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Faysal M, Dehbia Z, Zehravi M, Sweilam SH, Haque MA, Kumar KP, Chakole RD, Shelke SP, Sirikonda S, Nafady MH, Khan SL, Nainu F, Ahmad I, Emran TB. Flavonoids as Potential Therapeutics Against Neurodegenerative Disorders: Unlocking the Prospects. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1926-1944. [PMID: 38822985 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, the decline of nerve cells in the brain, is a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Oxidative stress, a key factor in NDDs such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease can lead to neuronal cell death, mitochondria impairment, excitotoxicity, and Ca2+ stress. Environmental factors compromising stress response lead to cell damage, necessitating novel therapeutics for preventing or treating brain disorders in older individuals and an aging population. Synthetic medications offer symptomatic benefits but can have adverse effects. This research explores the potential of flavonoids derived from plants in treating NDDs. Flavonoids compounds, have been studied for their potential to enter the brain and treat NDDs. These compounds have diverse biological effects and are currently being explored for their potential in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Flavonoids have various beneficial effects, including antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. Their potential to alleviate symptoms of NDDs is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faysal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Zerrouki Dehbia
- Laboratory of Agro - Biotechnology and Nutrition in Semi-Arid Zones, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Ibn Khaldoun, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Mehrukh Zehravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Dentistry & Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, 51418, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Akiful Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, 500088, India
| | - Kusuma Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Govt. of N.C.T. of Delhi, Pushpvihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Rita D Chakole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, 415124, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish P Shelke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, 443001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapna Sirikonda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Ghatkesar, 500088, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohamed H Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, 12568, Egypt
| | - Sharuk L Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa, 413520, Maharashtra, India
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh.
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D'Antoni S, Spatuzza M, Bonaccorso CM, Catania MV. Role of fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 in the pathophysiology of brain disorders: a glia perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105731. [PMID: 38763180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMRP) is a widely expressed RNA binding protein involved in several steps of mRNA metabolism. Mutations in the FMR1 gene encoding FMRP are responsible for fragile X syndrome (FXS), a leading genetic cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, and fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a neurodegenerative disorder in aging men. Although FMRP is mainly expressed in neurons, it is also present in glial cells and its deficiency or altered expression can affect functions of glial cells with implications for the pathophysiology of brain disorders. The present review focuses on recent advances on the role of glial subtypes, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, in the pathophysiology of FXS and FXTAS, and describes how the absence or reduced expression of FMRP in these cells can impact on glial and neuronal functions. We will also briefly address the role of FMRP in radial glial cells and its effects on neural development, and gliomas and will speculate on the role of glial FMRP in other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D'Antoni
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - M Spatuzza
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - C M Bonaccorso
- Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, via Conte Ruggero 73, Troina 94018, Italy
| | - M V Catania
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy.
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Firth W, Robb JL, Stewart D, Pye KR, Bamford R, Oguro-Ando A, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Regulation of astrocyte metabolism by mitochondrial translocator protein 18 kDa. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1374-1401. [PMID: 38482552 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been linked to functions from steroidogenesis to regulation of cellular metabolism and is an attractive therapeutic target for chronic CNS inflammation. Studies in Leydig cells and microglia indicate that TSPO function may vary between cells depending on their specialized roles. Astrocytes are critical for providing trophic and metabolic support in the brain. Recent work has highlighted that TSPO expression increases in astrocytes under inflamed conditions and may drive astrocyte reactivity. Relatively little is known about the role TSPO plays in regulating astrocyte metabolism and whether this protein is involved in immunometabolic processes in these cells. Using TSPO-deficient (TSPO-/-) mouse primary astrocytes in vitro (MPAs) and a human astrocytoma cell line (U373 cells), we performed extracellular metabolic flux analyses. We found that TSPO deficiency reduced basal cellular respiration and attenuated the bioenergetic response to glucopenia. Fatty acid oxidation was increased, and lactate production was reduced in TSPO-/- MPAs and U373 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that TSPO forms a complex with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a in U373 and MPAs, presenting a mechanism wherein TSPO may regulate FAO in these cells. Compared to TSPO+/+ cells, in TSPO-/- MPAs we observed attenuated tumor necrosis factor release following 3 h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, which was enhanced at 24 h post-LPS stimulation. Together these data suggest that while TSPO acts as a regulator of metabolic flexibility, TSPO deficiency does not appear to modulate the metabolic response of MPAs to inflammation, at least in response to the model used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyn Firth
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Josephine L Robb
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daisy Stewart
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Katherine R Pye
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rosemary Bamford
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate L J Ellacott
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Lana JF, Navani A, Jeyaraman M, Santos N, Pires L, Santos GS, Rodrigues IJ, Santos D, Mosaner T, Azzini G, da Fonseca LF, de Macedo AP, Huber SC, de Moraes Ferreira Jorge D, Purita J. Sacral Bioneuromodulation: The Role of Bone Marrow Aspirate in Spinal Cord Injuries. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:461. [PMID: 38790327 PMCID: PMC11118755 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a severe trauma to the nervous system, leading to significant neurological damage, chronic inflammation, and persistent neuropathic pain. Current treatments, including pharmacotherapy, immobilization, physical therapy, and surgical interventions, often fall short in fully addressing the underlying pathophysiology and resultant disabilities. Emerging research in the field of regenerative medicine has introduced innovative approaches such as autologous orthobiologic therapies, with bone marrow aspirate (BMA) being particularly notable for its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on the potential of BMA to modulate inflammatory pathways, enhance tissue regeneration, and restore neurological function disrupted by SCI. We hypothesize that BMA's bioactive components may stimulate reparative processes at the cellular level, particularly when applied at strategic sites like the sacral hiatus to influence lumbar centers and higher neurological structures. By exploring the mechanisms through which BMA influences spinal repair, this review aims to establish a foundation for its application in clinical settings, potentially offering a transformative approach to SCI management that extends beyond symptomatic relief to promoting functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fábio Lana
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Clinical Research, Anna Vitória Lana Institute (IAVL), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil
- Medical School, Max Planck University Center (UniMAX), Indaiatuba 13343-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Annu Navani
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Medical School, Max Planck University Center (UniMAX), Indaiatuba 13343-060, SP, Brazil
- Comprehensive Spine & Sports Center, Campbell, CA 95008, USA
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Napoliane Santos
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Luyddy Pires
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Izair Jefthé Rodrigues
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Douglas Santos
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Tomas Mosaner
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Gabriel Azzini
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Lucas Furtado da Fonseca
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-002, SP, Brazil
| | - Alex Pontes de Macedo
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Stephany Cares Huber
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Daniel de Moraes Ferreira Jorge
- Department of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (J.F.L.); (N.S.); (L.P.); (I.J.R.); (D.S.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (L.F.d.F.); (A.P.d.M.); (S.C.H.); (D.d.M.F.J.)
