia
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; IIIU - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
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2
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Hubbard WB, Velmurugan GV, Sullivan PG. The role of mitochondrial uncoupling in the regulation of mitostasis after traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2024; 174:105680. [PMID: 38311216 PMCID: PMC10922998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mitostasis, the maintenance of healthy mitochondria, plays a critical role in brain health. The brain's high energy demands and reliance on mitochondria for energy production make mitostasis vital for neuronal function. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, leading to secondary cellular damage, neuronal degeneration, and cognitive deficits. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling, which dissociates ATP production from oxygen consumption, offers a promising avenue for TBI treatment. Accumulating evidence, from endogenous and exogenous mitochondrial uncoupling, suggests that mitostasis is closely regulating by mitochondrial uncoupling and cellular injury environments may be more sensitive to uncoupling. Mitochondrial uncoupling can mitigate calcium overload, reduce oxidative stress, and induce mitochondrial proteostasis and mitophagy, a process that eliminates damaged mitochondria. The interplay between mitochondrial uncoupling and mitostasis is ripe for further investigation in the context of TBI. These multi-faceted mechanisms of action for mitochondrial uncoupling hold promise for TBI therapy, with the potential to restore mitochondrial health, improve neurological outcomes, and prevent long-term TBI-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Gopal V Velmurugan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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3
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Chernyshova EV, Potanina DV, Sadovnikova IS, Krutskikh EP, Volodina DE, Samoylova NA, Gureev AP. The study of the protective effect of mitochondrial uncouplers during acute toxicity of the fungicide difenoconazole in different organs of mice. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2024; 70:41-51. [PMID: 38450680 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20247001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides represent a serious problem for agricultural workers due to their neurotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of pharmacological oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers to reduce the effect of the difenoconazole fungicide on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of various organs in mice. Injections of difenoconazole caused cognitive deficits in mice, and the protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and Azur I (AzI), a demethylated metabolite of methylene blue (MB), prevented the deterioration of cognitive abilities in mice induced by difenoconazole. Difenoconazole increased the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, likely through inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. After intraperitoneal administration of difenoconazole lungs, testes and midbrain were most sensitive to the accumulation of mtDNA damage. In contrast, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were not tolerant to the effects of difenoconazole. The protonophore 2,4-DNP reduced the rate of ROS formation and significantly reduced the amount of mtDNA damage caused by difenoconazole in the midbrain, and partially, in the lungs and testes. MB, an alternative electron carrier capable of bypassing inhibited complex I, had no effect on the effect of difenoconazole on mtDNA, while its metabolite AzI, a demethylated metabolite of MB, was able to protect the mtDNA of the midbrain and testes. Thus, mitochondria-targeted therapy is a promising approach to reduce pesticide toxicity for agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A P Gureev
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
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4
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Miller ZA, Mueller A, Kim T, Jolivert JF, Ma RZ, Muthuswami S, Park A, McMahon DB, Nead KT, Carey RM, Lee RJ. Lidocaine induces apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through activation of bitter taste receptor T2R14. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113437. [PMID: 37995679 PMCID: PMC10842818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) have high mortality and significant treatment-related morbidity. It is vital to discover effective, minimally invasive therapies that improve survival and quality of life. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed in HNSCCs, and T2R activation can induce apoptosis. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that also activates bitter taste receptor 14 (T2R14). Lidocaine has some anti-cancer effects, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we find that lidocaine causes intracellular Ca2+ mobilization through activation of T2R14 in HNSCC cells. T2R14 activation with lidocaine depolarizes mitochondria, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis. Concomitant with mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, ROS production causes T2R14-dependent accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting that proteasome inhibition contributes to T2R14-induced apoptosis. Lidocaine may have therapeutic potential in HNSCCs as a topical gel or intratumor injection. In addition, we find that HPV-associated (HPV+) HNSCCs are associated with increased TAS2R14 expression. Lidocaine treatment may benefit these patients, warranting future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey A Miller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arielle Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - TaeBeom Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer F Jolivert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ray Z Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sahil Muthuswami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - April Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Nead
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Aribal P, Alver EN, Kaltalioglu K, Balabanli B, Ebegil M, Coskun-Cevher S. The relationship between experimental 2,4-Dinitrophenol administration and neurological oxidative stress: in terms of dose, time and gender differences. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1161-1168. [PMID: 36562917 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although 2,4-DNP is claimed to promote fast weight reduction, it is also related with an intolerable high risk of serious side effects to various tissues. On the other hand, it is known to have neuroprotective effects. These different effects of 2,4-DNP may be due to the administration conditions. For this reason, in this study, it was aimed for the first time to clarify the oxidative changes that occur in the brain during the use of 2,4-DNP, depending on the dose, time and gender. For this purpose, 60 Wistar rats (30 male, 30 female) were divided into ten groups: control groups, short-term/long-term groups and low dose/high dose groups. Except for the control groups, 2,4-DNP was administered to the other groups by oral gavage. End of the experiment, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx) and ascorbic acid (AA) levels were measured in the brain tissues of sacrificed animals. 2,4-DNP administration showed attenuation impact on oxidative stress depending on both dose, time and gender. It can be said that it is more beneficial in terms of neuroprotection, especially in the short-term and male groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, depending on the dose, time, and gender, 2,4-DNP may be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Aribal
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Naz Alver
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Kaltalioglu
- Vocational School of Espiye, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | | | - Meral Ebegil
- Department of Statistics, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sule Coskun-Cevher
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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6
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Stewart AN, Jones LAT, Gensel JC. Improving translatability of spinal cord injury research by including age as a demographic variable. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1017153. [PMID: 36467608 PMCID: PMC9714671 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1017153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical spinal cord injury (SCI) studies differ in study design, particularly in the demographic characteristics of the chosen population. In clinical study design, criteria such as such as motor scores, neurological level, and severity of injury are often key determinants for participant inclusion. Further, demographic variables in clinical trials often include individuals from a wide age range and typically include both sexes, albeit historically most cases of SCI occur in males. In contrast, pre-clinical SCI models predominately utilize young adult rodents and typically use only females. While it is often not feasible to power SCI clinical trials to test multi-variable designs such as contrasting different ages, recent pre-clinical findings in SCI animal models have emphasized the importance of considering age as a biological variable prior to human experiments. Emerging pre-clinical data have identified case examples of treatments that diverge in efficacy across different demographic variables and have elucidated several age-dependent effects in SCI. The extent to which these differing or diverging treatment responses manifest clinically can not only complicate statistical findings and trial interpretations but also may be predictive of worse outcomes in select clinical populations. This review highlights recent literature including age as a biological variable in pre-clinical studies and articulates the results with respect to implications for clinical trials. Based on emerging unpredictable treatment outcomes in older rodents, we argue for the importance of including age as a biological variable in pre-clinical animal models prior to clinical testing. We believe that careful analyses of how age interacts with SCI treatments and pathophysiology will help guide clinical trial design and may improve both the safety and outcomes of such important efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Stewart
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Linda A. T. Jones
- Center for Outcomes and Measurement, Jefferson College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John C. Gensel
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,*Correspondence: John C. Gensel,
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7
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Sîrbulescu RF, Ilieş I, Amelung L, Zupanc GKH. Proteomic characterization of spontaneously regrowing spinal cord following injury in the teleost fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus, a regeneration-competent vertebrate. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:671-706. [PMID: 36445471 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, spontaneous repair after spinal cord injury (SCI) is severely limited. By contrast, teleost fish successfully regenerate injured axons and produce new neurons from adult neural stem cells after SCI. The molecular mechanisms underlying this high regenerative capacity are largely unknown. The present study addresses this gap by examining the temporal dynamics of proteome changes in response to SCI in the brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus). Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) was combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to collect data during early (1 day), mid (10 days), and late (30 days) phases of regeneration following caudal amputation SCI. Forty-two unique proteins with significant differences in abundance between injured and intact control samples were identified. Correlation analysis uncovered six clusters of spots with similar expression patterns over time and strong conditional dependences, typically within functional families or between isoforms. Significantly regulated proteins were associated with axon development and regeneration; proliferation and morphogenesis; neuronal differentiation and re-establishment of neural connections; promotion of neuroprotection, redox homeostasis, and membrane repair; and metabolism or energy supply. Notably, at all three time points examined, significant regulation of proteins involved in inflammatory responses was absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28725, Bremen, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Iulian Ilieş
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, 28725, Bremen, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lisa Amelung
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Günther K H Zupanc
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, 28725, Bremen, Germany.
