1
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Ahlstrom CA, Torchetti MK, Lenoch J, Beckmen K, Boldenow M, Buck EJ, Daniels B, Dilione K, Gerlach R, Lantz K, Matz A, Poulson RL, Scott LC, Sheffield G, Sinnett D, Stallknecht DE, Stimmelmayr R, Taylor E, Williams AR, Ramey AM. Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses from Alaska during 2022 provides evidence for genotype-specific trends of spatiotemporal and interspecies dissemination. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2406291. [PMID: 39287422 PMCID: PMC11443546 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2406291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza (HPAI) spread to North America in late 2021, with detections of HPAI viruses in Alaska beginning in April 2022. HPAI viruses have since spread across the state, affecting many species of wild birds as well as domestic poultry and wild mammals. To better understand the dissemination of HPAI viruses spatiotemporally and among hosts in Alaska and adjacent regions, we compared the genomes of 177 confirmed HPAI viruses detected in Alaska during April-December 2022. Results suggest multiple viral introductions into Alaska between November 2021 and August or September 2022, as well as dissemination to areas within and outside of the state. Viral genotypes differed in their spatiotemporal spread, likely influenced by timing of introductions relative to population immunity. We found evidence for dissemination of HPAI viruses between wild bird species, wild birds and domestic poultry, as well as wild birds and wild mammals. Continued monitoring for and genomic characterization of HPAI viruses in Alaska can improve our understanding of the evolution and dispersal of these economically costly and ecologically relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- US Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, US
| | - Julianna Lenoch
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, CO, US
| | | | | | - Evan J Buck
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, US
| | - Bryan Daniels
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, AK, US
| | - Krista Dilione
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, CO, US
| | - Robert Gerlach
- Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Anchorage, AK, US
| | - Kristina Lantz
- US Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, US
| | - Angela Matz
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, US
| | | | - Laura C Scott
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, US
| | - Gay Sheffield
- Marine Advisory Program, Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Nome, AK, US
| | - David Sinnett
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Disease Program, Palmer, AK, US
| | | | - Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Utqiagvik, AK, US
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK, US
| | - Eric Taylor
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, US
| | - Alison R Williams
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Cold Bay, AK, US
| | - Andrew M Ramey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, US
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2
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de Oliveira CBS, Andrade JMDA, Akter S, da Silva MK, Fulco UL, Oliveira JIN. Investigating whether H5N1 is a risk to human populations in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2024; 57:e01100. [PMID: 39082530 PMCID: PMC11290869 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0056-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahina Akter
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Karolaynne da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Umberto Laino Fulco
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
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3
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Jackson RT, Marshall PM, Burkhart C, Schneck J, Kelly G, Roberts CP. Risk of invasive waterfowl interaction with poultry production: Understanding potential for avian pathogen transmission via species distribution models. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11647. [PMID: 39026949 PMCID: PMC11257698 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza have devastated poultry production across the United States, with more than 77 million birds culled in 2022-2024 alone. Wild waterfowl, including various invasive species, host numerous pathogens, including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), and have been implicated as catalysts of disease outbreaks among native fauna and domestic birds. In major poultry-producing states like Arkansas, USA, where the poultry sector is responsible for significant economic activity (>$4 billion USD in 2022), understanding the risk of invasive waterfowl interactions with domestic poultry is critical. Here, we assessed the risk of invasive waterfowl-poultry interaction in Arkansas by comparing the density of poultry production sites (chicken houses) to areas of high habitat suitability for two invasive waterfowl species, (Egyptian Goose [Alopochen aegyptiaca] and Mute Swan [Cygnus olor]), known to host significant pathogens, including avian influenza viruses. The percentage of urban land cover was the most important habitat characteristic for both invasive waterfowl species. At the 95% confidence interval, chicken house densities in areas highly suitable for both species (Egyptian Goose = 0.91 ± 0.11 chicken houses/km2; Mute Swan = 0.61 ± 0.03 chicken houses/km2) were three to five times higher than chicken house densities across the state (0.17 ± 0.01 chicken houses/km2). We show that northwestern and western Arkansas, both areas of high importance for poultry production, are also at high risk of invasive waterfowl presence. Our results suggest that targeted monitoring efforts for waterfowl-poultry contact in these areas could help mitigate the risk of avian pathogen exposure in Arkansas and similar regions with high poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly T. Jackson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | | | - Chris Burkhart
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Julia Schneck
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Grant Kelly
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Caleb P. Roberts
- U.S. Geological Survey, Arkansas Fish and Wildlife Cooperative Research UnitUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
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4
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Prosser DJ, Kent CM, Sullivan JD, Patyk KA, McCool MJ, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Mullinax JM. Using an adaptive modeling framework to identify avian influenza spillover risk at the wild-domestic interface. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14199. [PMID: 38902400 PMCID: PMC11189914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The wild to domestic bird interface is an important nexus for emergence and transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. Although the recent incursion of HPAI H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b into North America calls for emergency response and planning given the unprecedented scale, readily available data-driven models are lacking. Here, we provide high resolution spatial and temporal transmission risk models for the contiguous United States. Considering virus host ecology, we included weekly species-level wild waterfowl (Anatidae) abundance and endemic low pathogenic avian influenza virus prevalence metrics in combination with number of poultry farms per commodity type and relative biosecurity risks at two spatial scales: 3 km and county-level. Spillover risk varied across the annual cycle of waterfowl migration and some locations exhibited persistent risk throughout the year given higher poultry production. Validation using wild bird introduction events identified by phylogenetic analysis from 2022 to 2023 HPAI poultry outbreaks indicate strong model performance. The modular nature of our approach lends itself to building upon updated datasets under evolving conditions, testing hypothetical scenarios, or customizing results with proprietary data. This research demonstrates an adaptive approach for developing models to inform preparedness and response as novel outbreaks occur, viruses evolve, and additional data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann J Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Cody M Kent
- Volunteer to the U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Jeffery D Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Kelly A Patyk
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Mary-Jane McCool