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Joseph Purita
- Regenerative Medicine, Orthoregen International Course, Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil; (A.N.); (J.P.)
- Medical School, Max Planck University Center (UniMAX), Indaiatuba 13343-060, SP, Brazil
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Firth W, Pye KR, Weightman Potter PG. Astrocytes at the intersection of ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:515-536. [PMID: 38652065 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Once considered passive cells of the central nervous system (CNS), glia are now known to actively maintain the CNS parenchyma; in recent years, the evidence for glial functions in CNS physiology and pathophysiology has only grown. Astrocytes, a heterogeneous group of glial cells, play key roles in regulating the metabolic and inflammatory landscape of the CNS and have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for a variety of disorders. This review will outline astrocyte functions in the CNS in healthy ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration, with a focus on the inflammatory responses and mitochondrial function, and will address therapeutic outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyn Firth
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Katherine R Pye
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Paul G Weightman Potter
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
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Zapata-Acevedo JF, Mantilla-Galindo A, Vargas-Sánchez K, González-Reyes RE. Blood-brain barrier biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:1-88. [PMID: 38797540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that regulates the exchange of molecules and cells between the brain parenchyma and the peripheral blood. The BBB is mainly composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The integrity of this structure is essential for maintaining brain and spinal cord homeostasis and protection from injury or disease. However, in various neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the BBB can become compromised thus allowing passage of molecules and cells in and out of the central nervous system parenchyma. These agents, however, can serve as biomarkers of BBB permeability and neuronal damage, and provide valuable information for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Herein, we provide an overview of the BBB and changes due to aging, and summarize current knowledge on biomarkers of BBB disruption and neurodegeneration, including permeability, cellular, molecular and imaging biomarkers. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing a biomarker toolkit that can reliably assess the BBB in physiologic and pathophysiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Zapata-Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Mantilla-Galindo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencia Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Junior MSO, Reiche L, Daniele E, Kortebi I, Faiz M, Küry P. Star power: harnessing the reactive astrocyte response to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:578-582. [PMID: 37721287 PMCID: PMC10581572 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are indispensable for central nervous system development and homeostasis. In response to injury and disease, astrocytes are integral to the immunological- and the, albeit limited, repair response. In this review, we will examine some of the functions reactive astrocytes play in the context of multiple sclerosis and related animal models. We will consider the heterogeneity or plasticity of astrocytes and the mechanisms by which they promote or mitigate demyelination. Finally, we will discuss a set of biomedical strategies that can stimulate astrocytes in their promyelinating response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markley Silva Oliveira Junior
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration laboratory, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration laboratory, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Emerson Daniele
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ines Kortebi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maryam Faiz
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration laboratory, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Yang K, Liu Y, Zhang M. The Diverse Roles of Reactive Astrocytes in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2024; 14:158. [PMID: 38391732 PMCID: PMC10886687 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes displaying reactive phenotypes are characterized by their ability to remodel morphologically, molecularly, and functionally in response to pathological stimuli. This process results in the loss of their typical astrocyte functions and the acquisition of neurotoxic or neuroprotective roles. A growing body of research indicates that these reactive astrocytes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), involving calcium homeostasis imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal lipid and lactate metabolism, glutamate excitotoxicity, etc. This review summarizes the characteristics of reactive astrocytes, their role in the pathogenesis of ALS, and recent advancements in astrocyte-targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqin Yang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Zheng XX, Zhang CF, Li LQ, Ye JR, Ren SY, Zhang Z, He X, Chu SF, Chen NH. Improvement of astrocytic gap junction involves the anti-depressive effect of celecoxib through inhibition of NF-κB. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110871. [PMID: 38211740 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, has been shown to exhibit anti-depressive effects in clinical trials. However, the direct mechanism underlying its effect on neuroinflammation remains unclear. Neuroinflammatory reaction from astrocytes leads to depression, and our previous study found that gap junction disorder between astrocytes aggravated neuroinflammatory reaction in depressed mice. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential mechanism of celecoxib's effects on astrocytic gap junctions during the central nervous inflammation-induced depression. MATERIALS & METHODS Stereotaxic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to establish a model of major depressive disorder (MDD). Celecoxib was administrated into PFC 15 min after LPS injection. The depressive performance was tested by tail suspension test and forced swimming test, and the levels of proinflammation cytokines were determined at mRNA and protein levels. Resting-state functional connection (rsFC) was employed to assess changes in the default mode network (DMN). Additionally, astrocytic gap junctions were also determined by lucifer yellow (LY) diffusion and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) was measured by western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS LPS injection induced significant depressive performance, which was ameliorated by celecoxib treatment. Celecoxib also improved rsFC in the DMN. Furthermore, celecoxib improved astrocytic gap junctions as evidenced by increased LY diffusion, shortened gap junction width, and normalized levels of phosphorylated Cx43. Celecoxib also blocked the phosphorylation of p65, and inhibition of p65 abolished the improvement of Cx43. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Anti-depressive effects of celecoxib are mediated, at least in part, by the inhibition of nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB) and the subsequent improvement of astrocytic gap junction function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Zheng
