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Jang G, Lee EM, Kim HJ, Park Y, Bang NH, Lee Kang J, Park EM. Visceral adiposity is associated with iron deposition and myelin loss in the brains of aged mice. Neurochem Int 2024; 179:105833. [PMID: 39128623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Iron deposition and myelin loss are observed in the brain with aging, and iron accumulation is suggested to be involved in myelin damage. However, the exact mechanism of iron deposition with aging remains unclear. This study was aimed to determine whether expanded visceral adipose tissue contributes to iron deposition and myelin loss by inducing hepcidin in the brains of aged male mice. Compared with young adult mice, levels of hepcidin in the brain, epididymal adipose tissue, and circulation were increased in aged mice, which had expanded visceral adipose tissue with inflammation. An increase in expressions of ferritin, an indicator of intracellular iron status, was accompanied by decreased levels of proteins related to myelin sheath in the brains of aged mice. These age-related changes in the brain were improved by visceral fat removal. In addition, IL-6 level, activation of microglia/macrophages, and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated Smad1/5 (pSmad1/5) inducing hepcidin expression were reduced in the brains of aged mice after visceral fat removal, accompanied by decreases of pSmad1/5- and ferritin-positive microglia/macrophages and mature oligodendrocytes. These findings indicate that visceral adiposity contributes to hepcidin-mediated iron deposition and myelin loss with inflammation in the aged brain. Our results support the importance of preventing visceral adiposity for maintaining brain health in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeonghui Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea
| | - Yelin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayun Hanna Bang
- School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 07084, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yao Z, Jiao Q, Du X, Jia F, Chen X, Yan C, Jiang H. Ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease -- The iron-related degenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102477. [PMID: 39218077 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent and advancing age-related neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Iron regional deposit in SNpc is a significant pathological characteristic of PD. Brain iron homeostasis is precisely regulated by iron metabolism related proteins, whereas disorder of these proteins can damage neurons and glial cells in the brain. Additionally, growing studies have reported iron metabolism related proteins are involved in the ferroptosis progression in PD. However, the effect of these proteins in the ferroptosis of PD has not been systematically summarized. This review focuses on the roles of iron metabolism related proteins in the ferroptosis of PD. Finally, we put forward the iron early diagnosis according to the observation of iron deposits in the brain and showed the recent advances in iron chelation therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengju Jia
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunling Yan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Neurorehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266113, China.
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3
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Gromadzka G, Wilkaniec A, Tarnacka B, Hadrian K, Bendykowska M, Przybyłkowski A, Litwin T. The Role of Glia in Wilson's Disease: Clinical, Neuroimaging, Neuropathological and Molecular Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7545. [PMID: 39062788 PMCID: PMC11276698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by pathogenic variants of the ATP7B gene, which are responsible for impaired copper transport in the cell, inhibition of copper binding to apoceruloplasmin, and biliary excretion. This leads to the accumulation of copper in the tissues. Copper accumulation in the CNS leads to the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of WD. Abnormalities of copper metabolism in WD are associated with impaired iron metabolism. Both of these elements are redox active and may contribute to neuropathology. It has long been assumed that among parenchymal cells, astrocytes have the greatest impact on copper and iron homeostasis in the brain. Capillary endothelial cells are separated from the neuropil by astrocyte terminal legs, putting astrocytes in an ideal position to regulate the transport of iron and copper to other brain cells and protect them if metals breach the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes are responsible for, among other things, maintaining extracellular ion homeostasis, modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, obtaining metabolites, and protecting the brain against oxidative stress and toxins. However, excess copper and/or iron causes an increase in the number of astrocytes and their morphological changes observed in neuropathological studies, as well as a loss of the copper/iron storage function leading to macromolecule peroxidation and neuronal loss through apoptosis, autophagy, or cuproptosis/ferroptosis. The molecular mechanisms explaining the possible role of glia in copper- and iron-induced neurodegeneration in WD are largely understood from studies of neuropathology in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the mechanisms of glial involvement in neuroprotection/neurotoxicity is important for explaining the pathomechanisms of neuronal death in WD and, in the future, perhaps for developing more effective diagnostic/treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gromadzka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Tarnacka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Warsaw, Spartańska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Hadrian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (A.P.)
| | - Maria Bendykowska
- Students Scientific Association “Immunis”, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Przybyłkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (A.P.)
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Cohen Z, Lau L, Ahmed M, Jack CR, Liu C. Quantitative susceptibility mapping in the brain reflects spatial expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis and myelination. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26688. [PMID: 38896001 PMCID: PMC11187871 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI modality used to non-invasively measure iron content in the brain. Iron exhibits a specific anatomically varying pattern of accumulation in the brain across individuals. The highest regions of accumulation are the deep grey nuclei, where iron is stored in paramagnetic molecule ferritin. This form of iron is considered to be what largely contributes to the signal measured by QSM in the deep grey nuclei. It is also known that QSM is affected by diamagnetic myelin contents. Here, we investigate spatial gene expression of iron and myelin related genes, as measured by the Allen Human Brain Atlas, in relation to QSM images of age-matched subjects. We performed multiple linear regressions between gene expression and the average QSM signal within 34 distinct deep grey nuclei regions. Our results show a positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) between expression of ferritin and the QSM signal in deep grey nuclei regions. We repeated the analysis for other genes that encode proteins thought to be involved in the transport and storage of iron in the brain, as well as myelination. In addition to ferritin, our findings demonstrate a positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) between the expression of ferroportin, transferrin, divalent metal transporter 1, several gene markers of myelinating oligodendrocytes, and the QSM signal in deep grey nuclei regions. Our results suggest that the QSM signal reflects both the storage and active transport of iron in the deep grey nuclei regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Cohen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurance Lau
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maruf Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Clifford R. Jack
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and ResearchRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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5
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Bathe T, Hery GP, Villareal JAB, Phillips JL, Cohen EM, Sharma RV, Tsering W, Prokop S. Disease and brain region specific immune response profiles in neurodegenerative diseases with pure and mixed protein pathologies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:54. [PMID: 38581050 PMCID: PMC10996248 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The disease-specific accumulation of pathological proteins has long been the major focus of research in neurodegenerative diseases (ND), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (RD), but the recent identification of a multitude of genetic risk factors for ND in immune-associated genes highlights the importance of immune processes in disease pathogenesis and progression. Studies in animal models have characterized the local immune response to disease-specific proteins in AD and ADRD, but due to the complexity of disease processes and the co-existence of multiple protein pathologies in human donor brains, the precise role of immune processes in ND is far from understood. To better characterize the interplay between different extracellular and intracellular protein pathologies and the brain's intrinsic immune system in ND, we set out to comprehensively profile the local immune response in postmortem brain samples of individuals with "pure" beta-Amyloid and tau pathology (AD), "pure" α-Synuclein pathology in Lewy body diseases (LBD), as well as cases with Alzheimer's disease neuropathological changes (ADNC) and Lewy body pathology (MIX). Combining immunohistochemical profiling of microglia and digital image analysis, along with deep immunophenotyping using gene expression profiling on the NanoString nCounter® platform and digital spatial profiling on the NanoString GeoMx® platform we identified a robust immune activation signature in AD brain samples. This signature is maintained in persons with mixed pathologies, irrespective of co-existence of AD pathology and Lewy body (LB) pathology, while LBD brain samples with "pure" LB pathology exhibit an attenuated and distinct immune signature. Our studies highlight disease- and brain region-specific immune response profiles to intracellular and extracellular protein pathologies and further underscore the complexity of neuroimmune interactions in ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bathe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Gabriela P Hery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jonathan A B Villareal
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jennifer L Phillips
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Eric M Cohen
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rohan V Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Wangchen Tsering
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Morderer D, Wren MC, Liu F, Kouri N, Maistrenko A, Khalil B, Pobitzer N, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Dickson DW, Murray ME, Rossoll W. Probe-dependent Proximity Profiling (ProPPr) Uncovers Similarities and Differences in Phospho-Tau-Associated Proteomes Between Tauopathies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.585597. [PMID: 38585836 PMCID: PMC10996607 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.585597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Tauopathies represent a diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the abnormal aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms underlying the complexity of different types of tau pathology remain incompletely understood. Here we describe an approach for proteomic profiling of aggregate-associated proteomes on slides with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue that utilizes proximity labelling upon high preservation of aggregate morphology, which permits the profiling of pathological aggregates regardless of their size. To comprehensively investigate the common and unique protein interactors associated with the variety of tau lesions present across different human tauopathies, Alzheimer's disease (AD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), Pick's disease (PiD), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), were selected to represent the major tauopathy diseases. Implementation of our widely applicable Probe-dependent Proximity Profiling (ProPPr) strategy, using the AT8 antibody, permitted identification and quantification of proteins associated with phospho-tau lesions in well-characterized human post-mortem tissue. The analysis revealed both common and disease-specific proteins associated with phospho-tau aggregates, highlighting potential targets for therapeutic intervention and biomarker development. Candidate validation through high-resolution co-immunofluorescence of distinct aggregates across disease and control cases, confirmed the association of retromer complex protein VPS35 with phospho-tau lesions across the studied tauopathies. Furthermore, we discovered disease-specific associations of proteins including ferritin light chain (FTL) and the neuropeptide precursor VGF within distinct pathological lesions. Notably, examination of FTL-positive microglia in CBD astrocytic plaques indicate a potential role for microglial involvement in the pathogenesis of these tau lesions. Our findings provide valuable insights into the proteomic landscape of tauopathies, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying tau pathology. This first comprehensive characterization of tau-associated proteomes across different tauopathies enhances our understanding of disease heterogeneity and provides a resource for future functional investigation, as well as development of targeted therapies and diagnostic biomarkers.