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Strategy and Policy, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Jennifer M Mullinax
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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5
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Stanislawek WL, Tana T, Rawdon TG, Cork SC, Chen K, Fatoyinbo H, Cogger N, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Joyce M, Tuboltsev MA, Orr D, Ohneiser S, Watts J, Riegen AC, McDougall M, Klee D, O’Keefe JS. Avian influenza viruses in New Zealand wild birds, with an emphasis on subtypes H5 and H7: Their distinctive epidemiology and genomic properties. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303756. [PMID: 38829903 PMCID: PMC11146706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viruses in Southeast Asia in 2004 prompted the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries to expand its avian influenza surveillance in wild birds. A total of 18,693 birds were sampled between 2004 and 2020, including migratory shorebirds (in 2004-2009), other coastal species (in 2009-2010), and resident waterfowl (in 2004-2020). No avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from cloacal or oropharyngeal samples from migratory shorebirds or resident coastal species. Two samples from red knots (Calidris canutus) tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR, but virus could not be isolated and no further characterization could be undertaken. In contrast, 6179 samples from 15,740 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR. Of these, 344 were positive for H5 and 51 for H7. All H5 and H7 viruses detected were of low pathogenicity confirmed by a lack of multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Twenty H5 viruses (six different neuraminidase [NA] subtypes) and 10 H7 viruses (two different NA subtypes) were propagated and characterized genetically. From H5- or H7-negative samples that tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR, 326 AIVs were isolated, representing 41 HA/NA combinations. The most frequently isolated subtypes were H4N6, H3N8, H3N2, and H10N3. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of the relations between the location and year of sampling, and presence of AIV in individual waterfowl showed that the AIV risk at a given location varied from year to year. The H5 and H7 isolates both formed monophyletic HA groups. The H5 viruses were most closely related to North American lineages, whereas the H7 viruses formed a sister cluster relationship with wild bird viruses of the Eurasian and Australian lineages. Bayesian analysis indicates that the H5 and H7 viruses have circulated in resident mallards in New Zealand for some time. Correspondingly, we found limited evidence of influenza viruses in the major migratory bird populations visiting New Zealand. Findings suggest a low probability of introduction of HPAI viruses via long-distance bird migration and a unique epidemiology of AIV in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toni Tana
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Susan C. Cork
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kylie Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hammed Fatoyinbo
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Naomi Cogger
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maree Joyce
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Della Orr
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan Watts
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
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6
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Giacinti JA, Robinson SJ, Sharp CM, Provencher JF, Pearl DL, Stevens B, Nituch L, Brook RW, Jardine CM. Assessing avian influenza surveillance intensity in wild birds using a One Health lens. One Health 2024; 18:100760. [PMID: 38832079 PMCID: PMC11145394 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife disease surveillance, particularly for pathogens with zoonotic potential such as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV), is critical to facilitate situational awareness, inform risk, and guide communication and response efforts within a One Health framework. This study evaluates the intensity of avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance in Ontario's wild bird population following the 2021 H5N1 incursion into Canada. Analyzing 2562 samples collected between November 1, 2021, and October 31, 2022, in Ontario, Canada, we identify spatial variations in surveillance intensity relative to human population density, poultry facility density, and wild mallard abundance. Using the spatial scan statistic, we pinpoint areas where public engagement, collaborations with Indigenous and non-Indigenous hunter/harvesters, and working with poultry producers, could augment Ontario's AIV wild bird surveillance program. Enhanced surveillance at these human-domestic animal-wildlife interfaces is a crucial element of a One Health approach to AIV surveillance. Ongoing assessment of our wild bird surveillance programs is essential for strategic planning and will allow us to refine approaches and generate results that continue to support the program's overarching objective of safeguarding the health of people, animals, and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene A. Giacinti
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Robinson
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Sharp
- Ontario Region Wildlife and Habitat Assessment Section, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer F. Provencher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Stevens
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa Nituch
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodney W. Brook
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire M. Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Azat C, Alvarado-Rybak M, Aguilera JF, Benavides JA. Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Chile. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1387040. [PMID: 38756514 PMCID: PMC11096463 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1387040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b (hereafter H5N1) is causing vast impacts on biodiversity and poultry around the globe. In Chile, lethal H5N1 cases have been reported in a wide range of wild bird species, marine mammals, backyard and industrial poultry, and humans. This study describes the spatio-temporal patterns of the current epizootic of H5N1 in Chile and test drivers that could be associated with outbreak occurrence. Methods We used H5N1 cases reported by the Chilean National Animal Health Authority from 5 December 2022 to 5 April 2023. These included wild bird cases confirmed through an avian influenza-specific real-time reverse transcription PCR assay (RT-qPCR), obtained from passive and active surveillance. Data were analyzed to detect the presence of H5N1 clusters under space-time permutation probability modeling, the association of H5N1 with distance and days since the first outbreak through linear regression, and the correlation of H5N1 presence with a number of ecological and anthropogenic variables using general linear modeling. Results From 445 H5N1 identified outbreaks involving 613 individual cases in wild birds, a consistent wave-like spread of H5N1 from north to south was identified, which may help predict hotspots of outbreak risk. For instance, seven statistically significant clusters were identified in central and northern Chile, where poultry production and wildlife mortality are concentrated. The presence of outbreaks was correlated with landscape-scale variables, notably temperature range, bird richness, and human footprint. Discussion In less than a year, H5N1 has been associated with the unusual mortality of >100,000 individuals of wild animals in Chile, mainly coastal birds and marine mammals. It is urgent that scientists, the poultry sector, local communities, and national health authorities co-design and implement science-based measures from a One Health perspective to avoid further H5N1 spillover from wildlife to domestic animals and humans, including rapid removal and proper disposal of wild dead animals and the closure of public areas (e.g., beaches) reporting high wildlife mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Azat
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Alvarado-Rybak
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - José F. Aguilera
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio A. Benavides
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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8