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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8
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The Proteostasis Network: A Global Therapeutic Target for Neuroprotection after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213339. [PMID: 36359735 PMCID: PMC9658791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis (protein homeostasis) is critical for cellular as well as organismal survival. It is strictly regulated by multiple conserved pathways including the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, the heat shock response, the integrated stress response, and the unfolded protein response. These overlapping proteostasis maintenance modules respond to various forms of cellular stress as well as organismal injury. While proteostasis restoration and ultimately organism survival is the main evolutionary driver of such a regulation, unresolved disruption of proteostasis may engage pro-apoptotic mediators of those pathways to eliminate defective cells. In this review, we discuss proteostasis contributions to the pathogenesis of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Most published reports focused on the role of proteostasis networks in acute/sub-acute tissue damage post-SCI. Those reports reveal a complex picture with cell type- and/or proteostasis mediator-specific effects on loss of neurons and/or glia that often translate into the corresponding modulation of functional recovery. Effects of proteostasis networks on such phenomena as neuro-repair, post-injury plasticity, as well as systemic manifestations of SCI including dysregulation of the immune system, metabolism or cardiovascular function are currently understudied. However, as potential interventions that target the proteostasis networks are expected to impact many cell types across multiple organ systems that are compromised after SCI, such therapies could produce beneficial effects across the wide spectrum of highly variable human SCI.
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9
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Stewart A, Glaser E, Mott CA, Bailey WM, Sulllivan PG, Patel S, Gensel J. Advanced Age and Neurotrauma Diminish Glutathione and Impair Antioxidant Defense after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1075-1089. [PMID: 35373589 PMCID: PMC9347421 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stewart
- University of Kentucky, Physiology, 741 S. Limestone Street, BBSRB B483, Lexington, Kentucky, United States, 40536-0509,
| | - Ethan Glaser
- University of Kentucky, Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States,
| | - Caitlin A Mott
- University of Kentucky, Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States,
| | - William M Bailey
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Patrick G Sulllivan
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Cent, 475 BBSRB, Lexington, United States, 40536-0509,
| | - Samir Patel
- University of Kentucky, 4530, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - John Gensel
- University of Kentucky, Physiology, 741 S. Limestone Street, B436 BBSRB, Lexington, Kentucky, United States, 40536-0509
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10
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Patel SP, Michael FM, Arif Khan M, Duggan B, Wyse S, Darby DR, Chaudhuri K, Pham JT, Gollihue J, DeRouchey JE, Sullivan PG, Dziubla TD, Rabchevsky AG. Erodible thermogelling hydrogels for localized mitochondrial transplantation to the spinal cord. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Wang Y, Li P, Zhang X, Li L, Liu M, Li X, Dai Y, Zhang C, Li S. Mitochondrial-Respiration-Improving Effects of Three Different Gardeniae Fructus Preparations and Their Components. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:34229-34241. [PMID: 34963909 PMCID: PMC8697009 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The processing method for Chinese traditional herbal medicine is "Pao Zhi" in Chinese. This study examined the efficacy of the Pao Zhi on the preparations of Gardeniae Fructus (GF) on a mitochondrial respiratory function in rats. To determine the efficacy of Pao Zhi, we investigated the effects of GF heat processing on mitochondrial respiratory function. To test the GF components, the rats were randomly divided into a geniposide-alone group, crocin-alone group, and combination groups and treated with geniposide and crocin at different ratios. The results showed that a high dose, raw GF was more effective in improving the neurological function, mitochondrial respiratory function, and activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase than the preparations that underwent heating. Moreover, mitochondrial ROS production was the lowest in the raw GF-treated group. In addition, treatments with crocin and GC3 were more effective than geniposide in improving the functional deficit in MCAO rats. In conclusion, our results suggest that raw GF is the most suitable preparation for the treatment of cerebral ischemia, and its underlying mechanisms may be associated with the improvement of mitochondrial respiratory function, increased activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, and reduced oxidative stress in mitochondria. Our findings suggest that raw GF, especially crocin, could be an ideal therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Puling Li
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Yejia Dai
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Shaojing Li
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy
of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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12
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Kedra J, Lin S, Pacheco A, Gallo G, Smith GM. Axotomy Induces Drp1-Dependent Fragmentation of Axonal Mitochondria. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:668670. [PMID: 34149354 PMCID: PMC8209475 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.668670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that CNS axons fail to regenerate, undergo retrograde dieback, and form dystrophic growth cones due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We sought to investigate the role of axonal mitochondria in the axonal response to injury. A viral vector (AAV) containing a mitochondrially targeted fluorescent protein (mitoDsRed) as well as fluorescently tagged LC3 (GFP-LC3), an autophagosomal marker, was injected into the primary motor cortex, to label the corticospinal tract (CST), of adult rats. The axons of the CST were then injured by dorsal column lesion at C4-C5. We found that mitochondria in injured CST axons near the injury site are fragmented and fragmentation of mitochondria persists for 2 weeks before returning to pre-injury lengths. Fragmented mitochondria have consistently been shown to be dysfunctional and detrimental to cellular health. Inhibition of Drp1, the GTPase responsible for mitochondrial fission, using a specific pharmacological inhibitor (mDivi-1) blocked fragmentation. Additionally, it was determined that there is increased mitophagy in CST axons following Spinal cord injury (SCI) based on increased colocalization of mitochondria and LC3. In vitro models revealed that mitochondrial divalent ion uptake is necessary for injury-induced mitochondrial fission, as inhibiting the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) using RU360 prevented injury-induced fission. This phenomenon was also observed in vivo. These studies indicate that following the injury, both in vivo and in vitro, axonal mitochondria undergo increased fission, which may contribute to the lack of regeneration seen in CNS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kedra
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shen Lin
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Almudena Pacheco
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Wang P, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Xu D, Wang H, Liu D, Xu S, Sun Y. MicroRNA-139-5p Promotes Functional Recovery and Reduces Pain Hypersensitivity in Mice with Spinal Cord Injury by Targeting Mammalian Sterile 20-like Kinase 1. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:349-357. [PMID: 33211272 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no cure for spinal cord injury (SCI), a heavy burden on patients physiology and psychology. We found that microRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) expression was significantly downregulated in damaged spinal cords in mice. So, we aimed to test the effect of treatment with miR-139-5p on functional recovery and neuropathic pain in mice with SCI and investigate the underlying mechanism. The luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-139-5p directly targeted mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (Mst1), and miR-139-5p treatment suppressed Mst1 protein expression in damaged spinal cords of mice. Wild-type mice and Mst1(-/-) mice were exposed to SCI and treated with miR-139-5p agomir via intrathecal infusion. Treatment of SCI mice with miR-139-5p accelerated locomotor functional recovery, reduced hypersensitivities to mechanical and thermal stimulations, and promoted neuronal survival in damaged spinal cords. Treatment with miR-139-5p enhanced phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), improved mitochondrial function, and suppressed NF-κB-related inflammation in damaged spinal cords. Deficiency of Mst1 had similar benefits in mice with SCI. Furthermore, miR-139-5p treatment did not provide further protection in Mst1(-/-) mice against SCI. In conclusion, miR-139-5p treatment enhanced functional recovery and reduced pain hypersensitivity in mice with SCI, possibly through targeting Mst1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Wang
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road 1055, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Yuntong Zhang
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Xia
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dayuan Xu
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road 1055, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Shuogui Xu
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yongming Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Sanxiang Road 1055, Suzhou, 215004, China.