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7
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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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8
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Palsa K, Neely EB, Baringer SL, Helmuth TB, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Brain iron acquisition depends on age and sex in iron-deficient mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23331. [PMID: 38031991 PMCID: PMC10691552 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301596rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Adequate and timely delivery of iron is essential for brain development. The uptake of transferrin-bound (Tf) iron into the brain peaks at the time of myelination, whereas the recently discovered H-ferritin (FTH1) transport of iron into the brain continues to increase beyond the peak in myelination. Here, we interrogate the impact of dietary iron deficiency (ID) on the uptake of FTH1- and Tf-bound iron. In the present study, we used C57BL/6J male and female mice at a developing (post-natal day (PND) 15) and adult age (PND 85). In developing mice, ID results in increased iron delivery from both FTH1 and Tf for both males and females. The amount of iron uptake from FTH1 was higher than the Tf and this difference between the iron delivery was much greater in females. In contrast, in the adult model, ID was associated with increased brain iron uptake by both FTH1 and Tf but only in the males. There was no increased uptake from either protein in the females. Moreover, transferrin receptor expression on the microvasculature as well as whole brain iron, and H and L ferritin levels revealed the male brains became iron deficient but not the female brains. Last, under normal dietary conditions, 55 Fe uptake was higher in the developing group from both delivery proteins than in the adult group. These results indicate that there are differences in iron acquisition between the developing and adult brain for FTH1 and Tf during nutritional ID and demonstrate a level of regulation of brain iron uptake that is age and sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Baringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy B. Helmuth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian A. Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Liang Z, Zheng Z, Guo Q, Tian M, Yang J, Liu X, Zhu X, Liu S. The role of HIF-1α/HO-1 pathway in hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis in epilepsy. iScience 2023; 26:108098. [PMID: 37876811 PMCID: PMC10590818 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a common central nervous system disorder, remains an enigma in pathogenesis. Emerging consensus designates hippocampal neuronal injury as a cornerstone for epileptogenic foci, pivotal in epileptic genesis and progression. Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death modality hinging on iron, catalyzes lipid reactive oxygen species formation through iron and membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid interplay, culminating in oxidative cell death. This research investigates the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in hippocampal neuron ferroptosis during epilepsy. Untargeted metabolomics exposes metabolite discrepancies between epilepsy patients and healthy individuals, unveiling escalated oxidative stress, heightened bilirubin, and augmented iron metabolism in epileptic blood. Enrichment analyses unveil active HIF-1 pathway in epileptic pathogenesis, reinforced by HIF-1α signaling perturbations in DisGeNET database. PTZ-kindled mice model confirms increased ferroptotic markers, oxidative stress, HIF-1α, and HO-1 in epilepsy. Study implicates HIF-1α/HO-1 potentially regulates hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis, iron metabolism, and oxidative stress, thereby promoting the propagation of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoshi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Shieh JT, Tintos-Hernandez JA, Murali CN, Penon-Portmann M, Flores-Mendez M, Santana A, Bulos JA, Du K, Dupuis L, Damseh N, Mendoza-Londoño R, Berera C, Lee JC, Phillips JJ, Alves CAPF, Dmochowski IJ, Ortiz-González XR. Heterozygous nonsense variants in the ferritin heavy-chain gene FTH1 cause a neuroferritinopathy. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100236. [PMID: 37660254 PMCID: PMC10510067 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, the iron-storage protein, is composed of light- and heavy-chain subunits, encoded by FTL and FTH1, respectively. Heterozygous variants in FTL cause hereditary neuroferritinopathy, a type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Variants in FTH1 have not been previously associated with neurologic disease. We describe the clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathology findings of five unrelated pediatric patients with de novo heterozygous FTH1 variants. Children presented with developmental delay, epilepsy, and progressive neurologic decline. Nonsense FTH1 variants were identified using whole-exome sequencing, with a recurrent variant (p.Phe171∗) identified in four unrelated individuals. Neuroimaging revealed diffuse volume loss, features of pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Neuropathology demonstrated widespread ferritin inclusions in the brain. Patient-derived fibroblasts were assayed for ferritin expression, susceptibility to iron accumulation, and oxidative stress. Variant FTH1 mRNA transcripts escape nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and fibroblasts show elevated ferritin protein levels, markers of oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to iron accumulation. C-terminal variants in FTH1 truncate ferritin's E helix, altering the 4-fold symmetric pores of the heteropolymer, and likely diminish iron-storage capacity. FTH1 pathogenic variants appear to act by a dominant, toxic gain-of-function mechanism. The data support the conclusion that truncating variants in the last exon of FTH1 cause a disorder in the spectrum of NBIA. Targeted knockdown of mutant FTH1 transcript with antisense oligonucleotides rescues cellular phenotypes and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for this pediatric neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Jesus A Tintos-Hernandez
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chaya N Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monica Penon-Portmann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marco Flores-Mendez
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adrian Santana
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua A Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadirah Damseh
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londoño
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camilla Berera
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julieann C Lee
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - César A P F Alves
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xilma R Ortiz-González
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative (ENGIN), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Iron accumulation in the CNS occurs in many neurological disorders. It can contribute to neuropathology as iron is a redox-active metal that can generate free radicals. The reasons for the iron buildup in these conditions are varied and depend on which aspects of iron influx, efflux, or sequestration that help maintain iron homeostasis are dysregulated. Iron was shown recently to induce cell death and damage via lipid peroxidation under conditions in which there is deficient glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense. This form of cell death is called ferroptosis. Iron chelation has had limited success in the treatment of neurological disease. There is therefore much interest in ferroptosis as it potentially offers new drugs that could be more effective in reducing iron-mediated lipid peroxidation within the lipid-rich environment of the CNS. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that induce ferroptosis. We also address how iron enters and leaves the CNS, as well as the evidence for ferroptosis in several neurological disorders. Finally, we highlight biomarkers of ferroptosis and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, and BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, and BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Priya Jhelum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, and BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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12
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Filo S, Shaharabani R, Bar Hanin D, Adam M, Ben-David E, Schoffman H, Margalit N, Habib N, Shahar T, Mezer AA. Non-invasive assessment of normal and impaired iron homeostasis in the brain. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5467. [PMID: 37699931 PMCID: PMC10497590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strict iron regulation is essential for normal brain function. The iron homeostasis, determined by the milieu of available iron compounds, is impaired in aging, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. However, non-invasive assessment of different molecular iron environments implicating brain tissue's iron homeostasis remains a challenge. We present a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology sensitive to the iron homeostasis of the living brain (the r1-r2* relaxivity). In vitro, our MRI approach reveals the distinct paramagnetic properties of ferritin, transferrin and ferrous iron ions. In the in vivo human brain, we validate our approach against ex vivo iron compounds quantification and gene expression. Our approach varies with the iron mobilization capacity across brain regions and in aging. It reveals brain tumors' iron homeostasis, and enhances the distinction between tumor tissue and non-pathological tissue without contrast agents. Therefore, our approach may allow for non-invasive research and diagnosis of iron homeostasis in living human brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Filo
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Rona Shaharabani
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Bar Hanin
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Adam
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eliel Ben-David
- The Department of Radiology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanan Schoffman
- The Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nevo Margalit
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Habib
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Shahar
- The Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviv A Mezer