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Gartrell BD, Jolly MJ, Hunter SA. The risks and consequences of a high pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak in Aotearoa New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:63-65. [PMID: 38228153 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2294915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- B D Gartrell
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M J Jolly
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S A Hunter
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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9
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Crispo M, Muñoz MC, Lacroix F, Kheyi MR, Delverdier M, Croville G, Dirat M, Gaide N, Guerin JL, Le Loc'h G. Pathological investigation of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N8 in captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata), the United Arab Emirates 2020. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4235. [PMID: 38378877 PMCID: PMC10879111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2020, an outbreak of HPAI H5N8 was registered in captive African houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata) in the United Arab Emirates. In order to better understand the pathobiology of this viral infection in bustards, a comprehensive pathological characterization was performed. A total of six birds were selected for necropsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, RNAscope in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR and nanopore sequencing on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks. Gross lesions included mottled and/or hemorrhagic pancreas, spleen and liver and fibrinous deposits on air sacs and intestine. Necrotizing pancreatitis, splenitis and concurrent vasculitis, hepatitis and fibrino-heterophilic peritonitis were identified, microscopically. Viral antigens (nucleoprotein) and RNAs (matrix gene) were both detected within necro-inflammatory foci, parenchymal cells, stromal cells and endothelial cells of affected organs, including the myenteric plexus. Molecular analysis of FFPE blocks successfully detected HPAI H5N8, further confirming its involvement in the lesions observed. In conclusion, HPAI H5N8 in African houbara bustards results in hyperacute/acute forms exhibiting marked pantropism, endotheliotropism and neurotropism. In addition, our findings support the use of FFPE tissues for molecular studies of poorly characterized pathogens in exotic and endangered species, when availability of samples is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Crispo
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | - Mar Carrasco Muñoz
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Frédéric Lacroix
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed-Reda Kheyi
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, PO Box 61741, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Croville
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Malorie Dirat
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Jean Luc Guerin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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10
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Yang Q, Wang B, Lemey P, Dong L, Mu T, Wiebe RA, Guo F, Trovão NS, Park SW, Lewis N, Tsui JLH, Bajaj S, Cheng Y, Yang L, Haba Y, Li B, Zhang G, Pybus OG, Tian H, Grenfell B. Synchrony of Bird Migration with Global Dispersal of Avian Influenza Reveals Exposed Bird Orders. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1126. [PMID: 38321046 PMCID: PMC10847442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) A H5, particularly clade 2.3.4.4, has caused worldwide outbreaks in domestic poultry, occasional spillover to humans, and increasing deaths of diverse species of wild birds since 2014. Wild bird migration is currently acknowledged as an important ecological process contributing to the global dispersal of HPAIV H5. However, this mechanism has not been quantified using bird movement data from different species, and the timing and location of exposure of different species is unclear. We sought to explore these questions through phylodynamic analyses based on empirical data of bird movement tracking and virus genome sequences of clade 2.3.4.4 and 2.3.2.1. First, we demonstrate that seasonal bird migration can explain salient features of the global dispersal of clade 2.3.4.4. Second, we detect synchrony between the seasonality of bird annual cycle phases and virus lineage movements. We reveal the differing exposed bird orders at geographical origins and destinations of HPAIV H5 clade 2.3.4.4 lineage movements, including relatively under-discussed orders. Our study provides a phylodynamic framework that links the bird movement ecology and genomic epidemiology of avian influenza; it highlights the importance of integrating bird behavior and life history in avian influenza studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Ben Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Phillipe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lu Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Mu
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - R Alex Wiebe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Fengyi Guo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nicola Lewis
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Addlestone, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Sumali Bajaj
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yachang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Luojun Yang
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuki Haba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Bingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Bird Banding Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bryan Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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11
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Hubbard LE, Givens CE, Stelzer EA, Killian ML, Kolpin DW, Szablewski CM, Poulson RL. Environmental Surveillance and Detection of Infectious Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Iowa Wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:1181-1187. [PMID: 38106530 PMCID: PMC10720465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) infect both wild birds and domestic poultry, resulting in economically costly outbreaks that have the potential to impact public health. Currently, a knowledge gap exists regarding the detection of infectious AIVs in the aquatic environment. In response to the 2021-2022 Eurasian strain highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 clade 2.3.4.4 lineage H5 outbreak, an AIV environmental outbreak response study was conducted using a One Health approach. An optimized method was used to temporally sample (April and May 2022) and analyze (culture and molecular methods) surface water from five water bodies (four wetlands and one lake used as a comparison location) in areas near confirmed HPAI detections in wild bird or poultry operations. Avian influenza viruses were isolated from water samples collected in April from all four wetlands (not from the comparison lake sample); HPAI H5N1 was isolated from one wetland. No virus was isolated from the May samples. Several factors, including increased water temperatures, precipitation, biotic and abiotic factors, and absence of AIV-contaminated fecal material due to fewer waterfowl present, may have contributed to the lack of virus isolation from May samples. Results demonstrate surface water as a plausible medium for transmission of AIVs, including the HPAI virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Hubbard
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science
Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot
Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Carrie E. Givens
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science
Center, 5840 Enterprise
Drive, Lansing, Michigan 48911 United States
| | - Erin A. Stelzer
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana
Water Science Center, 6460 Busch Blvd, Ste 100, Columbus, Ohio 43229 United States
| | - Mary L. Killian
- U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010 United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water
Science Center, 400 S.
Clinton Street, Rm 269, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Christine M. Szablewski
- Influenza
Division, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329 United States
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern
Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Georgia, 589 D.W.
Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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12
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Alkie TN, Cox S, Embury-Hyatt C, Stevens B, Pople N, Pybus MJ, Xu W, Hisanaga T, Suderman M, Koziuk J, Kruczkiewicz P, Nguyen HH, Fisher M, Lung O, Erdelyan CNG, Hochman O, Ojkic D, Yason C, Bravo-Araya M, Bourque L, Bollinger TK, Soos C, Giacinti J, Provencher J, Ogilvie S, Clark A, MacPhee R, Parsons GJ, Eaglesome H, Gilbert S, Saboraki K, Davis R, Jerao A, Ginn M, Jones MEB, Berhane Y. Characterization of neurotropic HPAI H5N1 viruses with novel genome constellations and mammalian adaptive mutations in free-living mesocarnivores in Canada. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2186608. [PMID: 36880345 PMCID: PMC10026807 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2186608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The GsGd lineage (A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996) H5N1 virus was introduced to Canada in 2021/2022 through the Atlantic and East Asia-Australasia/Pacific flyways by migratory birds. This was followed by unprecedented outbreaks affecting domestic and wild birds, with spillover into other animals. Here, we report sporadic cases of H5N1 in 40 free-living mesocarnivore species such as red foxes, striped skunks, and mink in Canada. The clinical presentations of the disease in mesocarnivores were consistent with central nervous system infection. This was supported by the presence of microscopic lesions and the presence of abundant IAV antigen by immunohistochemistry. Some red foxes that survived clinical infection developed anti-H5N1 antibodies. Phylogenetically, the H5N1 viruses from the mesocarnivore species belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and had four different genome constellation patterns. The first group of viruses had wholly Eurasian (EA) genome segments. The other three groups were reassortant viruses containing genome segments derived from both North American (NAm) and EA influenza A viruses. Almost 17 percent of the H5N1 viruses had mammalian adaptive mutations (E627 K, E627V and D701N) in the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the RNA polymerase complex. Other mutations that may favour adaptation to mammalian hosts were also present in other internal gene segments. The detection of these critical mutations in a large number of mammals within short duration after virus introduction inevitably highlights the need for continually monitoring and assessing mammalian-origin H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses for adaptive mutations, which potentially can facilitate virus replication, horizontal transmission and posing pandemic risks for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N Alkie
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sherri Cox
- College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Brian Stevens
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Guelph, Canada
| | - Neil Pople
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Manitoba Agriculture, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Margo J Pybus
- Fish and Wildlife, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tamiko Hisanaga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Matthew Suderman
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Janice Koziuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Peter Kruczkiewicz
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Hoang Hai Nguyen
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mathew Fisher
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Cassidy N G Erdelyan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Orie Hochman
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Carmencita Yason
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - Laura Bourque
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Trent K Bollinger
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | - Sarah Ogilvie
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Amanda Clark
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Robyn MacPhee
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Glen J Parsons
- Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables, Kentville, Canada
| | | | - Sayrah Gilbert
- Wildlife Haven Rehabilitation Centre, Île-des-Chênes, Canada
| | - Kelsey Saboraki
- Fish and Wildlife Branch, Manitoba Natural Resources and Northern Development, Gimli, Canada
| | - Richard Davis
- Fish and Wildlife Branch, Manitoba Natural Resources and Northern Development, Gimli, Canada
| | - Alexandra Jerao
- Office of the Chief Veterinarian, Manitoba Agriculture, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Matthew Ginn
- Prince Edward Island Department of Environment, Energy and Climate Action, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Megan E B Jones
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Atlantic Region, Charlottetown, Canada
- Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables, Kentville, Canada
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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13
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Lambert S, Bauzile B, Mugnier A, Durand B, Vergne T, Paul MC. A systematic review of mechanistic models used to study avian influenza virus transmission and control. Vet Res 2023; 54:96. [PMID: 37853425 PMCID: PMC10585835 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The global spread of avian influenza A viruses in domestic birds is causing increasing socioeconomic devastation. Various mechanistic models have been developed to better understand avian influenza transmission and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures in mitigating the socioeconomic losses caused by these viruses. However, the results of models of avian influenza transmission and control have not yet been subject to a comprehensive review. Such a review could help inform policy makers and guide future modeling work. To help fill this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the mechanistic models that have been applied to field outbreaks. Our three objectives were to: (1) describe the type of models and their epidemiological context, (2) list estimates of commonly used parameters of low pathogenicity and highly pathogenic avian influenza transmission, and (3) review the characteristics of avian influenza transmission and the efficacy of control strategies according to the mechanistic models. We reviewed a total of 46 articles. Of these, 26 articles estimated parameters by fitting the model to data, one evaluated the effectiveness of control strategies, and 19 did both. Values of the between-individual reproduction number ranged widely: from 2.18 to 86 for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and from 4.7 to 45.9 for low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, depending on epidemiological settings, virus subtypes and host species. Other parameters, such as the durations of the latent and infectious periods, were often taken from the literature, limiting the models' potential insights. Concerning control strategies, many models evaluated culling (n = 15), while vaccination received less attention (n = 6). According to the articles reviewed, optimal control strategies varied between virus subtypes and local conditions, and depended on the overall objective of the intervention. For instance, vaccination was optimal when the objective was to limit the overall number of culled flocks. In contrast, pre-emptive culling was preferred for reducing the size and duration of an epidemic. Early implementation consistently improved the overall efficacy of interventions, highlighting the need for effective surveillance and epidemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Billy Bauzile
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
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14