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14
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Mitochondria exert age-divergent effects on recovery from spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 337:113597. [PMID: 33422552 PMCID: PMC7870583 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extent that age-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction drives neurodegeneration is not well understood. This study tested the hypothesis that mitochondria contribute to spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neurodegeneration in an age-dependent manner by using 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to uncouple electron transport, thereby increasing cellular respiration and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We directly compared the effects of graded DNP doses in 4- and 14-month-old (MO) SCI-mice and found DNP to have increased efficacy in mitochondria isolated from 14-MO animals. In vivo, all DNP doses significantly exacerbated 4-MO SCI neurodegeneration coincident with worsened recovery. In contrast, low DNP doses (1.0-mg/kg/day) improved tissue sparing, reduced ROS-associated 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) accumulation, and improved anatomical and functional recovery in 14-MO SCI-mice. By directly comparing the effects of DNP between ages we demonstrate that mitochondrial contributions to neurodegeneration diverge with age after SCI. Collectively, our data indicate an essential role of mitochondria in age-associated neurodegeneration.
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15
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Rai Y, Anita, Kumari N, Singh S, Kalra N, Soni R, Bhatt AN. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling protects from ionizing radiation induced cell death by attenuating oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148325. [PMID: 33065098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) induced mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with enhanced radiation stimulated metabolic oxidative stress that interacts randomly with intracellular bio-macromolecules causing lethal cellular injury and cell death. Since mild mitochondrial uncoupling emerged as a valuable therapeutic approach by regulating oxidative stress in most prevalent human diseases including ageing, ischemic reperfusion injury, and neurodegeneration with comparable features of IR inflicted mitochondrial damage. Therefore, we explored whether mitochondrial uncoupling could also protect from IR induced cytotoxic insult. Our results showed that DNP, BHT, FCCP, and BAM15 are safe to cells at different concentrations range depending on their respective mitochondrial uncoupling potential. Pre-incubation of murine fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cells with the safe concentration of these uncouplers followed by gamma (γ)-radiation showed significant cell growth recovery, reduced ROS generation, and apoptosis, compared to IR treatment alone. We observed that DNP pre-treatment increased the surviving fraction of IR exposed HEK-293, Raw 264.7 and NIH/3T3 cells. Additionally, DNP pre-treatment followed by IR leads to reduced total and mitochondrial oxidative stress (mos), regulated calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, and mitochondrial bioenergetics in NIH/3T3 cells. It also significantly reduced macromolecular oxidation, correlated with the regulated ROS generation and antioxidant defence system. Moreover, DNP facilitated DNA repair kinetics evidenced by reducing the number of γ-H2AX foci formation and fragmented nuclei with time. DNP pre-incubation restrained the radiation induced pro-apoptotic factors and inhibits apoptosis. Our findings raise the possibility that mild mitochondrial uncoupling with DNP could be a potential therapeutic approach for radiation induced cytotoxic insult associated with an altered mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Rai
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Anita
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Neeraj Kumari
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Shashwat Singh
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Namita Kalra
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Ravi Soni
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Anant Narayan Bhatt
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110 054, India.
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16
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Mitochondria focused neurotherapeutics for spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Wu L, Niu Z, Hu X, Liu H, Li S, Chen L, Zheng D, Liu Z, Liu T, Xu F, Manyande A, Wang J, Xia H. Regional cerebral metabolic levels and turnover in awake rats after acute or chronic spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:10547-10559. [PMID: 32592196 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases Yinchuan P.R. China
- School of Clinical Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
| | - Zhanfeng Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
| | - Xulei Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases Yinchuan P.R. China
- School of Clinical Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
| | - Huili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Danhao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing P.R. China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences University of West London London UK
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Medicine for Diabetes 2nd Hospital of Shijiazhuang Shijiazhuang P.R. China
| | - Hechun Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
- Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
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18
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Hill RL, Singh IN, Wang JA, Kulbe JR, Hall ED. Protective effects of phenelzine administration on synaptic and non-synaptic cortical mitochondrial function and lipid peroxidation-mediated oxidative damage following TBI in young adult male rats. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113322. [PMID: 32325157 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of lipid peroxidation (LP). Lipid peroxidation-derived neurotoxic aldehydes such as 4-HNE and acrolein bind to mitochondrial proteins, inducing additional oxidative damage and further exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction and LP. Mitochondria are heterogeneous, consisting of both synaptic and non-synaptic populations, with synaptic mitochondria being more vulnerable to injury-dependent consequences. The goal of these studies was to explore the hypothesis that interrupting secondary oxidative damage following TBI using phenelzine (PZ), an aldehyde scavenger, would preferentially protect synaptic mitochondria against LP-mediated damage in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a severe (2.2 mm) controlled cortical impact (CCI)-TBI. PZ (3-30 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously (subQ) at different times post-injury. We found PZ treatment preserves both synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial bioenergetics at 24 h and that this protection is partially maintained out to 72 h post-injury using various dosing regimens. The results from these studies indicate that the therapeutic window for the first dose of PZ is likely within the first hour after injury, and the window for administration of the second dose seems to fall between 12 and 24 h. Administration of PZ was able to significantly improve mitochondrial respiration compared to vehicle-treated animals across various states of respiration for both the non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria. The synaptic mitochondria appear to respond more robustly to PZ treatment than the non-synaptic, and further experimentation will need to be done to further understand these effects in the context of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Hill
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), United States of America.
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States of America
| | - Juan A Wang
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), United States of America
| | - Jacqueline R Kulbe
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), United States of America
| | - Edward D Hall
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States of America
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19
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Formoterol, a β 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, induces mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes cognitive recovery after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104866. [PMID: 32289370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to acute necrosis at the site of injury followed by a sequence of secondary events lasting from hours to weeks and often years. Targeting mitochondrial impairment following TBI has shown improvements in brain mitochondrial bioenergetics and neuronal function. Recently formoterol, a highly selective β2-adrenoreceptor agonist, was found to induce mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) via Gβγ-Akt-eNOS-sGC pathway. Activation of MB is a novel approach that has been shown to restore mitochondrial function in several disease and injury models. We hypothesized that activation of MB as a target of formoterol after TBI would mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, enhance neuronal function and improve behavioral outcomes. TBI-injured C57BL/6 male mice were injected (i.p.) with vehicle (normal saline) or formoterol (0.3 mg/kg) at 15 min, 8 h, 16 h, 24 h and then daily after controlled cortical impact (CCI) until euthanasia. After CCI, mitochondrial copy number and bioenergetic function were decreased in the ipsilateral cortex of the CCI-vehicle group. Compared to CCI-vehicle, cortical and hippocampal mitochondrial respiration rates as well as cortical mitochondrial DNA copy number were increased in the CCI-formoterol group. Mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering capacity in the hippocampus was higher in the CCI-formoterol group compared to CCI-vehicle group. Both assessments of cognitive performance, novel object recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM), decreased following CCI and were restored in the CCI-formoterol group. Although no changes were seen in the amount of cortical tissue spared between CCI-formoterol and CCI-vehicle groups, elevated levels of hippocampal neurons and improved white matter sparing in the corpus callosum were observed in CCI-formoterol group. Collectively, these results indicate that formoterol-mediated MB activation may be a potential therapeutic target to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics and promote functional recovery after TBI.