- School of traditional Chinese Medicine, GuangDong Pharmaceutical University, GuangZhou 510006, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Zhang
- School of traditional Chinese Medicine, GuangDong Pharmaceutical University, GuangZhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Qing Li
- School of traditional Chinese Medicine, GuangDong Pharmaceutical University, GuangZhou 510006, China
| | - Jun-Rui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Si-Yu Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin He
- School of traditional Chinese Medicine, GuangDong Pharmaceutical University, GuangZhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- School of traditional Chinese Medicine, GuangDong Pharmaceutical University, GuangZhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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10
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Zhou HJ, Wang XY, Wang LQ, Zheng JS, Zhan RY, Pan JW. Interfering TRIB3 protects the blood brain barrier through PI3K/Akt pathway to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetes mellitus mice. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110807. [PMID: 37980971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to treat diabetic cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) by affecting blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and integrity. The CI/RI model in DM mice and a high glucose (HG) treated oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) brain endothelial cell model were established for the study. Evans blue (EB) staining was used to evaluate the permeability of BBB in vivo. TTC staining was used to analyze cerebral infarction. The location and expression of tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) in endothelial cells were detected by immunofluorescence. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of TRIB3, tight junction molecules, adhesion molecules, phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) and AKT. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by qRT-PCR. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran were used to measure vascular permeability in vitro. TRIB3 ubiquitination and acetylation levels were detected. Acetyltransferase bound to TRIB3 were identified by immunoprecipitation. TRIB3 was localized in cerebral endothelial cells and was highly expressed in diabetic CI/R mice. The BBB permeability in diabetic CI/R mice and HG-treated OGD/R cells was increased, while the junction integrity was decreased. Interference with TRIB3 in vitro reduces BBB permeability and increases junction integrity. In vivo interfering with TRIB3 reduced cerebral infarction volume, BBB permeability and inflammation levels, and upregulated p-AKT levels. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin reversed the effects of TRIB3-interfering plasmid. In vitro HG treatment induced TRIB3 acetylation through acetyltransferase p300, which in turn reduced ubiquitination and stabilized TRIB3. Interfering TRIB3 protects BBB by activating PI3K/AKT pathway and alleviates brain injury, which provides a new target for diabetic CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Li-Qing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Jie-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ren-Ya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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11
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Davies MR, Greenberg Z, van Vuurden DG, Cross CB, Zannettino ACW, Bardy C, Wardill HR. More than a small adult brain: Lessons from chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment for modelling paediatric brain disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:229-247. [PMID: 37858741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood is recognised as a period of immense physical and emotional development, and this, in part, is driven by underlying neurophysiological transformations. These neurodevelopmental processes are unique to the paediatric brain and are facilitated by augmented rates of neuroplasticity and expanded neural stem cell populations within neurogenic niches. However, given the immaturity of the developing central nervous system, innate protective mechanisms such as neuroimmune and antioxidant responses are functionally naïve which results in periods of heightened sensitivity to neurotoxic insult. This is highly relevant in the context of paediatric cancer, and in particular, the neurocognitive symptoms associated with treatment, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy. The vulnerability of the developing brain may increase susceptibility to damage and persistent symptomology, aligning with reports of more severe neurocognitive dysfunction in children compared to adults. It is therefore surprising, given this intensified neurocognitive burden, that most of the pre-clinical, mechanistic research focuses exclusively on adult populations and extrapolates findings to paediatric cohorts. Given this dearth of age-specific research, throughout this review we will draw comparisons with neurodevelopmental disorders which share comparable pathways to cancer treatment related side-effects. Furthermore, we will examine the unique nuances of the paediatric brain along with the somatic systems which influence neurological function. In doing so, we will highlight the importance of developing in vitro and in vivo paediatric disease models to produce age-specific discovery and clinically translatable research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R Davies
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Zarina Greenberg
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory of Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dannis G van Vuurden
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the weNetherlands
| | - Courtney B Cross
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory of Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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12