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Malmberg JL, Miller M, Jennings-Gaines J, Allen SE. Mortality in Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) Associated with Natural Infection with H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) Subclade 2.3.4.4. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:767-773. [PMID: 37486883 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A Eurasian strain of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was first detected in North America in December 2021 and has since been confirmed in numerous wild and domestic avian species. In April 2022, 41 Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were found dead in Johnson County, Wyoming, USA adjacent to a property with confirmed HPAIV in a backyard poultry flock. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 11 of the 41 turkeys and necropsy was performed on seven. Avian influenza virus RNA was detected in all 11 turkeys by real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Acute, multiorgan necrosis was observed grossly and identified in all seven turkeys evaluated by histopathology, most consistently in the lung, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and gonads. Lesions indicate high virulence of subclade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV in Wild Turkeys, with infections presenting as clusters of acute mortality. Although documented cases of HPAIV in Wild Turkeys are rare, these findings signify a risk of spillback from domestic poultry, which may be heightened by the recent rise in backyard poultry ownership and the use of peridomestic habitat by wild birds. Additional research is needed to better understand the risk of disease transmission at the interface of Wild Turkeys and backyard poultry and the potential conservation and management implications of HPAIV in wild gallinaceous birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Current affiliation and address: National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Myrna Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Jessica Jennings-Gaines
- Veterinary Services, Wildlife Health Laboratory, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Samantha E Allen
- Veterinary Services, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1212 South Adams Street, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
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15
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Provencher JF, Wilcox AAE, Gibbs S, Howes LA, Mallory ML, Pybus M, Ramey AM, Reed ET, Sharp CM, Soos C, Stasiak I, Leafloor JO. BAITING AND BANDING: EXPERT OPINION ON HOW BAIT TRAPPING MAY INFLUENCE THE OCCURRENCE OF HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA (HPAI) AMONG DABBLING DUCKS. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:590-600. [PMID: 37578749 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the clade 2.3.4.4b (Goose/Guangdong lineage) was detected in migratory bird populations in North America in December 2021, and it, along with its reassortants, have since caused wild and domestic bird outbreaks across the continent. Relative to previous outbreaks, HPAIV cases among wild birds in 2022 exhibited wider geographic extent within North America and higher levels of mortality, suggesting the potential for population-level impacts. Given the possible conservation implications of HPAIV in wild birds, natural resource managers have sought guidance on actions that may mitigate negative effects of disease among North American bird populations, including modification of existing management practices. Banding of waterfowl is a critical tool for population management for several harvested species in North America, but some banding techniques, such as bait trapping, can lead to increased congregation of waterfowl, potentially altering HPAIV transmission. We used an expert opinion exercise to assess how bait trapping of dabbling ducks in Canada may influence HPAIV transmission and wild bird health. The expert group found that it is moderately likely that bait trapping of dabbling ducks in wetlands will significantly increase the transmission of HPAIV among individual ducks, but there is a low probability that this will result in significant population-level effects on North American dabbling ducks. Considering the lack of empirical work studying how capture and handling methods may change transmission of HPAIV among waterfowl, as well as the importance of bait trapping for waterfowl management in North America, future work should focus on filling knowledge gaps pertaining to the influence of baiting on HPAIV occurrence to better inform banding procedures and management decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Provencher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alana A E Wilcox
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Samantha Gibbs
- Wildlife Health Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge, 16450 NW 31st Place, Chiefland, Florida 32626, USA
| | - Lesley-Anne Howes
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Acadia University, 33 Westwood Ave., Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Margo Pybus
- Alberta Fish and Wildlife, Government of Alberta, 6909-116 St., Edmonton, Alberta T6H 4P2, Canada
| | - Andrew M Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - Eric T Reed
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 5019 52nd St., PO Box 2310, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories X1A 2P7, Canada
| | - Chris M Sharp
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Environmental Science and Technology Centre, 335 River Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1V 1C7, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Prairie and Northern Wildlife Research Centre, 115 Perimeter Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Iga Stasiak
- Ministry of Environment, Government of Saskatchewan, 112 Research Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3R3, Canada
| | - Jim O Leafloor
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Unit 510, 234 Donald St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 1M8, Canada
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16
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Jung Kjær L, Ward MP, Boklund AE, Larsen LE, Hjulsager CK, Kirkeby CT. Using surveillance data for early warning modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe reveals a seasonal shift in transmission, 2016-2022. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15396. [PMID: 37717056 PMCID: PMC10505205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza in wild birds and poultry flocks constitutes a problem for animal welfare, food security and public health. In recent years there have been increasing numbers of outbreaks in Europe, with many poultry flocks culled after being infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Continuous monitoring is crucial to enable timely implementation of control to prevent HPAI spread from wild birds to poultry and between poultry flocks within a country. We here utilize readily available public surveillance data and time-series models to predict HPAI detections within European countries and show a seasonal shift that happened during 2021-2022. The output is models capable of monitoring the weekly risk of HPAI outbreaks, to support decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Jung Kjær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Anette Ella Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Leguia M, Garcia-Glaessner A, Muñoz-Saavedra B, Juarez D, Barrera P, Calvo-Mac C, Jara J, Silva W, Ploog K, Amaro L, Colchao-Claux P, Johnson CK, Uhart MM, Nelson MI, Lescano J. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in marine mammals and seabirds in Peru. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5489. [PMID: 37679333 PMCID: PMC10484921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 viruses (lineage 2.3.4.4b) are rapidly invading the Americas, threatening wildlife, poultry, and potentially evolving into the next global pandemic. In November 2022 HPAI arrived in Peru, triggering massive pelican and sea lion die-offs. We report genomic characterization of HPAI/H5N1 in five species of marine mammals and seabirds (dolphins, sea lions, sanderlings, pelicans and cormorants). Peruvian viruses belong to lineage 2.3.4.4b, but they are 4:4 reassortants where 4 genomic segments (PA, HA, NA and MP) position within the Eurasian lineage that initially entered North America from Eurasia, while the other 4 genomic segments (PB2, PB1, NP and NS) position within the American lineage (clade C) that circulated in North America. These viruses are rapidly accruing mutations, including mutations of concern, that warrant further examination and highlight an urgent need for active local surveillance to manage outbreaks and limit spillover into other species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Leguia
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima, Peru.
- EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Lima, Peru.