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Thompson C, Evans B, Zhao D, Purcell E. Spatiotemporal Expression of RNA-Seq Identified Proteins at the Electrode Interface. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:209-222. [PMID: 37116634 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Implantation of electrodes in the brain can be used to record from or stimulate neural tissues to treat neurological disease and injury. However, the tissue response to implanted devices can limit their functional longevity. Recent RNA-seq datasets identify hundreds of genes associated with gliosis, neuronal function, myelination, and cellular metabolism that are spatiotemporally expressed in neural tissues following the insertion of microelectrodes. To validate mRNA as a predictor of protein expression, this study evaluates a sub-set of RNA-seq identified proteins (RSIP) at 24-hours, 1-week, and 6-weeks post-implantation using quantitative immunofluorescence methods. This study found that expression of RSIPs associated with glial activation (Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Polypyrmidine tract binding protein-1 (Ptbp1)), neuronal structure (Neurofilament heavy chain (Nefh), Proteolipid protein-1 (Plp1), Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)), and iron metabolism (Transferrin (TF), Ferritin heavy chain-1 (Fth1)) reinforce transcriptional data. This study also provides additional context to the cellular distribution of RSIPs using a MATLAB-based approach to quantify immunofluorescence intensity within specific cell types. Ptbp1, TF, and Fth1 were found to be spatiotemporally distributed within neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes at the device interface relative to distal and contralateral tissues. The altered distribution of RSIPs relative to distal tissue is largely localized within 100µm of the device injury, which approaches the functional recording range of implanted electrodes. This study provides evidence that RNA-sequencing can be used to predict protein-level changes in cortical tissues and that RSIPs can be further investigated to identify new biomarkers of the tissue response that influence signal quality. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Microelectrode arrays implanted into the brain are useful tools that can be used to study neuroscience and to treat pathological conditions in a clinical setting. The tissue response to these devices, however, can severely limit their functional longevity. Transcriptomics has deepened the understandings of the tissue response by revealing numerous genes which are differentially expressed following device insertion. This manuscript provides validation for the use of transcriptomics to characterize the tissue response by evaluating a subset of known differentially expressed genes at the protein level around implanted electrodes over time. In additional to validating mRNA-to-protein relationships at the device interface, this study has identified emerging trends in the spatiotemporal distribution of proteins involved with glial activation, neuronal remodeling, and essential iron binding proteins around implanted silicon devices. This study additionally provides a new MATLAB based methodology to quantify protein distribution within discrete cell types at the device interface which may be used as biomarkers for further study or therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cort Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Blake Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Erin Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
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14
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Shieh JT, Tintos-Hernández JA, Murali CN, Penon-Portmann M, Flores-Mendez M, Santana A, Bulos JA, Du K, Dupuis L, Damseh N, Mendoza-Londoño R, Berera C, Lee JC, Phillips JJ, Alves CAPF, Dmochowski IJ, Ortiz-González XR. Heterozygous Nonsense Variants in the Ferritin Heavy Chain Gene FTH1 Cause a Novel Pediatric Neuroferritinopathy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.30.23285099. [PMID: 36778397 PMCID: PMC9915813 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.23285099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, the iron storage protein, is composed of light and heavy chain subunits, encoded by FTL and FTH1 , respectively. Heterozygous variants in FTL cause hereditary neuroferritinopathy, a type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Variants in FTH1 have not been previously associated with neurologic disease. We describe the clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathology findings of five unrelated pediatric patients with de novo heterozygous FTH1 variants. Children presented with developmental delay, epilepsy, and progressive neurologic decline. Nonsense FTH1 variants were identified using whole exome sequencing, with a recurrent de novo variant (p.F171*) identified in three unrelated individuals. Neuroimaging revealed diffuse volume loss, features of pontocerebellar hypoplasia and iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Neuropathology demonstrated widespread ferritin inclusions in the brain. Patient-derived fibroblasts were assayed for ferritin expression, susceptibility to iron accumulation, and oxidative stress. Variant FTH1 mRNA transcripts escape nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and fibroblasts show elevated ferritin protein levels, markers of oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to iron accumulation. C-terminus variants in FTH1 truncate ferritin's E-helix, altering the four-fold symmetric pores of the heteropolymer and likely diminish iron-storage capacity. FTH1 pathogenic variants appear to act by a dominant, toxic gain-of-function mechanism. The data support the conclusion that truncating variants in the last exon of FTH1 cause a novel disorder in the spectrum of NBIA. Targeted knock-down of mutant FTH1 transcript with antisense oligonucleotides rescues cellular phenotypes and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for this novel pediatric neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jesus A Tintos-Hernández
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chaya N. Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Monica Penon-Portmann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Marco Flores-Mendez
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Adrian Santana
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Joshua A. Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nadirah Damseh
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londoño
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Camilla Berera
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Julieann C Lee
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - César A P F Alves
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xilma R Ortiz-González
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative (ENGIN), The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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15
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David S, Jhelum P, Ryan F, Jeong SY, Kroner A. Dysregulation of Iron Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System and the Role of Ferroptosis in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:150-170. [PMID: 34569265 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Iron accumulation occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) in a variety of neurological conditions as diverse as spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and others. Iron is a redox-active metal that gives rise to damaging free radicals if its intracellular levels are not controlled or if it is not properly sequestered within cells. The accumulation of iron occurs due to dysregulation of mechanisms that control cellular iron homeostasis. Recent Advances: The molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular iron homeostasis have been revealed in much detail in the past three decades, and new advances continue to be made. Understanding which aspects of iron homeostasis are dysregulated in different conditions will provide insights into the causes of iron accumulation and iron-mediated tissue damage. Recent advances in iron-dependent lipid peroxidation leading to cell death, called ferroptosis, has provided useful insights that are highly relevant for the lipid-rich environment of the CNS. Critical Issues: This review examines the mechanisms that control normal cellular iron homeostasis, the dysregulation of these mechanisms in neurological disorders, and more recent work on how iron can induce tissue damage via ferroptosis. Future Directions: Quick and reliable tests are needed to determine if and when ferroptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. In addition, there is need to develop better druggable agents to scavenge lipid radicals and reduce CNS damage for neurological conditions for which there are currently few effective treatments. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 150-170.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Priya Jhelum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Suh Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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16
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Folarin OR, Olopade FE, Olopade JO. Essential Metals in the Brain and the Application of Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for their Detection. Niger J Physiol Sci 2021; 36:123-147. [PMID: 35947740 DOI: 10.54548/njps.v36i2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metals are natural component of the ecosystem present throughout the layers of atmosphere; their abundant expression in the brain indicates their importance in the central nervous system (CNS). Within the brain tissue, their distribution is highly compartmentalized, the pattern of which is determined by their primary roles. Bio-imaging of the brain to reveal spatial distribution of metals within specific regions has provided a unique understanding of brain biochemistry and architecture, linking both the structures and the functions through several metal mediated activities. Bioavailability of essential trace metal is needed for normal brain function. However, disrupted metal homeostasis can influence several biochemical pathways in different fields of metabolism and cause characteristic neurological disorders with a typical disease process usually linked with aberrant metal accumulations. In this review we give a brief overview of roles of key essential metals (Iron, Copper and Zinc) including their molecular mechanisms and bio-distribution in the brain as well as their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of related neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we also reviewed recent applications of Laser Ablation Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (LA-ICP-MS) in the detection of both toxic and essential metal dyshomeostasis in neuroscience research and other related brain diseases.