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Kwakowsky A, Chawdhary B, de Souza A, Meyer E, Kaye AH, Green CR, Stylli SS, Danesh-Meyer H. Tonabersat Significantly Reduces Disease Progression in an Experimental Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17454. [PMID: 38139284 PMCID: PMC10744318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by chronic neuroinflammation thought to be mediated by the inflammasome pathway. Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels contribute to the activation of the inflammasome through the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inflammasome activation signals. The objective of the study was to evaluate if the Cx43 hemichannel blocker, tonabersat, is effective in modulating the inflammatory response and reducing disability in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG35-55 EAE) model of MS. Here, we show that the Cx43 hemichannel blocking drug, tonabersat, significantly reduced expression of neuroinflammatory markers for microglial activation (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)) and astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) while preserving myelin basic protein (MBP) expression levels in the corpus callosum, motor cortex, and striatum regions of the brain in MOG35-55 EAE mice. Reduced NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex assembly and Caspase-1 activation confirmed the drug's mode of action. MOG35-55 EAE mice showed clinical signs of MS, but MOG35-55 EAE mice treated with tonabersat retained behavior closer to normal. These data suggest that clinical trial phase IIb-ready tonabersat may merit further investigation as a promising candidate for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kwakowsky
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Medicine, Ollscoil na Gaillimhe—University of Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
| | - Bhavya Chawdhary
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Antonio de Souza
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Emily Meyer
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Andrew H. Kaye
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.H.K.); (S.S.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Stanley S. Stylli
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.H.K.); (S.S.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
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13
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Firth W, Robb JL, Stewart D, Pye KR, Bamford R, Oguro-Ando A, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Regulation of astrocyte metabolism by mitochondrial translocator protein 18kDa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560159. [PMID: 37873215 PMCID: PMC10592862 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) has been linked to a variety of functions from steroidogenesis to regulation of cellular metabolism and is an attractive therapeutic target for chronic CNS inflammation. Studies in the periphery using Leydig cells and hepatocytes, as well as work in microglia, indicate that the function of TSPO may vary between cells depending on their specialised roles. Astrocytes are critical for providing trophic and metabolic support in the brain as part of their role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Recent work has highlighted that TSPO expression increases in astrocytes under inflamed conditions and may drive astrocyte reactivity. However, relatively little is known about the role TSPO plays in regulating astrocyte metabolism and whether this protein is involved in immunometabolic processes in these cells. Using TSPO-deficient (TSPO-/-) mouse primary astrocytes in vitro (MPAs) and a human astrocytoma cell line (U373 cells), we performed metabolic flux analyses. We found that loss of TSPO reduced basal astrocyte respiration and increased the bioenergetic response to glucose reintroduction following glucopenia, while increasing fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Lactate production was significantly reduced in TSPO-/- astrocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation studies in U373 cells revealed that TSPO forms a complex with carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, which presents a mechanism wherein TSPO may regulate FAO in astrocytes. Compared to TSPO+/+ cells, inflammation induced by 3h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of TSPO-/- MPAs revealed attenuated tumour necrosis factor release, which was enhanced in TSPO-/- MPAs at 24h LPS stimulation. Together these data suggest that while TSPO acts as a regulator of metabolic flexibility in astrocytes, loss of TSPO does not appear to modulate the metabolic response of astrocytes to inflammation, at least in response to the stimulus/time course used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyn Firth
- University of Exeter Medical School, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Josephine L Robb
- University of Exeter Medical School, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daisy Stewart
- University of Exeter Medical School, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Katherine R Pye
- University of Exeter Medical School, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rosemary Bamford
- University of Exeter Medical School, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- University of Exeter Medical School, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate LJ Ellacott
- University of Exeter Medical School, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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14
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Gonzalez H, Narasipura SD, Shull T, Shetty A, Teppen TL, Naqib A, Al-Harthi L. An Efficient and Cost-Effective Approach to Generate Functional Human Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2357. [PMID: 37830571 PMCID: PMC10571578 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human inducible pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes (iAs) are critical to study astrocytes in health and disease. They provide several advantages over human fetal astrocytes in research, which include consistency, availability, disease modeling, customization, and ethical considerations. The generation of iAs is hampered by the requirement of Matrigel matrix coating for survival and proliferation. We provide a protocol demonstrating that human iAs cultured in the absence of Matrigel are viable and proliferative. Further, through a side-by-side comparison of cultures with and without Matrigel, we show significant similarities in astrocyte-specific profiling, including morphology (shape and structure), phenotype (cell-specific markers), genotype (transcriptional expression), metabolic (respiration), and functional aspects (glutamate uptake and cytokine response). In addition, we report that, unlike other CNS cell types, such as neuronal progenitor cells and neurons, iAs can withstand the absence of Matrigel coating. Our study demonstrates that Matrigel is dispensable for the culture of human iPSC-derived astrocytes, facilitating an easy, streamlined, and cost-effective method of generating these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemil Gonzalez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.D.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Srinivas D. Narasipura
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.D.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Tanner Shull
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.D.N.); (T.S.)
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Amogh Shetty
- Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL 60506, USA
| | - Tara L. Teppen
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ankur Naqib
- Genome Core Facility, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.D.N.); (T.S.)