| | - Alejandra Garcia-Glaessner
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima, Peru
- EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Lima, Peru
| | - Breno Muñoz-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima, Peru
- EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Lima, Peru
| | - Diana Juarez
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima, Peru
- EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia Barrera
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima, Peru
- EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Calvo-Mac
- EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Lima, Peru
| | - Javier Jara
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI) del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Walter Silva
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI) del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Karl Ploog
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI) del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Lady Amaro
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI) del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Christine K Johnson
- EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Lima, Peru
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marcela M Uhart
- EpiCenter for Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence, Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Lima, Peru
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martha I Nelson
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jesus Lescano
- Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR), Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI) del Perú, Lima, Peru
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18
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Teitelbaum CS, Masto NM, Sullivan JD, Keever AC, Poulson RL, Carter DL, Blake-Bradshaw AG, Highway CJ, Feddersen JC, Hagy HM, Gerhold RW, Cohen BS, Prosser DJ. North American wintering mallards infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza show few signs of altered local or migratory movements. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14473. [PMID: 37660131 PMCID: PMC10475108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses pose a threat to wildlife and livestock health. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in wild birds and poultry in North America in late 2021 was the first such outbreak since 2015 and the largest outbreak in North America to date. Despite its prominence and economic impacts, we know relatively little about how HPAI spreads in wild bird populations. In January 2022, we captured 43 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in Tennessee, USA, 11 of which were actively infected with HPAI. These were the first confirmed detections of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in the Mississippi Flyway. We compared movement patterns of infected and uninfected birds and found no clear differences; infected birds moved just as much during winter, migrated slightly earlier, and migrated similar distances as uninfected birds. Infected mallards also contacted and shared space with uninfected birds while on their wintering grounds, suggesting ongoing transmission of the virus. We found no differences in body condition or survival rates between infected and uninfected birds. Together, these results show that HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b infection was unrelated to body condition or movement behavior in mallards infected at this location during winter; if these results are confirmed in other seasons and as HPAI H5N1 continues to evolve, they suggest that these birds could contribute to the maintenance and dispersal of HPAI in North America. Further research on more species across larger geographic areas and multiple seasons would help clarify potential impacts of HPAI on waterfowl and how this emerging disease spreads at continental scales, across species, and potentially between wildlife and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Teitelbaum
- Akima Systems Engineering, Herndon, VA, USA.
- Contractor to U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, USA.
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute and NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
| | - Nicholas M Masto
- College of Arts and Sciences, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffery D Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Allison C Keever
- College of Arts and Sciences, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Deborah L Carter
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Cory J Highway
- College of Arts and Sciences, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA
| | | | - Heath M Hagy
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Stanton, TN, USA
| | - Richard W Gerhold
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley S Cohen
- College of Arts and Sciences, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA
| | - Diann J Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, USA
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19
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Españo E, Shim SM, Song EJ, Nam JH, Jeong SH, Padasas BT, Kim SH, Kim JK. Surveillance of avian influenza viruses from 2014 to 2018 in South Korea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8410. [PMID: 37225865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of influenza A viruses (IAVs) among migratory waterfowl is a first step in understanding the ecology, biology, and pathogenicity of IAVs. As part of the nationwide surveillance effort for IAVs in fowl in South Korea, we collected environmental fecal samples in different migratory bird stopover sites in South Korea during the winter seasons within November 2014 through January 2018. We collected a total of 6758 fecal samples, 75 of which were positive for IAV (1.11% positivity). Prevalence of IAVs varied per site and per year. Based on sequencing, the most prevalent hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes were H1, H6, and H5, and the most prevalent neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were N1, N3, and N2. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the genes we isolated clustered with reported isolates collected from other locations along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. All the H5 and H7 isolates collected in this study were of low pathogenicity. None of the N1 and N2 genes carried amino acid markers of resistance against NA inhibitors. The winter 2016-2017 subset were primarily borne by migratory geese (Anser spp.). These results suggest that majority of the IAVs circulating among migratory wild fowl in South Korea in 2014-2018 were of low pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Españo
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
- Division of Acute Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hee Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Bill Thaddeus Padasas
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Boulinier T. Avian influenza spread and seabird movements between colonies. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:391-395. [PMID: 36841680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Seabirds have recently been experiencing high rates of mortality across wide scales due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). During breeding, seabird populations are highly spatially structured, while over their lifetimes they spend much time at sea. This makes them unique systems in which to document how movement and interspecies interactions affect eco-epidemiological dynamics.
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21
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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22
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Perlas A, Bertran K, Abad FX, Borrego CM, Nofrarías M, Valle R, Pailler-García L, Ramis A, Cortey M, Acuña V, Majó N. Persistence of low pathogenic avian influenza virus in artificial streams mimicking natural conditions of waterfowl habitats in the Mediterranean climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160902. [PMID: 36526195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can affect wildlife, poultry, and humans, so a One Health perspective is needed to optimize mitigation strategies. Migratory waterfowl globally spread AIVs over long distances. Therefore, the study of AIV persistence in waterfowl staging and breeding areas is key to understanding their transmission dynamics and optimizing management strategies. Here, we used artificial streams mimicking natural conditions of waterfowl habitats in the Mediterranean climate (day/night cycles of photosynthetic active radiation and temperature, low water velocity, and similar microbiome to lowland rivers and stagnant water bodies) and then manipulated temperature and sediment presence (i.e., 10-13 °C vs. 16-18 °C, and presence vs. absence of sediments). An H1N1 low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) strain was spiked in the streams, and water and sediment samples were collected at different time points until 14 days post-spike to quantify viral RNA and detect infectious particles. Viral RNA was detected until the end of the experiment in both water and sediment samples. In water samples, we observed a significant combined effect of temperature and sediments in viral decay, with higher viral genome loads in colder streams without sediments. In sediment samples, we didn't observe any significant effect of temperature. In contrast to prior laboratory-controlled studies that detect longer persistence times, infectious H1N1 LPAIV was isolated in water samples till 2 days post-spike, and none beyond. Infectious H1N1 LPAIV wasn't isolated from any sediment sample. Our results suggest that slow flowing freshwater surface waters may provide conditions facilitating bird-to-bird transmission for a short period when water temperature are between 10 and 18 °C, though persistence for extended periods (e.g., weeks or months) may be less likely. We hypothesize that experiments simulating real environments, like the one described here, provide a more realistic approach for assessing environmental persistence of AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Perlas
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Kateri Bertran
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia. Spain.
| | - Francesc Xavier Abad
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia. Spain.
| | - Carles M Borrego
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Grup d'Ecologia Microbiana Molecular, Institut d'Ecologia Aquàtica, Universitat de Girona (UdG), Plaça Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia. Spain.
| | - Rosa Valle
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia. Spain.
| | - Lola Pailler-García
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia. Spain.
| | - Antonio Ramis
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Vicenç Acuña
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona (UdG), Plaça Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain.