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17
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Cheli VT, Santiago González DA, Wan Q, Denaroso G, Wan R, Rosenblum SL, Paez PM. H-ferritin expression in astrocytes is necessary for proper oligodendrocyte development and myelination. Glia 2021; 69:2981-2998. [PMID: 34460113 PMCID: PMC10584656 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
How iron is delivered to the CNS for myelination is poorly understood. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the brain and are the only cells in close contact with blood vessels. Therefore, they are strategically located to obtain nutrients, such as iron, from circulating blood. To determine the importance of astrocyte iron uptake and storage in myelination and remyelination, we conditionally knocked-out the expression of the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), the transferrin receptor 1 (Tfr1), and the ferritin heavy subunit (Fth) in Glast-1-positive astrocytes. DMT1 or Tfr1 ablation in astrocytes throughout early brain development did not significantly affects oligodendrocyte maturation or iron homeostasis. However, blocking Fth production in astrocytes during the first postnatal week drastically delayed oligodendrocyte development and myelin synthesis. Fth knockout animals presented an important decrease in the number of myelinating oligodendrocytes and a substantial reduction in the percentage of myelinated axons. This postnatal hypomyelination was accompanied by a decline in oligodendrocyte iron uptake and with an increase in brain oxidative stress. We also tested the relevance of astrocytic Fth expression in the cuprizone model of myelin damage and repair. Fth deletion in Glast1-positive astrocytes significantly reduced myelin production and the density of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout the complete remyelination process. These results indicate that Fth iron storage in astrocytes is vital for early oligodendrocyte development as well as for the remyelination of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica T Cheli
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Diara A Santiago González
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Qiuchen Wan
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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18
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Raab P, Ropele S, Bültmann E, Salcher R, Lanfermann H, Wattjes MP. Analysis of deep grey nuclei susceptibility in early childhood: a quantitative susceptibility mapping and R2* study at 3 Tesla. Neuroradiology 2021; 64:1021-1031. [PMID: 34787698 PMCID: PMC9005446 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Aging is the most significant determinant for brain iron accumulation in the deep grey matter. Data on brain iron evolution during brain maturation in early childhood are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related iron deposition in the deep grey matter in children using quantitative susceptibility (QSM) and R2* mapping. Methods We evaluated brain MRI scans of 74 children (age 6–154 months, mean 40 months). A multi-echo gradient-echo sequence obtained at 3 Tesla was used for the QSM and R2* calculation. Susceptibility of the pallidum, head of caudate nucleus, and putamen was correlated with age and compared between sexes. Results Susceptibility changes in all three nuclei correlated with age (correlation coefficients for QSM/R2*: globus pallidus 0.955/0.882, caudate nucleus 0.76/0.65, and putamen 0.643/0.611). During the first 2 years, the R2* values increased more rapidly than the QSM values, indicating a combined effect of iron deposition and myelination, followed by a likely dominating effect of iron deposition. There was no significant gender difference. Conclusion QSM and R2* can monitor myelin maturation processes and iron accumulation in the deep grey nuclei of the brain in early life and may be a promising tool for the detection of deviations of this normal process. Susceptibility in the deep nuclei is almost similar early after birth and increases more quickly in the pallidum. The combined use of QSM and R2* analysis is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Raab
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bültmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rolf Salcher
- Clinic for Laryngology, Rhinology and Otology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lanfermann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Riederer P, Monoranu C, Strobel S, Iordache T, Sian-Hülsmann J. Iron as the concert master in the pathogenic orchestra playing in sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1577-1598. [PMID: 34636961 PMCID: PMC8507512 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 60 years ago, the discovery of a deficiency of dopamine in the nigro-striatal system led to a variety of symptomatic therapeutic strategies to supplement dopamine and to substantially improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Since these seminal developments, neuropathological, neurochemical, molecular biological and genetic discoveries contributed to elucidate the pathology of PD. Oxidative stress, the consequences of reactive oxidative species, reduced antioxidative capacity including loss of glutathione, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasomal dysfunction, apoptosis, lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy, suggested to be causal for ɑ-synuclein fibril formation and aggregation and contributing to neuroinflammation and neural cell death underlying this devastating disorder. However, there are no final conclusions about the triggered pathological mechanism(s) and the follow-up of pathological dysfunctions. Nevertheless, it is a fact, that iron, a major component of oxidative reactions, as well as neuromelanin, the major intraneuronal chelator of iron, undergo an age-dependent increase. And ageing is a major risk factor for PD. Iron is significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD. Reasons for this finding include disturbances in iron-related import and export mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), localized opening of the BBB at the nigro-striatal tract including brain vessel pathology. Whether this pathology is of primary or secondary importance is not known. We assume that there is a better fit to the top-down hypotheses and pathogens entering the brain via the olfactory system, then to the bottom-up (gut-brain) hypothesis of PD pathology. Triggers for the bottom-up, the dual-hit and the top-down pathologies include chemicals, viruses and bacteria. If so, hepcidin, a regulator of iron absorption and its distribution into tissues, is suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron dyshomeostasis and risk for initiating and progressing ɑ-synuclein pathology. The role of glial components to the pathology of PD is still unknown. However, the dramatic loss of glutathione (GSH), which is mainly synthesized in glia, suggests dysfunction of this process, or GSH uptake into neurons. Loss of GSH and increase in SNpc iron concentration have been suggested to be early, may be even pre-symptomatic processes in the pathology of PD, despite the fact that they are progression factors. The role of glial ferritin isoforms has not been studied so far in detail in human post-mortem brain tissue and a close insight into their role in PD is called upon. In conclusion, "iron" is a major player in the pathology of PD. Selective chelation of excess iron at the site of the substantia nigra, where a dysfunction of the BBB is suggested, with peripherally acting iron chelators is suggested to contribute to the portfolio and therapeutic armamentarium of anti-Parkinson medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - C Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Iordache
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - J Sian-Hülsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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20
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Greenwood EK, Brown DR. Senescent Microglia: The Key to the Ageing Brain? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4402. [PMID: 33922383 PMCID: PMC8122783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing represents the single biggest risk factor for development of neurodegenerative disease. Despite being such long-lived cells, microglia have been relatively understudied for their role in the ageing process. Reliably identifying aged microglia has proven challenging, not least due to the diversity of cell populations, and the limitations of available models, further complicated by differences between human and rodent cells. Consequently, the literature contains multiple descriptions and categorisations of microglia with neurotoxic phenotypes, including senescence, without any unifying markers. The role of microglia in brain homeostasis, particularly iron storage and metabolism, may provide a key to reliable identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
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Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Various Forms of Parkinsonism-Similarities and Differences. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030656. [PMID: 33809527 PMCID: PMC7999195 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy body (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) belong to a group of neurodegenerative diseases called parkinsonian syndromes. They share several clinical, neuropathological and genetic features. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive dysfunction of specific populations of neurons, determining clinical presentation. Neuronal loss is associated with extra- and intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins. The parkinsonian diseases affect distinct areas of the brain. PD and MSA belong to a group of synucleinopathies that are characterized by the presence of fibrillary aggregates of α-synuclein protein in the cytoplasm of selected populations of neurons and glial cells. PSP is a tauopathy associated with the pathological aggregation of the microtubule associated tau protein. Although PD is common in the world’s aging population and has been extensively studied, the exact mechanisms of the neurodegeneration are still not fully understood. Growing evidence indicates that parkinsonian disorders to some extent share a genetic background, with two key components identified so far: the microtubule associated tau protein gene (MAPT) and the α-synuclein gene (SNCA). The main pathways of parkinsonian neurodegeneration described in the literature are the protein and mitochondrial pathways. The factors that lead to neurodegeneration are primarily environmental toxins, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and traumatic brain injury.