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15
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Collyer E, Blanco-Suarez E. Astrocytes in stroke-induced neurodegeneration: a timeline. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1240862. [PMID: 39086680 PMCID: PMC11285566 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1240862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is a condition characterized by sudden deprivation of blood flow to a brain region and defined by different post-injury phases, which involve various molecular and cellular cascades. At an early stage during the acute phase, fast initial cell death occurs, followed by inflammation and scarring. This is followed by a sub-acute or recovery phase when endogenous plasticity mechanisms may promote spontaneous recovery, depending on various factors that are yet to be completely understood. At later time points, stroke leads to greater neurodegeneration compared to healthy controls in both clinical and preclinical studies, this is evident during the chronic phase when recovery slows down and neurodegenerative signatures appear. Astrocytes have been studied in the context of ischemic stroke due to their role in glutamate re-uptake, as components of the neurovascular unit, as building blocks of the glial scar, and synaptic plasticity regulators. All these roles render astrocytes interesting, yet understudied players in the context of stroke-induced neurodegeneration. With this review, we provide a summary of previous research, highlight astrocytes as potential therapeutic targets, and formulate questions about the role of astrocytes in the mechanisms during the acute, sub-acute, and chronic post-stroke phases that may lead to neurorestoration or neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Blanco-Suarez
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Monet MC, Quan N. Complex Neuroimmune Involvement in Neurodevelopment: A Mini-Review. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2979-2991. [PMID: 37489149 PMCID: PMC10363380 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s410562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that cells and molecules of the immune system play significant roles in neurodevelopment. As perinatal infection is associated with the development of neurodevelopmental disorders, previous research has focused on demonstrating that the induction of neuroinflammation in the developing brain is capable of causing neuropathology and behavioral changes. Recent studies, however, have revealed that immune cells and molecules in the brain can influence neurodevelopment without the induction of overt inflammation, identifying neuroimmune activities as integral parts of normal neurodevelopment. This mini-review describes the shift in literature that has moved from emphasizing the intrusion of inflammatory events as a main culprit of neurodevelopmental disorders to evaluating the deviation of the normal neuroimmune activities in neurodevelopment as a potential pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne C Monet
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA
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17
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Chu PH, Chen SC, Chen HY, Wu CB, Huang WT, Chiang HY. Astrocyte-associated fibronectin promotes the proinflammatory phenotype of astrocytes through β1 integrin activation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103848. [PMID: 36948232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in neuroinflammation. In response to central nervous system (CNS) injury or disease, astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis, which is characterized by increased proliferation, migration, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and upregulation of downstream proinflammatory mediators in reactive astrocytes induce a proinflammatory phenotype in astrocytes, thereby exacerbating neuroinflammation by establishing an inflammatory loop. In this study, we hypothesized that excessive fibronectin (FN) derived from reactive astrocytes would induce this proinflammatory phenotype in astrocytes in an autocrine manner. We exogenously treated astrocytes with monomer FN, which can be incorporated into the extracellular matrix (ECM), to mimic plasma FN extravasated through a compromised blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation. We also induced de novo synthesis and accumulation of astrocyte-derived FN through tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation. The excessive FN deposition resulting from both treatments initiated reactive astrogliosis and triggered NF-κB signaling in the cultured astrocytes. In addition, inhibition of FN accumulation in the ECM by the FN inhibitor pUR4 strongly attenuated the FN- and TNF-α-induced GFAP expression, NF-κB activation, and proinflammatory mediator production of astrocytes by interrupting FN-β1 integrin coupling and thus the inflammatory loop. In an in vivo experiment, intrathecal injection of pUR4 considerably ameliorated FN deposition, GFAP expression, and NF-κB activation in inflamed spinal cord, suggesting the therapeutic potential of pUR4 for attenuating neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal function restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Hsien Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chi Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yung Chen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Bei Wu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Huang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Yu Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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18
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EPO has multiple positive effects on astrocytes in an experimental model of ischemia. Brain Res 2023; 1802:148207. [PMID: 36549360 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has neuroprotective effects in central nervous system injury models. In clinical trials EPO has shown beneficial effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as in ischemic stroke. We have previously shown that EPO has short-term effects on astrocyte glutamatergic signaling in vitro and that administration of EPO after experimental TBI decreases early cytotoxic brain edema and preserves structural and functional properties of the blood-brain barrier. These effects have been attributed to preserved or restored astrocyte function. Here we explored the effects of EPO on astrocytes undergoing oxygen-glucose-deprivation, an in vitro model of ischemia. Measurements of glutamate uptake, intracellular pH, intrinsic NADH fluorescence, Na,K-ATPase activity, and lactate release were performed. We found that EPO within minutes caused a Na,K-ATPase-dependent increase in glutamate uptake, restored intracellular acidification caused by glutamate and increased lactate release. The effects on intracellular pH were dependent on the sodium/hydrogen exchanger NHE. In neuron-astrocyte co-cultures, EPO increased NADH production both in astrocytes and neurons, however the increase was greater in astrocytes. We suggest that EPO preserves astrocyte function under ischemic conditions and thus may contribute to neuroprotection in ischemic stroke and brain ischemia secondary to TBI.
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19
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Xia Y, Zhu J, Yang R, Wang H, Li Y, Fu C. Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury: Mechanisms, current advances and future challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1141601. [PMID: 36911700 PMCID: PMC9999104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has considerable impact on patient physical, mental, and financial health. Secondary SCI is associated with inflammation, vascular destruction, and subsequent permanent damage to the nervous system. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have anti-inflammatory properties, promoting vascular regeneration and the release neuro-nutrients, and are a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI. Preclinical studies have shown that MSCs promote sensory and motor function recovery in rats. In clinical trials, MSCs have been reported to improve the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) sensory and motor scores. However, the effectiveness of MSCs in treating patients with SCI remains controversial. MSCs promote tumorigenesis and ensuring the survival of MSCs in the hostile environment of SCI is challenging. In this article we examine the evidence on the pathophysiological changes occurring after SCI. We then review the underlying mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of SCI and summarize the potential application of MSCs in clinical practice. Finally, we highlight the challenges surrounding the use of MSCs in the treatment of SCI and discuss future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
| | - Ruohan Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
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20
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β-lapachone-mediated WST1 Reduction as Indicator for the Cytosolic Redox Metabolism of Cultured Primary Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2148-2160. [PMID: 36811754 PMCID: PMC10182120 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Electron cycler-mediated extracellular reduction of the water-soluble tetrazolium salt 1 (WST1) is frequently used as tool for the determination of cell viability. We have adapted this method to monitor by determining the extracellular WST1 formazan accumulation the cellular redox metabolism of cultured primary astrocytes via the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of the electron cycler β-lapachone by cytosolic NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Cultured astrocytes that had been exposed to β-lapachone in concentrations of up to 3 µM remained viable and showed an almost linear extracellular accumulation of WST1 formazan for the first 60 min, while higher concentrations of β-lapachone caused oxidative stress and impaired cell metabolism. β-lapachone-mediated WST1 reduction was inhibited by the NQO1 inhibitors ES936 and dicoumarol in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibition observed at inhibitor concentrations of about 0.3 µM. β-lapachone-mediated WST1 reduction depended strongly on glucose availability, while mitochondrial substrates such as lactate, pyruvate or ketone bodies allowed only residual β-lapachone-mediated WST1 reduction. Accordingly, the mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors antimycin A and rotenone hardly affected astrocytic WST1 reduction. Both NADH and NADPH are known to supply electrons for reactions catalysed by cytosolic NQO1. Around 60% of the glucose-dependent β-lapachone-mediated WST1 reduction was prevented by the presence of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor G6PDi-1, while the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor iodoacetate had only little inhibitory potential. These data suggest that pentose phosphate pathway-generated NADPH, and not glycolysis-derived NADH, is the preferred electron source for cytosolic NQO1-catalysed reductions in cultured astrocytes.
