1
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Prince KJ, Mirletz HM, Gaulding EA, Wheeler LM, Kerner RA, Zheng X, Schelhas LT, Tracy P, Wolden CA, Berry JJ, Ovaitt S, Barnes TM, Luther JM. Sustainability pathways for perovskite photovoltaics. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01945-6. [PMID: 39043927 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Solar energy is the fastest-growing source of electricity generation globally. As deployment increases, photovoltaic (PV) panels need to be produced sustainably. Therefore, the resource utilization rate and the rate at which those resources become available in the environment must be in equilibrium while maintaining the well-being of people and nature. Metal halide perovskite (MHP) semiconductors could revolutionize PV technology due to high efficiency, readily available/accessible materials and low-cost production. Here we outline how MHP-PV panels could scale a sustainable supply chain while appreciably contributing to a global renewable energy transition. We evaluate the critical material concerns, embodied energy, carbon impacts and circular supply chain processes of MHP-PVs. The research community is in an influential position to prioritize research efforts in reliability, recycling and remanufacturing to make MHP-PVs one of the most sustainable energy sources on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Prince
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Heather M Mirletz
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Advanced Energy Systems Graduate Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ross A Kerner
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | | | - Laura T Schelhas
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul Tracy
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Colin A Wolden
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph M Luther
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA.
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), Boulder, CO, USA.
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2
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Kruszynski J, Nowicka W, Rozanski A, Liu Y, Parisi D, Yang L, Pasha FA, Bouyahyi M, Jasinska-Walc L, Duchateau R. iPP/HDPE blends compatibilized by a polyester: An unconventional concept to valuable products. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado1944. [PMID: 38781337 PMCID: PMC11114220 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Polyolefins are the most widely used plastics accounting for a large fraction of the polymer waste stream. Although reusing polyolefins seems to be a logical choice, their recycling level remains disappointingly low. This is mainly due to the lack of large-scale availability of efficient and inexpensive compatibilizers for mixed polyolefin waste, typically consisting of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) that, despite their similar chemical hydrocarbon structure, are immiscible. Here, we describe an unconventional approach of using polypentadecalactone, a straightforward and simple-to-produce aliphatic polyester, as a compatibilizer for iPP/HDPE blends, especially the brittle iPP-rich ones. The unexpectedly effective compatibilizer transforms brittle iPP/HDPE blends into unexpectedly tough materials that even outperform the reference HDPE and iPP materials. This simple approach creates opportunities for upcycling polymer waste into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kruszynski
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Weronika Nowicka
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Rozanski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Yingxin Liu
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Chemical Product Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lanti Yang
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, Plasticslaan 1, 4612 PX, Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands
| | - Farhan Ahmad Pasha
- SABIC Technology Center at KAUST, 25 Unity Blvd, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miloud Bouyahyi
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Lidia Jasinska-Walc
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rob Duchateau
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen, Netherlands
- Chemical Product Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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3
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Movva S, Schirmeister CG, Hees T, Tavakoli D, Licht EH, Mülhaupt R, Garmestani H, Jacob KI. Crystallographic Texture Evolution in 3D Printed Polyethylene Reactor Blends. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21016-21034. [PMID: 38764669 PMCID: PMC11097177 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, crystallographic texture evolution in 3D printed trimodal polyethylene (PE) blends and high-density PE (HDPE) benchmark material were investigated to quantify the resulting material anisotropy, and the results were compared to materials made from conventional injection molded (IM) samples. Trimodal PE reactor blends consisting of HDPE, ultrahigh molecular weight PE (UHMWPE), and HDPE_wax have been used for 3D printing and injection molding. Changes in the preferred orientation and distribution of crystallites, i.e., texture evolution, were quantified utilizing the wide angle X-ray diffraction through pole figures and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) for 3D printed and IM samples. Since the change in weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the blend was expected to significantly affect the resulting crystallinity and orientation, the overall Mw of the trimodal PE blend was varied while keeping the UHMWPE component weight fraction to 10% in the blend. The resulting texture was analyzed by varying the overall Mw of the trimodal blend and the process parameters in 3D printing and compared to the texture of conventional IM samples. The printing speed and orientation (defined with respect to the axis along the length of the samples) were used as the variable process parameters for 3D printing. The degree of anisotropy increases with an increase in the nonuniform distribution of intensities in pole figures and ODFs. All the highest intensity major texture components in IM and 3D printed samples (0° printing orientation) of reactor blends are observed to have crystals oriented in [001] or [001̅]. Overall, for the same throughput, 3D printed samples in the 0° orientation showed greater texture evolution and higher anisotropy compared to IM samples. Most notably, an increase in 3D printing speed increased the crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, increasing the anisotropy, while deviation from this printing orientation reduced crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, thus increasing isotropy. This demonstrates that tailoring material properties in specific directions can be achieved more effectively with 3D printing than with the injection molding process. Change in the overall Mw of the trimodal PE blend changed the preferential orientation distribution of the crystal planes to some degree. However, the degree of anisotropy remained the same in almost all cases, indicating that the effect of molecular weight distribution is not as significant as the printing speed and printing orientation in tailoring the resulting properties. The 3D printing process parameters (speed and orientation) were shown to have more influence on the texture than the material parameters associated with the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahitya Movva
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Intel
Corporation, 2501 NE
Century Blvd, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Carl G. Schirmeister
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Basell
Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell
Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany
| | - Timo Hees
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - David Tavakoli
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Erik H. Licht
- Basell
Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell
Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
- Sustainability
Center Freiburg, Ecker-Str.
4, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Hamid Garmestani
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Karl I. Jacob
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- G.W. Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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4
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Nolte RJM, Elemans JAAW. Artificial Processive Catalytic Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304230. [PMID: 38314967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Processive catalysts remain attached to a substrate and perform multiple rounds of catalysis. They are abundant in nature. This review highlights artificial processive catalytic systems, which can be divided into (A) catalytic rings that move along a polymer chain, (B) catalytic pores that hold polymer chains and decompose them, (C) catalysts that remain attached to and move around a cyclic substrate via supramolecular interactions, and (D) anchored catalysts that remain in contact with a substrate via multiple catalytic interactions (see frontispiece).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland J M Nolte
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 125, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The, Netherlands
| | - Johannes A A W Elemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 125, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The, Netherlands
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5
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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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6
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Cravero F, Cavallini N, Arrigo R, Savorani F, Frache A. The Effect of Processing Conditions on the Microstructure of Homopolymer High-Density Polyethylene Blends: A Multivariate Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:870. [PMID: 38611128 PMCID: PMC11013753 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, a multivariate approach was utilized for gaining some insights into the processing-structure-properties relationships in polyethylene-based blends. In particular, two high-density polyethylenes (HDPEs) with different molecular weights were melt-compounded using a twin-screw extruder, and the effects of the screw speed, processing temperature and composition on the microstructure of the blends were evaluated based on a Design of Experiment-multilinear regression (DoE-MLR) approach. The results of the thermal characterization, interpreted trough the MLR (multilinear regression) response surfaces, demonstrated that the composition of the blends and the screw rotation speed are the two most important parameters in determining the crystallinity of the materials. Furthermore, the rheological data were examined using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate approach, highlighting also in this case the most prominent effect of the weight ratio of the two base polymers and the screw rotation speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Cravero
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (F.C.); (A.F.)
- Local INSTM Unit, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Nicola Cavallini
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (N.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (F.C.); (A.F.)
- Local INSTM Unit, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco Savorani
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (N.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Alberto Frache
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (F.C.); (A.F.)
- Local INSTM Unit, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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7
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Eck M, Mecking S. Closed-Loop Recyclable and Nonpersistent Polyethylene-like Polyesters. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:971-980. [PMID: 38446139 PMCID: PMC10956388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAliphatic polyesters based on long-chain monomers were synthesized for the first time almost a century ago. In fact, Carothers' seminal observations that founded the entire field of synthetic polymer fibers were made on such a polyester sample. However, as materials, they have evolved only over the past decade. This is driven by the corresponding monomers becoming practically available from advanced catalytic conversions of plant oils, and future prospects comprise a possible generation from third-generation feedstocks, such as microalgae or waste. Long-chain polyesters such as polyester-18.18 can be considered to be polyethylene chains with a low density of potential breakpoints in the chain. These do not compromise the crystalline structure or the material properties, which resemble linear high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and the materials can also be melt processed by injection molding, film or fiber extrusion, and filament deposition in additive manufacturing. At the same time, they enable closed-loop chemical recycling via solvolysis, which is also possible in mixed waste streams containing polyolefins and even poly(ethylene terephthalate). Recovered monomers possess a quality that enables the generation of recycled polyesters with properties on par with those of the virgin material. The (bio)degradability varies enormously with the constituent monomers. Polyesters based on short-chain diols and long-chain dicarboxylates fully mineralize under industrial composting conditions, despite their HDPE-like crystallinity and hydrophobicity. Fundamental studies of the morphology and thermal behavior of these polymers revealed the location of the in-chain groups and their peculiar role in structure formation during crystallization as well as during melting. All of the concepts outlined were extended to, and elaborated on further, by analogous long-chain aliphatic polymers with other in-chain groups such as carbonates and acetals. The title materials are a potential solution for much needed circular closed-loop recyclable plastics that also as a backstop if lost to the environment will not be persistent for many decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Eck
- Chair of Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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8
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Lee JT, Kang M, Bae JY. The Facile Synthesis and Application of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with a Vinyl Functional Group for Plastic Recycling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2295. [PMID: 38396972 PMCID: PMC10889503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to growing concerns about environmental pollution from plastic waste, plastic recycling research is gaining momentum. Traditional methods, such as incorporating inorganic particles, increasing cross-linking density with peroxides, and blending with silicone monomers, often improve mechanical properties but reduce flexibility for specific performance requirements. This study focuses on synthesizing silica nanoparticles with vinyl functional groups and evaluating their mechanical performance when used in recycled plastics. Silica precursors, namely sodium silicate and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), combined with a surfactant, were employed to create pores, increasing silica's surface area. The early-stage introduction of vinyl functional groups prevented the typical post-synthesis reduction in surface area. Porous silica was produced in varying quantities of VTMS, and the synthesized porous silica nanomaterials were incorporated into recycled polyethylene to induce cross-linking. Despite a decrease in surface area with increasing VTMS content, a significant surface area of 883 m2/g was achieved. In conclusion, porous silica with the right amount of vinyl content exhibited improved mechanical performance, including increased tensile strength, compared to conventional porous silica. This study shows that synthesized porous silica with integrated vinyl functional groups effectively enhances the performance of recycled plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jae Young Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (J.-t.L.); (M.K.)