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Rui T, Wang H, Li Q, Cheng Y, Gao Y, Fang X, Ma X, Chen G, Gao C, Gu Z, Song S, Zhang J, Wang C, Wang Z, Wang T, Zhang M, Min J, Chen X, Tao L, Wang F, Luo C. Deletion of ferritin H in neurons counteracts the protective effect of melatonin against traumatic brain injury-induced ferroptosis. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12704. [PMID: 33206394 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that ferroptosis may be important in the pathophysiological process of traumatic brain injury (TBI). As a major hormone of the pineal gland, melatonin exerts many beneficial effects on TBI, but there is no information regarding the effects of melatonin on ferroptosis after TBI. As expected, TBI resulted in the time-course changes of ferroptosis-related molecules expression and iron accumulation in the ipsilateral cortex. Importantly, we found that treating with melatonin potently rescued TBI induced the changes mentioned above and improved functional deficits versus vehicle. Similar results were obtained with a ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1. Moreover, the protective effect of melatonin is likely dependent on melatonin receptor 1B (MT2). Although ferritin plays a vital role in iron metabolism by storing excess cellular iron, its precise function in the brain, and whether it involves melatonin's neuroprotection remain unexplored. Considering ferritin H (Fth) is expressed predominantly in the neurons and global loss of Fth in mice induces early embryonic lethality, we then generated neuron-specific Fth conditional knockout (Fth-KO) mice, which are viable and fertile but have altered iron metabolism. In addition, Fth-KO mice were more susceptible to ferroptosis after TBI, and the neuroprotection by melatonin was largely abolished in Fth-KO mice. In vitro siFth experiments further confirmed the results mentioned above. Taken together, these data indicate that melatonin produces cerebroprotection, at least partly by inhibiting neuronal Fth-mediated ferroptosis following TBI, supporting the notion that melatonin is an excellent ferroptosis inhibitor and its anti-ferroptosis provides a potential therapeutic target for treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuexian Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuying Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiya Gu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shunchen Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zufeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Ogłuszka M, Lipiński P, Starzyński RR. Interaction between iron and omega-3 fatty acids metabolisms: where is the cross-link? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3002-3022. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1862047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
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Brooks J, Everett J, Lermyte F, Tjendana Tjhin V, Sadler PJ, Telling N, Collingwood JF. Analysis of neuronal iron deposits in Parkinson's disease brain tissue by synchrotron x-ray spectromicroscopy. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126555. [PMID: 32526631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromelanin-pigmented neurons, which are highly susceptible to neurodegeneration in the Parkinson's disease substantia nigra, harbour elevated iron levels in the diseased state. Whilst it is widely believed that neuronal iron is stored in an inert, ferric form, perturbations to normal metal homeostasis could potentially generate more reactive forms of iron capable of stimulating toxicity and cell death. However, non-disruptive analysis of brain metals is inherently challenging, since use of stains or chemical fixatives, for example, can significantly influence metal ion distributions and/or concentrations in tissues. AIMS The aim of this study was to apply synchrotron soft x-ray spectromicroscopy to the characterisation of iron deposits and their local environment within neuromelanin-containing neurons of Parkinson's disease substantia nigra. METHODS Soft x-ray spectromicroscopy was applied in the form of Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) to analyse resin-embedded tissue, without requirement for chemically disruptive processing or staining. Measurements were performed at the oxygen and iron K-edges in order to characterise both organic and inorganic components of anatomical tissue using a single label-free method. RESULTS STXM revealed evidence for mixed oxidation states of neuronal iron deposits associated with neuromelanin clusters in Parkinson's disease substantia nigra. The excellent sensitivity, specificity and spatial resolution of these STXM measurements showed that the iron oxidation state varies across sub-micron length scales. CONCLUSIONS The label-free STXM approach is highly suited to characterising the distributions of both inorganic and organic components of anatomical tissue, and provides a proof-of-concept for investigating trace metal speciation within Parkinson's disease neuromelanin-containing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Brooks
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - James Everett
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7EQ, UK
| | | | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7EQ, UK
| | - Neil Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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25
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D’Mello SR, Kindy MC. Overdosing on iron: Elevated iron and degenerative brain disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1444-1473. [PMID: 32878460 PMCID: PMC7553095 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220953065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Brain degenerative disorders, which include some neurodevelopmental disorders and age-associated diseases, cause debilitating neurological deficits and are generally fatal. A large body of emerging evidence indicates that iron accumulation in neurons within specific regions of the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many of these disorders. Iron homeostasis is a highly complex and incompletely understood process involving a large number of regulatory molecules. Our review provides a description of what is known about how iron is obtained by the body and brain and how defects in the homeostatic processes could contribute to the development of brain diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as four other disorders belonging to a class of inherited conditions referred to as neurodegeneration based on iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. A description of potential therapeutic approaches being tested for each of these different disorders is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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26
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Rodriguez-Callejas JD, Fuchs E, Perez-Cruz C. Increased oxidative stress, hyperphosphorylation of tau, and dystrophic microglia in the hippocampus of aged Tupaia belangeri. Glia 2020; 68:1775-1793. [PMID: 32096580 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by abnormal and prominent protein aggregation in the brain, partially due to deficiency in protein clearance. It has been proposed that alterations in microglia phagocytosis and debris clearance hasten the onset of neurodegeneration. Dystrophic microglia are abundant in aged humans, and it has been associated with the onset of disease. Furthermore, alterations in microglia containing ferritin are associated with neurodegenerative conditions. To further understand the process of microglia dysfunction during the aging process, we used hippocampal sections from Tupaia belangeri (tree shrews). Adult (mean age 3.8 years), old (mean age 6 years), and aged (mean age 7.5 years) tree shrews were used for histochemical and immunostaining techniques to determine ferritin and Iba1 positive microglia, iron tissue content, tau hyperphosphorylation and oxidized-RNA in dentate gyrus, subiculum, and CA1-CA3 hippocampal regions. Our results indicated that aged tree shrews presented an increased number of activated microglia containing ferritin, but microglia labeled with Iba1 with a dystrophic phenotype was more abundant in aged individuals. With aging, oxidative damage to RNA (8OHG) increased significantly in all hippocampal regions, while tau hyperphosphorylation (AT100) was enhanced in DG, CA3, and SUB in aged animals. Phagocytic inclusions of 8OHG- and AT100-damaged cells were observed in activated M2 microglia in old and aged animals. These data indicate that aged tree shrew may be a suitable model for translational research to study brain and microglia alterations during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Routhe LJ, Andersen IK, Hauerslev LV, Issa II, Moos T, Thomsen MS. Astrocytic expression of ZIP14 (SLC39A14) is part of the inflammatory reaction in chronic neurodegeneration with iron overload. Glia 2020; 68:1810-1823. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Routhe
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and TechnologyAalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Ida K. Andersen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and TechnologyAalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Lissa V. Hauerslev
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and TechnologyAalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Issa I. Issa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and TechnologyAalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and TechnologyAalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Maj S. Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and TechnologyAalborg University Aalborg Denmark
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28
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Möller HE, Bossoni L, Connor JR, Crichton RR, Does MD, Ward RJ, Zecca L, Zucca FA, Ronen I. Iron, Myelin, and the Brain: Neuroimaging Meets Neurobiology. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:384-401. [PMID: 31047721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although iron is crucial for neuronal functioning, many aspects of cerebral iron biology await clarification. The ability to quantify specific iron forms in the living brain would open new avenues for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and understanding pathogenesis of diseases. A modality that allows assessment of brain tissue composition in vivo, in particular of iron deposits or myelin content on a submillimeter spatial scale, is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multimodal strategies combining MRI with complementary analytical techniques ex vivo have emerged, which may lead to improved specificity. Interdisciplinary collaborations will be key to advance beyond simple correlative analyses in the biological interpretation of MRI data and to gain deeper insights into key factors leading to iron accumulation and/or redistribution associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald E Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lucia Bossoni
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Itamar Ronen
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Liu C, Liang MC, Soong TW. Nitric Oxide, Iron and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:114. [PMID: 30833886 PMCID: PMC6388708 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a crucial cofactor for several physiological functions in the brain including transport of oxygen, DNA synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, synthesis of myelin, and neurotransmitter metabolism. If iron concentration exceeds the capacity of cellular sequestration, excessive labile iron will be harmful by generating oxidative stress that leads to cell death. In patients suffering from Parkinson disease, the total amount of iron in the substantia nigra was reported to increase with disease severity. High concentrations of iron were also found in the amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of human Alzheimer disease brains. Besides iron, nitric oxide (NO) produced in high concentration has been associated with neurodegeneration. NO is produced as a co-product when the enzyme NO synthase converts L-arginine to citrulline, and NO has a role to support normal physiological functions. When NO is produced in a high concentration under pathological conditions such as inflammation, aberrantly S-nitrosylated proteins can initiate neurodegeneration. Interestingly, NO is closely related with iron homeostasis. Firstly, it regulates iron-related gene expression through a system involving iron regulatory protein and its cognate iron responsive element (IRP-IRE). Secondly, it modified the function of iron-related protein directly via S-nitrosylation. In this review, we examine the recent advances about the potential role of dysregulated iron homeostasis in neurodegeneration, with an emphasis on AD and PD, and we discuss iron chelation as a potential therapy. This review also highlights the changes in iron homeostasis caused by NO. An understanding of these mechanisms will help us formulate strategies to reverse or ameliorate iron-related neurodegeneration in diseases such as AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mui Cheng Liang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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Svobodová H, Kosnáč D, Balázsiová Z, Tanila H, Miettinen P, Sierra A, Vitovič P, Wagner A, Polák Š, Kopáni M. Elevated age-related cortical iron, ferritin and amyloid plaques in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Physiol Res 2019; 68:S445-S451. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is very important element for functioning of the brain. Its concentration changes with aging the brain or during disease. The aim of our work was the histological examination of content of ferritin and free iron (unbound) in brain cortex in association with Aβ plaques from their earliest stages of accumulation in amyloid plaque forming APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Light microscopy revealed the onset of plaques formation at 8-monthage. Detectable traces of free iron and no ferritin were found around plaques at this age, while the rate of their accumulation in and around Aβ plaques was elevated at 13 months of age. Ferritin accumulated mainly on the edge of Aβ plaques, while the smaller amount of free iron was observed in the plaque-free tissue, as well as in and around Aβ plaques. We conclude that free iron and ferritin accumulation follows the amyloid plaques formation. Quantification of cortical iron and ferritin content can be an important marker in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Svobodová
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine and Department of simulation and virtual medical education, Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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31
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The Functional Versatility of Transferrin Receptor 2 and Its Therapeutic Value. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040115. [PMID: 30360575 PMCID: PMC6316356 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is a tightly regulated process in all living organisms because this metal is essential for cellular metabolism, but could be extremely toxic when present in excess. In mammals, there is a complex pathway devoted to iron regulation, whose key protein is hepcidin (Hepc), which is a powerful iron absorption inhibitor mainly produced by the liver. Transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2) is one of the hepcidin regulators, and mutations in TFR2 gene are responsible for type 3 hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE3), a genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by systemic iron overload. It has been recently pointed out that Hepc production and iron regulation could be exerted also in tissues other than liver, and that Tfr2 has an extrahepatic role in iron metabolism as well. This review summarizes all the most recent data on Tfr2 extrahepatic role, taking into account the putative distinct roles of the two main Tfr2 isoforms, Tfr2α and Tfr2β. Representing Hepc modulation an effective approach to correct iron balance impairment in common human diseases, and with Tfr2 being one of its regulators, it would be worthwhile to envisage Tfr2 as a therapeutic target.