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Liu X, Zhang L, Cao Y, Jia H, Li X, Li F, Zhang S, Zhang J. Neuroinflammation of traumatic brain injury: Roles of extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1088827. [PMID: 36741357 PMCID: PMC9889855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of neurological disorder or death, with a heavy burden on individuals and families. While sustained primary insult leads to damage, subsequent secondary events are considered key pathophysiological characteristics post-TBI, and the inflammatory response is a prominent contributor to the secondary cascade. Neuroinflammation is a multifaceted physiological response and exerts both positive and negative effects on TBI. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as messengers for intercellular communication, are involved in biological and pathological processes in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries. The number and characteristics of EVs and their cargo in the CNS and peripheral circulation undergo tremendous changes in response to TBI, and these EVs regulate neuroinflammatory reactions by activating prominent receptors on receptor cells or delivering pro- or anti-inflammatory cargo to receptor cells. The purpose of this review is to discuss the possible neuroinflammatory mechanisms of EVs and loading in the context of TBI. Furthermore, we summarize the potential role of diverse types of cell-derived EVs in inflammation following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Jia
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanjian Li
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Jianning Zhang, ; Shu Zhang,
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Jianning Zhang, ; Shu Zhang,
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22
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Xie DM, Sun C, Tu Q, Li S, Zhang Y, Mei X, Li Y. Modified black phosphorus quantum dots promotes spinal cord injury repair by targeting the AKT signaling pathway. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231180033. [PMID: 37333896 PMCID: PMC10272649 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231180033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious refractory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which mostly caused by high-energy trauma. Existing interventions such as hormone shock and surgery are insufficient options, which relate to the secondary inflammation and neuronal dysfunction. Hydrogel with neuron-protective behaviors attracts tremendous attention, and black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) encapsulating with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) hydrogels (E@BP) is designed for inflammatory modulation and SCI treatment in this study. E@BP displays good stability, biocompatibility and safety profiles. E@BP incubation alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation of primary neurons and enhances neuronal regeneration in vitro. Furthermore, E@BP reconstructs structural versus functional integrity of spinal cord tracts, which promotes recovery of motor neuron function in SCI rats after transplantation. Importantly, E@BP restarts the cell cycle and induces nerve regeneration. Moreover, E@BP diminishes local inflammation of SCI tissues, characterized by reducing accumulation of astrocyte, microglia, macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. Indeed, a common underlying mechanism of E@BP regulating neural regenerative and inflammatory responses is to promote the phosphorylation of key proteins related to AKT signaling pathway. Together, E@BP probably repairs SCI by reducing inflammation and promoting neuronal regeneration via the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanwei Sun
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqiang Tu
- Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suyi Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuanlong Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Schindler P, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Paul F, Ruprecht K. Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a current review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:71-91. [PMID: 36378751 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2148657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a relapsing, often debilitating neuroinflammatory disease, whose predominant clinical manifestations are longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and optic neuritis. About 80% of the patients with an NMOSD phenotype have pathogenic autoantibodies against the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG). While therapeutic options for NMOSD have greatly expanded in recent years, well-established biomarkers for prognosis or treatment response are still lacking. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is mainly expressed in astrocytes and can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with NMOSD. AREAS COVERED Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge on GFAP as a biomarker in NMOSD. EXPERT OPINION In patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD, GFAP levels are elevated in CSF and serum during acute attacks and correlate with disability, consistent with the pathophysiology of this antibody-mediated astrocytopathy. Serum GFAP levels tend to be higher in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD than in its differential diagnoses, multiple sclerosis, and myelin oligodendrocyte antibody-associated disease. Importantly, serum GFAP levels in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD during remission may be predictive of future disease activity. Serial serum GFAP measurements are emerging as a biomarker to monitor disease activity in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD and could have the potential for application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schindler
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Toledano-Díaz A, Álvarez MI, Toledano A. The relationships between neuroglial and neuronal changes in Alzheimer's disease, and the related controversies II: gliotherapies and multimodal therapy. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221123896. [PMID: 36407561 PMCID: PMC9666878 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221123896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the original description of Alzheimer´s disease (AD), research into this condition has mainly focused on assessing the alterations to neurons associated with dementia, and those to the circuits in which they are involved. In most of the studies on human brains and in many models of AD, the glial cells accompanying these neurons undergo concomitant alterations that aggravate the course of neurodegeneration. As a result, these changes to neuroglial cells are now included in all the "pathogenic cascades" described in AD. Accordingly, astrogliosis and microgliosis, the main components of neuroinflammation, have been integrated into all the pathogenic theories of this disease, as discussed in this part of the two-part monograph that follows an accompanying article on gliopathogenesis and glioprotection. This initial reflection verified the implication of alterations to the neuroglia in AD, suggesting that these cells may also represent therapeutic targets to prevent neurodegeneration. In this second part of the monograph, we will analyze the possibilities of acting on glial cells to prevent or treat the neurodegeneration that is the hallmark of AD and other pathologies. Evidence of the potential of different pharmacological, non-pharmacological, cell and gene therapies (widely treated) to prevent or treat this disease is now forthcoming, in most cases as adjuncts to other therapies. A comprehensive AD multimodal therapy is proposed in which neuronal and neuroglial pharmacological treatments are jointly considered, as well as the use of new cell and gene therapies and non-pharmacological therapies that tend to slow down the progress of dementia.