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9
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Ali A, Naveed A, Maroń A, Younis MA, Moradian JM, Yousaf B, Aziz T, Ali RN, Ahmad N, Alomar SY, Zheqiang F, Guo L. Copolymerization of ethylene and isoprene via silicon bridge metallocene [rac-Me 2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind) 2ZrCl 2] catalyst: A new way to control the composition and microstructure of copolymers. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140700. [PMID: 37977533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The copolymerization of ethylene (E) with isoprene (Ip) was performed catalyzed by a symmetrical catalyst exhibiting a silicon bridge [rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 with the combination of borate/TIBA activator. The effect of cocatalyst, Ip concentration, and polymerization temperature on the activity, molecular weight (Mw), distribution (MWD), comonomer composition, chain structure (regio- and stereoselectivity), and resulting side reactions were logically addressed. Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to characterize the Mw and polydispersity, while nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed for the chain structure of the polymers. The catalytic activity was significantly lower by increasing the Ip concentration in the feed, and the isoprene content in resulting polymers was lower under the reaction condition, leading to higher activity. Insertion of isoprene units in polymer structure demonstrates the higher regioselectivity for the 3,4 connections than the 1,4 connections and is expected to be a high-resistance polymer against acids. The MWD presented monomodal even with a higher concentration (1.44 mol/L) and did not appear as low Mw peaks of Ip. The Mw was higher with a broader MWD when purely TIBA was used as a cocatalyst, and it significantly reduced and presented a narrowed MWD with TEA in the cocatalyst. The higher efficiency of the catalyst for the higher insertion of Ip (C=C double bond) effectively modifies the polymer backbone. It is expected to be a promising candidate for easily degradable and favorable solutions for solving environmental problems caused by PE. wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice, 40-600, Poland; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Ahmad Naveed
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| | - Anna Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice, 40-600, Poland
| | - Muhammad Adnan Younis
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | | | - Balal Yousaf
- Department of Technologies and Installations for West Management, Faculty of Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering Yunqi Campus, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, PR China
| | - Rai Nauman Ali
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies, Mohammed IV Polytechnic University, Benguirer, Morocco
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Yousef Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fan Zheqiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Li Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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10
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Santoro A, Marino M, Vandenberg LN, Szychlinska MA, Lamparelli EP, Scalia F, Della Rocca N, D’Auria R, Pastorino GMG, Della Porta G, Operto FF, Viggiano A, Cappello F, Meccariello R. PLASTAMINATION: Outcomes on the Central Nervous System and Reproduction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1870-1898. [PMID: 38549522 PMCID: PMC11284724 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666240216085947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposures to non-biodegradable and biodegradable plastics are unavoidable. Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) from the manufacturing of plastics (primary sources) and the degradation of plastic waste (secondary sources) can enter the food chain directly or indirectly and, passing biological barriers, could target both the brain and the gonads. Hence, the worldwide diffusion of environmental plastic contamination (PLASTAMINATION) in daily life may represent a possible and potentially serious risk to human health. OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of the effects of non-biodegradable and the more recently introduced biodegradable MPs and NPs on the brain and brain-dependent reproductive functions, summarizing the molecular mechanisms and outcomes on nervous and reproductive organs. Data from in vitro, ex vivo, non-mammalian and mammalian animal models and epidemiological studies have been reviewed and discussed. RESULTS MPs and NPs from non-biodegradable plastics affect organs, tissues and cells from sensitive systems such as the brain and reproductive organs. Both MPs and NPs induce oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, energy metabolism disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity, which in turn are responsible for neuroinflammation, dysregulation of synaptic functions, metabolic dysbiosis, poor gamete quality, and neuronal and reproductive toxicity. In spite of this mechanistic knowledge gained from studies of non-biodegradable plastics, relatively little is known about the adverse effects or molecular mechanisms of MPs and NPs from biodegradable plastics. CONCLUSION The neurological and reproductive health risks of MPs/NPs exposure warrant serious consideration, and further studies on biodegradable plastics are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Santoro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Marianna Marino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria 94100 Enna (EN), Italy
| | - Erwin Pavel Lamparelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Federica Scalia
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Natalia Della Rocca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Raffaella D’Auria
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Giovanna Pastorino
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of 84100 Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Francesca Felicia Operto
- Department of Science of Health School of Medicine, University Magna Graecia 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90127, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples, 80133 Naples, Italy
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11
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Baur M, Mast NK, Brahm JP, Habé R, Morgen TO, Mecking S. High-Density Polyethylene with In-Chain Photolyzable and Hydrolyzable Groups Enabling Recycling and Degradation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310990. [PMID: 37738209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylenes endowed with low densities of in-chain hydrolyzable and photocleavable groups can improve their circularity and potentially reduce their environmental persistency. We show with model polymers derived from acyclic diene metathesis polymerization that the simultaneous presence of both groups has no adverse effect on the polyethylene crystal structure and thermal properties. Post-polymerization Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of keto-polyethylenes from non-alternating catalytic ethylene-CO chain growth copolymerization yield high molecular weight in-chain keto-ester polyethylenes (Mn ≈50.000 g mol-1 ). Oxidation can proceed without chain scission and consequently the desirable materials properties of HDPE are retained. At the same time we demonstrate the suitability of the in-chain ester groups for chemical recycling by methanolysis, and show that photolytic degradation by extended exposure to simulated sunlight occurs via the keto groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Baur
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nina K Mast
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jan P Brahm
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rosa Habé
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias O Morgen
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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12
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Lamparelli EP, Marino M, Szychlinska MA, Della Rocca N, Ciardulli MC, Scala P, D’Auria R, Testa A, Viggiano A, Cappello F, Meccariello R, Della Porta G, Santoro A. The Other Side of Plastics: Bioplastic-Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Systems in the Brain. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2549. [PMID: 38004530 PMCID: PMC10674524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics have changed human lives, finding a broad range of applications from packaging to medical devices. However, plastics can degrade into microscopic forms known as micro- and nanoplastics, which have raised concerns about their accumulation in the environment but mainly about the potential risk to human health. Recently, biodegradable plastic materials have been introduced on the market. These polymers are biodegradable but also bioresorbable and, indeed, are fundamental tools for drug formulations, thanks to their transient ability to pass through biological barriers and concentrate in specific tissues. However, this "other side" of bioplastics raises concerns about their toxic potential, in the form of micro- and nanoparticles, due to easier and faster tissue accumulation, with unknown long-term biological effects. This review aims to provide an update on bioplastic-based particles by analyzing the advantages and drawbacks of their potential use as components of innovative formulations for brain diseases. However, a critical analysis of the literature indicates the need for further studies to assess the safety of bioplastic micro- and nanoparticles despite they appear as promising tools for several nanomedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Pavel Lamparelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Marianna Marino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | - Natalia Della Rocca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Camilla Ciardulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Pasqualina Scala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Raffaella D’Auria
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonino Testa
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Department of Movement and Wellbeing Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonietta Santoro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (E.P.L.); (M.M.); (N.D.R.); (M.C.C.); (P.S.); (R.D.); (A.V.); (A.S.)