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20
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Wang Y, Jiao J, Zhang S, Zheng C, Wu M. RIP3 inhibition protects locomotion function through ameliorating mitochondrial antioxidative capacity after spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:109019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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21
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Knockout of ALOX12 protects against spinal cord injury-mediated nerve injury by inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:991-998. [PMID: 31277941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is terrible damage leading to the deficiencies and results in infinite inconvenience to sufferers. The effective treatment for SCI still meets a larger number of problems. Herein, the underlying molecular mechanism and novel therapy of SCI are urgently to investigate. Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) is widely expressed in various cell types and plays important role in modulating different cellular processes, such as platelet aggregation, cell migration and cancer cell proliferation. Nevertheless, the effects of ALOX12 on SCI are unclear. In the study, SCI model was established in wild type (WT) mice and ALOX12 knockout mice. First, ALOX12 expression was up-regulated in spinal cord tissues of WT mice after SCI. ALOX12-knockout mice exhibited improved behavior after SCI operation. Glial activation triggered by SCI was also alleviated in mice with the loss of ALOX12, as evidenced by the down-regulated expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 in spinal cord samples. Further, SCI-induced inflammation was markedly prevented in ALOX12-knockout mice through blocking inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway signaling. Additionally, reducing ALOX12 expression attenuated apoptosis in spinal cord tissues of SCI mice by decreasing Cyto-c, cleaved Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) expression. The protective role of ALOX12-decrease against SCI was verified in LPS-incubated glial cells through repressing inflammatory response and apoptotic formation. Moreover, transgenic mice with ALOX12 over-expression showed accelerated SCI, associated with intensified inflammation and apoptosis. Based on these results, strategies for inhibiting ALOX12 could be used to prevent SCI development by repressing inflammation and apoptosis.
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22
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Li H, Zhang X, Zhu X, Qi X, Lin K, Cheng L. The Effects of Icariin on Enhancing Motor Recovery Through Attenuating Pro-inflammatory Factors and Oxidative Stress via Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway in the Mice Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1617. [PMID: 30505282 PMCID: PMC6250845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe medical problem leading to crucial life change. Icariin (ICA) is a natural flavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Epimedium brevicornum which has neuroprotective effects. But little is known about the relationship between ICA and SCI. We hypothesized ICA may enhance motor recovery through attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mice were randomly assigned to sham, SCI, ICA 20 μmol/kg (low dose) and ICA 50 μmol/kg (high dose) groups. And Behavioral, biochemical, molecular biological, immunofluorescent and histological assays were performed. First, ICA enhanced motor recovery greatly at 14, 28, and 42 days and protected spinal cord tissues especially in the high dose group. Meanwhile, ICA decreased the production of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase at 24 h and 3 days after SCI. The level of mitochondrial reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Na+-K+-ATPase, mitochondrial membrane potential, state III respiration rate and the respiratory control ratio were also significantly increased, while malondialdehyde level and Ca2+ concentration were decreased by ICA. Furthermore, ICA decreased the expression of mitochondrial apoptotic proteins at 3 days after SCI. More importantly, transferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Nissl staining implied that ICA at a high dose inhibited the neuronal apoptosis after SCI. Our research indicated that early and continuous treatment of ICA at a high dose significantly enhanced motor recovery after SCI through inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Qi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Lin
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Hubbard WB, Harwood CL, Geisler JG, Vekaria HJ, Sullivan PG. Mitochondrial uncoupling prodrug improves tissue sparing, cognitive outcome, and mitochondrial bioenergetics after traumatic brain injury in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1677-1688. [PMID: 30063076 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in cognitive impairment, which can be long-lasting after moderate to severe TBI. Currently, there are no FDA-approved therapeutics to treat the devastating consequences of TBI and improve recovery. This study utilizes a prodrug of 2,4-dinitrophenol, MP201, a mitochondrial uncoupler with extended elimination time, that was administered after TBI to target mitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark of TBI. Using a model of cortical impact in male C57/BL6 mice, MP201 (80 mg/kg) was provided via oral gavage 2-hr post-injury and daily afterwards. At 25-hr post-injury, mice were euthanized and the acute rescue of mitochondrial bioenergetics was assessed demonstrating a significant improvement in both the ipsilateral cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus after treatment with MP201. Additionally, oxidative markers, 4-hydroxyneneal and protein carbonyls, were reduced compared to vehicle animals after MP201 administration. At 2-weeks post-injury, mice treated with MP201 post-injury (80 mg/kg; q.d.) displayed significantly increased cortical sparing (p = .0059; 38% lesion spared) and improved cognitive outcome (p = .0133) compared to vehicle-treated mice. Additionally, vehicle-treated mice had significantly lower (p = .0019) CA3 neuron count compared to sham while MP201-treated mice were not significantly different from sham levels. These results suggest that acute mitochondrial dysfunction can be targeted to impart neuroprotection from reactive oxygen species, but chronic administration may have an added benefit in recovery. This study highlights the potential for safe, effective therapy by MP201 to alleviate negative outcomes of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christopher L Harwood
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Lexington VAMC, Lexington, Kentucky
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24
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Samaiya PK, Narayan G, Kumar A, Krishnamurthy S. 2,4 Dinitrophenol Attenuates Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Improves Neurobehavioral Outcomes Postanoxia in Neonatal Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:121-136. [PMID: 29582254 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Following anoxia, a rapid and marked mitochondrial-linked cell death occurs in the cerebral cortex of newborn rats which leads to insult advancement within a couple of days and causes lifelong neurobehavioral abnormalities. The present study investigated the role of 2,4 dinitrophenol (2,4 DNP) in three doses, i.e.,1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg on anoxia-induced time-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and associated neurobehavioral outcome using a well-established global model of anoxia. Briefly, rat pups of 30-h age (P2) were subjected to two episodes of anoxia (10 min each) at 24 h of the time interval in an enclosed chamber supplied with 100% N2 and immersed in a water bath (35-37 °C) to avoid hypothermia. Results demonstrated that the uncoupler 2,4 DNP, in the dose 2.5 and 5 mg/kg injected i.p. within 5 min after second anoxic episode significantly (P < 0.05) preserved mitochondrial function on day 7 preferentially by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore. Further, 2,4 DNP preserved mitochondrial function by improving different states of mitochondrial respiration (s2, s3, s4, s5), respiratory control ratio (RCR), antioxidant enzyme system like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and mitochondrial complex enzymes (I, II, IV, V) after anoxia. Furthermore, a marked decrease in the levels of expression of cytochrome C (cyt C) and pro-apoptotic (Bcl-2 family) and apoptotic (caspase-9/3) proteins was observed on day 7 indicating that the treatment with 2,4 DNP prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and further insult progression (day 1 to day 7). Moreover, 2,4 DNP decreased the apoptotic cell death on day 7 and overall improved the neurobehavioral outcomes like reflex latency and hanging latency which suggests its role in treating neonatal anoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet K Samaiya
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gopeshwar Narayan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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25
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Hill RL, Kulbe JR, Singh IN, Wang JA, Hall ED. Synaptic Mitochondria are More Susceptible to Traumatic Brain Injury-induced Oxidative Damage and Respiratory Dysfunction than Non-synaptic Mitochondria. Neuroscience 2018; 386:265-283. [PMID: 29960045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of lipid peroxidation (LP). Lipid peroxidation-derived neurotoxic aldehydes such as 4-HNE and acrolein bind to mitochondrial proteins, inducing additional oxidative damage and further exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction and LP. Mitochondria are heterogeneous, consisting of both synaptic and non-synaptic populations. Synaptic mitochondria are reported to be more vulnerable to injury; however, this is the first study to characterize the temporal profile of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria following TBI, including investigation of respiratory dysfunction and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins between 3 and 120 h following injury. These results indicate that synaptic mitochondria are indeed the more vulnerable population, showing both more rapid and severe impairments than non-synaptic mitochondria. By 24 h, synaptic respiration is significantly impaired compared to synaptic sham, whereas non-synaptic respiration does not decline significantly until 48 h. Decreases in respiration are associated with increases in oxidative damage to synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial proteins at 48 h and 72 h, respectively. These results indicate that the therapeutic window for mitochondria-targeted pharmacological neuroprotectants to prevent respiratory dysfunction is shorter for the more vulnerable synaptic mitochondria than for the non-synaptic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Hill
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Juan A Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 741 S. Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
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26