| | - Natàlia Majó
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
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23
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Descriptive Epidemiology of and Response to the High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N8) Epidemic in South African Coastal Seabirds, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2708458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus was detected in coastal seabirds in late 2017 in South Africa, following a devastating epidemic in the commercial poultry and ostrich industries. By May 2018, the infection had been confirmed in fifteen seabird species at 31 sites along the southern coast, with the highest mortality recorded in terns (Family Laridae, Order Charadriiformes). Over 7,500 positive or suspected cases in seabirds were reported. Among those infected were three endangered species: African penguins (Spheniscus demersus Linnaeus, 1758), Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis Wahlberg, 1855), and Cape gannets (Morus capensis Lichtenstein, 1823). The scale and impact of this outbreak were unprecedented in southern African coastal seabirds and raised logistical challenges in resource allocation, risk mitigation, and outbreak response. It required the collaboration of multiple stakeholder groups, including a variety of government departments and nongovernmental organizations. With another HPAI outbreak in South African seabirds in 2021 and major incursions in seabird species in the northern hemisphere in 2022, it is vital to share and consolidate knowledge on the subject. We describe the epidemic, the lessons learned, and recommendations for developing contingency plans.
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24
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Teitelbaum CS, Casazza ML, McDuie F, De La Cruz SEW, Overton CT, Hall LA, Matchett EL, Ackerman JT, Sullivan JD, Ramey AM, Prosser DJ. Waterfowl recently infected with low pathogenic avian influenza exhibit reduced local movement and delayed migration. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Teitelbaum
- Akima Systems Engineering Herndon Virginia USA
- Contractor to U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Michael L. Casazza
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Fiona McDuie
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
- San Jose State University Research Foundation Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing California USA
| | - Susan E. W. De La Cruz
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station Moffett Field California USA
| | - Cory T. Overton
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Laurie A. Hall
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station Moffett Field California USA
| | - Elliott L. Matchett
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Joshua T. Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Jeffery D. Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Andrew M. Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center Anchorage Alaska USA
| | - Diann J. Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
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25
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Wille M, Lisovski S, Roshier D, Ferenczi M, Hoye BJ, Leen T, Warner S, Fouchier RAM, Hurt AC, Holmes EC, Klaassen M. Strong host phylogenetic and ecological effects on host competency for avian influenza in Australian wild birds. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222237. [PMID: 36651046 PMCID: PMC9845974 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Host susceptibility to parasites is mediated by intrinsic and external factors such as genetics, ecology, age and season. While waterfowl are considered central to the reservoir community for low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (LPAIV), the role of host phylogeny has received limited formal attention. Herein, we analysed 12 339 oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and 10 826 serum samples collected over 11 years from wild birds in Australia. As well as describing age and species-level differences in prevalence and seroprevalence, we reveal that host phylogeny is a key driver in host range. Seasonality effects appear less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere, while annual variations are potentially linked to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Our study provides a uniquely detailed insight into the evolutionary ecology of LPAIV in its avian reservoir community, defining distinctive processes on the continent of Australia and expanding our understanding of LPAIV globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Simeon Lisovski
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - David Roshier
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Marta Ferenczi
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Bethany J. Hoye
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Trent Leen
- Geelong Field and Game, Geelong, VIC 3340, Australia,Wetlands Environmental Taskforce, Field and Game Australia, Seymour, VIC 3660, Australia
| | - Simone Warner
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Aeron C. Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia,Victorian Wader Study Group, Thornbury, Victoria 3071, Australia,Australasian Wader Studies Group, Curtin, ACT 2605, Australia
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26
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Bald eagle mortality and nest failure due to clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza a virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:191. [PMID: 36604450 PMCID: PMC9813463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a culturally and ecologically vital species in North America that embodies conservation success but continues to face threats that include emerging pathogens. The introduction of A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic (HP) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza A virus (IAV) in North America in late 2021 resulted in high rates of mortality among bald eagles. Here we show an alarming rate of bald eagle nest failure and mortality attributed to HP IAV. We documented fatal, systemic HP IAV infection in breeding adult and nestling bald eagles along the southeastern U.S. coast. Concurrently, annual bald eagle nest surveys in Georgia and Florida revealed a precipitous drop in success in coastal counties compared with previous years, portending negative impacts on population recruitment. As an apex predator and efficient scavenger, it is likely that bald eagles become infected through consumption of infected waterfowl. These results and similar reports of raptor mortality in Europe, Asia, and Africa, indicate a clear threat to raptor health. The possible long-term persistence of HP H5N1 IAV in North America poses an impending threat to bald eagle populations not only related to direct mortality but also decreased recruitment and warrants continued efforts to understand these potential impacts.
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27
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Wu HDI, Lin RS, Hwang WH, Huang ML, Chen BJ, Yen TC, Chao DY. Integrating Citizen Scientist Data into the Surveillance System for Avian Influenza Virus, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:45-53. [PMID: 36573518 PMCID: PMC9796195 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.220659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing circulation and reassortment with low-pathogenicity avian influenza Gs/Gd (goose/Guangdong/1996)-like avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has caused huge economic losses and raised public health concerns over the zoonotic potential. Virologic surveillance of wild birds has been suggested as part of a global AIV surveillance system. However, underreporting and biased selection of sampling sites has rendered gaining information about the transmission and evolution of highly pathogenic AIV problematic. We explored the use of the Citizen Scientist eBird database to elucidate the dynamic distribution of wild birds in Taiwan and their potential for AIV exchange with domestic poultry. Through the 2-stage analytical framework, we associated nonignorable risk with 10 species of wild birds with >100 significant positive results. We generated a risk map, which served as the guide for highly pathogenic AIV surveillance. Our methodologic blueprint has the potential to be incorporated into the global AIV surveillance system of wild birds.