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32
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Miyata M, Kakeda S, Yoneda T, Ide S, Watanabe K, Moriya J, Korogi Y. Signal Change of Acute Cortical and Juxtacortical Microinfarction on Follow-Up MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:834-840. [PMID: 29599171 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although the clinical importance of cortical microinfarcts has become well-recognized recently, the evolution of cortical microinfarcts on MR imaging is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine the temporal changes in acute cortical microinfarcts using susceptibility-weighted imaging and conventional MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with acute infarcts located in the cortical and/or juxtacortical region measuring ≤10 mm in axial diameter based on diffusion-weighted imaging who had a follow-up 3T MR imaging were retrospectively included in the study. All lesions did not show hypointensity on initial T2*WI. For cortical and/or juxtacortical microinfarcts detected on initial DWI, 2 neuroradiologists evaluated the follow-up MR imaging (T2WI, FLAIR, T2*WI, and SWI) and assessed lesion signal intensities and locations (cortical microinfarcts or microinfarcts with juxtacortical white matter involvement). RESULTS On initial DWI, 2 radiologists observed 180 cortical and/or juxtacortical microinfarcts in 35 MR imaging examinations in 25 patients; on follow-up, the neuroradiologists identified 29 cortical microinfarcts (16%) on T2WI, 9 (5%) on FLAIR, 4 (2%) on T2*, and 97 (54%) on SWI. All cortical microinfarcts detected with any follow-up MR imaging showed hyperintensity on T2WI/FLAIR and/or hypointensity on T2*WI and SWI. CONCLUSIONS SWI revealed conversion (paramagnetic susceptibility changes) of acute cortical microinfarcts, suggesting that a substantial number of cortical microinfarcts may contain hemorrhagic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyata
- From the Department of Radiology (M.M., S.K., S.I., K.W., J.M., Y.K.), School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Kakeda
- From the Department of Radiology (M.M., S.K., S.I., K.W., J.M., Y.K.), School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Yoneda
- Department of Medical Physics in Advanced Biomedical Sciences (T.Y.), Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - S Ide
- From the Department of Radiology (M.M., S.K., S.I., K.W., J.M., Y.K.), School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- From the Department of Radiology (M.M., S.K., S.I., K.W., J.M., Y.K.), School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - J Moriya
- From the Department of Radiology (M.M., S.K., S.I., K.W., J.M., Y.K.), School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Korogi
- From the Department of Radiology (M.M., S.K., S.I., K.W., J.M., Y.K.), School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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33
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Sheelakumari R, Kesavadas C, Varghese T, Sreedharan RM, Thomas B, Verghese J, Mathuranath PS. Assessment of Iron Deposition in the Brain in Frontotemporal Dementia and Its Correlation with Behavioral Traits. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:1953-1958. [PMID: 28838910 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Brain iron deposition has been implicated as a major culprit in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. However, the quantitative assessment of iron in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia brains has not been performed, to our knowledge. The aim of our study was to investigate the characteristic iron levels in the frontotemporal dementia subtypes using susceptibility-weighted imaging and report its association with behavioral profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study included 46 patients with frontotemporal dementia (34 with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and 12 with primary progressive aphasia) and 34 age-matched healthy controls. We performed behavioral and neuropsychological assessment in all the subjects. The quantitative iron load was determined on SWI in the superior frontal gyrus and temporal pole, precentral gyrus, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate, frontal white matter, head and body of the hippocampus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, insula, and dentate nucleus. A linear regression analysis was performed to correlate iron content and behavioral scores in patients. RESULTS The iron content of the bilateral superior frontal and temporal gyri, anterior cingulate, putamen, right hemispheric precentral gyrus, insula, hippocampus, and red nucleus was higher in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia than in controls. Patients with primary progressive aphasia had increased iron levels in the left superior temporal gyrus. In addition, right superior frontal gyrus iron deposition discriminated behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from primary progressive aphasia. A strong positive association was found between apathy and iron content in the superior frontal gyrus and disinhibition and iron content in the putamen. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative assessment of iron deposition with SWI may serve as a new biomarker in the diagnostic work-up of frontotemporal dementia and help distinguish frontotemporal dementia subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sheelakumari
- From the Cognition and Behavioural Neurology Section, Department of Neurology (R.S., T.V., P.S.M.)
| | - C Kesavadas
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology (C.K., B.T.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - T Varghese
- From the Cognition and Behavioural Neurology Section, Department of Neurology (R.S., T.V., P.S.M.)
| | - R M Sreedharan
- Department of Radiodiagnostics (R.M.S.), Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - B Thomas
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology (C.K., B.T.), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - J Verghese
- Integrated Divisions of Cognitive and Motor Aging (Neurology) and Geriatrics (Medicine) (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - P S Mathuranath
- From the Cognition and Behavioural Neurology Section, Department of Neurology (R.S., T.V., P.S.M.) .,Department of Neurology (P.S.M.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Banglore, Karnataka, India
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You LH, Yan CZ, Zheng BJ, Ci YZ, Chang SY, Yu P, Gao GF, Li HY, Dong TY, Chang YZ. Astrocyte hepcidin is a key factor in LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2676. [PMID: 28300826 PMCID: PMC5386583 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses involving microglia and astrocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In addition, inflammation is tightly linked to iron metabolism dysregulation. However, it is not clear whether the brain inflammation-induced iron metabolism dysregulation contributes to the NDs pathogenesis. Herein, we demonstrate that the expression of the systemic iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin, is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway in the cortex and hippocampus. In this paradigm, activated glial cells are the source of IL-6, which was essential in the iron overload-activated apoptosis of neurons. Disrupting astrocyte hepcidin expression prevented the apoptosis of neurons, which were able to maintain levels of FPN1 adequate to avoid iron accumulation. Together, our data are consistent with a model whereby inflammation initiates an intercellular signaling cascade in which activated microglia, through IL-6 signaling, stimulate astrocytes to release hepcidin which, in turn, signals to neurons, via hepcidin, to prevent their iron release. Such a pathway is relevant to NDs in that it links inflammation, microglia and astrocytes to neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hao You
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cai-Zhen Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing-Jie Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yun-Zhe Ci
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shi-Yang Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guo-Fen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tian-Yu Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Abstract
Increased iron deposition in cerebral deep gray matter has been considered a global marker for neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS); it scales with disease duration and severity. Iron accumulation in white matter and MS lesions might be more directly related to disease activity and has been discussed as a contributor to the inflammatory and neurodegenerative cascade. New insights into iron and MS are expected from MR imaging. We discuss findings from MR iron mapping proposed. Because of the confounding magnetic properties of myelin, iron mapping in white matter remains an unresolved issue.