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Gollihue JL, Patel SP, Eldahan KC, Cox DH, Donahue RR, Taylor BK, Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG. Effects of Mitochondrial Transplantation on Bioenergetics, Cellular Incorporation, and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1800-1818. [PMID: 29648982 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies reported that pharmacological maintenance of mitochondrial bioenergetics after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) provided functional neuroprotection. Recent evidence indicates that endogenous mitochondrial transfer is neuroprotective as well, and, therefore, we extended these studies with a novel approach to transplanting exogenous mitochondria into the injured rat spinal cord. Using a rat model of L1/L2 contusion SCI, we herein report that transplantation of exogenous mitochondria derived from either cell culture or syngeneic leg muscle maintained acute bioenergetics of the injured spinal cord in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, transplanting transgenically labeled turbo green fluorescent (tGFP) PC12-derived mitochondria allowed for visualization of their incorporation in both a time-dependent and cell-specific manner at 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days post-injection. tGFP mitochondria co-localized with multiple resident cell types, although they were absent in neurons. Despite their contribution to the maintenance of normal bioenergetics, mitochondrial transplantation did not yield long-term functional neuroprotection as assessed by overall tissue sparing or recovery of motor and sensory functions. These experiments are the first to investigate mitochondrial transplantation as a therapeutic approach to treating spinal cord injury. Our initial bioenergetic results are encouraging, and although they did not translate into improved long-term outcome measures, caveats and technical hurdles are discussed that can be addressed in future studies to potentially increase long-term efficacy of transplantation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Gollihue
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,2 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Samir P Patel
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,2 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Khalid C Eldahan
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,2 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - David H Cox
- 2 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Renee R Donahue
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,2 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- 2 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,3 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- 1 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,2 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Scholpa NE, Schnellmann RG. Mitochondrial-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: Mitochondrial Biogenesis as a Potential Pharmacological Target. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:303-313. [PMID: 28935700 PMCID: PMC5676296 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by an initial trauma followed by a progressive cascade of damage referred to as secondary injury. A hallmark of secondary injury is vascular disruption leading to vasoconstriction and decreased oxygen delivery, which directly reduces the ability of mitochondria to maintain homeostasis and leads to loss of ATP-dependent cellular functions, calcium overload, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, further exacerbating injury. Restoration of mitochondria dysfunction during the acute phases of secondary injury after SCI represents a potentially effective therapeutic strategy. This review discusses the past and present pharmacological options for the treatment of SCI as well as current research on mitochondria-targeted approaches. Increased antioxidant activity, inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition, alternate energy sources, and manipulation of mitochondrial morphology are among the strategies under investigation. Unfortunately, many of these tactics address single aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately proving largely ineffective. Therefore, this review also examines the unexplored therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis, which has the potential to more comprehensively improve mitochondrial function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Scholpa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.E.S., R.G.S.); and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.E.S., R.G.S.); and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
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28
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Amorim JA, Canas PM, Tomé AR, Rolo AP, Agostinho P, Palmeira CM, Cunha RA. Mitochondria in Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses have Similar Susceptibility to Amyloid-β Peptides Modeling Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:525-536. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João A. Amorim
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Canas
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Angelo R. Tomé
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela P. Rolo
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Palmeira
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A. Cunha
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Patel SP, Cox DH, Gollihue JL, Bailey WM, Geldenhuys WJ, Gensel JC, Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG. Pioglitazone treatment following spinal cord injury maintains acute mitochondrial integrity and increases chronic tissue sparing and functional recovery. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:74-82. [PMID: 28365473 PMCID: PMC5473659 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone is an FDA-approved PPAR-γ agonist drug used to treat diabetes, and it has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in multiple models of central nervous system (CNS) injury. Acute treatment after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats is reported to suppress neuroinflammation, rescue injured tissues, and improve locomotor recovery. In the current study, we additionally assessed the protective efficacy of pioglitazone treatment on acute mitochondrial respiration, as well as functional and anatomical recovery after contusion SCI in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Mice received either vehicle or pioglitazone (10mg/kg) at either 15min or 3h after injury (75kdyn at T9) followed by a booster at 24h post-injury. At 25h, mitochondria were isolated from spinal cord segments centered on the injury epicenters and assessed for their respiratory capacity. Results showed significantly compromised mitochondrial respiration 25h following SCI, but pioglitazone treatment that was initiated either at 15min or 3h post-injury significantly maintained mitochondrial respiration rates near sham levels. A second cohort of injured mice received pioglitazone at 15min post injury, then once a day for 5days post-injury to assess locomotor recovery and tissue sparing over 4weeks. Compared to vehicle, pioglitazone treatment resulted in significantly greater recovery of hind-limb function over time, as determined by serial locomotor BMS assessments and both terminal BMS subscores and gridwalk performance. Such improvements correlated with significantly increased grey and white matter tissue sparing, although pioglitazone treatment did not abrogate long-term injury-induced inflammatory microglia/macrophage responses. In sum, pioglitazone significantly increased functional neuroprotection that was associated with remarkable maintenance of acute mitochondrial bioenergetics after traumatic SCI. This sets the stage for dose-response and delayed administration studies to maximize pioglitazone's efficacy for SCI while elucidating the precise role that mitochondria play in governing its neuroprotection; the ultimate goal to develop novel therapeutics that specifically target mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir P Patel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - David H Cox
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Jenna L Gollihue
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - William M Bailey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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30
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Gollihue JL, Patel SP, Mashburn C, Eldahan KC, Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG. Optimization of mitochondrial isolation techniques for intraspinal transplantation procedures. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 287:1-12. [PMID: 28554833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper mitochondrial function is essential to maintain normal cellular bioenergetics and ionic homeostasis. In instances of severe tissue damage, such as traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, mitochondria become damaged and unregulated leading to cell death. The relatively unexplored field of mitochondrial transplantation following neurotrauma is based on the theory that replacing damaged mitochondria with exogenous respiratory-competent mitochondria can restore overall tissue bioenergetics. NEW METHOD We optimized techniques in vitro to prepare suspensions of isolated mitochondria for transplantation in vivo. Mitochondria isolated from cell culture were genetically labeled with turbo-green fluorescent protein (tGFP) for imaging and tracking purposes in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We used time-lapse confocal imaging to reveal the incorporation of exogenous fluorescently-tagged mitochondria into PC-12 cells after brief co-incubation. Further, we show that mitochondria can be injected into the spinal cord with immunohistochemical evidence of host cellular uptake within 24h. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHODS Our methods utilize transgenic fluorescent labeling of mitochondria for a nontoxic and photostable alternative to other labeling methods. Substrate addition to isolated mitochondria helped to restore state III respiration at room temperature prior to transplantation. These experiments delineate refined methods to use transgenic cell lines for the purpose of isolating well coupled mitochondria that have a permanent fluorescent label that allows real time tracking of transplanted mitochondria in vitro, as well as imaging in situ. CONCLUSIONS These techniques lay the foundation for testing the potential therapeutic effects of mitochondrial transplantation following spinal cord injury and other animal models of neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Gollihue
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Samir P Patel
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Charlie Mashburn
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Khalid C Eldahan
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- University of Kentucky, Department of Neuroscience, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States; University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
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31
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Gollihue JL, Rabchevsky AG. Prospects for therapeutic mitochondrial transplantation. Mitochondrion 2017; 35:70-79. [PMID: 28533168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a multitude of diseases and pathological conditions- the organelles that are essential for life can also be major players in contributing to cell death and disease. Because mitochondria are so well established in our existence, being present in all cell types except for red blood cells and having the responsibility of providing most of our energy needs for survival, then dysfunctional mitochondria can elicit devastating cellular pathologies that can be widespread across the entire organism. As such, the field of "mitochondrial medicine" is emerging in which disease states are being targeted therapeutically at the level of the mitochondrion, including specific antioxidants, bioenergetic substrate additions, and membrane uncoupling agents. New and compelling research investigating novel techniques for mitochondrial transplantation to replace damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria with exogenous healthy mitochondria has shown promising results, including tissue sparing accompanied by increased energy production and decreased oxidative damage. Various experimental techniques have been attempted and each has been challenged to accomplish successful transplantation. The purpose of this review is to present the history of mitochondrial transplantation, the different techniques used for both in vitro and in vivo delivery, along with caveats and pitfalls that have been discovered along the way. Results from such pioneering studies are promising and could be the next big wave of "mitochondrial medicine" once technical hurdles are overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Gollihue
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology and Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, United States.