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28
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Teitelbaum CS, Ackerman JT, Hill MA, Satter JM, Casazza ML, De La Cruz SEW, Boyce WM, Buck EJ, Eadie JM, Herzog MP, Matchett EL, Overton CT, Peterson SH, Plancarte M, Ramey AM, Sullivan JD, Prosser DJ. Avian influenza antibody prevalence increases with mercury contamination in wild waterfowl. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221312. [PMID: 36069010 PMCID: PMC9449466 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contamination is widespread and can negatively impact wildlife health. Some contaminants, including heavy metals, have immunosuppressive effects, but prior studies have rarely measured contamination and disease simultaneously, which limits our understanding of how contaminants and pathogens interact to influence wildlife health. Here, we measured mercury concentrations, influenza infection, influenza antibodies and body condition in 749 individuals from 11 species of wild ducks overwintering in California. We found that the odds of prior influenza infection increased more than fivefold across the observed range of blood mercury concentrations, while accounting for species, age, sex and date. Influenza infection prevalence was also higher in species with higher average mercury concentrations. We detected no relationship between influenza infection and body fat content. This positive relationship between influenza prevalence and mercury concentrations in migratory waterfowl suggests that immunotoxic effects of mercury contamination could promote the spread of avian influenza along migratory flyways, especially if influenza has minimal effects on bird health and mobility. More generally, these results show that the effects of environmental contamination could extend beyond the geographical area of contamination itself by altering the prevalence of infectious diseases in highly mobile hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Teitelbaum
- Akima Systems Engineering, Herndon, VA, USA
- Contractor to U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Joshua T. Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, CA, USA
| | - Mason A. Hill
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Satter
- UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael L. Casazza
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, CA, USA
| | - Susan E. W. De La Cruz
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | | | - Evan J. Buck
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - John M. Eadie
- UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark P. Herzog
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, CA, USA
| | - Elliott L. Matchett
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, CA, USA
| | - Cory T. Overton
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, CA, USA
| | - Sarah H. Peterson
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew M. Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Diann J. Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Laurel, MD, USA
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29
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Gass JD, Kellogg HK, Hill NJ, Puryear WB, Nutter FB, Runstadler JA. Epidemiology and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses among Wildlife in the Arctic. Viruses 2022; 14:1531. [PMID: 35891510 PMCID: PMC9315492 DOI: 10.3390/v14071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic regions are ecologically significant for the environmental persistence and geographic dissemination of influenza A viruses (IAVs) by avian hosts and other wildlife species. Data describing the epidemiology and ecology of IAVs among wildlife in the arctic are less frequently published compared to southern temperate regions, where prevalence and subtype diversity are more routinely documented. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review addresses this gap by describing the prevalence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological characteristics of IAVs detected among wildlife and the environment in this understudied region of the globe. The literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar using a set of pre-defined search terms to identify publications reporting on IAVs in Arctic regions between 1978 and February 2022. A total of 2125 articles were initially screened, 267 were assessed for eligibility, and 71 articles met inclusion criteria. IAVs have been detected in multiple wildlife species in all Arctic regions, including seabirds, shorebirds, waterfowl, seals, sea lions, whales, and terrestrial mammals, and in the environment. Isolates from wild birds comprise the majority of documented viruses derived from wildlife; however, among all animals and environmental matrices, 26 unique low and highly pathogenic subtypes have been characterized in the scientific literature from Arctic regions. Pooled prevalence across studies indicates 4.23% for wild birds, 3.42% among tested environmental matrices, and seroprevalences of 9.29% and 1.69% among marine and terrestrial mammals, respectively. Surveillance data are geographically biased, with most data from the Alaskan Arctic and many fewer reports from the Russian, Canadian, North Atlantic, and Western European Arctic. We highlight multiple important aspects of wildlife host, pathogen, and environmental ecology of IAVs in Arctic regions, including the role of avian migration and breeding cycles for the global spread of IAVs, evidence of inter-species and inter-continental reassortment at high latitudes, and how climate change-driven ecosystem shifts, including changes in the seasonal availability and distribution of dietary resources, have the potential to alter host-pathogen-environment dynamics in Arctic regions. We conclude by identifying gaps in knowledge and propose priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D. Gass
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Hunter K. Kellogg
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
| | - Wendy B. Puryear
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Felicia B. Nutter
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; (H.K.K.); (W.B.P.); (F.B.N.); (J.A.R.)
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Prosser DJ, Schley HL, Simmons N, Sullivan JD, Homyack J, Weegman M, Olsen GH, Berlin AM, Poulson RL, Stallknecht DE, Williams CK. A lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) naturally infected with Eurasian 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus: Movement ecology and host factors. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2653-e2660. [PMID: 35678746 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recognized role of wild waterfowl in the potential dispersal and transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, little is known about how infection affects these birds. This lack of information limits our ability to estimate viral spread in the event of an HPAI outbreak, thereby limiting our abilities to estimate and communicate risk. Here, we present telemetry data from a wild Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis), captured during a separate ecology study in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. This bird tested positive for infection with clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI virus of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 lineage (results received post-release) during the 2021-2022 ongoing outbreaks in North America. While the infected bird was somewhat lighter than other adult males surgically implanted with transmitters (790 g, x̅ = 868 g, n = 11), it showed no clinical signs of infection at capture, during surgery, nor upon release. The bird died 3 days later-pathology undetermined as the specimen was not able to be recovered. Analysis of movement data within the 3-day window showed that the infected individual's maximum and average hourly movements (3894.3 and 428.8 m, respectively) were noticeably lower than noninfected conspecifics tagged and released the same day (x̅ = 21,594.5 and 1097.9 m, respectively; n = 4). We identified four instances where the infected bird had close contact (fixes located within 25 m and 15 min) with another marked bird during this time. Collectively, these data suggest that the HPAI-positive bird observed in this study may have been shedding virus for some period prior to death, with opportunities for direct bird-to-bird or environmental transmission. Although limited by low sample size and proximity to the time of tagging, we hope that these data will provide useful information as managers continue to respond to this ongoing outbreak event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann J Prosser
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah L Schley
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Nathan Simmons
- Wildlife & Heritage Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Wye Mills, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffery D Sullivan
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Josh Homyack
- Wildlife & Heritage Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Wye Mills, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Weegman
- Eastern Neck NWR, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rock Hall, Maryland, USA
| | - Glenn H Olsen
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Alicia M Berlin
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher K Williams
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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