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Jiang H, Wang J, Rogers J, Xie J. Brain Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3078-3101. [PMID: 27039308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of iron metabolism, which includes its uptake, storage, and release, plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Understanding how iron accumulates in the substantia nigra (SN) and why it specifically targets dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is particularly warranted for PD, as this knowledge may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction describing brain iron metabolism and its regulation. We then provide a detailed description of how iron accumulates specifically in the SN and why DAergic neurons are especially vulnerable to iron in PD. Furthermore, we focus on the possible mechanisms involved in iron-induced cell death of DAergic neurons in the SN. Finally, we present evidence in support that iron chelation represents a plausable therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatric Neurosciences and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Albumin and Protein Oxidation are Predictors that Differentiate Relapsing-Remitting from Progressive Clinical Forms of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2961-2968. [PMID: 27026183 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate inflammatory, oxidative, and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) blood markers as possible predictors of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its clinical forms. This study included 258 MS patients (175 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 83 with progressive MS clinical forms) and 249 healthy individuals. Peripheral blood samples were obtained to determine serum levels of albumin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total protein, lipid hydroperoxide by tert-butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence (CL-LOOH), carbonyl protein content, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP). MS patients showed higher ferritin (p < 0.001) and CL-LOOH (p < 0.001) and lower albumin (p = 0.001), TRAP (p < 0.001), AOPP (p = 0.013), and NOx values (p < 0.001) than controls. Difference was not observed in CRP, total protein, and carbonyl proteins between patients and controls. In the logistic regression age-adjusted, ferritin and CL-LOOH showed positive association with MS and were predictors of MS development (OR: 1.006, 95 % CI: 1.003-1.009, p < 0.001 and OR: 1.029, 95 % CI: 1.007-1.052, p = 0.009, respectively). Albumin, TRAP, AOPP, and NOx were negatively associated with MS (p = 0.019, p = 0.003, p = 0.001, and p = 0.003, respectively). Moreover, other logistic regression age-adjusted showed that MS patients with progressive clinical forms had lower albumin and higher AOPP than those with RRMS (p = 0.037). In conclusion, ferritin, albumin, and biomarkers of IO&NS, such as CL-LOOH, AOPP, TRAP, and NOx were predictors of MS diagnosis, whereas albumin and AOPP were predictors that differentiated RRMS from the progressive clinical forms of MS.
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Belaidi AA, Bush AI. Iron neurochemistry in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: targets for therapeutics. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:179-197. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel A. Belaidi
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
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Li K, Reichmann H. Role of iron in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:389-99. [PMID: 26794939 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, we still lack effective measures to modify disease progression in neurodegenerative diseases. Iron-containing proteins play an essential role in many fundamental biological processes in the central nervous system. In addition, iron is a redox-active ion and can induce oxidative stress in the cell. Although the causes and pathology hallmarks of different neurodegenerative diseases vary, iron dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury constitute a common pathway to cell death in several neurodegenerative diseases. MRI is capable of depicting iron content in the brain, and serves as a potential biomarker for early and differential diagnosis, tracking disease progression and evaluating the effectiveness of neuroprotective therapy. Iron chelators have shown their efficacy against neurodegeneration in a series of animal models, and been applied in several clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent developments on iron dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Friedreich ataxia, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Schonberg DL, Miller TE, Wu Q, Flavahan WA, Das NK, Hale JS, Hubert CG, Mack SC, Jarrar AM, Karl RT, Rosager AM, Nixon AM, Tesar PJ, Hamerlik P, Kristensen BW, Horbinski C, Connor JR, Fox PL, Lathia JD, Rich JN. Preferential Iron Trafficking Characterizes Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:441-455. [PMID: 26461092 PMCID: PMC4646058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas display hierarchies with self-renewing cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). RNA sequencing and enhancer mapping revealed regulatory programs unique to CSCs causing upregulation of the iron transporter transferrin, the top differentially expressed gene compared with tissue-specific progenitors. Direct interrogation of iron uptake demonstrated that CSCs potently extract iron from the microenvironment more effectively than other tumor cells. Systematic interrogation of iron flux determined that CSCs preferentially require transferrin receptor and ferritin, two core iron regulators, to propagate and form tumors in vivo. Depleting ferritin disrupted CSC mitotic progression, through the STAT3-FoxM1 regulatory axis, revealing an iron-regulated CSC pathway. Iron is a unique, primordial metal fundamental for earliest life forms, on which CSCs have an epigenetically programmed, targetable dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Schonberg
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - William A Flavahan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nupur K Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James S Hale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Christopher G Hubert
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Awad M Jarrar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert T Karl
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ann Mari Rosager
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne M Nixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarne W Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Hu Y, Yu SY, Zuo LJ, Piao YS, Cao CJ, Wang F, Chen ZJ, Du Y, Lian TH, Liu GF, Wang YJ, Chan P, Chen SD, Wang XM, Zhang W. Investigation on Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Related Inflammation in Parkinson Disease Patients with Probable RBD. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138997. [PMID: 26431210 PMCID: PMC4592206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate potential mechanisms involving abnormal iron metabolism and related inflammation in Parkinson disease (PD) patients with probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (PRBD). Methods Total 210 PD patients and 31 controls were consecutively recruited. PD patients were evaluated by RBD Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) and classified into PRBD and probable no RBD (NPRBD) groups. Demographics information were recorded and clinical symptoms were evaluated by series of rating scales. Levels of iron and related proteins and inflammatory factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were detected. Comparisons among control, NPRBD and PRBD groups and correlation analyses between RBDSQ score and levels of above factors were performed. Results (1)The frequency of PRBD in PD patients is 31.90%. (2)PRBD group has longer disease duration, more advanced disease stage, severer motor symptoms and more non-motor symptoms than NPRBD group. (3)In CSF, levels of iron, transferrin, NO and IL–1β in PRBD group are prominently increased. RBDSQ score is positively correlated with the levels of iron, transferrin, NO and IL–1β in PD group. Iron level is positively correlated with the levels of NO and IL–1β in PD group. (4)In serum, transferrin level is prominently decreased in PRBD group. PGE2 level in PRBD group is drastically enhanced. RBDSQ score exhibits a positive correlation with PGE2 level in PD group. Conclusions PRBD is common in PD patients. PRBD group has severer motor symptoms and more non-motor symptoms. Excessive iron in brain resulted from abnormal iron metabolism in central and peripheral systems is correlated with PRBD through neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shu-Yang Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Jun Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying-Shan Piao
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chen-Jie Cao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ze-Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Teng-Hong Lian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Gai-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Core Laboratory for Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10053, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Beijing, 100053, China
- * E-mail:
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Dev S, Kumari S, Singh N, Kumar Bal S, Seth P, Mukhopadhyay CK. Role of extracellular Hydrogen peroxide in regulation of iron homeostasis genes in neuronal cells: Implication in iron accumulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:78-89. [PMID: 26006106 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation and oxidative stress are associated with neurodegenerative disease. Labile iron is known to catalyze free radical generation and subsequent neuronal damage, whereas the role of oxidative stress in neuronal iron accumulation is less well understood. Here, we examined the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment on cellular iron-uptake, -storage, and -release proteins in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. We found no detectable change in the iron-uptake proteins transferrin receptor-1 and divalent metal ion transporter. In contrast, H2O2 treatment resulted in significant degradation of the iron-exporter ferroportin (Fpn). A decrease in Fpn is expected to increase the labile iron pool (LIP), reducing the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)-iron-responsive element interaction and increasing the expression of ferritin-H (Ft-H) for iron storage. Instead, we detected IRP1 activation, presumably due to oxidative stress, and a decrease in Ft-H translation. A reduction in Ft-H mRNA was also observed, probably dependent on an antioxidant-response element present in the Ft-H enhancer. The decrease in Fpn and Ft-H upon H2O2 treatment led to a time-dependent increase in the cellular LIP. Our study reveals a complex regulation of neuronal iron-release and iron-storage components in response to H2O2 that may explain iron accumulation detected in neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som Dev
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Sanju Kumari
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,OH 44106, USA
| | - Saswat Kumar Bal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Chinmay K Mukhopadhyay