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32
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Qian J, Zhu W, Lu M, Ni B, Yang J. D-β-hydroxybutyrate promotes functional recovery and relieves pain hypersensitivity in mice with spinal cord injury. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1961-1971. [PMID: 28320049 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe motor and sensory dysfunction and significantly reduces the quality of life. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of administration of exogenous D-β-hydroxybutyrate (DBHB) on functional recovery and neuropathic pain in spinal cord-injured mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were given a moderate-severe thoracic spinal contusion injury at the T9-10 level and treated with exogenous DBHB. KEY RESULTS Treatment of SCI mice with DBHB markedly improved locomotor function and relieved SCI-induced hypersensitivities to mechanical and thermal stimulation. DBHB treatment partly prevented the SCI-induced loss of motor neurons and suppressed microglial and glial activation. DBHB treatment enhanced histone acetylation and up-regulated expression of the transcription factor FOXO3a, catalase and SOD2 in injured region of SCI mice. DBHB treatment suppressed SCI-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced protein expression of IL-1β and IL-18. In addition, DBHB treatment improved mitochondrial function and abated oxidative stress following SCI. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS DBHB promoted functional recovery and relieved pain hypersensitivity in mice with SCI, possibly through inhibition of histone deacetylation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and preservation of mitochondrial function. DBHB could thus be envisaged as a potential use of interventions for SCI but remains to be tested in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Samaiya PK, Narayan G, Kumar A, Krishnamurthy S. Tempol (4 hydroxy-tempo) inhibits anoxia-induced progression of mitochondrial dysfunction and associated neurobehavioral impairment in neonatal rats. J Neurol Sci 2017; 375:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Neuroprotective effects of lycopene in spinal cord injury in rats via antioxidative and anti-apoptotic pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 642:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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35
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Wang PF, Xu DY, Zhang Y, Liu XB, Xia Y, Zhou PY, Fu QG, Xu SG. Deletion of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 attenuates neuronal loss and improves locomotor function in a mouse model of spinal cord trauma. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 431:11-20. [PMID: 28210902 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-2969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important contributor to neurological deficits. The purpose of our work was to delineate the function of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (Mst1), a pro-apoptotic kinase and key mediator of apoptotic signaling, in the pathogenesis of an experimental mouse model of SCI. Male mice received a mid-thoracic spinal contusion injury, and it was found that phosphorylation of Mst1 at the injured site was enhanced significantly following SCI. Furthermore, when compared to the wild-type controls, Mst1-deficient mice displayed improved locomotor function by increased Basso mouse scale score. Deletion of Mst1 in mice attenuated loss of motor neurons and suppressed microglial and glial activation following SCI. Deletion of Mst1 in mice reduced apoptosis via suppressing cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation following SCI. Deletion of Mst1 attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ATP formation following SCI. Deletion of Mst1 in mice inhibited local inflammation following SCI, evidenced by reduced activities of myeloperoxidase and protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that deletion of Mst1 attenuated neuronal loss and improved locomotor function in a mouse model of SCI, via preserving mitochondrial function, attenuating mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, and suppressing inflammation, at least in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Feng Wang
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Da-Yuan Xu
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuntong Zhang
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Liu
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Xia
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Pan-Yu Zhou
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qing-Ge Fu
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuo-Gui Xu
- War and Traumat Emergency Centre, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Sparvero LJ, Amoscato AA, Fink AB, Anthonymuthu T, New L, Kochanek P, Watkins S, Kagan V, Bayır H. Imaging mass spectrometry reveals loss of polyunsaturated cardiolipins in the cortical contusion, hippocampus, and thalamus after traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2016; 139:659-675. [PMID: 27591733 PMCID: PMC5323070 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to changes in ion fluxes, alterations in mitochondrial function, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in secondary tissue damage. Mitochondria play important signaling roles in coordination of multiple metabolic platforms in addition to their well-known role in bioenergetics. Mitochondrial signaling strongly depends on cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-specific structurally unusual anionic phospholipid containing four fatty acyl chains. While our previous reports indicated that CL is selectively oxidized and presents itself as a target for the redox therapy following TBI, the topography of changes of CL in the injured brain remained to be defined. Here, we present a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging study which reports regio-specific changes in CL, in a controlled cortical impact model of TBI in rats. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging revealed that TBI caused early decreases in CL in the contusional cortex, ipsilateral hippocampus, and thalamus with the most highly unsaturated CL species being most susceptible to loss. Phosphatidylinositol was the only other lipid species that exhibited a significant decrease, albeit to a lesser extent than CL. Signals for other lipids remained unchanged. This is the first study evaluating the spatial distribution of CL loss after acute brain injury. We propose that the CL loss may constitute an upstream mechanism for CL-driven signaling in different brain regions as an early response mechanism and may also underlie the bioenergetic changes that occur in hippocampal, cortical, and thalamic mitochondria after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Sparvero
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - A. A. Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - A. B. Fink
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - T. Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - L.E. New
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - P.M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - S. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - V.E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - H. Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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MicroRNA-127 targeting of mitoNEET inhibits neurite outgrowth, induces cell apoptosis and contributes to physiological dysfunction after spinal cord transection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35205. [PMID: 27748416 PMCID: PMC5066253 DOI: 10.1038/srep35205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroregeneration and apoptosis are two important pathophysiologic changes after spinal cord injury (SCI), but their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the regulation of neuroregeneration and neuronal apoptosis, research areas that have been greatly expanded in recent years. Here, using miRNA arrays to profile miRNA transcriptomes, we demonstrated that miR-127-3p was significantly down-regulated after spinal cord transection (SCT). Then, bioinformatics analyses and experimental detection showed that miR-127-3p exhibited specific effects on the regulation of neurite outgrowth and the induction of neuronal apoptosis by regulating the expression of the mitochondrial membrane protein mitoNEET. Moreover, knockdown of MitoNEET leaded to neuronal loss and apoptosis in primary cultured spinal neurons. This study therefore revealed that miR-127-3p, which targets mitoNEET, plays a vital role in regulating neurite outgrowth and neuronal apoptosis after SCT. Thus, modificatioin of the mitoNEET expression, such as mitoNEET activition may provide a new strategy for the treatment of SCI in preclinical trials.