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25
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Zhou Y, Guo S, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Jin T, Liu X. Muscone Can Improve Spinal Cord Injury by Activating the Angiogenin/Plexin-B2 Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5891-5901. [PMID: 35809154 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that usually damages sensorimotor and autonomic functions. Signaling pathways can play a key role in the repair process of SCI. The plexin-B2 acts as a receptor for angiogenin and mediates ribosomal RNA transcription, influencing cell survival and proliferation. Protein kinase B serine/threonine kinase interacts with angiogenin to form a positive feedback effect. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor can induce angiogenin nuclear translocation. Moreover, the BDNF can promote the secretion of angiogenin. Interestingly, all of them can activate the angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis. Muscone has anti-inflammatory and proliferative features as it can inhibit nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and activate the angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis, thus being significant agent in the SCI repair process. Herein, we review the potential mechanism of angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis activation and the role of muscone in SCI treatment. Muscone may attenuate inflammatory responses and promote neuronal regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Shitian Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tian Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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26
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Morimoto K, Ouchi M, Kitano T, Eguchi R, Otsuguro KI. Dopamine regulates astrocytic IL-6 expression and process formation via dopamine receptors and adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175110. [PMID: 35738452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine levels in the central nervous system change under pathological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and addiction. Under those pathological conditions, astrocytes become reactive astrocytes characterized by morphological changes and the release of inflammatory cytokines involved in pathogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether dopamine regulates astrocytic morphology and functions. Elucidating these issues will help us to understand the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases caused by abnormal dopamine signaling. In this study, we investigated the effects of dopamine on IL-6 expression and process formation in rat primary cultured astrocytes and acute hippocampal slices. Dopamine increased IL-6 expression in a concentration-dependent manner, and this was accompanied by CREB phosphorylation. The effects of a low dopamine concentration (1 μM) were inhibited by a D1-like receptor antagonist, whereas the effects of a high dopamine concentration (100 μM) were inhibited by a β-antagonist and enhanced by a D2-like receptor antagonist. Furthermore, dopamine (100 μM) promoted process formation, which was inhibited by a β-antagonist and enhanced by both an α-antagonist and a D2-like receptor antagonist. In acute hippocampal slices, both a D1-like receptor agonist and β-agonist changed astrocytic morphology. Together, these results indicate that dopamine promotes IL-6 expression and process formation via D1-like receptors and β-adrenoceptors. Furthermore, bidirectional regulation exists; namely, the effects of D1-like receptors and β-adrenoceptors were negatively regulated by D2-like receptors and α2-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mai Ouchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitano
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryota Eguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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Cellular Model of Malignant Transformation of Primary Human Astrocytes Induced by Deadhesion/Readhesion Cycles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094471. [PMID: 35562862 PMCID: PMC9103552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytoma is the most common and aggressive tumor of the central nervous system. Genetic and environmental factors, bacterial infection, and several other factors are known to be involved in gliomagenesis, although the complete underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Tumorigenesis is a multistep process involving initiation, promotion, and progression. We present a human model of malignant astrocyte transformation established by subjecting primary astrocytes from healthy adults to four sequential cycles of forced anchorage impediment (deadhesion). After limiting dilution of the surviving cells obtained after the fourth deadhesion/readhesion cycle, three clones were randomly selected, and exhibited malignant characteristics, including increased proliferation rate and capacity for colony formation, migration, and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Functional assay results for these clonal cells, including response to temozolomide, were comparable to U87MG—a human glioblastoma-derived cell lineage—reinforcing malignant cell transformation. RNA-Seq analysis by next-generation sequencing of the transformed clones relative to the primary astrocytes revealed upregulation of genes involved in the PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, in addition to upregulation of genes related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and downregulation of genes related to aerobic respiration. These findings, at a molecular level, corroborate the change in cell behavior towards mesenchymal-like cell dedifferentiation. This linear progressive model of malignant human astrocyte transformation is unique in that neither genetic manipulation nor treatment with carcinogens are used, representing a promising tool for testing combined therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma patients, and furthering knowledge of astrocytoma transformation and progression.