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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Meadowcroft MD, Connor JR, Yang QX. Cortical iron regulation and inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease and APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice: a histological perspective. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:255. [PMID: 26257600 PMCID: PMC4511841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of iron homeostasis and increased glial response are known to occur in brains afflicted by Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model recapitulates the hallmark amyloid-beta plaque pathology of AD, it does so in a different neuronal mileu than humans. Understanding the iron characteristics and glial response of the APP/PS1 model is important when testing new treatment procedures and translating these results. Brain tissue from AD patients, APP/PS1 mice, and controls were stained for iron, H- and L-ferritin, microglia, astrocytes, Aβ40∕42, and degenerating neurons. The histological data demonstrate differences in ferritin, iron distribution, gliosis, and Aβ plaque composition between APP/PS1 and AD tissue. Specifically, an association between focal iron deposition and Aβ plaques is found ubiquitously throughout the AD tissue and is not observed in the APP/PS1 mouse model. Ferritin, microglia, and astrocyte staining show differential response patterns to amyloid plaques in AD and the APP/PS1 tissue. Aβ 40 and 42 antibody and thioflavin staining demonstrate morphological differences in plaque composition. The histological data support the hypothesis that iron distribution, iron management, and glial response histologically differ between the APP/PS1 and AD brain. Acknowledging the caveat that there are distinct plaque, iron, and glial contrasts between the AD brain and the APP/PS1 mouse is crucial when utilizing this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Meadowcroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA ; Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA ; Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers of Macrophage and Lymphocyte Activation After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16:549-57. [PMID: 25850867 PMCID: PMC4497935 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The magnitude and role of the cellular immune response following pediatric traumatic brain injury remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that macrophage/microglia and T-cell activation occurs following pediatric traumatic brain injury by measuring cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble cluster of differentiation 163 and ferritin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor α, respectively, and determined whether these biomarkers were associated with relevant clinical variables and outcome. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of samples from an established, single-center cerebrospinal fluid bank. SETTING PICU in a tertiary children's hospital. PATIENTS Sixty-six pediatric patients after severe traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score < 8) who were 1 month to 16 years old and 17 control patients who were 1 month to 14 years old. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble cluster of differentiation 163, ferritin, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor α were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at two time points (t1 = 17 ± 10 hr; t2 = 72 ± 15 hr) for each traumatic brain injury patient. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble cluster of differentiation 163, ferritin, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor α after traumatic brain injury were compared with controls and analyzed for associations with age, patient sex, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, diagnosis of abusive head trauma, the presence of hemorrhage on CT scan, and Glasgow Outcome Scale score. Cerebrospinal fluid level of soluble cluster of differentiation 163 was increased in traumatic brain injury patients at t2 versus t1 and controls (median, 95.4 ng/mL [interquartile range, 21.8-134.0 ng/mL] vs 31.0 ng/mL [5.7-77.7 ng/mL] and 27.8 ng/mL [19.1-43.1 ng/mL], respectively; p < 0.05). Cerebrospinal fluid level of ferritin was increased in traumatic brain injury patients at t2 and t1 versus controls (8.3 ng/mL [<7.5-19.8 ng/mL] and 8.9 ng/mL [<7.5-26.7 ng/mL] vs <7.5 ng/mL below lower limit of detection, respectively; p < 0.05). Cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor α in traumatic brain injury patients at t2 and t1 were not different versus controls. Multivariate regression revealed associations between high ferritin and age 4 years or younger, lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, abusive head trauma, and unfavorable Glasgow Outcome Scale score. CONCLUSIONS Children with traumatic brain injury demonstrate evidence for macrophage activation after traumatic brain injury, and in terms of cerebrospinal fluid ferritin, this appears more prominent with young age, initial injury severity, abusive head trauma, and unfavorable outcome. Further study is needed to determine whether biomarkers of macrophage activation may be used to discriminate between aberrant and adaptive immune responses and whether inflammation represents a therapeutic target after traumatic brain injury.
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Nandar W, Neely EB, Simmons Z, Connor JR. H63D HFE genotype accelerates disease progression in animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2413-26. [PMID: 25283820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
H63D HFE is associated with iron dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress; each of which plays an important role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. To examine the role of H63D HFE in ALS, we generated a double transgenic mouse line (SOD1/H67D) carrying the H67D HFE (homologue of human H63D) and SOD1(G93A) mutations. We found double transgenic mice have shorter survival and accelerated disease progression. We examined parameters in the lumbar spinal cord of double transgenic mice at 90days (presymptomatic), 110days (symptomatic) and end-stage. Transferrin receptor and L-ferritin expression, both indicators of iron status, were altered in double transgenic and SOD1 mice starting at 90days, indicating loss of iron homeostasis in these mice. However, double transgenic mice had higher L-ferritin expression than SOD1 mice. Double transgenic mice exhibited increased Iba-1 immunoreactivity and caspase-3 levels, indicating increased microglial activation which would be consistent with the higher L-ferritin levels. Although both SOD1 and double transgenic mice had increased GFAP expression, the magnitude of the increase was higher in double transgenic mice at 110days, suggesting increased gliosis in these mice. Increased hemeoxygenase-1 and decreased nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 levels in double transgenic mice strongly suggest the accelerated disease process could be associated with increased oxidative stress. There was no evidence of TAR-DNA-binding protein 43 mislocalization to the cytoplasm in double transgenic mice; however, there was evidence suggesting neurofilament disruption, which has been reported in ALS. Our findings indicate H63D HFE modifies ALS pathophysiology via pathways involving oxidative stress, gliosis and disruption of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wint Nandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University, M. S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University, M. S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Zachary Simmons
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University, M. S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University, M. S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Biology of ferritin in mammals: an update on iron storage, oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1787-802. [PMID: 25119494 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an abundant transition metal that is essential for life, being associated with many enzyme and oxygen carrier proteins involved in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. At the same time, the metal is potentially toxic due to its capacity to engage in the catalytic production of noxious reactive oxygen species. The control of iron availability in the cells is largely dependent on ferritins, ubiquitous proteins with storage and detoxification capacity. In mammals, cytosolic ferritins are composed of two types of subunits, the H and the L chain, assembled to form a 24-mer spherical cage. Ferritin is present also in mitochondria, in the form of a complex with 24 identical chains. Even though the proteins have been known for a long time, their study is a very active and interesting field yet. In this review, we will focus our attention to mammalian cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins, describing the most recent advancement regarding their storage and antioxidant function, the effects of their genetic mutations in human pathology, and also the possible involvement in non-iron-related activities. We will also discuss recent evidence connecting ferritins and the toxicity of iron in a set of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by focal cerebral siderosis.
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Singh N, Haldar S, Tripathi AK, Horback K, Wong J, Sharma D, Beserra A, Suda S, Anbalagan C, Dev S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Singh A. Brain iron homeostasis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1324-63. [PMID: 23815406 PMCID: PMC3935772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron has emerged as a significant cause of neurotoxicity in several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), and others. In some cases, the underlying cause of iron mis-metabolism is known, while in others, our understanding is, at best, incomplete. Recent evidence implicating key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and sCJD in cellular iron metabolism suggests that imbalance of brain iron homeostasis associated with these disorders is a direct consequence of disease pathogenesis. A complete understanding of the molecular events leading to this phenotype is lacking partly because of the complex regulation of iron homeostasis within the brain. Since systemic organs and the brain share several iron regulatory mechanisms and iron-modulating proteins, dysfunction of a specific pathway or selective absence of iron-modulating protein(s) in systemic organs has provided important insights into the maintenance of iron homeostasis within the brain. Here, we review recent information on the regulation of iron uptake and utilization in systemic organs and within the complex environment of the brain, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms leading to brain iron mis-metabolism in specific neurodegenerative conditions. Mouse models that have been instrumental in understanding systemic and brain disorders associated with iron mis-metabolism are also described, followed by current therapeutic strategies which are aimed at restoring brain iron homeostasis in different neurodegenerative conditions. We conclude by highlighting important gaps in our understanding of brain iron metabolism and mis-metabolism, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- 1 Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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Carmona F, Palacios Ò, Gálvez N, Cuesta R, Atrian S, Capdevila M, Domínguez-Vera JM. Ferritin iron uptake and release in the presence of metals and metalloproteins: Chemical implications in the brain. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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