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Kulbe JR, Hill RL, Singh IN, Wang JA, Hall ED. Synaptic Mitochondria Sustain More Damage than Non-Synaptic Mitochondria after Traumatic Brain Injury and Are Protected by Cyclosporine A. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1291-1301. [PMID: 27596283 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of those with traumatic brain injury (TBI). As central mediators of the secondary injury cascade, mitochondria are promising therapeutic targets for prevention of cellular death and dysfunction after TBI. One of the most promising and extensively studied mitochondrial targeted TBI therapies is inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) by the FDA-approved drug, cyclosporine A (CsA). A number of studies have evaluated the effects of CsA on total brain mitochondria after TBI; however, no study has investigated the effects of CsA on isolated synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria. Synaptic mitochondria are considered essential for proper neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, and their dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegeneration. Synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria have heterogeneous characteristics, but their heterogeneity can be masked in total mitochondrial (synaptic and non-synaptic) preparations. Therefore, it is essential that mitochondria targeted pharmacotherapies, such as CsA, be evaluated in both populations. This is the first study to examine the effects of CsA on isolated synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria after experimental TBI. We conclude that synaptic mitochondria sustain more damage than non-synaptic mitochondria 24 h after severe controlled cortical impact injury (CCI), and that intraperitoneal administration of CsA (20 mg/kg) 15 min after injury improves synaptic and non-synaptic respiration, with a significant improvement being seen in the more severely impaired synaptic population. As such, CsA remains a promising neuroprotective candidate for the treatment of those with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Rachel L Hill
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Juan A Wang
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
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Visavadiya NP, Patel SP, VanRooyen JL, Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG. Cellular and subcellular oxidative stress parameters following severe spinal cord injury. Redox Biol 2016; 8:59-67. [PMID: 26760911 PMCID: PMC4712315 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study undertook a comprehensive assessment of the acute biochemical oxidative stress parameters in both cellular and, notably, mitochondrial isolates following severe upper lumbar contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult female Sprague Dawley rats. At 24h post-injury, spinal cord tissue homogenate and mitochondrial fractions were isolated concurrently and assessed for glutathione (GSH) content and production of nitric oxide (NO(•)), in addition to the presence of oxidative stress markers 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), protein carbonyl (PC), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Moreover, we assessed production of superoxide (O2(•-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mitochondrial fractions. Quantitative biochemical analyses showed that compared to sham, SCI significantly lowered GSH content accompanied by increased NO(•) production in both cellular and mitochondrial fractions. SCI also resulted in increased O2(•-) and H2O2 levels in mitochondrial fractions. Western blot analysis further showed that reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) mediated PC and 3-NT production were significantly higher in both fractions after SCI. Conversely, neither 4-HNE levels nor LPO formation were increased at 24h after injury in either tissue homogenate or mitochondrial fractions. These results indicate that by 24h post-injury ROS-induced protein oxidation is more prominent compared to lipid oxidation, indicating a critical temporal distinction in secondary pathophysiology that is critical in designing therapeutic approaches to mitigate consequences of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant P Visavadiya
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Samir P Patel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Jenna L VanRooyen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
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Mitochondrial function in hypoxic ischemic injury and influence of aging. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:92-116. [PMID: 27321753 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major target in hypoxic/ischemic injury. Mitochondrial impairment increases with age leading to dysregulation of molecular pathways linked to mitochondria. The perturbation of mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular energetics worsens outcome following hypoxic-ischemic insults in elderly individuals. In response to acute injury conditions, cellular machinery relies on rapid adaptations by modulating posttranslational modifications. Therefore, post-translational regulation of molecular mediators such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator α (PGC-1α), c-MYC, SIRT1 and AMPK play a critical role in the control of the glycolytic-mitochondrial energy axis in response to hypoxic-ischemic conditions. The deficiency of oxygen and nutrients leads to decreased energetic reliance on mitochondria, promoting glycolysis. The combination of pseudohypoxia, declining autophagy, and dysregulation of stress responses with aging adds to impaired host response to hypoxic-ischemic injury. Furthermore, intermitochondrial signal propagation and tissue wide oscillations in mitochondrial metabolism in response to oxidative stress are emerging as vital to cellular energetics. Recently reported intercellular transport of mitochondria through tunneling nanotubes also play a role in the response to and treatments for ischemic injury. In this review we attempt to provide an overview of some of the molecular mechanisms and potential therapies involved in the alteration of cellular energetics with aging and injury with a neurobiological perspective.
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Vonder Haar C, Peterson TC, Martens KM, Hoane MR. Vitamins and nutrients as primary treatments in experimental brain injury: Clinical implications for nutraceutical therapies. Brain Res 2016; 1640:114-129. [PMID: 26723564 PMCID: PMC4870112 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the numerous failures of pharmaceuticals to treat traumatic brain injury in humans, more researchers have become interested in combination therapies. This is largely due to the multimodal nature of damage from injury, which causes excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, edema, neuroinflammation and cell death. Polydrug treatments have the potential to target multiple aspects of the secondary injury cascade, while many previous therapies focused on one particular aspect. Of specific note are vitamins, minerals and nutrients that can be utilized to supplement other therapies. Many of these have low toxicity, are already FDA approved and have minimal interactions with other drugs, making them attractive targets for therapeutics. Over the past 20 years, interest in supplementation and supraphysiologic dosing of nutrients for brain injury has increased and indeed many vitamins and nutrients now have a considerable body of the literature backing their use. Here, we review several of the prominent therapies in the category of nutraceutical treatment for brain injury in experimental models, including vitamins (B2, B3, B6, B9, C, D, E), herbs and traditional medicines (ginseng, Gingko biloba), flavonoids, and other nutrients (magnesium, zinc, carnitine, omega-3 fatty acids). While there is still much work to be done, several of these have strong potential for clinical therapies, particularly with regard to polydrug regimens. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Pandya JD, Royland JE, MacPhail RC, Sullivan PG, Kodavanti PRS. Age- and brain region-specific differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics in Brown Norway rats. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 42:25-34. [PMID: 27143418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central regulators of energy homeostasis and play a pivotal role in mechanisms of cellular senescence. The objective of the present study was to evaluate mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters in 5 brain regions (brain stem [BS], frontal cortex, cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus [HIP]) of 4 diverse age groups (1 month [young], 4 months [adult], 12 months [middle-aged], 24 months [old age]) to understand age-related differences in selected brain regions and their possible contribution to age-related chemical sensitivity. Mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters and enzyme activities were measured under identical conditions across multiple age groups and brain regions in Brown Norway rats (n = 5/group). The results indicate age- and brain region-specific patterns in mitochondrial functional endpoints. For example, an age-specific decline in ATP synthesis (State III respiration) was observed in BS and HIP. Similarly, the maximal respiratory capacities (State V1 and V2) showed age-specific declines in all brain regions examined (young > adult > middle-aged > old age). Amongst all regions, HIP had the greatest change in mitochondrial bioenergetics, showing declines in the 4, 12, and 24-months age groups. Activities of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and electron transport chain complexes I, II, and IV enzymes were also age and brain region specific. In general, changes associated with age were more pronounced with enzyme activities declining as the animals aged (young > adult > middle-aged > old age). These age- and brain region-specific observations may aid in evaluating brain bioenergetic impact on the age-related susceptibility to environmental chemical stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh D Pandya
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joyce E Royland
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert C MacPhail
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Prasada Rao S Kodavanti
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Ramos RCDV, Alegrete N. O papel da farmacoterapia na modificação do estado neurológico de traumatizados vértebro‐medulares. Rev Bras Ortop 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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do Vale Ramos RC, Alegrete N. The role of pharmacotherapy in modifying the neurological status of patients with spinal and spinal cord injuries. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50:617-24. [PMID: 27218071 PMCID: PMC4866940 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim here was to conduct a review of the literature on pharmacological therapies for modifying the neurological status of patients with spinal cord injuries. The PubMed database was searched for articles with the terms "spinal cord injury AND methylprednisolone/GM1/apoptosis inhibitor/calpain inhibitor/naloxone/tempol/tirilazad", in Portuguese or in English, published over the last five years. Older studies were included because of their historical importance. The pharmacological groups were divided according to their capacity to interfere with the physiopathological mechanisms of secondary injuries. Use of methylprednisolone needs to be carefully weighed up: other anti-inflammatory agents have shown benefits in humans or in animals. GM1 does not seem to have greater efficacy than methylprednisolone, but longer-term studies are needed. Many inhibitors of apoptosis have shown benefits in in vitro studies or in animals. Naloxone has not shown benefits. Tempol inhibits the main consequences of oxidation at the level of the spinal cord and other antioxidant drugs seem to have an effect superior to that of methylprednisolone. There is an urgent need to find new treatments that improve the neurological status of patients with spinal cord injuries. The benefits from treatment with methylprednisolone have been questioned, with concerns regarding its safety. Other drugs have been studied, and some of these may provide promising alternatives. Additional studies are needed in order to reach conclusions regarding the benefits of these agents in clinical practice.