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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13
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Sahoo S, Rathod W, Vardikar H, Biswal M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Biomedical waste plastic: bacteria, disinfection and recycling technologies-a comprehensive review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37360566 PMCID: PMC10189688 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04975-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Plastic recycling reduces the wastage of potentially useful materials as well as the consumption of virgin materials, thereby lowering the energy consumption, air pollution by incineration, soil and water pollution by landfilling. Plastics used in the biomedical sector have played a significant role. Reducing the transmission of the virus while protecting the human life in particular the frontline workers. Enormous volumes of plastics in biomedical waste have been observed during the outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19. This has resulted from the extensive use of personal protective equipment such as masks, gloves, face shields, bottles, sanitizers, gowns, and other medical plastics which has created challenges to the existing waste management system in the developing countries. The current review focuses on the biomedical waste and its classification, disinfection, and recycling technology of different types of plastics waste generated in the sector and their corresponding approaches toward end-of-life option and value addition. This review provides a broader overview of the process to reduce the volume of plastics from biomedical waste directly entering the landfill while providing a knowledge step toward the conversion of "waste" to "wealth." An average of 25% of the recyclable plastics are present in biomedical waste. All the processes discussed in this article accounts for cleaner techniques and a sustainable approach to the treatment of biomedical waste. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sahoo
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
- Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha 753003 India
| | - W. Rathod
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - H. Vardikar
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - M. Biswal
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - S. Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - S. K. Nayak
- Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha 753003 India
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14
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Swetha TA, Ananthi V, Bora A, Sengottuvelan N, Ponnuchamy K, Muthusamy G, Arun A. A review on biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) production from fermentative food waste - Its applications and degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123703. [PMID: 36801291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to its low carbon footprint and environmental friendliness, polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely produced bioplastics in the world. Manufacturing attempts to partially replace petrochemical plastics with PLA are growing year over year. Although this polymer is typically used in high-end applications, its use will increase only if it can be produced at the lowest cost. As a result, food wastes rich in carbohydrates can be used as the primary raw material for the production of PLA. Lactic acid (LA) is typically produced through biological fermentation, but a suitable downstream separation process with low production costs and high product purity is also essential. The global PLA market has been steadily expanding with the increased demand, and PLA has now become the most widely used biopolymer across a range of industries, including packaging, agriculture, and transportation. Therefore, the necessity for an efficient manufacturing method with reduced production costs and a vital separation method is paramount. The primary goal of this study is to examine the various methods of lactic acid synthesis, together with their characteristics and the metabolic processes involved in producing lactic acid from food waste. In addition, the synthesis of PLA, possible difficulties in its biodegradation, and its application in diverse industries have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Angelin Swetha
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - V Ananthi
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India; Department of Molecular Biology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhispa Bora
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | | | - Kumar Ponnuchamy
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Govarthanan Muthusamy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - A Arun
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India.
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15
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von Vacano B, Mangold H, Vandermeulen GWM, Battagliarin G, Hofmann M, Bean J, Künkel A. Sustainable Design of Structural and Functional Polymers for a Circular Economy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210823. [PMID: 36197763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To achieve a sustainable circular economy, polymer production must start transitioning to recycled and biobased feedstock and accomplish CO2 emission neutrality. This is not only true for structural polymers, such as in packaging or engineering applications, but also for functional polymers in liquid formulations, such as adhesives, lubricants, thickeners or dispersants. At their end of life, polymers must be either collected and recycled via a technical pathway, or be biodegradable if they are not collectable. Advances in polymer chemistry and applications, aided by computational material science, open the way to addressing these issues comprehensively by designing for recyclability and biodegradability. This Review explores how scientific progress, together with emerging regulatory frameworks, societal expectations and economic boundary conditions, paint pathways for the transformation towards a circular economy of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Mangold
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Guido W M Vandermeulen
- Functional Polymers R&D, Care Chemicals Division, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | | | - Jessica Bean
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andreas Künkel
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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16
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Eck M, Schwab ST, Nelson TF, Wurst K, Iberl S, Schleheck D, Link C, Battagliarin G, Mecking S. Biodegradable High-Density Polyethylene-like Material. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213438. [PMID: 36480133 PMCID: PMC10107712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel polyester material generated from readily available biobased 1,18-octadecanedicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol possesses a polyethylene-like solid-state structure and also tensile properties similar to high density polyethylene (HDPE). Despite its crystallinity, high melting point (Tm =96 °C) and hydrophobic nature, polyester-2,18 is subject to rapid and complete hydrolytic degradation in in vitro assays with isolated naturally occurring enzymes. Under industrial composting conditions (ISO standard 14855-1) the material is biodegraded with mineralization above 95 % within two months. Reference studies with polyester-18,18 (Tm =99 °C) reveal a strong impact of the nature of the diol repeating unit on degradation rates, possibly related to the density of ester groups in the amorphous phase. Depolymerization by methanolysis indicates suitability for closed-loop recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Eck
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Timm Schwab
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Taylor Frederick Nelson
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Katrin Wurst
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Steffen Iberl
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Schleheck
- Microbial Ecology and Limnic Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christoph Link
- BASF SE, PMD/GB-B001, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Glauco Battagliarin
- BASF SE, PMD/GB-B001, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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17