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28
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Wang D, Gao F, Hu F, Wu J. Nobiletin Alleviates Astrocyte Activation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Hypoxia In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061962. [PMID: 35335325 PMCID: PMC8953234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that nobiletin (NOB) is a promising neuroprotective agent. Astrocyte activation plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effects of NOB on astrocyte activation and the potential mechanisms. In this study, astrocytes were exposed to hypoxia injury for 24 h to induce activation in vitro. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was chosen as a marker of astrocyte activation. To evaluate the effects of NOB on the migration of activated astrocytes, we used a scratch wound healing assay and Transwell migration assay. In addition, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), mitochondrial membrane potential, Nrf2 and HO-1 were measured to investigate the mechanisms of NOB in the activation of astrocytes. We found that NOB alleviated astrocyte activation and decreased GFAP expression during hypoxia. Simultaneously, NOB alleviated the migration of astrocytes induced by hypoxia. With NOB treatment, hypoxia-induced oxidative stress was partially reversed, including reducing the production of ROS and MDA. Furthermore, NOB significantly improved the mitochondrial dysfunction in activated astrocytes. Finally, NOB promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 expression in response to continuous oxidative damage. Our study indicates, for the first time, that NOB alleviates the activation of astrocytes induced by hypoxia in vitro, in part by ameliorating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This provides new insights into the neuroprotective effects of NOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China; (D.W.); (F.G.); (F.H.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fengjuan Gao
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China; (D.W.); (F.G.); (F.H.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China; (D.W.); (F.G.); (F.H.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China; (D.W.); (F.G.); (F.H.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence:
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29
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Wang SX, Lu YB, Wang XX, Wang Y, Song YJ, Wang X, Nyamgerelt M. Graphene and graphene-based materials in axonal repair of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2117-2125. [PMID: 35259817 PMCID: PMC9083163 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene and graphene-based materials have the ability to induce stem cells to differentiate into neurons, which is necessary to overcome the current problems faced in the clinical treatment of spinal cord injury. This review summarizes the advantages of graphene and graphene-based materials (in particular, composite materials) in axonal repair after spinal cord injury. These materials have good histocompatibility, and mechanical and adsorption properties that can be targeted to improve the environment of axonal regeneration. They also have good conductivity, which allows them to make full use of electrical nerve signal stimulation in spinal cord tissue to promote axonal regeneration. Furthermore, they can be used as carriers of seed cells, trophic factors, and drugs in nerve tissue engineering scaffolds to provide a basis for constructing a local microenvironment after spinal cord injury. However, to achieve clinical adoption of graphene and graphene-based materials for the repair of spinal cord injury, further research is needed to reduce their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yu-Bao Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province; Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue-Xi Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University; Key Laboratory of Evidence-Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yu-Jun Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Munkhtuya Nyamgerelt
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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30
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Crawford CL, Antoniou C, Komarek L, Schultz V, Donald CL, Montague P, Barnett SC, Linington C, Willison HJ, Kohl A, Coleman MP, Edgar JM. SARM1 Depletion Slows Axon Degeneration in a CNS Model of Neurotropic Viral Infection. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:860410. [PMID: 35493328 PMCID: PMC9043327 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.860410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic flavivirus recently linked to congenital ZIKV syndrome in children and encephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Neurotropic viruses often use axons to traffic to neuronal or glial cell somas where they either remain latent or replicate and proceed to infect new cells. Consequently, it has been suggested that axon degeneration could represent an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to limit viral spread. Whilst it is not known if ZIKV transits in axons, we previously reported that ZIKV infection of glial cells in a murine spinal cord-derived cell culture model of the CNS is associated with a profound loss of neuronal cell processes. This, despite that postmitotic neurons are relatively refractory to infection and death. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ZIKV-associated degeneration of neuronal processes is dependent on activation of Sterile alpha and armadillo motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1), an NADase that acts as a central executioner in a conserved axon degeneration pathway. To test this, we infected wild type and Sarm1 homozygous or heterozygous null cell cultures with ZIKV and examined NAD+ levels as well as the survival of neurons and their processes. Unexpectedly, ZIKV infection led to a rapid SARM1-independent reduction in NAD+. Nonetheless, the subsequent profound loss of neuronal cell processes was SARM1-dependent and was preceded by early changes in the appearance of β-tubulin III staining. Together, these data identify a role for SARM1 in the pathogenesis of ZIKV infection, which may reflect SARM1's conserved prodegenerative function, independent of its NADase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L. Crawford
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lina Komarek
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Verena Schultz
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Montague
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Michael P. Coleman
| | - Julia M. Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Julia M. Edgar
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31
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Pang QM, Chen SY, Fu SP, Zhou H, Zhang Q, Ao J, Luo XP, Zhang T. Regulatory Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Secondary Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:573-593. [PMID: 35115806 PMCID: PMC8802142 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s349572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Tao Zhang; Qian Zhang, Email ;
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32
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Pang QM, Chen SY, Xu QJ, Fu SP, Yang YC, Zou WH, Zhang M, Liu J, Wan WH, Peng JC, Zhang T. Neuroinflammation and Scarring After Spinal Cord Injury: Therapeutic Roles of MSCs on Inflammation and Glial Scar. Front Immunol 2021; 12:751021. [PMID: 34925326 PMCID: PMC8674561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.751021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transected axons are unable to regenerate after spinal cord injury (SCI). Glial scar is thought to be responsible for this failure. Regulating the formation of glial scar post-SCI may contribute to axonal regrow. Over the past few decades, studies have found that the interaction between immune cells at the damaged site results in a robust and persistent inflammatory response. Current therapy strategies focus primarily on the inhibition of subacute and chronic neuroinflammation after the acute inflammatory response was executed. Growing evidences have documented that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) engraftment can be served as a promising cell therapy for SCI. Numerous studies have shown that MSCs transplantation can inhibit the excessive glial scar formation as well as inflammatory response, thereby facilitating the anatomical and functional recovery. Here, we will review the effects of inflammatory response and glial scar formation in spinal cord injury and repair. The role of MSCs in regulating neuroinflammation and glial scar formation after SCI will be reviewed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qi-Jing Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi-Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wang-Hui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wei-Hong Wan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jia-Chen Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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