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Zhao B, Pan Y, Wang Z, Tan Y, Song X. Intrathecal Administration of Tempol Reduces Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats by Increasing SOD Activity and Inhibiting NGF Expression. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:893-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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McWilliams-Koeppen HP, Foster JS, Hackenbrack N, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Donohoe D, Williams A, Macy S, Wooliver C, Wortham D, Morrell-Falvey J, Foster CM, Kennel SJ, Wall JS. Light Chain Amyloid Fibrils Cause Metabolic Dysfunction in Human Cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137716. [PMID: 26393799 PMCID: PMC4579077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloid disease, and cardiomyopathy is a dire consequence, resulting in an extremely poor prognosis. AL is characterized by the production of monoclonal free light chains that deposit as amyloid fibrils principally in the heart, liver, and kidneys causing organ dysfunction. We have studied the effects of amyloid fibrils, produced from recombinant λ6 light chain variable domains, on metabolic activity of human cardiomyocytes. The data indicate that fibrils at 0.1 μM, but not monomer, significantly decrease the enzymatic activity of cellular NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase, without causing significant cell death. The presence of amyloid fibrils did not affect ATP levels; however, oxygen consumption was increased and reactive oxygen species were detected. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that fibrils bound to and remained at the cell surface with little fibril internalization. These data indicate that AL amyloid fibrils severely impair cardiomyocyte metabolism in a dose dependent manner. These data suggest that effective therapeutic intervention for these patients should include methods for removing potentially toxic amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P. McWilliams-Koeppen
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - James S. Foster
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Nicole Hackenbrack
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry/Mol. Biol. and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Angela Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Sallie Macy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Craig Wooliver
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Dale Wortham
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Jennifer Morrell-Falvey
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Carmen M. Foster
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Kennel
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Wall
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guo J, Li Y, Chen Z, He Z, Zhang B, Li Y, Hu J, Han M, Xu Y, Li Y. N-acetylcysteine treatment following spinal cord trauma reduces neural tissue damage and improves locomotor function in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:37-44. [PMID: 25738883 PMCID: PMC4438879 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord trauma, mitochondrial dysfunction associated with increased oxidative stress is a critical event leading to leukocyte inflammatory responses, neuronal cell death and demyelination, contributing to permanent locomotor and neurological disability. The present study demonstrated that the mitochondrial enhancer N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may restore redox balance via enhancement of mitochondrial respiratory activity following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). In addition, NAC ameliorates oxidative stress-induced neuronal loss, demyelination, leukocyte infiltration and inflammatory mediator expression and improves long-term locomotor function. Furthermore, neuronal survival and neurological recovery are significantly correlated with increased mitochondrial bioenergetics in SCI following treatment with NAC. Therefore, NAC may represent a potential therapeutic agent for preserving mitochondrial dynamics and integrity following traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiao Li
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Zhennian He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Yonghuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Mingyuan Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Yuanlin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
| | - Yongfu Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ningbo Beilun People Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, P.R. China
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Li L, Guo JD, Wang HD, Shi YM, Yuan YL, Hou SX. Prohibitin 1 gene delivery promotes functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2015; 286:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Pandya JD, Grondin R, Yonutas HM, Haghnazar H, Gash DM, Zhang Z, Sullivan PG. Decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics and calcium buffering capacity in the basal ganglia correlates with motor deficits in a nonhuman primate model of aging. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1903-13. [PMID: 25726361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial function in the basal ganglia has been hypothesized to underlie cellular senescence and promote age-related motor decline. We tested this hypothesis in a nonhuman primate model of human aging. Six young (6-8 years old) and 6 aged (20-25 years old) female Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were behaviorally characterized from standardized video records. Additionally, we measured mitochondrial bioenergetics along with calcium buffering capacity in the substantia nigra and putamen (PUT) from both age groups. Our results demonstrate that the aged animals had significantly reduced locomotor activity and movement speed compared with younger animals. Moreover, aged monkeys had significantly reduced ATP synthesis capacity (in substantia nigra and PUT), reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (in PUT), and reduced calcium buffering capacity (in PUT) compared with younger animals. Furthermore, this age-related decline in mitochondrial function in the basal ganglia correlated with decline in motor function. Overall, our results suggest that drug therapies designed to enhance altered mitochondrial function may help improve motor deficits in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh D Pandya
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Richard Grondin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Heather M Yonutas
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hamed Haghnazar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Don M Gash
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Kentucky Chandler College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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50
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Wang WX, Visavadiya NP, Pandya JD, Nelson PT, Sullivan PG, Springer JE. Mitochondria-associated microRNAs in rat hippocampus following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 265:84-93. [PMID: 25562527 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. However, the molecular events contributing to the pathogenesis are not well understood. Mitochondria serve as the powerhouse of cells, respond to cellular demands and stressors, and play an essential role in cell signaling, differentiation, and survival. There is clear evidence of compromised mitochondrial function following TBI; however, the underlying mechanisms and consequences are not clear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, and function as important mediators of neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration. Several miRNAs show altered expression following TBI; however, the relevance of mitochondria in these pathways is unknown. Here, we present evidence supporting the association of miRNA with hippocampal mitochondria, as well as changes in mitochondria-associated miRNA expression following a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in rats. Specifically, we found that the miRNA processing proteins Argonaute (AGO) and Dicer are present in mitochondria fractions from uninjured rat hippocampus, and immunoprecipitation of AGO associated miRNA from mitochondria suggests the presence of functional RNA-induced silencing complexes. Interestingly, RT-qPCR miRNA array studies revealed that a subset of miRNA is enriched in mitochondria relative to cytoplasm. At 12h following CCI, several miRNAs are significantly altered in hippocampal mitochondria and cytoplasm. In addition, levels of miR-155 and miR-223, both of which play a role in inflammatory processes, are significantly elevated in both cytoplasm and mitochondria. We propose that mitochondria-associated miRNAs may play an important role in regulating the response to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Nishant P Visavadiya
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jignesh D Pandya
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joe E Springer
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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