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Mohamad Dzol MAA, Balasundram V, Shameli K, Ibrahim N, Manan ZA, Isha R. Catalytic pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene over nickel-waste chicken eggshell/HZSM-5. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116392. [PMID: 36208512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the current work is to investigate the effect of nickel-waste chicken eggshell modified Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (Ni-WCE/HZSM-5) on pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 was synthesized via the impregnation incipient wetness (IWI) method with Ni and WCE mass loading of 4 and 12 wt% respectively. HZSM-5, CaO, WCE, WCE/HZSM-5, and Ni/HZSM-5 were prepared for comparison purposes with Ni-WCE/HZSM-5. All the synthesized catalysts were characterized for phase analysis, metal loading, surface morphology, and textural properties. The impregnation of nickel and WCE had significantly affected the original framework of HZSM-5, where the crystallinity percentage and average crystal size of HZSM-5 dropped to 44.97% and increased to 47.90 nm respectively. The surface morphology of HZSM-5 has drastically changed from a cubic-like shape into a spider web-like surface after the impregnation of WCE. The BET surface area of HZSM-5 has been lowered due to the impregnation of nickel and WCE, but the total pore volume has increased greatly from 0.2291 cm3/g to 0.2621 cm3/g. The catalyst performance was investigated in the pyrolysis of HDPE via a fixed bed reactor and the pyrolysis oil was further analysed to evaluate the distribution of C6 to C9> hydrocarbons. Among the tested catalytic samples, the highest pyrolysis oil yield was achieved by WCE (80%) followed by CaO (78%), WCE/HZSM-5 (63%), HZSM-5 (61%), Ni/HZSM-5 (44%) and Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 (50%). For hydrocarbon distribution in pyrolysis oil, the Ni/HZSM-5 produced the highest of total C6 and C7 hydrocarbons at 12% and 27% respectively followed by WCE/HZSM-5 (4% and 20%), non-catalytic (5% and 13%), Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 (0% and 15%), WCE (0% and 10%), HZSM-5 (0% and 6%) and CaO (0% and 0%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A A Mohamad Dzol
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - V Balasundram
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - K Shameli
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Ibrahim
- Energy Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Z A Manan
- Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECTS), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - R Isha
- College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
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18
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Khan A, Ali Shah SF, Majeed K, Hameed I, Najam M, Hasan M, Ullah M, Khan MS, Ahmad Z, Akhtar MS. Polymeric membranes for environmental remediation: A product space model perspective. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135236. [PMID: 35688204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of polymeric membranes from polymers such as polystyrene (PS), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and their associated family has brought great momentum to the environmental remediation universe, mainly due to their surprisingly diverse and multi-purpose nature. Their usage has surged 20 times in the last half-century and is likely to double again in the coming 20 years. As a result, the polymeric materials economy and commercialization of research become increasingly important as a possible option for a country to boost prosperity while decreasing its reliance on limited raw resources and mitigating negative externalities. This transformation demands a systematic strategy, which involves progress beyond improving the existing models and building new avenues for collaboration. In this work, a sophisticated system, i.e., product space model (PSM), has been presented, explicitly appraising the opportunity space for United Kingdom, Italy, Poland, India, Canada, Indonesia, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Russia and Colombia for their potential future industrialization and commercialization of polymeric membranes for environmental remediation. The results revealed that UK, Italy, Poland and India are at advantageous positions owing to their close proximity of (distance<2) and their placement in Parsimonious policy, which is the most desired quadrant of Policy Map of PSM, Canada and Indonesia have medium level opportunities, while Russia and Saudi Arabia have opportunities with more challenges to fully exploit the unexploited polymers products in terms of membranes for environmental remediation and prove favorable for export diversification, sustainable economic growth, and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | | | - Khaliq Majeed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Defense Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Iqra Hameed
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Mohsin Najam
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Mudassir Hasan
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mansoor Ullah
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Chitral, 17200, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Mohd Shariq Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah, 211, Oman.
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Jasinska-Walc L, Bouyahyi M, Duchateau R. Potential of Functionalized Polyolefins in a Sustainable Polymer Economy: Synthetic Strategies and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1985-1996. [PMID: 35849758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusPolymers play a crucial role in our modern life as no other material exists that is so versatile, moldable, and lightweight. Consequently, the demand for polymers will continue to grow with the human population, modernization, and technological developments. However, depleted fossil resources, increasing plastic waste production, ocean pollution, and related growing emission of greenhouse gases has led to a change in the way we think about the use of polymers. Although polymers were never designed to be recycled, it is clear that a linear polymers economy is no longer sustainable. The design for recycling and reuse and life-cycle analyses will become increasingly important factors when deciding on which polymer to choose for a certain application. Of all polymers, polyolefins have the lowest life-cycle environmental impact and even outperform renewable polymers. However, polyolefins are chemically inert and reveal a low surface energy. Combining their excellent mechanical properties with the ability to adhere to other materials or create self-assembled or nanostructured materials would widen the application window of polyolefins even more.This Account covers part of our personal account in the field of functionalized polyolefin synthesis and their application development. We start with addressing the challenge of finding suitable catalysts that tolerate nucleophilic functionalities, which tends to poison most electrophilic catalysts even when passivated with, for example, an aluminum alkyl. We argued that lowering of the oxidation state of a titanium-based catalyst might lower the electrophilicity of the metal center. Indeed, this simple approach resulted in an unprecedentedly high tolerance toward aluminum alkyl-passivated alkenols during their copolymerization with ethylene. Interestingly, catalyst deactivation was much less pronounced during the copolymerization of propylene and aluminum-passivated alkenols, clearly demonstrating the protective effect of the methyl branch in the growing polymer. Because the use of randomly functionalized polypropylenes is rather underdeveloped, as compared to the corresponding randomly functionalized polyethylenes, we focused on potential applications of the former material. Atactic or low-crystalline hydroxyl- and carboxylic acid-functionalized propylene-based co- and terpolymers form elastomers with interesting properties that can be influenced by enhancing the hydrogen bonding within the system or by creating ionomers. The polar functionalities cluster together in domains that can host small polar molecules such as, for example, a pH indicator, thus affording useful sensors. The functionalized polyolefins can also be used as precursors for amphiphilic graft copolymers, undergoing self-assembly and therefore being suitable for nanoporous membrane preparation. The graft copolymers also proved to be effective compatibilizers in various polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Jasinska-Walc
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, 6160 AH Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Miloud Bouyahyi
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, 6160 AH Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Duchateau
- SABIC Technology & Innovation, STC Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, 6160 AH Geleen, The Netherlands.,Chemical Product Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High-Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202258. [PMID: 35263499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and economical plastic waste upcycling relies on the development of catalysts capable of polymer degradation. A systematic high-throughput screening of twenty-eight polymerization catalyst precursors, belonging to the catalyst families of metallocenes, ansa-metallocenes, and hemi- and post-metallocenes, in cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) degradation reveals, for the first time, important structure-activity correlations. The upcycling conditions involve activation of the catalysts (at 0.18 % catalyst loading) with tri-iso-butyl aluminum at 50 °C in toluene. The data indicate the ability to degrade PB is a general reactivity profile of neutral group 4 metal hydrides. A simple quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) model utilizing two descriptors for the distribution of steric bulk in the active pocket and one measuring the metal ion electrophilicity reveals the degradation ability improves with increased but not overbearing steric congestion and lower electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia D Cannavacciuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Z Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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21
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Zou C, Si G, Chen C. A general strategy for heterogenizing olefin polymerization catalysts and the synthesis of polyolefins and composites. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1954. [PMID: 35414067 PMCID: PMC9005542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogenization of homogeneous metal complexes on solid supports presents an efficient strategy for bridging homogeneous catalysts with industrially-preferred heterogeneous catalysts; however, a series of drawbacks restrict their implementation in olefin polymerization, particularly for copolymerization with polar comonomers. In this contribution, we report an ionic anchoring strategy that is highly versatile, generally applicable to different systems, and enables strong catalyst-support interactions while tolerating various polar functional groups. In addition to greatly enhanced polymerization properties, the supported catalysts achieved higher comonomer incorporation than their unsupported counterparts. This strategy enabled efficient polymerization at high temperatures at large scale and great control over product morphology, and the facile synthesis of polyolefin composites. More importantly, the dispersion of different fillers in the polyolefin matrix produced great material properties even at low composite loadings. It is expected that this strategy will find applications in different catalytic systems and the synthesis of advanced engineering materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guifu Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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23
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High‐Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Georgy P. Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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24
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Alberoni C, D’Alterio MC, Balducci G, Immirzi B, Polentarutti M, Pellecchia C, Milani B. Tunable “In-Chain” and “At the End of the Branches” Methyl Acrylate Incorporation in the Polyolefin Skeleton through Pd(II) Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimo C. D’Alterio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia ″A. Zambelli″, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Immirzi
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Maurizio Polentarutti
- Elettra − Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia ″A. Zambelli″, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Barbara Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Veskova
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Federica Sbordone
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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26
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Rosenboom JG, Langer R, Traverso G. Bioplastics for a circular economy. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:117-137. [PMID: 35075395 PMCID: PMC8771173 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics - typically plastics manufactured from bio-based polymers - stand to contribute to more sustainable commercial plastic life cycles as part of a circular economy, in which virgin polymers are made from renewable or recycled raw materials. Carbon-neutral energy is used for production and products are reused or recycled at their end of life (EOL). In this Review, we assess the advantages and challenges of bioplastics in transitioning towards a circular economy. Compared with fossil-based plastics, bio-based plastics can have a lower carbon footprint and exhibit advantageous materials properties; moreover, they can be compatible with existing recycling streams and some offer biodegradation as an EOL scenario if performed in controlled or predictable environments. However, these benefits can have trade-offs, including negative agricultural impacts, competition with food production, unclear EOL management and higher costs. Emerging chemical and biological methods can enable the 'upcycling' of increasing volumes of heterogeneous plastic and bioplastic waste into higher-quality materials. To guide converters and consumers in their purchasing choices, existing (bio)plastic identification standards and life cycle assessment guidelines need revision and homogenization. Furthermore, clear regulation and financial incentives remain essential to scale from niche polymers to large-scale bioplastic market applications with truly sustainable impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Georg Rosenboom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
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27
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Abstract
Approximately 300 million tons of plastic waste is generated per year. The major portion of this plastic waste is landfilled, while part of it leaks into the environment. When plastic waste enters the terrestrial or aqueous environment, it can have negative impacts on ecosystems, human health, and wildlife. Increasing the amount of plastic waste that is recycled will correspondingly reduce the amount of plastic waste that enters the environment. By educating the public and industry on plastic recycling, current recycling programs can be used more efficiently, and new programs can be created. Education material on plastic recycling is available through professional and industry associations, foundations with an environmental focus, university courses, and short courses offered with private companies. This review assembles and analyzes the current education material on plastic recycling that is available from these providers. The material compiled here can be used to gain insight into specific plastic recycling-related topics, to identify areas of recycling education that can be improved, and as a resource to help build university level courses. There is currently a dearth of plastic recycling courses offered at the university level. Educating more students on plastic recycling will equip them with the knowledge and skills to make informed decisions as consumers, and to implement plastic recycling systems at the professional level.
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28
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Nguyen ST, McLoughlin EA, Cox JH, Fors BP, Knowles RR. Depolymerization of Hydroxylated Polymers via Light-Driven C-C Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12268-12277. [PMID: 34333967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of persistent plastic waste in the environment is widely recognized as an ecological crisis. New chemical technologies are necessary both to recycle existing plastic waste streams into high-value chemical feedstocks and to develop next-generation materials that are degradable by design. Here, we report a catalytic methodology for the depolymerization of a commercial phenoxy resin and high molecular weight hydroxylated polyolefin derivatives upon visible light irradiation near ambient temperature. Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) activation of hydroxyl groups periodically spaced along the polymer backbone furnishes reactive alkoxy radicals that promote chain fragmentation through C-C bond β-scission. The depolymerization produces well-defined and isolable product mixtures that are readily diversified to polycondensation monomers. In addition to controlling depolymerization, the hydroxyl group modulates the thermomechanical properties of these polyolefin derivatives, yielding materials with diverse properties. These results demonstrate a new approach to polymer recycling based on light-driven C-C bond cleavage that has the potential to establish new links within a circular polymer economy and influence the development of new degradable-by-design polyolefin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suong T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elizabeth A McLoughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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29
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The Critical Importance of Adopting Whole-of-Life Strategies for Polymers and Plastics. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13158218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plastics have been revolutionary in numerous sectors, and many of the positive attributes of modern life can be attributed to their use. However, plastics are often treated only as disposable commodities, which has led to the ever-increasing accumulation of plastic and plastic by-products in the environment as waste, and an unacceptable growth of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution. The catchphrase “plastics are everywhere”, perhaps once seen as extolling the virtues of plastics, is now seen by most as a potential or actual threat. Scientists are confronting this environmental crisis, both by developing recycling methods to deal with the legacy of plastic waste, and by highlighting the need to develop and implement effective whole-of-life strategies in the future use of plastic materials. The importance and topicality of this subject are evidenced by the dramatic increase in the use of terms such as “whole of life”, “life-cycle assessment”, “circular economy” and “sustainable polymers” in the scientific and broader literature. Effective solutions, however, are still to be forthcoming. In this review, we assess the potential for implementing whole-of-life strategies for plastics to achieve our vision of a circular economy. In this context, we consider the ways in which given plastics might be recycled into the same plastic for potential use in the same application, with minimal material loss, the lowest energy cost, and the least potential for polluting the environment.
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30
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Suárez L, Castellano J, Díaz S, Tcharkhtchi A, Ortega Z. Are Natural-Based Composites Sustainable? Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142326. [PMID: 34301085 PMCID: PMC8309527 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper assesses the aspects related to sustainability of polymer composites, focusing on the two main components of a composite, the matrix and the reinforcement/filler. Most studies analyzed deals with the assessment of the composite performance, but not much attention has been paid to the life cycle assessment (LCA), biodegradation or recyclability of these materials, even in those papers containing the terms "sustainable" (or its derivate words), "green" or "eco". Many papers claim about the sustainable or renewable character of natural fiber composites, although, again, analysis about recyclability, biodegradation or carbon footprint determination of these materials have not been studied in detail. More studies focusing on the assessment of these composites are needed in order to clarify their potential environmental benefits when compared to other types of composites, which include compounds not obtained from biological resources. LCA methodology has only been applied to some case studies, finding enhanced environmental behavior for natural fiber composites when compared to synthetic ones, also showing the potential benefits of using recycled carbon or glass fibers. Biodegradable composites are considered of lesser interest to recyclable ones, as they allow for a higher profitability of the resources. Finally, it is interesting to highlight the enormous potential of waste as raw material for composite production, both for the matrix and the filler/reinforcement; these have two main benefits: no resources are used for their growth (in the case of biological materials), and fewer residues need to be disposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Suárez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (L.S.); (S.D.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain;
| | - Jessica Castellano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain;
| | - Sara Díaz
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (L.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Abbas Tcharkhtchi
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, CNRS, CNAM, PIMM, HESAM University, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Zaida Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (L.S.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Bossers KW, Valadian R, Garrevoet J, van Malderen S, Chan R, Friederichs N, Severn J, Wilbers A, Zanoni S, Jongkind MK, Weckhuysen BM, Meirer F. Heterogeneity in the Fragmentation of Ziegler Catalyst Particles during Ethylene Polymerization Quantified by X-ray Nanotomography. JACS AU 2021; 1:852-864. [PMID: 34240080 PMCID: PMC8243319 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ziegler-type catalysts are the grand old workhorse of the polyolefin industry, yet their hierarchically complex nature complicates polymerization activity-catalyst structure relationships. In this work, the degree of catalyst framework fragmentation of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) Ziegler-type catalyst was studied using ptychography X-ray-computed nanotomography (PXCT) in the early stages of ethylene polymerization under mild reaction conditions. An ensemble consisting of 434 fully reconstructed ethylene prepolymerized Ziegler catalyst particles prepared at a polymer yield of 3.4 g HDPE/g catalyst was imaged. This enabled a statistical route to study the heterogeneity in the degree of particle fragmentation and therefore local polymerization activity at an achieved 3-D spatial resolution of 74 nm without requiring invasive imaging tools. To study the degree of catalyst fragmentation within the ensemble, a fragmentation parameter was constructed based on a k-means clustering algorithm that relates the quantity of polyethylene formed to the average size of the spatially resolved catalyst fragments. With this classification method, we have identified particles that exhibit weak, moderate, and strong degrees of catalyst fragmentation, showing that there is a strong heterogeneity in the overall catalyst particle fragmentation and thus polymerization activity within the entire ensemble. This hints toward local mass transfer limitations or other deactivation phenomena. The methodology used here can be applied to all polyolefin catalysts, including metallocene and the Phillips catalysts to gain statistically relevant fundamental insights in the fragmentation behavior of an ensemble of catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen W. Bossers
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roozbeh Valadian
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Photon
Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22603, Germany
| | - Stijn van Malderen
- Photon
Science at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg 22603, Germany
| | - Robert Chan
- SABIC, P.O. Box 319, 6160
AH Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Severn
- DSM
Materials Science Center, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Wilbers
- DSM
Materials Science Center, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zanoni
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten K. Jongkind
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Sitadewi D, Yudoko G, Okdinawati L. Bibliographic mapping of post-consumer plastic waste based on hierarchical circular principles across the system perspective. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07154. [PMID: 34141922 PMCID: PMC8187834 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current dominating production and consumption model is based on the linear economy (LE) model, within which raw materials are extracted-processed-consumed-discarded. A circular economy (CE) constitutes a regenerative systemic approach to economic development which views waste as a valuable resource to be reprocessed back into the economy. In order to understand the circular strategy for a systemic change from an LE to a CE as a means of resolving the issue of plastic waste, this research aims to map current circular strategy trends across the system perspective contained in the literature relating to plastic CE literature. The novelty of the research lies in the mapping and review of the distribution of comprehensive circular strategies within the 9R framework across the entire system perspective (e.g. micro-meso-macro) down to its sub-levels in the literature on a plastic CE. The bibliographic mapping and systematic literature review iindicateed that the majority of the research focused on recycle (R8), followed by refuse (R0), reuse (R3), and reduce (R2). Certain circular strategies are more appropriate to handling certain plastic materials, despite CE's favoring of prevention and recycling over incineration. Recover (R9) is often used to process mixed and contaminated plastic. Recycling (R8) is the most popular circular strategy and the most applicable to plastic material with three recycle trends, namely; mechanical recycling, chemical recycling and DRAM (Distributed-Recycling-and-Additive-Manufacturing). Prolonging the product life through refurbishing (R5) is not applicable to plastic due to its material limitations. Reduce (R2) popularity as circular strategy reflects the preference to reduce consumption, either by launching campaigns to prevent waste or increasing production efficiency. Research on Rethink (R1) has largely focused on rethinking product design, consumer and organization behavior and perceptions of CE. Refuse (R0) strategy is an adoption of bio-based plastics which have a similar function to fossil-based plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Sitadewi
- School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Gatot Yudoko
- School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Liane Okdinawati
- School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
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33
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Hansen H, Wadepohl H, Enders M. Improved Single‐Site Chromium Catalysts with Electron Rich Indenyl Ligands for the Formation of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helge‐Boj Hansen
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Markus Enders
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Closed-loop recycling of polyethylene-like materials. Nature 2021; 590:423-427. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Progress in MgCl2 supported Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polyolefin products and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kane AQ, Esper AM, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. Probing β-alkyl elimination and selectivity in polyolefin hydrogenolysis through DFT. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A long chain substrate with [(SiO)3ZrH] has been investigated to elucidate selectivity rules in β-alkyl elimination. DFT studies indicate that polypropylene preferentially undergoes β-Me elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q. Kane
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alec M. Esper
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Keith Searles
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Adam S. Veige
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Johnson AN, Barlow DE, Kelly AL, Varaljay VA, Crookes‐Goodson WJ, Biffinger JC. Current progress towards understanding the biodegradation of synthetic condensation polymers with active hydrolases. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E Barlow
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Vanessa A Varaljay
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base OH USA
| | - Wendy J Crookes‐Goodson
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base OH USA
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Roelands MCP, White RJ, van Harmelen T, de Wild P, van der Laan GP, Meirer F, Keurentjes JTF, Weckhuysen BM. Beyond Mechanical Recycling: Giving New Life to Plastic Waste. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15402-15423. [PMID: 32160372 PMCID: PMC7497176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the stream of recycled plastic necessitates an approach beyond the traditional recycling via melting and re-extrusion. Various chemical recycling processes have great potential to enhance recycling rates. In this Review, a summary of the various chemical recycling routes and assessment via life-cycle analysis is complemented by an extensive list of processes developed by companies active in chemical recycling. We show that each of the currently available processes is applicable for specific plastic waste streams. Thus, only a combination of different technologies can address the plastic waste problem. Research should focus on more realistic, more contaminated and mixed waste streams, while collection and sorting infrastructure will need to be improved, that is, by stricter regulation. This Review aims to inspire both science and innovation for the production of higher value and quality products from plastic recycling suitable for reuse or valorization to create the necessary economic and environmental push for a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mark C. P. Roelands
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)DelftThe Netherlands
| | - Robin J. White
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)Materials Solutions DepartmentEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Toon van Harmelen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)Climate, Air & Sustainability DepartmentUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Paul de Wild
- Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland (ECN)- part of TNO, Biomass & Energy EfficiencyPettenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard P. van der Laan
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)Climate, Air & Sustainability DepartmentUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Roelands MCP, White RJ, Harmelen T, Wild P, Laan GP, Meirer F, Keurentjes JTF, Weckhuysen BM. Die nächste Generation des Recyclings – neues Leben für Kunststoffmüll. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Mark C. P. Roelands
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Delft Niederlande
| | - Robin J. White
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Materials Solutions Department Eindhoven Niederlande
| | - Toon Harmelen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Climate, Air & Sustainability Department Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Paul Wild
- Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland (ECN) –, part of TNO, Biomass & Energy Efficiency Petten Niederlande
| | - Gerard P. Laan
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Climate, Air & Sustainability Department Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | | | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
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Gan Z, Zhang H. PMBD: a Comprehensive Plastics Microbial Biodegradation Database. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2020; 2019:5625879. [PMID: 31738435 PMCID: PMC6859810 DOI: 10.1093/database/baz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the invention over a hundred years ago, plastics have been used in many applications, and they are involved in every aspect of our lives. The extensive usage of plastics results in a tremendous amount of waste, which has become a severe burden on the environment. Several degradation approaches exist in nature to cope with ever-increasing plastic waste. Among these approaches, biodegradation by microorganisms has emerged as a natural way, which is favored by many environmentally conscious societies. To facilitate the study on biodegradation of plastics, we developed an online resource, Plastics Microbial Biodegradation Database (PMBD), to gather and present the information about microbial biodegradation of plastics. In this database, 949 microorganisms–plastics relationships and 79 genes involved in the biodegradation of plastics were manually collected and confirmed through literature searching. In addition, more than 8000 automatically annotated enzyme sequences, which were predicted to be involved in the plastics biodegradation, were extracted from the TrEMBL section of the UniProt database. The PMBD database is presented with a website at http://pmbd.genome-mining.cn/home. Data may be accessed through browsing or searching. Also included on the website are a sequence alignment tool and a function prediction tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Gan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
| | - Houjin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhong F, Thomann R, Thomann Y, Burk L, Mülhaupt R. Melt-Processable Nacre-Mimetic Hydrocarbon Composites via Polymer 1D Nanostructure Formation. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Yi Thomann
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Laura Burk
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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Schäfer M, Wallstein N, Schulz M, Thurn‐Albrecht T, Saalwächter K. Intracrystalline Dynamics in Oligomer‐Diluted Poly(Ethylene Oxide). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Schäfer
- Institut für Physik ‐ NMR Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Niklas Wallstein
- Institut für Physik ‐ NMR Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Martha Schulz
- Institut für Physik ‐ Polymerphysik Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn‐Albrecht
- Institut für Physik ‐ Polymerphysik Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik ‐ NMR Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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Zhong F, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R. Tailoring Mono-, Bi-, and Trimodal Molar Mass Distributions and All-Hydrocarbon Composites by Ethylene Polymerization on Bis(imino)pyridine Chromium(III) Supported on Ultrathin Gibbsite Single Crystal Nanoplatelets. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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